NUTRACEUTICALS ‘Let Food be Your Medicine’. DEFINITION Other words used in the context: Dietary...
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Transcript of NUTRACEUTICALS ‘Let Food be Your Medicine’. DEFINITION Other words used in the context: Dietary...
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NUTRACEUTICALS
‘Let Food be Your Medicine’
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DEFINITION Other words used in the context: Dietary supplementation, Functional,
Multi-functional Foodscoined from “Nutrition” & “Pharmaceutical”
in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice,MD, Founder and Chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM).
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Nutraceutical can be defined as
“ A food or part of food or nutrient, that provides health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of a disease.”
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E.g. OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
Class / components
Source Potential benefit
1. Fatty acids
CLA
Milk & Meat Improve body composition, reduce cancers
ω-3 FA(DHA, EPA)
Fish oils, berseem & maize fodder,mustard,linseed,rapeseed
Reduce CVD & improve mental, visual function
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2. Polyphenols
Anthocyanidin Fruits
Catechins
Flavonone
Tea,babul pods,mustard cake,rape seed
Nutralises free radicals, reduce risk of cancer
Flavones Citrus Fruits, vegetables,soya bean
proanthocyanidin •Cocoa, chocolate,tea,rape seed
Reduce CVD
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Lipids
Fats are highly concentrated sources of energy for body.
Saturated fatty acidsMonosaturated (MFA)Polyunsaturated PUFA Saturated fats- animal based pdts
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Lipids…MFA&PUF – plant origin
Trans fatty acids are pdts of partial
hydrogenation of PU fats and are
typically solids at room temperature.
MFA&PUFA do not promote formation of
the fatty deposits that can clog the
arteries
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Lipids…Saturated FA—palmitic, lauric,
myristic acids are major cholesterol-elevating fatty acids in our diets.
Eskimos –diet rich in cholesterol + fat—free from heart diseases
Fish rich linolenic acid, found in fish + soyabean oils
linoleic acid –corn, soy bean oils
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Linolenic acid- Omega 3 Linolenic acid (18:3n-3)- 18C, 3 double
bonds, the 1st being at C-3 from the methyl end.
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7 COOH
precursor of : - Eicosapentaenoic acid -EPA (20:5n-3)
docosahexaenoic acid - DHA (22:6n-3) heart and brain & nerve function
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Linoleic acid - Omega 6
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH(18: 2n-6)
- precursor of arachidonic acid Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and
leukotrienes immunosuppressive effects and mediate
inflammatory responses platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
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CHOLESTEROL
cell membranes, brain and nerve tissues, steroidal hormones, bile acids.
Transported in bloodstream as a complex with molecules of proteins and fats, called lipoproteins.
Cholesterol is transported by both LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDLs) – most common and HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDLs)
High levels of LDLs in the blood stream can lead to fatty plaque deposits on arteries and can predispose a person to have a heart attach (Bad cholesterol)
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VITAMINSNeeded in small quantitiesFat soluble: A,D,E,KVit. A antioxidant – nightblindnessVit. D helps in bone strength.Water soluble- see later.
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Vitamin E and C -Potent antioxidantsretard artery clogging and open them.
Help stop bad cholesterol (LDL, low-density lipoprotein) from being oxidised or turned rancid,
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Probiotics
promote the growth of “friendly” bacteria, which
help, fight diseases.
Lactobacillus acidophillus: Acidophyllus type
support healthy bacteria for small intestine.
Bifidobacterium bifidum: Bifidobacteria support
healthy bacteria for large intestine.
Enhance the immune function.
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Probiotics cont. Probiotics given to women around the time
of childbirth could protect children from atopic eczema for up to 4 yrs.
Controlling diarrhoea in children Offset S/E’s of antibiotics Ease symptoms of lactose intolerance. Sources: Sour milk, yoghurt, Yeast
(Saccharomyces spp)
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Glucosamine-Glucosamine (an amino-sugar) is a nutrient
found in very small amounts in foodsnecessary for the formation of cartilage,
connective tissue and synovial fluid.-Useful in osteoarthritis, joint/connective tissue
injury Glucosamine – chondroitin combinationchondroitin -Naturally occurring sub that inhibit
the enzymes that degrade cartilagedraws fluid into cartilage thereby preventing it
from premature degeneration also acts as a building blocks for the creation of
healthy new cartilage
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Centella asiatica, UmbelliferaeGotu kola, Herba centella, Hydrocotyle.
Indian pennywortHerbal teaAsiaticoside + derivatives of ursenoic acid. polyacetylenic cpds, flavone derivatives In animal experiments they promote
Thickening of skinIncrease local leucocytosisIncrease vascularization of connective tissueIncrease mucus secretion, hair and nail growth
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Uses supported by clinical data
Rx wounds, burns and ulcerous skin ailments and prevention of keloids and hypertrophic scars
2nd & 3rd degree burnsTopically to accelerate healing, particularly in
cases of chronic post surgical and post trauma wounds
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Rx of vein and skin disorders and in specific cosmetic products.
wound healing and tissue microcirculation and counteract such harmful venous processes as hemorrhoids and varices.
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Evening Primrose Oil
-Fixed oil from seeds of Oenothera biennis (Onagraceae)
-Contains substancial amounts of esterified linolenic acid
-LA + 2 carbons gives arachidonic acid which is an immediate precursor of some prostaglandins.
