Nursing Research (2).pptx

7/29/2019 Nursing Research (2).pptx

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Nursing ResearchProf. Jhessie L. Abella RN, RM, MAN


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The Most Important Things in Life

A philosophy professor stood before his class

with some items on the table in front of him.

When the class began, wordlessly he picked

up a very large and empty mayonnaise jar and

proceeded to fill it with rocks, about 2 inches

in diameter.


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Now, said the professor, I want you to recognize that this

jar represents your life. The rocks are the important things

your family, your partner, your health, your children

things that if everything else was lost and only they

remained, your life would still be full.


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The pebbles are the other things that matterlike your job, your

house, your car. The sand is everything else. The small stuff.

If you put the sand into the jar first, he continued there is no room

for the pebbles or the rocks. The same goes for your life.


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RESEARCH

Research is a systematic inquiry using scientific methods in answering questions or in

solving problems. In nursing, it attempts to develop, refine and expand body of

knowledge about matters that are important to the nursing profession (practice,education, administration)

NURSING RESEARCH


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RESEARCH


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Importance of Nursing Research

The ultimate goal is to: improve the practice of its members so that the service

provided to its clientele will be maximally effective

Enhance professionalism

Increase accountability

Strengthen social relevance of nursing

Basis for sound decision making

Tradition- certain truth are accepted as given on the basis of inherited custom and traditions

Authority- refer to people with specialized expertise

Experience and Trial and Error- own experience represent a familiar and functional sources of

knowledge

Logical reasoning- combines, intellectual faculties and formal system of thought


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RESEARCH

Nursing emerged as a profession when nurses started using systematic,

orderly, and objective methods of seeking information derived from research.

Research serves the need of nurses for direction in helping solve todays

problem.

Research problems my arise from the altruistic desire to improve nursingpractice.

DO you think Nursing Research is IMPORTANT?

dentificationnaminganunknownphenomenon

escriptiondescribeaphenomenon

xplorationwhat

xplanationwhy

edictionprojectsasituation

ontrolputsupabarrier


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PurposeofResearch

Researchdescribesaphenomenonthatrelatestothenursing

professionaswellasobserve,define,anddocumentnursingsituations

underinquiry.Researchexploresthephenomenonbeinginvestigated

Researchseeksclarificationofprevailingsituations

Projects a situation or events that could arise from research

investigation.

Puts up a barrier to hinder or minimize the effects of an

anticipatedoutcomesorreactions.


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Evidence Based Practice

You are a school nurse who regularly visits a number of elementary and middle schools (children

aged 5 to 13 years) in your region. It is cold and flu season once again. One of the teachers stops you

in the hall to ask you a question about his 10- year old daughter who also has a cold. He has heard

that zinc lozenges can help to relieve cold symptoms and wonders if they really do work and if it is

OK to give them to children.

You are a nurse practitioner working in a family practice setting. One of your patients is a 28-year

old woman who has been taking oral contraceptives (OCs) for the past 6 years. She telephones

you to say that she is growing increasingly anxious about taking OCs because recently she has

read in magazines and heard from friends that they may increase the risk of cardiovascular

disease. She has never smoked, is in good health, and has no history of cardiovascular disease in

her family. She asks to see you to discuss whether she should discontinue taking the OCs and

begin using a different birth control method.


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DataCollection Assessment

DataCollection DataInterpretation

Knowledgeofthenursingworld

ClinicalExperience LiteratureReview

ProblemDefinition NursingDiagnosis ProblemandPurposeIdentificationPLAN

GoalSetting IdentifyingSolutions

PLAN

GoalSetting PlannedIntervention

Methodology

Design

Sample MethodsandMeasurement

Implementation Implementation DataCollectionandanalysisEvaluationandRevisionProcess EvaluationandModification Outcomeanddisseminationof

finding


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Alternate Route for ProblemSolving

Ignore or redefine the Problem

Faith, habit or traditional practice

Authority

Human experience

Trial and error Logical reasoning

Common sense

the researcher identifies and eliminates specific constraints

the researcher uses results of experiences and observation rooted in objective reality as sources

of knowledge.

this is the holistic statement that is formulated after due analysis


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Experimental

Non Experimental

QuasiExperimental

Combined

AccordingtoApproach

Quantitative

Qualitative

Accordingto

Measurement&DataAnalysis Longitudinal

Cross Sectional

Retrospective

AccordingtoTimeFrame


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Knowledge and Expertise

Promotion and Prestige

Recognition by Peers

Scholarship Grants

Increase in Pay Accreditations in Schools


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Ethics in Research

wasdevelopedin1949borneoutoftheNuremberg

trials. First internationally accepted effort to set up formal ethical

standards governing human research subject. Requires informed

consenttoallcases.

