Nutrient Transport of Fertilizers from Turfed Landscapes
Transcript of Nutrient Transport of Fertilizers from Turfed Landscapes
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Nutrient Transport of Fertilizers from Turfed Landscapes
Marty Petrovic Professor of Turfgrass Science Dept. of Horticulture Cornell University
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What will be covered Transport Processes Water flow Soluble nutrients Sources Turfs Role in Nutrient Transport Water flow Nutrient fate Landscape types Management Factors Affecting Transport
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What will be covered Management Factors Affecting Transport Maintaining plant density Fertilization practices Sources Rates Timing Other management options Grass selection Irrigation Clippings Research Questions
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Water flow-nutrient movement
Impacts to and surface water quality from:
• Atmospheric Deposition
• Wastewater (sewage disposal systems)
• Fertilizer
Fertilizer
bb
runoff
leaching
ET
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Inputs of Nutrients in a Turfgrass System
Inputs: Fertilizer Plant debris (tree leaves, etc)
Compost Rainfall Irrigation water Dust Pollen Pet waste Wildlife
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What will be covered Transport Processes Water flow Soluble nutrients Sources Turfs Role in Nutrient Transport Water flow Nutrient fate Landscape types Management Factors Affecting Transport
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Pathways of Nitrogen Movement in a Turfgrass System
Soil Organic Nitrogen (SON)
Fertilizer ApplicationBNF
ClippingsN2O Denitrification
Runoff
NO3
Leachate
Plant Uptake NO3 / NH4
Mineralization R- NH2→ NH4→ NO3
&Nitrification to NO3
Volatilization
Immobilizatiizationto R—NH2
Immobilizatiizationto R—NH2
NO3
Leachate
Surface water
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Pathways of Phosphorus Movement in a Turfgrass System
Source: Mississippi State Extension
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Landscape type and runoff volume
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
High Maint. Turf Wooded Low Maint. Turf
Ru
no
ff (
mm
)
Winter
Fall
Summer
Spring
Easton & Petrovic, 2008, 2 yr amount during wet years
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On sites with moderate to low potential for runoff, high maintenance lawns had
about half the amount of total P runoff compared to unfertilized low maintenance lawns and wooded sites
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On sites with high potential for runoff, high maintenance lawns had: * about 3 times the amount of dissolved P * ¼ the amount of particulate P *the same amount of total P in runoff compared to unfertilized low maintenance lawns and wooded sites
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Suburbanization: *increased the average concentration of P in a perennial stream *reduced the N concentration
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Lawn types and nutrient fate
• 5 inches wide x 4 ft long channel gutter at the bottom of 4 ft x 20 ft plots
• Drains into tipping buckets
– Recorded with event logger
• Subsamples collected &
bulked monthly
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Treatments (8 lawn types) – Kentucky bluegrass sod+ pesticides, fertilizer, and
irrigation – Turfgrass + pesticides, and fertilizer – Turfgrass + fertilizer – Turfgrass (only mowed)
• 3 lbs N 1000 sq.ft.-1 yr-1 • 0.3 lbs P2O5 1000 sq.ft.-1 yr-1
• 2,4-D, MCPP, Bifenthrin, and Pendimethalin • 4 applications yr-1
– Crabgrass – Turfgrass + Crabgrass (1:1) – Broadleaf weedy lawn(dandelion, plantain, clover) – Turfgrass + Broadleaf weeds (1:1)
• Turfgrass, Broadleaf, and Mixture plots established from sod • Crabgrass plots established from seed and reseeded annually
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Leachate volume by lawn type
Treatment
Bro
ad+
Turf
Bro
adle
af
Cra
b+
Tu
rf
Cra
bg
rass
Turf
Turf
+F
Turf
+P
+F
Turf
+P
+F
+I
Tota
l le
acha
te (
mm
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
B
ABAB
A A AA
AB
Total Precipitation 1153 mm
Slavens, 2010
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Total Runoff by lawn type
Total Runoff
Treatment
Bro
ad
lea
f+tu
rf
Bro
ad
lea
f
Cra
bg
rass+
turf
Cra
bg
rass
Turf
gra
ss
Turf
gra
ss+
F
Tu
rfg
rass+
F+
P
Turf
gra
ss+
F+
P+
I
Runoff V
olu
me (
mm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140A
ABC
BC
ABC
ABC
C
C
AB
Total Precipitation 1153 mm
Slavens, 2010
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Results from the 1st two years:
• Regardless of type of lawn, lawns with low plant density and wet soils had the highest amount of runoff
• Runoff volumes and nutrient losses were most significant during establishment period and greatly decreased with time
• Phosphorus loss in runoff is primarily a function of runoff volume, more water running off more phosphorus runoff
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Results continued
• If you don’t fertilizer a Kentucky blue grass lawn, in 2 yrs it has runoff problems!
