nutrifunda.pdf

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2/19/14 1 By Sir Mark B. Samson Is the sum of all the interactions between an organism and the food it consumes. Nutrients are organic and inorganic substances found in foods that are required for the body functioning Macronutrients – nutrients needed in large amount. Such as CHO, CHON, fats, minerals, vitamins Micronutrients –are vitamins and minerals required in small amounts Natural sources –GOOD Processed CHO –BAD Types: Sugars Starches: polysaccharides Fiber: Digestions Ptyalin (salivary amylase) Pancreatic amylase Disaccharidases: maltase, sucrase and lactase Monosaccharide Small intestine Metabolism Glucose Circulates in BLOOD Energy (INSULIN) Stored

Transcript of nutrifunda.pdf

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By  Sir  Mark  B.  Samson  

¡  Is  the  sum  of  all  the  interactions  between  an  organism  and  the  food  it  consumes.  

¡  Nutrients  are  organic  and  inorganic  substances  found  in  foods  that  are  required  for  the  body  functioning  

¡ Macronutrients  –  nutrients  needed  in  large  amount.  Such  as  CHO,  CHON,  fats,  minerals,  vitamins  

¡ Micronutrients  –are  vitamins  and  minerals  required  in  small  amounts  

§  Natural  sources  –GOOD  §  Processed  CHO  –BAD  

¡  Types:  §  Sugars  §  Starches:  polysaccharides  §  Fiber:    

¡  Digestions  §  Ptyalin  (salivary  amylase)  §  Pancreatic  amylase  §  Disaccharidases:  maltase,  sucrase  and  lactase  

¡ Monosaccharide  

¡  Small  intestine  

¡ Metabolism  §  Glucose     §  Circulates  in  BLOOD  

§  Energy  (INSULIN)  

§  Stored  

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¡  Storage  and  Conversion  §  Glycogen:  mostly  stored  in  the  liver  and  skeletal  muscles  

§  Fat  

¡  Amino  acids  §  Essential  Amino  Acids:  histidine,  isoleucine,  leucine,  lysine,  methionine,  phenylalanine,  tryptophan,  threonine,  valine  and  arginine  

§  Nonessential  Amino  Acids:  alanine,  aspartic  acid,  cystine,  glutamic  acid,  glycine,  hydroxyproline,  proline,  serine  and  tyrosine  

   

¡  Complete  proteins  –contains  all  of  the  essential  amino  acids  plus  many  nonessential  ones.  Found  animal  protein  

¡  Incomplete  proteins  –lacks  one  or  more  essential  amino  acids  usually  derived  in  vegetables  

¡  Digestions  § Mouth:  Pepsin    §  Small  Intestine  (amino  peptidase  and  dipeptidase)  with  Pancreas  (proteolytic  enzymes  trypsin,  chymotrypsin,  and  carboxypeptidase)  

¡  Storage  §  Liver  (synthesizes  proteins:  albumin,  globulin,  fibrinogen)  

§  Plasma  proteins  §  Tissue  

¡ Metabolism  §  ANABOLISM:  building  up  of  tissue  §  CATABOLISM:  breakdown  in  the  liver  §  Nitrogen  Balance:  measure  of  the  degree  of  protein  anabolism  and  catabolism;  net  result  of  intake  and  loss  of  Nitrogen  

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 ¡  Fats  ¡  Oils  ¡  Fatty  acids  

§  Saturated  §  Unsaturated  § Monounsaturated    §  Polyunsaturated    

¡  Glycerides  ¡  Triglycerides  ¡  Cholesterol  

¡  Digestions  §  Starts  in  stomach  but  digested  mainly  in…  §  Small  intestine:  bile,  pancreatic  lipase,  and  enteric  lipase  

§  Breaks  down  into:  glycerol,  fatty  acids,  and  cholesterol  

§  Transported  in  the  form  of  lipoprotein  (liver)    

¡ Metabolism  §  Lipase          glycerol  

                       fatty  acids    

¡  Vitamin  § Water-­‐soluble:  C,  B-­‐Complex  vitamins  ▪  Cannot  be  stored  ▪  Must  have  daily  supplements  

§  Fat-­‐soluble:  A,  D,  E  and  K  ¡ Minerals  

§ Macrominerals:  calcium,  phosphorus,  sodium,  potassium,  magnesium,  chloride  and  sulfur  

§ Microminerals:  iron,  zinc,  manganese,  iodine,  flouride,  copper,  cobalt,  chromium  and  selenium  

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¡  Is  the  relationship  between  the  energy  derived  from  food    and  the  energy  used  by  the  body  