was adopted by the WMA in 1964. Thisdifferentiates2 typesofresearch, thatwhich isessentially therapeutic

and that which is essentially directed toward developing scientific

knowledgeandhasnotherapeuticvalue.

inJulyb12,1974theNRAwassignedintolawthereby

creatingtheNationalCommissionfortheProtectionofHumanSubjectsof Biomedical and Behavioral Research. This articulate 3 primary

ethicalprinciples,beneficence,respectforhumandignityandjustice

Council for International Organization of Medical

Science was created in 1993 which promulgate sets of ethical

principlesregardinghumanexperimentation.


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Belmont Report

I. Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy ofall

people and treating themwith courtesy and respect

andallowingforinformedconsent.Researchersmust

betruthfulandconductnodeception;

II. Beneficence: The philosophyof "Donoharm"while

maximizing benefits for the research project and

minimizingriskstotheresearchsubjects;and

III. Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and

well-consideredproceduresareadministeredfairly

the fair distribution of costs and benefits

topotentialresearchparticipantsandequally.


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Ethical Principle and Guidelines forResearcher (Polit and Beck:2004)

InformedConsent

BeneficenceandNonmaleficence

RespectforHumanDignity

Anonymity

Confidentiality

Righttofulldisclosure

Righttoselfdetermination

JusticeandFairness

Privacy


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Rationale for ConductingResearch

ThedemandforNursestopursueMAofDoctoral

Greateremphasisintheundergraduateprograms

Toproducemoreresearchmaterials Basisforpromotion

Broaderscopeofnursing

Personalsatisfactions

Noonehasthegreateraccesstopatients

Researchisapracticalwayofimprovinghealthcare


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N i R h T d


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NursingResearchTrends

andConstraints

RationaleforConductingClinicalResearch

Nursingproblemsandissuesareintegraltotheworksituations

Personalsatisfactionisderivedfromfindingbetterwaysofproviding

nursingcare

Noonehasgreateraccesstothepatientthanthenurse

Itcouldbetherapeuticandenjoyable

Clinicalresearchisapracticalwayforanursetohelpimprovethehealthcareofthesick


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RolesofNursesinResearch

Asprincipalinvestigator

Asamemberofaresearchteam

Asevaluatorofresearchfindings Asconsumerofresearchfindings

Asclientadvocateinaresearchstudy

Asasubjectofresearch


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The Story of A

WoodcutterOnce upon a time, a very strong woodcutterasked for a job in a timber merchant and he

got it. The pay was really good and so was

the work condition. For those reasons, the

woodcutter was determined to do his best.

His boss gave him an axe and showed him

the area where he supposed to work.

The first day, the woodcutter brought 18


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TheResearchPROBLEM

Theselectionofaresearchproblemorqueryisprobablythemost

importantandmostdifficultstepintheresearchprocess.Research

arisesfromvarioussituations.

Perceiveddifficulty

Afeelingofdiscomfortwiththewaythingsare

Adiscrepancyoragapbetweenwhatisandwhatshouldbe

Thedailyexperienceofhumanbeingswhichrequiresfurtherinquiry


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The Research PROBLEM

Theselectionofaresearchproblemorqueryisprobablythemostimportantandmost

difficultstepintheresearchprocess.

Aresearchproblemasasituationinneedofasolution,improvementoralteration.

Inanyresearchactivity,theidentificationofaproblemsignalsitsbeginning.When

thereisnoproblem,thereisnobasisforanyonetoundertakeresearch.

Problemsareendemictoallorganization,includingnursing.Theyarisefromvariousareasof

humanconcernsuchasthefollowing;

Fieldsofspecialization

Instructionalprogram

Readingprogram

Organizationalstructure,policiesandinterpersonalrelationship

Newtechnologies

Conflictingideasandideals

Journals,books,thesesordissertationandmassmedia

Theoriesandprinciplesaffectingcertainphenomenon

Problemareainnursing

Problemsituationandissues Suggestionofexpertsandauthorities

E L I T E


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E.L.I.T.E.Source of Problem

xperience

iterature

ssues(social)

heory

xternalSource


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Criteria for Choice of Research Problems

Significance of the Problem

Availability of the subjects

Time allotment

Limitation of tools

Limitation of subjects

Problem Researchability

Feasibility of the Problem

Potentials of the Researcher

Personal motivation

Novelty

Interrogative

Declarative

S.A.T.L.L.I.N


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SampleResearch

Problems

Whoaremoreproficientatthebedside,thegraduateofadiploma

programorthoseofthebasicdegreeprogram?