• If not overly irrigated, a lawn fertilized and maintained according to a typical four step program, posses no greater risk water quality (nutrients) from being fertilized compared to other lawn types.
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Sink for Nitrogen in a Turfgrass Soils
(1.7 lbs N/1000 sq.ft/yr)
(top 3.3 ft of soil)
Steve M. Raciti, Ph.D. Thesis 2010, Cornell Univ., Baltimore Long Term Urban Ecosystem Study
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Mass Balance Nitrogen in Residential Soils
Steve M. Raciti, Ph.D. Thesis 2010, Cornell Univ., Baltimore Long Term Urban Ecosystem Study
Nitrogen Mass Balance
Residential Forest Source
N Inputs
Atmospheric Dep (lbs
N/acre/yr) 9.7 9.7 Groffman et al. 2004
Fertilizer (lbs N/acre/yr) 72.7 N/A Law et al. 2004
N Losses
Leaching (lbs N/acre/yr) 12.3 3.8 Groffman et al. 2009
(4 yr average)
N Sequestration
N accumulation in SOM (lbs
N/acre/yr)
72.4 N/A Residential sites with
agricultural land-use
history.
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What will be covered Management Factors Affecting Transport Maintaining plant density Fertilization practices Sources Rates Timing Other management options Grass selection Irrigation Clippings Research Questions
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Turfgrass Density and Runoff:
Double the amount of turf shoots in a lawn (32 to 64/sq.inch) and
reduce the amount of runoff by 2/3
(Easton, Z.M., and A.M. Petrovic. 2004. Fertilizer source effect on ground
and surface water quality in drainage from turfgrass. J Environ Qual 33: 645-656.)
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Fertilization:
Sources
Rates (limited information)
Timing (others)
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Nitrogen Source Impact Percent of applied nitrogen that leached as a function of nitrogen source (4 lbs N/1000 sq ft/yr). Source Year1 Year 2 Year3 mean -----------------------------------------% ------------------------------------------- ureaformaldehyde 4.0 ab* 4.2 2.9 b 3.7 b methylene urea 1.7 ab 4.6 6.7 b 4.6 b IBDU 1.9 ab 6.9 4.1 b 4.9 b SC- urea-non wax 4.9 ab 4.8 4.8 b 4.8 b SC urea-wax 1.7 ab 7.4 5.8 b 5.4 b urea 1.6 b 4.1 12.1 b 6.1 b
calcium nitrate 0.9 b 5.0 29.7 a 12.5 a PC-urea (100day) 2.4 ab 6.4 4.1 b 4.2 b PC-urea (200day) 0.5 c 3.1 2.5 b 2.0 b biosolid 5.6 a 3.9 2.2 b 3.7 b NS** Rainfall (mm) 747 1213 1512 * Means within columns followed by different letter are significant (P<0.05), Tukey’s studentized
test. ** NS=no significant differences (P<0.05). Petrovic, 2003.
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Sources of P Kussow, 2008
Fertilizer Amount
Source Runoff P
in/yr lbs/acre/yr
None 1.6 0.62
Synthetic 1.1 0.27
Organic 0.7 0.24
LSD 0.2 0.12
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Irrigation Impact Nitrogen Irrigation Amount amount NO3-N Conc. lbs N/1000
sq.ft./yr in/wk mg/L 2 0.5+ 0.9 1.5 1.8* 5 0.5 1.2 1.5 4.0* unfertilized 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.4 + ET amount * Significantly higher than unfertilized control. Morton et. al.
(1988) on Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, urea + FLUF
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Summary of risk
Fertilizing at establishment
Late fall applications
Over irrigation
Thin stands of plants
Site factors (soils, hydrology,etc)
Others
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Research Needs
Low input grasses
Rates (turf response vs water quality)
Late fall (timing, rates vs water quality)
Determining when to fertilizer (N)