¡  Comparing  energy  intake  with  energy  output  

¡  Energy  Intake  §  Caloric  Value:  amount  of  energy  that  nutrients  and  food  supply  to  the  body  

§  Small  Calorie  (c,  cal)  is  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temp  of  1  gram  of  water  1  degree  Celsius  

§  Large  Calorie  (Calorie,  kilocalorie)  is  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temp  of  1  gram  of  water  to  15-­‐16  degrees  Celsius  

 

•  Kilojoule  is  the  amount  of  energy  required  when  a  force  of  1  newton  (N)  moves  1  kg  of  weight  1  meter  distance  

¡  1  Calorie  (Kcal)  =  4.18  kilojoule    

¡ Metabolism  refers  to  all  biochemical  and  physiological  processes  which  the  body  grows  and  maintains  itself  

¡  Basal  Metabolic  Rate  (BMR)  –the  rate  which  the  body  metabolizes  food  to  maintain  energy  requirement  

¡  Resting  Energy  Expenditure  –is  the  amount  of  energy  required  to  maintain  basic  functions    

¡  Ideal  Body  Weight  –is  the  optimal  weigh  recommended  for  optimal  health.  

¡  Body  Mass  Index  –is  an  indicator  of  changes  on  the  body  fat  stores  and  whether  a  person’s  weight  is  appropriate  for  height  

¡  BMI  1.  Measures  the  person’s  height  in  meters  (1  

meter=3.3  ft  or  39.6  inches)  2.  Measure  the  weight  in  kg  (1kg=2.2  pounds)  3.  Use  the  formula:    

BMI=  weight  in  kilograms                          (height  in  meters)2  

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¡  Other  ways  to  measure  percent  of  body  fat:  underwater  weighing  and  dual-­‐energy  x-­‐ray  absorptiometry  (DEXA)  

¡  Bioelectrical  Impedance  Analysis  (BIA)  

¡  Development  ¡  Sex  ¡  Ethnicity  and  Culture  ¡  Beliefs  in  Food  (Fad)  ¡  Personal  Preferences  ¡  Religious  Practice  ¡  Lifestyle  

¡  Economics  ¡ Medication  Therapy  ¡  Health  ¡  Alcohol  Consumption  ¡  Advertising  ¡  Physiological  Factors  

¡  Neonate  to  1  year  §  Breast  milk  or  formula  §  Higher  fluid  needs  §  NR:  80-­‐100  ml  of  milk/kg  §  Feeding  every  2.5-­‐4  hours  §  Demand  feeding  §  Burping  every  after  feeding  §  Regurgitation  §  Solids  starts  at  6  months  (cereals,  fruits,  vegetables,  and  strained  meat  

§  Food  are  introduced  one  at  a  time  (every  5  days)  §  Eruption  of  teeth  (7-­‐9  months),  chewing  starts  §  IDA  §  Bottle  mouth  syndrome  

¡  Toddler  § May  start  feeding  themselves  

§  By  age  3  may  eat  adult  table  food  

§ Meals  should  be  short  §  Food  refusal  §  NR:  900-­‐1,800  Kcal  per  day  

§  Iron,  calcium,  and  vit  C  and  A  

¡  Preschooler  §  Eats  adult  food  §  Requires  snacks  between  meals  §  Should  be  guided  and  taught  to  use  utensils  

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¡  School-­‐Age  Child  §  NR:  2,400  Kcal/day  §  Protein-­‐rich  food  especially  during  breakfast  

§  Independence  in  feeding  may  lead  to  malnutrition  

§  Obesity  may  develop  

¡  Adolescent  §  Needs:  protein,    calcium,  vit  D,  iron  and  vit  B  complex  

§  Obesity  §  Anorexia  nervosa  §  Bulimia  

¡  Young  Adults  §  Female:  maintain  adequate  iron  intake  

§  Calcium,  vit.  D  and  sum  exposure  (15min,  3x/week)  to  prevent  osteoporosis  

§  Obesity  and  Hypertension  are  

common  ¡ Middle-­‐Aged  Adult  

§  Limit  cholesterol  and  caloric  intake  §  2-­‐3  liters  of  fluids  §  Post  menopausal  women:  calcium,  vit  D  to  reduce  osteoporosis  also  antioxidants  (vit  A,  C,  E)  to  prevent  heart  disease  

 

¡  Older  Adults  §  Fewer  calories  are  needed  

§ More  fiber  §  Decreased  saliva  and  gastric  juice  may  affect  nutrition  

§  Psychological,  Emotional  and  Physical  factors  may  change  eating  habits  

¡ Malnutrition  §  Overnutrition  –caloric  intake  in  excess  of  daily  energy  requirements,  resulting  in  storage  of  energy  in  the  form  of  adipose  tissue.  