Arethehoursofnursingcareavailableingeneralhospitalrelatedto

patientssatisfactionwithnursingcare? Whataretheprofessionalattributesofstaffnurseandhowitrelatesto

patientssatisfaction?

WhatisthehealthseekingbehaviorsofMuslimlivinginSubic?

Doesinfantmassageincreasestheweightofaninfant?

Whatarethesourcesofstressanditseffectontheclinical

performanceofnurses?

whatarethemosteffectiveteachingmethodologyemployedbySt.

MarysCollegeofNursinganditseffectonthestudentnurses

performance?


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Sample Nursing Research

Topics

Patient Care TechniquesThe primary job of a nurse is to tend to

the physical and emotional needs

of patients. Gather information abouteffective methods of meeting

patient needs and report them in yourresearch paper. Research patient

care techniques in contemporarynursing journals, paying specific

attention to statistics that indicate theeffectiveness of each practice.

Report details about what each practiceentails and discuss which of the

options appears to be most beneficial to

patients.


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Sample Nursing Research

Topics

Thepracticeofnursingiscontinually

evolving.Researchadvancements

thatarebeingmadewithinthefieldofnursing.Lookforcontemporary

articlesoutliningnewtechniquesand

toolsthatpromisetobringinnovation

tothefield.Discusswaysinwhich

bothnursesandpatientswillbenefitfromthesechangeswithinthe

profession.Paintapictureofthefield

ofnursinginthefutureusingwords,

describingthingsthatwillbesimilarto

anddifferentfrompracticescurrently

used.


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Common errors to avoid in

stating the research problem.

1. Problems that elicit broad, general findings instead of specific

informationneededfortheirsolutions.

2. Shallowandunimportantinquiries

3. Rhetorically statedproblemswhich tends to elicit emotional reactionthatdiminishedthescientificintentoftheinquiry

4. Questionsthatarenottestablecannotbeansweredthroughscientific

investigation


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What are the Basic


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What are the BasicComponents of Research

1. TitleoftheStudy

Isoneofthemajorcomponentsofyourresearchpaper.Itshould

be formulated so that the reader would get the idea of what

he/shewillbereadingabout. Embodies words or phrases which gives the idea of what the

researcherstudyisallabout.

2. Introduction

This section presents a brief discussion of the rationale and

backgroundoftheproblemorsubjectofinquiry. Contextoftheproblemanditshistoricalbackground

Authoritativeviewpointsontheproblems

Theresearchersinterestinworkingontheproblem

Thepurposeofthestudyinrelationtotheproblem

What are the Basic


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Thereareafewtipsthatcanhelpyouwriteastrongintroduction,arousinginterestand

encouragingthereadertoreadtherestofyourwork.

Alongandramblingintroductionwillsoonputpeopleoffandloseyoumarks.Stickcloselytoyouroutlineforthepaper,andstructureyourintroductioninasimilar

way.

entireintroductionshouldlogicallyendattheresearchquestion

andthesisstatementorhypothesis.Thereader,bytheendoftheintroduction,should

know exactly what you are trying to achieve with the paper. In addition,yourconclusionanddiscussionwillreferbacktotheintroduction,andthisiseasierif

youhaveaclearlydefinedproblem.

As you write the paper, you may find that it goes in a slightly different

directionthanplanned.Inthiscase,gowiththeflow,butmakesurethatyouadjustthe

introductionaccordingly.Somepeopleworkentirelyfromanoutlineandthenwritethe

introductionasthelastpartoftheprocess.Thisisfineifitworksforyou.


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Sample

The Aetas are numerous in Luzon, particularly in Zambales mountain range stretching from

Bataan,Zambales.Theyaremountainpeoplewithdarkskinkinkyhair,snubnoseblackeyesandwith

smallbodyframe.Theyusuallystandfrom1.35to1.05meterstallinheight.Theircommunitiesbelongto

theNegritos(ethnicgroup)therearesmallAetassettlementinIramtheyhavetheirowndialectbutthey

communicatetothelowlandersandoutsidersinTagalogvernacular.Itusedtobeatabooforthemto

marryanon-tribalmemberbut this traditionwasbroken in1977whenadaughterofanold chieftain

marriedalowlander.

