Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

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Nutrient Balance Through Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean Second W orkshop on Precision A griculture 21 January, 2004 Location: CREC-BH G G riffin A uditorium

Transcript of Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

Page 1: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

Nutrient Balance Through Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil SamplingDirected Soil Sampling

By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLeanBy Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean

Second Workshop on Precision Agriculture

21 January, 2004

Location: CREC-BHG Griffin Auditorium

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IntroductionIntroduction

1. 1. We started ten years ago at Sun-Ray Farms trying to improve low We started ten years ago at Sun-Ray Farms trying to improve low producing producing areas. The goal was to identify and attempt to correct soil areas. The goal was to identify and attempt to correct soil deficiencies that deficiencies that varied within blocks as well as between blocks. We varied within blocks as well as between blocks. We began with 2 or 3 began with 2 or 3 rectangular zones per block determined by rectangular zones per block determined by visual breaks in tree health.visual breaks in tree health.

2. 2. This process evolved into establishing the soil Electrical This process evolved into establishing the soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) toConductivity (EC) to record soil variability vs. tree growth and yield. record soil variability vs. tree growth and yield. The EC data was then used The EC data was then used to develop polygon management zones to develop polygon management zones which were soil and tissue sampled. which were soil and tissue sampled. The resulting sample values gave a The resulting sample values gave a basis to begin to balance the soil basis to begin to balance the soil through Variable Rate through Variable Rate nutrient applications. We discovered that before nutrient applications. We discovered that before balancing, balancing, the muck and depressional soils had the worst production and the muck and depressional soils had the worst production and the sand the sand with some organic matter had the best production with wide with some organic matter had the best production with wide variations in between. This was our progress point at the last Precision Ag variations in between. This was our progress point at the last Precision Ag

Workshop. Workshop.

Page 3: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

IntroductionIntroduction

3.3. The key to this approach is having a model to make The key to this approach is having a model to make recommendations from recommendations from sample results. The Lord made plants & sample results. The Lord made plants & soil to function as an intricate soil to function as an intricate food/web system which can be food/web system which can be correlated across various agronomic crops. correlated across various agronomic crops. The response to nutrient The response to nutrient balancing occurs over a two to three year period. balancing occurs over a two to three year period. Yield mapping is Yield mapping is essential to accurately monitor the progress and make essential to accurately monitor the progress and make further further adjustments but the changes in tree appearance will become visually adjustments but the changes in tree appearance will become visually apparent.apparent.

4.4. The investment in this approach to adjust the soil will pay benefits. The investment in this approach to adjust the soil will pay benefits. The The poor producing areas can not and will not be equal to the best poor producing areas can not and will not be equal to the best areas in a areas in a block. However, block. However, production can be increased from production can be increased from 50 boxes per acre to 50 boxes per acre to 250 boxes per acre which raises the overall 250 boxes per acre which raises the overall average. Variable rate average. Variable rate application does not save money but it application does not save money but it allows you to place your inputs in allows you to place your inputs in the correct location. The trees will the correct location. The trees will respond to the changes and make respond to the changes and make returns on the extra time returns on the extra time and expense. and expense.

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FACT:FACT:

Varied rates of nutrient inputs controlled by soil test prescriptions, Varied rates of nutrient inputs controlled by soil test prescriptions, can be accurately placed within the root zone at any location across can be accurately placed within the root zone at any location across

a a field.field.

However,However, soil test prescriptions must first be built upon correct soil test prescriptions must first be built upon correct identification of soil variability - AND - correct interpretations of soil identification of soil variability - AND - correct interpretations of soil test values. If not, increased nutrient variability will result.test values. If not, increased nutrient variability will result.

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Measuring Soil VariabilityMeasuring Soil Variability

•Using the VerisUsing the Veris®® EC Mapping System (veristech.com) EC Mapping System (veristech.com)

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Considerations:Considerations:

BoundaryBoundary:: an accurate ground-collected boundary an accurate ground-collected boundary specific to scion/rootstock, tree age, spacing, etc…specific to scion/rootstock, tree age, spacing, etc…

Before EC collectionBefore EC collection:: field should be in uniform state field should be in uniform state whether tilled, mowed, or irrigated.whether tilled, mowed, or irrigated.

MoistureMoisture:: critical - dry soil inhibits good conductance. critical - dry soil inhibits good conductance. The more moisture (especially in depth) the more The more moisture (especially in depth) the more reliable the data.reliable the data.

Ground speedGround speed:: 10 mph should be the maximum if 10 mph should be the maximum if conditions warrant. This equates to a collected data conditions warrant. This equates to a collected data point every 4 meters. Traveling bed-tops on a double-point every 4 meters. Traveling bed-tops on a double-row 50’ bed - results in 66 data points per acre.row 50’ bed - results in 66 data points per acre.