§  Undernutrition  –an  intake  of  nutrients  insufficient  to  meet  daily  energy  requirements  because  of  inadequate  food  intake  or  improper  digestion  and  absorption  of  food  

§  Protein-­‐Calorie  Malnutrition  –depressed  visceral  protein  

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¡  Assessing  §  Nutritional  Screening  –routine  nursing  history  and  physical  examination  

§  Patient-­‐Generated  Subjective  Global  Assessment  (PG-­‐SGA)  –is  a  method  of  classifying  clients  either  ▪ Well-­‐nourished  ▪  Moderately  malnourished  ▪  Severely  malnourished    

¡  Assessing  con’t  §  Nutrition  Screening  Initiative  (NSI)  –promotes  nutrition  screening  and  improved  nutritional  care  for  older  adults  

¡  Assessing  con’t  §  Nursing  History  

ü Age,  sex,  and  activity  level  ü Difficulty  eating  ü Condition  of  the  mouth,  teeth,  and  presence  of  dentures  ü Change  in  appetite  ü Change  in  weight  ü Physical  disabilities  that  affect  purchasing,  preparing  and  eating  food  

ü Cultural  and  religious  beliefs  ü Living  arrangement  and  economic  status  ü General  health  status  and  medical  condition  ü Medication  history  

¡  Assessing  con’t  (Physical  Assessment)  §  Anthropometric  Measurement  ▪  Triceps  Skinfold  ▪  Mid-­‐arm  Circumference  (MAC)  –measures  fat,  muscles,  and  skeleton  

▪  Mid-­‐arm  Muscle  Area  (MAMA)  –estimate  lean  body  mass  or  skeletal  muscle  reserves  

¡  Assessing  con’t  §  Biochemical  (Laboratory)  Data  ▪  Serum  Protein  

ü Albumin  (half-­‐life  of  18-­‐20  days)  ü Transferrin  (8-­‐9  days)  ü Prealbumin    

§ Urinary  Tests  ü Urea  ü Creatinine  

§ Total  Lymphocyte  Count  

¡  Assessing  con’t  §  Clinical  Data  (Physical  Data)  ▪  Review  table  47-­‐10  p.1275  

§  Calculating  Percentage  Weight  Loss  ▪  Current  Body  Weight  (CBW)  ▪  Usual  Body  Weight  (UBW)  ▪ Weight  Loss  Percentage  Calculation:  

Usual  Weight  –  Current  Weight    x  100      Usual  Weight  

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¡  Assessing  con’t  §  Dietary  Data  ▪  24-­‐hour  food  recall  ▪  F00d  frequency  record  ▪  Food  diary  (3-­‐7  days)  ▪  Diet  history  

¡  Diagnosing  §  Imbalanced  Nutrition:  More  Than  Body  Requirements  

§  Imbalanced  Nutrition:  Less  Than  Body  Requirements  

§  Readiness  for  Enhance  Nutrition  §  Risk  for  Imbalanced  Nutritions  

¡  Planning    § Maintain  or  restore  optimal  nutrition  §  Promote  healthy  nutritional  practices  §  Prevent  complications  associated  with  malnutrition  

§  Decrease  weight  §  Regain  specified  weight  

¡  Implementing  §  Assisting  with  Special  Diets  ▪  Diets  maybe  modified  through:  texture,  kilocalories,  specific  nutrients,  seasonings,  or  consistency  

▪  Clear  Liquid  Diet  (short  term:  24-­‐36  hours)  ▪  Full  Liquid  Diet  ▪  Soft  Diet  ▪  Diet  as  Tolerated  ▪  Modification  for  Disease  

¡  Clear  Liquid  Diet  §  Indication:  After  surgeries  or  in  acute  stages  of  infection    

§  Short  term  diet  (24  of  36  hours)  §  Supplies  fluids  and  carbs  but  very  low  on  protein,  fat,  vitamins  and  minerals  

§  Relieves  thirst,  prevent  dehydration,  and  minimize  stimulation  of  GIT  

¡  Full  Liquid  Diet  §  Indication:  For  client  with  GI  disturbances  or  cannot  tolerate  solid/semi-­‐solid  foods  

§  Contains  more  on  milk  § Monotonous  §  Low  in  iron,  protein  and  calories  

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¡  Soft  Diet  §  Indication:  For  clients  with  difficulty  chewing  and  swallowing  