AccordingtoMacatuno(2006)heelaboratedthatthiseventsetthetrendformixedmarriagethat

istheoneoftheir traditionbutithasmanyreligiousandbeliefpractices thatperformedbytheAetas.

Theybelieve insupremebeingwho ruleover lesser spiritsordeities.TheyworshipApoNamalayani,

whomtheyregardasthecreatorbelievedtoinhabitthemountaintopofPinatuboinZambales.Thereis

nospecificmentionofotherGodsoftheAetas,butonesourcementionsthatthefourmanifestationof

theGreatCreatorgrowthofgoods.Theyalsobelievethattherearespiritsmatliveintheenvironment

suchasin thesky,river,sea,mountain,andothers.Theyalsobelievedthatevil spiritsare theusualcauseofillnessaspunishmentforwrongdoing.

Thepurposeofthisstudyistofurthersupporttheknowledgeofthereaderandtheresearcher

ancestraldomainthechangesoftheAetaslifeafterthePinatuboeruptionanditseffectontheirwayof

living, and it triggers the social consciousness of the researchers more than any other indigenous

communitiesintheprovince.ThisstudyalsodefinedhowtheAetas atIramResettlementaffectstheir

primaryhealth by theirhealth belief and theirhealth practices. This studywill also give the reader a

clearerviewaboutthecultureandtheiractivity.


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What are the Basic


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3.Howmaythebehavioralconductsofaclinicalinstructorbeexpressalongthefollowing:

Attitudetowardsworkassignment

Relationshiptothestudentsandpatients

Relationshiptothesuperiorsandcolleagues

Observanceoftheproperbehaviorofaprofessional

Observanceoftheethicalprincipleofthenursingprofession

Approachtostressandanger

4.Isthereasignificantrelationshipbetweenthegender,age,qualification,lengthofservicein

theacademe,yearsofexperienceinthehospitalasastaffnurseoftheclinicalinstructor

withtheobservanceoftheirprofessionalandbehavioralconduct?

5.Whatis the implicationof the findingsto the relatedlearningexperienceandthenursing

education?

What are the Basic


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Thisalsoreferstotheobjectivesofthestudywhichrequires

shortterminquiryandnarroweddownsolutions.Thereshouldbe3to8sub

problemstoBREAKthemainproblemintoeachsubproblemscontributingto

thesolutionofthemainproblem.

Example:MagnoMastersThesis1996

Specificallythisstudyaimstoanswerthefollowing;

1. Whatisthestaffnursesextentofknowledgeofthenursingprocessinrelationtoitsfive

aspects;1. Assessment;

2. Diagnosis;

3. Planning;

4. Implementation;

5. Exvaluation?

What are the Basic


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Example:MagnoMastersThesis1996

2.Whatistheextentofthestaffnursesknowledgeofthenursingprocessasperceivedby

themselvesandtheirheadnurse?3. To what extent is the nursing process performed efficiently by the staff nurses as

perceivedbythemselvesandtheirheadnurses?

4. Is theresignificantcorrelationbetween the staffnursesextent ofknowledge and their

clinicalperformanceofthenursingprocessinrelationtothefivecomponents?

5. Is there significant differences in the staff nurses knowledge and their clinical

performanceofthenursingprocessasperceivedbythemselvesandtheirheadnurse?


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Sampling Procedure


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Assumptions

These are statements of assertions related to the problems usually

drawn from the theoretical framework. These are accepted by the

researchersasTRUEonthebasicoflogicalreasoningorreason.

come from the knowledge of the researcher and

fromobservedfacts.TheyarealsobeliefsasTRUEbymostpeopleandneednotestingorverification.

confirmthevalidityoftheexplanatoryvariablesaswell

asbasisforformulatingthehypothesisofthestudy.

Review of Related Literature


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Review of Related Literature

Reviewofliteratureiscomposedofdiscussionoffactsandprinciplestowhich

thepresent study is related. The literature review consists of a collection of

pertinentreadings,publishedorunpublished,inlocalorforeignsettings.

Related studies on the other hand are studies, inquiries, or investigations

alreadyconcludedtowhichthepresentproposedstudyisrelatedandhassomesimilarity.

