Nutrient Bioavailability during Reproduction Janet C. King, Ph.D. Director and Professor Western...
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![Page 1: Nutrient Bioavailability during Reproduction Janet C. King, Ph.D. Director and Professor Western Human Nutrition Research Center University of California,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56649e625503460f94b5e476/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nutrient Bioavailability during Reproduction
Janet C. King, Ph.D.
Director and Professor
Western Human Nutrition Research Center
University of California, Davis
![Page 2: Nutrient Bioavailability during Reproduction Janet C. King, Ph.D. Director and Professor Western Human Nutrition Research Center University of California,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56649e625503460f94b5e476/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bioavailability
Fraction of the ingested nutrient that is used for normal physiological functions or storage
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Endogenous Factors Influencing Bioavailability
• Body ‘status’ of the nutrient, i.e. need– growth
– pregnancy
– lactation
– previous intake of the nutrient
• Gut Function– Efficiency of digestion
– Transit time
– Presence of disease
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Effect of Pregnancy and Lactation on the Bioavailability of:
Calcium and Zinc
Regulated by Gastrointestinal Tract
Selenium
Regulated by Kidney
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Calcium and Zinc Needs for Pregnancy and Lactation
PG + 6 Mo Lactation % Bone
Calcium 65 g 7%
Zinc 370 mg 80%
PG + 24 Mo Lactation % Bone
Calcium 140 g 14%
Zinc 640 mg 140%
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Sources of Calcium or Zinc for Pregnancy and Lactation
FETUS/MILK
BONE
ECF/PLASMA
SMALLINTESTINE
KIDNEY
Absorption
Endog.Secretion
Accretion
Resorption
ReabsorptionFiltration
*Diet Intake
*Net retention *Mobilization
* Netretention
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Calcium and Zinc Metabolism during Pregnancy and Lactation:
Longitudinal Studies
L. D. Ritchie, E. B. Fung, L.R. Woodhouse, C. Donangelo, R. Roehl, S.A.Abrams, B.Halloran, C. Cann, M. Van Loan, J.R. Turnlund, and J.C. King
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Study Design
Pre-PG
8-10Wks
24-26 Wks
34-36Wks
7-9Wks
6 moaftermenses
Concep-tion
Birth 2 wks
Pregnancy Lactation
Diet X X X X X X
Abs X X X X X X
Blood X X X X X X
Urine X X X X X X
Milk X
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Changes in Calcium and Zinc Intakes
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
Per
cen
t of
Pre
-Pre
gnan
cy I
nta
ke
2T 3T LC
Zinc
Calcium
*
*
* = p<0.05
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Fractional Absorption of Calcium and Zinc
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
Per
cen
t of
Pre
-Pre
gnan
cy
2T 3T LC
Zinc
Calcium
*
*
*=p<0.001
o
o=p<0.05
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Changes in Urinary Excretion of Calcium and Zinc
(75)%
(50)%
(25)%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Per
cen
t of
Pre
-pre
gnan
t V
alu
e
2T 3T LC
Zinc
Calcium
b
a
b,c
Ca: p<0.001
b
a,b a,b
Zn: p<0.01
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Changes in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Content: QCT
(10)%
(7)%
(5)%
(2)%
0%
2%
Ch
ange
fro
m P
rep
regn
ancy
PrePg-Birth Birth-LC PrePg-Post Menses
*
* = P<0.001
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Calcium Homeostasis: Late Pregnancy Adjustments
FETUS
BONE
ECF/PLASMA
SMALLINTESTINE
KIDNEY
Net Absorption:380 mg/d
Filtration:+80 mg/d
Diet Intake: +300 mg Ca/d
+300 mg/d
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Zinc Homeostasis:Late Pregnancy Adjustments
Fetus
BONE
ECF/PLASMA
SMALLINTESTINE
KIDNEY
Net Absorption: 1.0 mg/d
Filtration:+ 0.3 mg/d
Diet Intake: +3 mg Zn/d
0.7 mg/d
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Calcium Homeostasis: Lactation Adjustments
MILK
BONE
ECF/PLASMA
SMALLINTESTINE
KIDNEY
Net Resorption
Reabsorption
Diet Intake: +65 mg Ca/d
215 mg/d
95 mg/d
120 mg/d
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Zinc Homeostasis: Lactation Adjustments
BONE
ECF/PLASMA
SMALLINTESTINE
KIDNEY
Net Absorption: 1.3 mg/d
Net Resorption:0.9 mg/dFiltration:
0.2 mg/d
Diet Intake: +1 mg Zn/d
2.0 mg/d
Milk
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Conclusion
• The fraction of ingested calcium and zinc retained increases during pregnancy and lactation.– Adjustments for pregnancy differ from lactation.
– Adjustments for calcium differ from zinc
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Effect of Low Calcium Intakes on Calcium Metabolism during Pregnancy
and Lactation
• Nine parous women from Rio de Janeiro
• Usual calcium intake: 440 mg/d
• Calcium intake increased by 75 mg/d in LP
• No supplemental calcium
• Studied at 10-12, 34-36 wks gestation; 7-9 wks lactation
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Effect of Maternal Status on Calcium Absorption
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10-12 wks gestation 34-36 wks gestation 7-8 wks lactation
Tru
e A
bs
orp
tio
n, %
U.S. Women
Rio Women
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Effect of Maternal Status on Urinary Calcium Excretion
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10-12 wks gestation 34-36 wks gestation 7-8 wks lactation
Uri
na
ry C
alc
ium
, m
g/d
U.S. Women
Rio Women
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A Comparison of Selenium Bioavailability in Pregnant and
Nonpregnant Women
Christine A. Swanson, Donald C. Reamer, Claude Veillon, Janet C. King, and Orville A. Levander
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Selenium Balance
NP (n=6) EP (n=6)LP (n=4)
Se Intake, µg/d 150 154 158
Fecal Se, µg/d 28 33 28
Urinary Se, µg/d 111 100 96
Balance, µg/d 11 21 34
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Recommended Multivitamin Mineral Supplement for
Pregnancy*Nutrient Amount
Iron 30 mg
Zinc 15 mg
Copper 2 mg
Calcium 250 mg
Vitamin B6 2 mg
Folate 300 µg
Vitamin C 50 mg
Vitamin D 5 µg
* IOM, 1990
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Gaps in Knowledge
• Bioavailability of chemical forms of nutrients in supplements
• Interaction of nutrients provided in prenatal supplements
• Effect of food on the bioavailability of nutrients in prenatal supplements
• UL for nutrients during pregnancy and lactation