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GIS - Connecting EC Data and More...GIS - Connecting EC Data and More... •Using Using SSTSSToolboxoolbox®® (sstdevgroup.com) (sstdevgroup.com)

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EliminateEliminate:: all points in location to boundary lines due to compaction (6 all points in location to boundary lines due to compaction (6 meters has been adequate). In addition, select and eliminate all points meters has been adequate). In addition, select and eliminate all points with negative values - these are mostly where disc blades have with negative values - these are mostly where disc blades have temporarily lost contact with soil.temporarily lost contact with soil.

NOTE: NOTE: Large areas of Large areas of negative values may negative values may indicate poor conductance indicate poor conductance due to lack of moisture.due to lack of moisture.

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Create Surface Using Interpolation:Create Surface Using Interpolation:MethodsMethods:: Inverse Distance and Kriging Inverse Distance and Kriging SizeSize:: 100’ and 60’ 100’ and 60’

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Classify Interpolated Surface:Classify Interpolated Surface:

EvaluateEvaluate:: classification type and number of classes depends on how classification type and number of classes depends on how specific you want the variability in relation to the size of the field. Goal specific you want the variability in relation to the size of the field. Goal should be to find groupings and patterns inherent in the data while trying should be to find groupings and patterns inherent in the data while trying to maintain acceptable size zones (Natural Breaks, 3 to 5 classes). to maintain acceptable size zones (Natural Breaks, 3 to 5 classes).

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Convert Surface to PolygonsConvert Surface to Polygons

EvaluateEvaluate:: If necessary, re-classify surface and convert again. Repeat until If necessary, re-classify surface and convert again. Repeat until achieving desired goals.achieving desired goals.

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Edit Map FeaturesEdit Map Features

EvaluateEvaluate:: using edited EC data points classified by Standard Deviation as using edited EC data points classified by Standard Deviation as a reference, union the features of similar valued polygons and if needed, a reference, union the features of similar valued polygons and if needed, the features of different valued polygons. The union of two or more the features of different valued polygons. The union of two or more features creates one (1) record. If necessary, re-classify surface and features creates one (1) record. If necessary, re-classify surface and convert to new polygons. Repeat until achieving desired goals.convert to new polygons. Repeat until achieving desired goals.

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Zone 5

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Calculate Points Statistics by PolygonCalculate Points Statistics by Polygon

Create and EditCreate and Edit:: using the edited EC data points, using the edited EC data points, calculate the AVG. EC values within each new calculate the AVG. EC values within each new polygon feature (record/zone). Edit the data table to polygon feature (record/zone). Edit the data table to create a new attribute field (Zone ID). create a new attribute field (Zone ID).

NOTE:NOTE: Entering an identifying attribute in relation Entering an identifying attribute in relation to EC values is helpful for future quick referencing. to EC values is helpful for future quick referencing.

Block Scion_RS Acres AVG_EC Zone_ID

1 Hamlin/SW 42.4 1.9 Zone 11 Hamlin/SW 22.8 2.1 Zone 21 Hamlin/SW 16.5 3.8 Zone 31 Hamlin/SW 17.4 3.9 Zone 41 Hamlin/SW 2.5 10.7 Zone 51 Hamlin/SW 2.5 11.4 Zone 6

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Create Soil Test Points (Sampling Scheme)Create Soil Test Points (Sampling Scheme)

PatiencePatience:: using the original edited EC data points classified using the original edited EC data points classified by Standard Deviation as a reference for location by Standard Deviation as a reference for location and variability within each zone, place a and variability within each zone, place a composite of points within each composite of points within each zone. Keep in mind someone zone. Keep in mind someone has to has to collectcollect the soil samples. the soil samples.

NOTE:NOTE: a distance relationship a distance relationship of the points between each zone of the points between each zone should exist for final interpolation should exist for final interpolation of soil test values.of soil test values.

Edit TableEdit Table: : after creating a new after creating a new attribute field for the data table,attribute field for the data table,select the points within each zone and select the points within each zone and assign the matching identifying attributeassign the matching identifying attributefor that zone, double checking all points.for that zone, double checking all points.This is a requirement for joining soil test This is a requirement for joining soil test data results. data results.

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Zone 5

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Create Reference LinesCreate Reference Lines

Sampling without ERRORSampling without ERROR:: sampling labor sampling labor can be facilitated by placing lines on each can be facilitated by placing lines on each bed path where points exist. When the driver bed path where points exist. When the driver exits one bed, he/she drives quickly to the exits one bed, he/she drives quickly to the next line without having to judge where the next line without having to judge where the next required path will be, thereby eliminating next required path will be, thereby eliminating potential missed cores. potential missed cores.