CONCEPTUALLITERATURE.Thesearenonresearchreferencesmaterials

writtenbyauthoritiesonthesubjectthatembodyexperiences,viewpointsand

interpretationsofthesubjectoftheresearchstudy.

RESEARCHLITERATURE.Theseconsistofstudiesandresearchesortheses

anddissertationspublishedorunpublished,whichhavebearingonthecurrent

research.


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What is Literature Review? cont

As a piece of writing, the literature review

must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g.,

your research objective, the problem or issue

you are discussing, or your argumentativethesis).

It is not just a descriptive list of the material

available, or a set of summaries.


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Ask yourself questions like these:


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y q

What is the specific thesis, problem, or research

question that my literature review helps to define? What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I

looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy?

quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new

procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )? What is the scope of my literature review? What types of

publications am I using (e.g., journals, books,

government documents, popular media)? What discipline

am I working in (e.g., nursing psychology, sociology,medicine)?


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Structuring a literature review

It is often difficult to decide how to organise the huge

amount of information you have collected.

The structure of each dissertation will be different but

there are some general principles and these are really

the guidelines you should use for any piece of academic

writing. The dissertation is just much longer than most

essays or other pieces of work.


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Final Notes:


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A literature review is a piece ofdiscursive prose,not a list describing or summarizing one piece ofliterature after another.

It's usually a bad sign to see every paragraph

beginning with the name of a researcher. Instead,organize the literature review into sections thatpresent themes or identify trends, including relevanttheory.

You are not trying to list all the material published,but to synthesize and evaluate it according to theguiding concept of your thesis or research question.


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Is a definition that is universally understood. It is a general

statement of properties or qualities common to a number of

cases or examples.

This uses hypothetical criteria to identify a phenomenon

rather than what is observable.

Textual meaning of words/subjective or theoretical


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Is the researchers own definition of terms as used in the

study. It is concrete and measurable, based on the

observable characteristics of what is being defined within

the context of the phenomenon under investigation.

Denotative are defined in terms of what the concept is or

what it represents

Connotative are defined according to implications or

associations one might make with the variable


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These are definitions taken from authorities

on the subject or terms being defined.

Scope and Delimitation


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Scope and Delimitation

The researcher must be aware of and should

categorically state certain constraints or

restrictions in the study. Delimitation sets the parameters of the study

by accepting what should be included, and

rejected what should be excluded.

TheResearchHypothesis


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yp

Hypothesis educated guess or tentative answer to a question that

establishesthebasisforstatisticaltreatment.

Shouldbesimple,specific,anddatedinadvance.

Arestatementsoftheexpectedrelationshipamongthevariablesbeingstudied

A good hypothesis then is easily understood specific, conceptually clear, tangibly

measured.

a negative statement which indicates that

there is no association or relationship between and among

variables. Formal basis for testing the statistical

significance (Ho)

a positive research hypothesis thatproposes association or significant relationship between

variables (Ha)

states whether the relationship

between the variables is positive or negative, directs or

inverse


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TheResearchHypothesis


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yp

Tallpeopleeatmorethanshortpeople.

Tall people and people with high caloric intake tend to

weigh more than short people than short people and

peoplewithlowcalorieintake.

People whosmokes aremore prone to lung cancer than

thosewhodonotsmoke.

Thereisnosignificantrelationshipbetweentheperception

of the nursing student and their clinical instructors with

regardstoprofessionalconduct.

There is a significant difference in incidence of skin

breakdownbetweenpatientwhoareandwhoarenotplace

inairbed.


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thisisintendedtoincreaseknowledgeinscience.Theendproductofresearchispurelyknowledge.

Towidentheknowledgebase

Formulationorrefinementoftheory

Fordiscoveryofgeneralprinciples

thisisperformedtoacquireknowledgeorobtaininformationthatservesapracticalpurposes.Appliedresearchisfocusedon

finding solutions to existingproblem. It is a collaborative process involvingothermembers of the health care team that provides solutions to practical

problemsintheorganization.

Focusesonfactswhichcanbechangedbyinterventiontoachieveadesired

goal

Forsolvingproblems


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- this research approaches

possible cause and effect relationship of certain

variablethroughcarefulcontrolormanipulation.

The researcherdoes

not interfere with nature, and the conditions for

research are This ismostly conducted in . They are

research situation in which the researcher cannot

controlandmanipulatetheindependentvariable.