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Evening Primrose Oil..-Cosmetic purposes to improve skin, hair, and
nails-treatment atopic eczema and pre-menstrual
syndromePopular with women as an aid in regulating
the menstrual cycle.-Diabetic neuropathy-Rheumatoid arthritis
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ALOEThe main commercial spp Aloe ferox.
Over 50 species e.g. A. secundiflora, A.
kendogenis, A. rabaiensis, A. tugensis, A.
elgonica, A. nyeriensis, A. keniense, A.
deserti, A. ukambensis
Parts used: juice, transparent gel from
leaves.
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Aloe images
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Aloe cont.Constituents: AQ glycosides, polysaccharidesProperties: Stress relief & suppression of peptic
ulcers, Treatment of radiation burns, wounds, skin
ulcers. Cosmetic skin prepns; eczema, -Arthritis, diabetes, HIV/AIDS? burns and skin irritationsLaxative Caution: juice should not be taken in pregnancy.
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GINSENG
Panax ginseng
Used for centuries as a cure-all and tonic for
the body.
Traditional Chinese medicine for maintaining
physical and mental balance in human body.
Is an adaptogen = ‘harmony drug”
constituents: Saponins -ginsenosides
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Ginseng cont.Promotes the release and manufacture of
adrenal hormones against stress.
Immunostimulatory: -increases RNA & prot
synthesis
- reduces protein degradation
-enhances antibody production
-increases interferon production
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Ginseng…
Reduces BP, myocardial necrosis & cholesterol
Prevents liver damage to ethanol
Hypoglycaemic & stimulates insulin release
Inhibits growth of several types of cancers
-used as adjuvant in tumor chemotherapy.
-Available in 600mg capsule.
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GINKGO Consists of dried leaves of Ginkgo bilobadiminished memory and concentration,
increased absent-mindness, confusion, energy loss, tiredness, depression, dizziness and tinnitus, dementia including Alzheimer’s. senility
-“Cerebral insufficiency” which could lead to dementia
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Ginkgo biloba..Constituents: ginkgolides e.g. ginkgolide A,
B, C, M, J –diterpenes
bilobalide- sesquiterpenes,
flavonoid glyc, flavones, tannins + other
phenolics
Ginkgo has antioxidant, antiplatelet
aggregation and antiinflam activity.
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ST. JOHN’S WORT- Hypericum
Hypericum perforatum (Guttiferaceae)For mild to moderate depression, anxiety and
nervous unrest-Compared with TCA’s- imipramine and
fluoxetine-Naphthodiathrone pigment hypericin,
hyperforin, C16 –C19 alkanes, pseudohypericin, xanthones, flavonoids
-Also antiviral-HIVH. keniese, H. kiboense, H. lanceolatum, H.
roeperatum
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GINGER
-Zingiber officinale rhizome.-Compared with conventional drugs as
antinausea and travel sicknessNausea from anaesthetic effects after surgery-In hyper emesis gravidarum- a severe form of
nausea and vomiting related to pregnancyreduce the severity of nausea and the # of
vomiting attacks in cases of early pregnancy-and safe
-Gingerols and shagoals – Non volatiles, essential oils
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GARLIC
Consists of bulbs of Allium sativum.-Anti cholesterol and anti thrombotic-inhibit
platelet aggregation-Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti tumor
and anti diabetic Useful in patients with old or acute myocardial
infarcation.- B.P. ,arteriosclerosisIt helps regulate cholesterol levels and
maintain heart health. Sulphur containing - ajoene, allicin, alliin
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Milk Thistle-Silybum marianumprevent liver damage, regenerating cells and
large areas of liver tissue damage. treat acute and chronic viral hepatitis B, fatty
liver, cirrhosis and toxin-induced injury,radiation, etc
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Milk Thistle…Flavolignans- Silymarins
Silybin
-Antioxidant-preventing damage to
healthy liver cells and stimulating a
regeneration of the injured liver cells.
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Milk ThistleSilymarins stands guard on the outer receptor
sites of cells, baring toxins from breaking
through fatty cell membranes and entering cell
-Neutralizes toxic subs that manage to penetrate
Stimulates natural antioxidants in the body
-Stimulates protein synthesis
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NEEM TREE (mwarubaine)
Azadirachta indica Coastal Neem Melia azadiracht – Highland NeemFamily MeliaceaePolvalent medicinal properties. “village
doctor”Antibacterial and antifungal properties-
preparation –skin preparation including soaps
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NEEM TREE..Toothpaste- protect teeth from decay and
tooth rot and gum disordersInsecticide – insecticidal + antimoulting
(azadractin) Antimalarial activity –Boiled leaves (gedunin
and nimbolide)Antidiabetic (nimbinin and nimbadiol)
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NEEM TREE..Leaves - Rx diabetic mellitus and juvenile
diabetes insulin Cardiovascular and Nervous activityAntifertility-Neem oil exerts spermicidal
activity, reversible May also prevent implantationAntihelmintic
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NEEM TREE..Rx ringworm (antifungal) and intestinal
worms.Increase immune response in mice. Stomach ulcers- effectiveGalactologue (increase milk)Rx haemorrhoidsRx certain cancers
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NEEM TREE..Increase immune response in mice. Stomach ulcers- effectiveGalactologue (increase milk)Rx haemorrhoidsRx certain cancers
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COMPOSITIONTetranortriterpenoids Azandiractin, gedunin and nimbolideGedunin, gedunin and nimbolideFlavonoids Limonoids TanninPolysaccharides, Glycoproteins