Create Map LayoutCreate Map Layout:: a layout for reference is also a layout for reference is alsohelpful when sampling.helpful when sampling.

Armed with soil test zones (polygons), a sampling schemeArmed with soil test zones (polygons), a sampling scheme(points and reference lines), a grower can now begin(points and reference lines), a grower can now beginsampling the soil EC variability within each field…sampling the soil EC variability within each field…

This is Directed Soil SamplingThis is Directed Soil Sampling

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EC - Fertility ConnectionEC - Fertility Connection

Look CloserLook Closer:: there is much affecting EC - moisture, topography, there is much affecting EC - moisture, topography, temperature, soil texture, compaction, organic matter, and soluble salts temperature, soil texture, compaction, organic matter, and soluble salts (minerals). Higher EC values don’t necessarily mean better fertility. A (minerals). Higher EC values don’t necessarily mean better fertility. A high yielding (production), proper nutrient-balanced, well drained soil may high yielding (production), proper nutrient-balanced, well drained soil may have lower EC values. Where pH has been addressed without regard to have lower EC values. Where pH has been addressed without regard to location, lower EC values in heavy soils (muck) can correlate with higher location, lower EC values in heavy soils (muck) can correlate with higher yielding areas, versus higher EC areas - representing more organic matter yielding areas, versus higher EC areas - representing more organic matter and a lower pH. Higher EC values in lighter soils (sand) can correlate to and a lower pH. Higher EC values in lighter soils (sand) can correlate to larger trees, but not necessarily higher yields. It could be said that higher larger trees, but not necessarily higher yields. It could be said that higher EC values in all soils have the most EC values in all soils have the most potential, potential, given proper nutrient given proper nutrient balance, moisture, and drainage.balance, moisture, and drainage.

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Organic Matter

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EC = Soil Type RedefinedEC = Soil Type Redefined

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BASINGER FINE SAND

MYAKKA FINE SAND

BASINGER FINE SAND; DEPRESSIONAL

PLACID FINE SAND; DEPRESSIONAL

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BASINGER FINE SAND

MYAKKA FINE SAND

BASINGER FINE SAND; DEPRESSIONAL

PLACID FINE SAND; DEPRESSIONAL

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Interpretation of Soil Test ValuesInterpretation of Soil Test Values

Test your Soil-TesterTest your Soil-Tester:: using soil test results, can the agronomist or soil using soil test results, can the agronomist or soil lab explain what is a good soil? A poor soil? Does this represent what’s in lab explain what is a good soil? A poor soil? Does this represent what’s in the field? Are the recommendations generated by the soil test - for crop the field? Are the recommendations generated by the soil test - for crop requirements, or soil requirements? requirements, or soil requirements?

Nutrient IndexNutrient Index: : analysis with interpretation. True interpretation requires analysis with interpretation. True interpretation requires desired values that are based on crop production. Desired values based desired values that are based on crop production. Desired values based on production enables the determination of an excess and/or a deficit. on production enables the determination of an excess and/or a deficit.

pH = Measurement + CharacterpH = Measurement + Character: : properly constructed, a soil’s pHproperly constructed, a soil’s pH is the is the foundation of fertility and nutrient balance. The total amount of cations foundation of fertility and nutrient balance. The total amount of cations (Ca + Mg + K + Na) found in a soil in relation to pH, determines a soil’s (Ca + Mg + K + Na) found in a soil in relation to pH, determines a soil’s Total Exchange Capacity (TEC). TEC helps reveal how much of each Total Exchange Capacity (TEC). TEC helps reveal how much of each cation is enough, and/or how much of a each cation is too much. cation is enough, and/or how much of a each cation is too much.

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Base Saturation to the RescueBase Saturation to the Rescue

The Low-Down on Nutrient BalanceThe Low-Down on Nutrient Balance: : by calculating base saturation by calculating base saturation percent using TEC, you can better understand how the pH is constructed - percent using TEC, you can better understand how the pH is constructed - AND - assign desired values.AND - assign desired values.

Page 20: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

Cation Balance 101Cation Balance 101

The Right EnvironmentThe Right Environment: : regarding regarding ppCa, Ca, ppMg, Mg, ppK, and K, and ppNa in addition to Na in addition to ppH.H.