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An inquiry that consider four properties of experimental

researchnamely;

theresearchersubjectstherespondentsofthestudytosomekindof

situationforaspecificpurpose.

theresearcherimposecertainconditionovertheexperimentalsituation;

ControlGroup-thisgroupisnotsubjectedtoanyexperimentaltreatment.

ExperimentalGroup-thisgroupissubjectedtothetreatmentusedbythe

researcherwhoseperformanceiscomparedandanalyzed

accordingtotheperformanceofthecontrolgroupona

dependentvariable.

theresearcherassignssubjectstoacontrolorexperimentalgroup

onrandombasis

This is an experiment that lacks one of the four

propertiesoftrueexperiments


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Explainsandestablishescausalrelationshipofvariables

Increasepurityofobservations

Freefromthepressureofdailylifewhenconductedinacontrolledunit

Dangerous

Difficulttocreatecondition

Timeconstraint

Noncooperativeofthesubjects

Populationconstraint


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-itisasystematically,factuallyandaccuratelydescribean

areaofinterestorsituation.Descriptiveresearchmayalsodealwithcomparison

andcontrast;orthediscoveryofexistingrelationshipbetweeneventsorgroups.

Surveys CorrelationStudies

CaseStudy

FeasibilityStudy

ContentAnalysis

DecisionMaking

ProblemSolving

- this research purports to reconstruct the past objectively

and accurately. The process involves investigation, recording, analysis and

interpretationofpasteventstounderstandthepresentbetterandanticipatethe

future.


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Advantage and Disadvantage


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g g

Situationinwhichtheindividualvariableisinherentlynonmanipulable

Therearevariablesthatcanbemanipulatedtechnicallybutshouldnotbeforethicalreasons

Therearesituationsinwhichitisdeemedimpracticalorundesirabletoconductexperiments

Retrospectiveandlessexpensive

Adequatetime

Cooperationiseasytoobtain

Fundingisavailable

Notcapableofestimatingcausalrelationship

Cannotbeappliedtoanewproductorprocedure

Isnotusefulinthedevelopmentoftheories,principlesandconcepts

Oftentimesnotconsideredastrueresearch


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-objective is accurate depiction of the characteristics of a person, situation orgroupsandorfrequencywithwhichcertainphenomenaoccurs

-explores the interrelationship among variables of interest without any active

interventionbytheresearcher

-conductedtodeterminetheeffectsoftreatmentorindependentvariables

onthedependentvariablesoroutcomevariable.Itlacksthecontrolofthedesign,samplesorsetting.

-it examines the cause and effect relationship between independent and

dependentvariableunderhighlycontrolledcondition

-concernedwithlivedexperiencedofhumans.Itisanapproachtothinking

aboutwhatlifeexperienceofpeoplearelikeandwhattheymean

-seekstounderstandthekeysocialpsychologicalandstructuralprocesses

thatoccursinasocialsetting.Amajorcomponentisthediscoveryofacorevariablethatiscentralin

explainingwhatisgoingoninthatsocialscene

-theprimaryresearchtraditionwithinanthropology,whichprovidesaframeworkforstudyingthemeaning,patternsandexperienceofadefinedculturalgroupinaholisticfashion

narrativedescriptionoranalysisofeventsthatoccurredintheremoteorrecentpast

-in depthexaminationand analysisofpeople orgroupofpeople in relation to nursing

issuesorproblemsthatisimportanttotheclientandtheresearcher.

-naturalinvestigationdoneinthecommunity,suchasinnursinghomes,housingproject

andclinicalwards

Data Collection


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1. Useofexistingoravailabledata

Rawdatafrombasicdocumentssuchasrecordsofpatientadmission,birthdates,dischargesetc

Tabulardataindicatingnumberofpatientadmittedordischargedinayear

ormonth,ortotalnumberofdeliveries,surgeriesorworkloadsofnurses

2. Use of observers data gathered through actual observationand recording of

events.Subjectsmustbeinformedforethicalconsideration.

Non participant observer does not share the same environment with the

subjectandisnotamemberofthegroup

Participantobserversharesthesameenvironmentanditsbetteracquainted

withouttheirknowledge

Data Collection


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3.Useofselfrecordingorreportingapproachusesaspecificallyprepared

documentintendedtocollectdatacalledinstrument. Questionnairesapaperandpencilapproachwhereparticipantsareasked

toanswersetofquestions,itisthemostfrequentusedresearchinstrument

togathertheneededdatafromtherespondentspertinenttothepurposeof

thestudy.