§  Low-­‐residue  diet  containing  very  few  uncooked  foods  

§  Pureed  diet  (modification  type)    

¡  Diet  as  Tolerated  §  Indication:  For  clients  with  appetite,  ability  to  eat,  and  tolerance  for  certain  foods  are  changing  

¡ Modification  for  Disease  §  Indication:  For  clients  with  special  needs  regarding  their  sickness  

¡  Purposes  1.  To  restore  or  maintain  nutritional  status  2.  To  administer  medication  

¡  Assessment  §  Clinical  signs  of  malnutrition  or  dehydration  §  Allergies  on  food  §  Presence  of  bowel  sounds  §  Problems  that  suggest  lack  of  tolerance  on  

previous  feedings  

¡  Planning:  Before  commencing  a  tube  feeding  determine  the  type,  amount,  and  frequency  of  feedings  and  tolerance  of  previous  feedings.  

¡  Equipment  1.  Correct  type  and  amount  of  feeding  solution  2.  60  ml  catheter  tip  syringe  3.  Emesis  basin  4.  Clean  gloves  5.  pH  strip  6.  Large  syringe  with  calibration  7.  Measuring  containers  8.  Water  60ml    

¡  Performance:  1.  Introduce.  Explain.    2.  Perform  hand  hygiene  and  observe  other  other  

appropriate  infection  control  procedures  3.  Provide  for  client  privacy  4.  Assess  tube  placement  ▪  Apply  gloves  ▪  Attach  syringe.  Aspirate.  Check  for  pH  

5.  Assess  residual  feeding  contents  

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6.  Administer  feeding  ▪  Check  the  expiration  date  of  the  feeding.  ▪  Warm  the  feeding  to  room  temperature  

§  (Open  Feeding-­‐Syringe)  Remove  the  plunger  from  the  syringe  and  connect  the  syringe  to  a  pinched  tube  or  clamped  NGT.  

§  Add  the  feeding  to  the  syringe  barrel  §  Permit  the  feeding  to  flow  in  slowly  at  the  

prescribed  rate.  Raise  or  lower  the  syringe  to  adjust  the  flow  needed.  

§  Pinch  or  clamp  the  tubing  to  stop  the  flow  for  a  minute  if  the  client  experience  discomfort.  

7.  Flush  the  feeding  tube  before  all  of  the  formula  has  run  through  the  tubing.  

8.  Clamp  the  feeding  tube  before  all  the  water  is  instilled  

9.  Ensure  clients  comfort  and  safety.  ▪  Secure  the  tubing  on  client’s  gown  ▪  Maintain  the  client  on  Fowler’s  position  for  about  

30min  ▪  Note  agency’s  policy  in  changing  NGTs  

10.  Dispose  of  equipment  appropriately  11.  Document  all  relevant  information  12.  Monitor  the  client  for  possible  problems  

¡  Evaluation:  Reassess  the  ff:  §  Tolerance  to  feeding  §  Bowels  sounds  §  Regurgitation  and  feelings  of  fullness    §  Weight  gain/loss  §  Fecal  elimination  pattern  §  Skin  turgor  §  Urine  output  and  specific  gravity  §  Glucose  and  acetone  in  urine  

¡  Assessment  §  Presence  of  bowel  sounds  §  Absence  of  nausea  and  vomiting  when  tube  is  clamped  

¡  Planning:  Equipment  §  Disposable  pad/towel  §  Tissues  §  Clean  gloves  §  50  ml  syringe  §  Plastic  trash  bag  

¡  Implementation  §  Preparation  ▪  Check  order  ▪  Assist  the  client  in  sitting  position  ▪  Place  towel  or  disposable  pad  on  client’s  chest  ▪  Provide  tissues  for  cleaning  up  after  removal  

§  Performance  1.  Introduce.  Explain.  2.  Perform  hand  hygiene  and  done  clean  gloves  3.  Provide  privacy  4.  Detach  the  tube  5.  Remove  the  NGT  1.  Instill  50  ml  of  air  to  clear  the  tubes  2.  Ask  the  client  to  take  a  deep  breath  and  hold  it  3.  Pinch  the  tube  with  gloved  hand    4.  Smoothly  withdraw  the  tube    5.  Place  in  plastic  bag.  Observe  tube  for  intactness  

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6.  Ensure  client’s  comfort  7.  Dispose  equipment  appropriately  8.  Document  relevant  information  

¡  Evaluation:  Reassess  §  Presence  of  bowel  sounds  §  Absence  of  nausea  and  vomiting  §  Intactness  of  tissue  of  nares