The table below represents average soil test data from 157 soil samples The table below represents average soil test data from 157 soil samples across 1,474 acres over a three (3) year period. All samples were across 1,474 acres over a three (3) year period. All samples were collected through the direction of EC data. The sampling was done every collected through the direction of EC data. The sampling was done every year during the month of December. VRT applications for calcium and year during the month of December. VRT applications for calcium and magnesium began in January, 2001 and have continued every year (as magnesium began in January, 2001 and have continued every year (as soil tests required) in January 2002, 2003 and are scheduled for the same soil tests required) in January 2002, 2003 and are scheduled for the same this month.this month.

VRT applications for potassium began in February, 2002 - May, 2003 - and VRT applications for potassium began in February, 2002 - May, 2003 - and scheduled again for February, 2004. scheduled again for February, 2004.

YEAR TEC pH Ca Ca_2 Mg Mg_2 K K_2 Na Ca% Mg% K% Na%

2000 6.04 5.8 1002 -641 258 -224 190 -90 235 41.62 17.97 4.11 8.512001 3.88 6.2 921 -157 180 -95 50 -161 38 59.30 19.34 1.59 2.162002 4.13 6.5 1014 -112 210 10 72 -149 36 61.39 21.36 2.23 1.992003 5.15 6.9 1374 56 246 -1 118 -136 90 66.76 19.91 2.97 3.81

Page 21: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

Nutrient Deficits = Potential PrescriptionsNutrient Deficits = Potential Prescriptions

Satisfy Deficits ProperlySatisfy Deficits Properly: : the table below represents average amounts the table below represents average amounts (pounds per ton) of calcium and magnesium for sources of liming (pounds per ton) of calcium and magnesium for sources of liming materials in the central and southwest Florida area. materials in the central and southwest Florida area.

How Much of What?How Much of What?: : using the deficit of 641# for Ca and 224# for Mg, using the deficit of 641# for Ca and 224# for Mg, there are multiple possible solutions… which is less expensive? What there are multiple possible solutions… which is less expensive? What about deficits of 157# for Ca and 95# for Mg? about deficits of 157# for Ca and 95# for Mg? Now throw in variable Now throw in variable Ca/Mg deficit ratios across one (1) field...Ca/Mg deficit ratios across one (1) field...

MATERIAL Ca Mg

Dolomite 320 160Dolomitic Lime 1 400 160Dolomitic Lime 2 300 70Hi-Cal Lime 480 0

Page 22: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

Calculate Crop Input RecommendationsCalculate Crop Input Recommendations

GIS at WorkGIS at Work: : the three (3) recommendations below solve calcium and the three (3) recommendations below solve calcium and magnesium deficit requirements using Dolomitic Lime, Hi-Cal Lime, and magnesium deficit requirements using Dolomitic Lime, Hi-Cal Lime, and MgSOMgSO44... Total estimated cost: $41.13/treated acre.... Total estimated cost: $41.13/treated acre.

Page 23: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

The Same For LessThe Same For Less

Another LookAnother Look: : the three (3) recommendations below solve the same the three (3) recommendations below solve the same deficit requirements using Dolomite, Hi-Cal Lime, and MgSOdeficit requirements using Dolomite, Hi-Cal Lime, and MgSO44... Total ... Total estimated cost: $38.30/treated acre.estimated cost: $38.30/treated acre.

Page 24: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

Improper Placement = MisapplicationImproper Placement = Misapplication

Instruct and Supervise:Instruct and Supervise: recommendations for banding underneath tree recommendations for banding underneath tree canopy (50% coverage), broadcasting bedtops (75% coverage), or canopy (50% coverage), broadcasting bedtops (75% coverage), or broadcasting every middle (100% coverage), all require different broadcasting every middle (100% coverage), all require different amounts. amounts.

Page 25: Nutrient Balance Through Directed Soil Sampling By Andy Pike and R. Scott McLean.

SummarySummary

Nutrient Balance is Nutrient ManagementNutrient Balance is Nutrient Management::

GIS joins activities that are vital to optimize the understanding and GIS joins activities that are vital to optimize the understanding and management of soil fertility. management of soil fertility.

The first activity starts with correct identification of soil variability. Relying The first activity starts with correct identification of soil variability. Relying on EC data eliminates error in the determination of soil core sites - giving on EC data eliminates error in the determination of soil core sites - giving the grower confidence in a directed soil sampling approach. the grower confidence in a directed soil sampling approach.

Next, joining soil test data with a nutrient index that equates deficits - Next, joining soil test data with a nutrient index that equates deficits - frees the grower to make better management decisions frees the grower to make better management decisions andand avoid avoid nutrient imbalance. nutrient imbalance.

Coupled with Coupled with otherother critical activities, GIS is capable of giving further critical activities, GIS is capable of giving further insight and lead the grower through the “unlearning” process by insight and lead the grower through the “unlearning” process by redefining soil fertility. redefining soil fertility.