Interviewguideoneononedialoguewiththesubjectasksorreadsa

questionstoelicitanswersfromthelatter.(structureandunstructured)

4.Anecdotalmethodanddocumentarymaterials

5.Mechanicalinstruments


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Research Instrument


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esea c s u e

TypesofResearchInstrument

Questionnaires paper and pencil

approach

ScanningQuestionnaires

InterviewGuide

TypesofQuestionsAsked

OpenEnded

CloseEnded

TypesofCloseEndedQuestions

Dichotomous

Multichotomous

FixedAlternative

ProjectiveQuestion

CafeteriaQuestions

RankOrder

Checklistmatrix


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Research Instrument


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AdvantageofInterview

Responsearebroadandvaried

Respondentscangivecomplete

answer Verbalandnonverbalbehavior

canbeobserve

Thereisflexibilityinquestions

DisadvantageofInterview

Timeconsumingandexpensive

Schedule for interview may be

difficult Interviewerneedstraining

Respondents answer may be

influenced by the interviewers

behavior

Criteria for Evaluating Instrument

R.E.S.S.Se.R.V.M.O.

Measurement of Variables


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1. QuantitativeMeasurement

a. ScaleofMeasurementreferstoadevicethatassignscodenumbers.(0-10

2. QualitativeDescription

1. Nominalnameandclassifiespersonsorobjectsinto2ormorecategorieshaving

commonsetofcharacteristics2. Ordinalclassifiessubjectorobjectsbyrankingthemfromthehighesttolowest

respondentareaskedtoindicatethedegreetowhichthey

agreeordisagree.

respondentsareaskedtorespondinabipolarcontinuum

(highesttolowestormosttoleast)

usedtoassesstheattitudesoftherespondentsusingacontinuum

ofcumulativestatements

usetomeasurethemeaningofconcepttodetermine

theemotionalevaluativeresponse

Statistical Measurement


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intendedtoorganizeandsummarizenumerical

datafrompopulationandsample.

concernedwithpopulationandtheuseofsample

datatopredictfutureoccurrence.

thenumberthatoccursmostfrequent

dividesthedistributionatthe50thpercentile

thearithmeticaverage(summationofallscoresdividedbynumberofcases)

Correlationreflectstherelationshipbetweentwovariables

designedtoexaminethestaticallydifferencebetweentwomeans

unrelatedgroups

samewithttestbutmoreversatilebecauseitcancomparetwoormore

groups


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Thecustomofcitingreferences:

thatis,providingarecordofthesourcesyouhaveusedforyourresearch

isaformofprofessionalhonestyandcourtesythatisbasedonaregardfortheresponsibilities that writers have to readers and to other writers to indicate

whentheyhaveusedsomeoneelse'sideasorwords.

Itemsarepresentedin bythe ,or,if

noauthorislisted,bythefirstelementofthecitation(generallythetitle).

During your research, develop a consistent system for noting bibliographic

information( )andkeepit

withyournotesorcopiesofthesourcematerialyouused.

Alwaysconsultyourprofessor/department/publisherforspecificrequirements.


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Bankes,P.,Boss, J.,Cochran, A.,Duemer, L.,McCrary,

J., & Salazar, D. (2001). Censorship and restraint:

Lessons learned from the Catalyst.College Student

Journal, 35, 335-338. Retrieved August 14, 2003, from

EbscoAcademicSearchElitedatabase.

Chafee,Z.,Jr. (1962).Freedomof speech andpress. In

W. S. Dowden & T. N. Marsh (Eds.), The heritage of

freedom:Essayson therightsoffreemen(pp.140-156).

NewYork:Harper.

Thanks for a beautiful day: On a beautiful day,

we may thank God and praise him for his many gifts.


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Father of Jesus,

We praise you and give you gloryFor the wonderful things you do for us;

For life and health,

for friends and family,

for this splendid day.

For these reasons, we pray as Jesus taught us:

Our Father...


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Which one of the following criteria should be

considered as a top priority in nursing care?

A. Avoidance of destructive changes

B. Preservation of life

C. Assurance of safety

D. Preservation of integrity


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Which of the following measures will best prevent

manipulation of vulnerable groups?

A. Secure informed consentB. Payment of stipends for subjects

C. Protect privacy of patient

D. Ensure confidentiality of data


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WhichofthefollowingproceduresensuresthatMs.

Montanahasfullydescribedtoprospectivesubjectsthe

natureofthestudyandthesubjectsrights?

A.Debriefing

B.Fulldisclosure

C.Informedconsent

D.Covertdatacollection


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Afterthereviewsessionhasbeencompleted,Karen

andthestaffsignedthedocument.Whichofthe

followingisthepurposeofthis?

A.Agreeaboutthecontentoftheevaluation.

B.Signifydisagreementofthecontentoftheevaluation.

C.DocumentthatKarenandthestaffreviewedthe

evaluation.D.Serveasbasisforfutureevaluation.


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HeplanstouseaLikertScaletodetermine

A.degreeofagreementanddisagreement

B.compliancetoexpectedstandards

C.levelofsatisfaction

D.degreeofacceptance


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WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouta

hypothesis?Hypothesisis:

A.testable

B.proven

C.statedinaformthatitcanbeacceptedorrejected

D.statesarelationshipbetweenvariables


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ThestudyissaidtobecompletedwhenMs.

Montanaachievedwhichofthefollowingactivities?

A.Publishedtheresultsinanursingjournal.

B.Presentedthestudyinaresearchforum.

C.Theresultsofthestudyisusedbythenursesinthehospital

D.SubmittedtheresearchreporttotheCEO.


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Shenotesdownideasthatwerederivedfromthe

descriptionofaninvestigationwrittenbytheperson

whoconductedit.Whichtypeofreferencesourcerefers

tothis?

A.Footnote

B.Bibliography

C.Primarysource


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Thiskindofresearchgathersdataindetailabouta

individualorgroupsandpresentedinnarrativeform,

whichis

A.Casestudy

B.Historical

C.Analytical

D.Experimental


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Shenotesthatthedependentvariableinthe

hypothesisDurationofsleepofcuddledinfantsis

longerthanthoseinfantswhoarenotcuddledby

mothersis

A.Cuddledinfants

B.Durationofsleep

C.Infants

D.Absenceofcuddling


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Duringdatacollection,Harryencountersapatient

whorefusestotalktohim.Whichofthefollowingisa

limitationofthestudy?A. Patientsrefusaltofullydivulgeinformation.

B.Patientswithhistoryoffeverandcough

C.PatientsadmittedorwhoseeksconsultationattheER

anddoctorsoffices

D.Contactsofpatientswithhistoryoffeverandcough


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TheinformationthataninvestigatorlikeVinz

collectsfromthesubjectsorparticipantsina

researchstudyisusuallycalled:a.Hypothesis

b.Data

c.Variabled.Concept


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MedelconductssamplingatBarangayMaligaya.He

collected100randomindividualsanddetermine

whoistheirfavoriteactor.50%saidPiolo,20%said

JohnLloyd,whilesomeansweredSam,Dingdong,

Richard,andDerek.Medelconductedwhattypeof

researchstudy?

a.Phenomenologicalb.Casestudy

c.Nonexperimental

d.Survey


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Diana,Arlene,andSallyaretoconductastudyabout

relationshipofthenumberoffamilymembersinthe

householdandtheelectricitybill,whichofthe

followingisthebestresearchdesignsuitedforthis

study?

1.Descriptive

2.Exploratory

3.Explanatory

4.Correlational

5.Comparative

6.Experimentala.1and4

b.2and5

c.3and6

d.1and5

e.2and4


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JezzaandJennyresearchedaboutTBits

transmission,causativeagentandfactors,

treatment,signsandsymptoms,aswellas

medicationandallotherin-depthinformationabout

tuberculosis.Thisstudyisbestsuitedforwhich

researchdesign?

a.Historical

b.Casestudy

c.Phenomenological


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Asuppositionorsystemofideasthatis

proposedto

explainagivenphenomenon,bestdefines:

a.Aparadigm

b.Aconcept

c.Atheory

d.Aconceptualframework


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Eachnurseparticipantwasaskedtoidentifya

problem.Aftertheidentificationoftheresearch

problem,whichofthefollowingshouldbedone?a.Methodology

b.Reviewofrelatedliterature

c.Acknowledgement

d.Formulatehypothesis


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Whichofthefollowingcommunicatetheresultsof

theresearchtothereaders.Theyfacilitatethe

descriptionofthedata.a.Hypothesis

b.Statistics

c.Researchproblem

d.Tablesandgraphs


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Sheknowsthattherearethreeelementsof

experimentalresearch.WhichisNOTincluded?

A.Manipulation

B.Randomization

C.Control

D.Trial


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