NURS 1103 or HLSC 2613NURS 1103 or HLSC 2613

Medical Medical TerminoloTerminolo

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Learning TerminologyLearning Terminology

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LANGUAGE MEDICAL LANGUAGE

(ML)(ML)Dr. Mohammed Qasim

Baghdad College of Medicine

Main Objective:Main Objective:Learn Medical Learn Medical TerminologyTerminology

New students to Medical New students to Medical Terminology often Terminology often bewildered by strange bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation.spelling and pronunciation.

Approximately 75% of Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latinon either Greek or Latin

Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

MispronunciationsMispronunciations ArteryArtery - The study of fine paintings. - The study of fine paintings. BenignBenign - What you are after you be - What you are after you be

eight.eight. ComaComa - A punctuation mark. - A punctuation mark. MorbidMorbid - A higher offer. - A higher offer. UrineUrine - opposite of you’re out. - opposite of you’re out. TabletTablet - A small table. - A small table.

Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives Apply basic principles of medical word Apply basic principles of medical word

building.building. Correctly pronounce medical terms.Correctly pronounce medical terms. Define common medical terms.Define common medical terms. Relate common medical terms to Relate common medical terms to human human

anatomy and physiology; common disease anatomy and physiology; common disease states, pharmacological categories and states, pharmacological categories and diagnostic testsdiagnostic tests..

Identify the medical terminology in medical Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports.record reports.

A Busy Course!A Busy Course!

Are you feeling Are you feeling like a lot of like a lot of information is information is about to come about to come your way?your way?

The answer is The answer is

YES.YES.

Now, lets beginNow, lets begin

Lecture 1Lecture 1

Basic Elements of Medical Basic Elements of Medical WordWord

Medical Dictionary UseMedical Dictionary Use

Look Up Unfamiliar Terms

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Building Medical TermsBuilding Medical TermsWord Root

Prefix

Suffix

Combining forms

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Forming Medical TermsForming Medical Terms

Medical Term

PrefixWord root

Suffix

Combining forms

Word Roots (WR)Word Roots (WR)

Usually derived form Greek or Latin Usually derived form Greek or Latin Frequently indicates a body partFrequently indicates a body part Most medical terms have one or Most medical terms have one or

more word rootsmore word roots

Examples of Word RoodsExamples of Word RoodsGreek Word Word Root

Kardia (heart) Cardi

Gaster (stomach) Gastr

Hepar (liver) Hepat

Nephros (kidney) Nephr

Osteon (bone) oste

Combining Form (CF) is a Word Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an “o”an “o”

Usually indicates a body partUsually indicates a body part

Combining Forms (CF)Combining Forms (CF)

Combining Forms Combining Forms ExamplesExamples

Cardi/ + o = cardi/oCardi/ + o = cardi/o heartheart gastr/ + o = gastr/ogastr/ + o = gastr/o stomachstomach hepat/ + o = hepat/ohepat/ + o = hepat/o liverliver nephr/ + o = nephr/onephr/ + o = nephr/o kidneykidney oste/ + o = oste/ooste/ + o = oste/o bonebone

SuffixesSuffixes

Word EndingWord Ending Suffix usually indicates a Suffix usually indicates a

procedure, condition, disease, or procedure, condition, disease, or part of speechpart of speech

Usually derived from Greek or Usually derived from Greek or LatinLatin

Examples of SuffixExamples of Suffix Arthr/oArthr/o -centesis-centesis Arthrocentesis Arthrocentesis

jointjoint puncture puncture of a joint puncture puncture of a joint

throac/o -tomy Thoracotomythroac/o -tomy Thoracotomychest incision incision of the chest incision incision of the chestchest

gastr/o -megaly Gastromegalygastr/o -megaly Gastromegalystomach enlargement enlargement of stomach enlargement enlargement of thethe stomach stomach

PrefixesPrefixes

Word element located at the Word element located at the beginning of a wordbeginning of a word

Changes the meaning of the wordChanges the meaning of the word Usually indicates a number, time, Usually indicates a number, time,

position, direction, color, or sense position, direction, color, or sense of negationof negation

Examples of PrefixExamples of Prefix A- mast -ia A- mast -ia

without breast conditionwithout breast condition

hyper- therm -ia hyper- therm -ia

excessive heat conditionexcessive heat condition

intra- muscul -ar intra- muscul -ar in muscle relating toin muscle relating to

Basic Rule One Basic Rule One

A WR (word root) is used before a A WR (word root) is used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.suffix that begins with a vowel.Scler/ + osis = sclerosisScler/ + osis = sclerosis

Basic Rule TwoBasic Rule Two

A combining vowel is used to link a A combining vowel is used to link a WR to a suffix that begins with a WR to a suffix that begins with a consonant and to link a WR to consonant and to link a WR to another WR to form a compound another WR to form a compound wordwordcolon/o + scope = colonscopecolon/o + scope = colonscopeosteo/ o/ chondr/ itis = osteo/ o/ chondr/ itis = osteochondritisosteochondritis

Defining Medical WordsDefining Medical Words

First, define the suffix or endingFirst, define the suffix or ending Second, define the prefix, or Second, define the prefix, or

beginningbeginning Third, define the middleThird, define the middle

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Word Roots and Combining Forms [CYT(O)]

Combining Forms Meaning

cyt(o)

dextr(o)

dips(o)

dors(o)

erythr(o)

esthesio

cell

right

thirst

back

red

sensation, perception

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Word Roots and Combining Forms

Combining Forms Meaning

galact(o)

gluco

gero

glyco

gyn(o)

home(o)

kin(o)

milk

glucose

old age

sugars

women

same

movement

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Combining Forms Meaningkinesi(o)

lact(o)

leuk(o)

lith(o)

mio

narco

necro

motion

milk

white

stone

smaller; less

sleep; numbness

death; dying

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Word Roots and Combining Forms [NOCT(O)]

Combining Forms Meaningnoct(i)

oncho

path(o)

phago

phon(o)

pseud(o)

pyo

night

tumor

disease

eating

sound; voice

false

pus

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Word Roots and Combining Forms [PYRO]Combining Forms Meaning

pyro

salping(o)

schiz(o)

scler(o)

scolio

somato

spiro

fever

tube

split; division

hardening

crooked; bent

body

breath; breathe

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Word Roots and Combining Forms [TEL(O)]

Combining Forms Meaning

tel(o)

tono

tropho

xanth(o)

xeno

Xer(o)

distant; end; complete

tension; pressure

food; nutrition

yellow

stranger

dry

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Prefixes

•Prefixes are attached to the beginning of words.

•Modifies the meaning of the word or word root.

•Indicates size, quantity, position of, and location.

PrefixWord Root

Suffix

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Prefixes (a–aut)Prefix Meaning

a

ab

ana

ante

anti

aut(0)

without

away from

up, toward

before

against

self

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Prefixes (brachy–hypo)Prefix Meaning

brachy

brady

contra

dys

hemi

hyper

hypo

short

slow

against

abnormal; difficult

half

above normal

below normal

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Prefixes (inter–peri)Prefix Meaning

inter

iso

mal

meta

micr(o)

olig(o)

peri

between

equal; same

bad; inadequate

after

small

few; little; scanty

around; about; near

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Prefixes (pro–un)Prefix Meaning

pro

re

retro

semi

supra

tachy

un

before; forward

again; backward

behind; backward

half

above; over

fast

not

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Suffixes

•Attaches to the end of the word and carries the underlying meaning of the word.

•Suffixes can also be combining forms.

PrefixWord Root

Suffix

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Suffixes (ad–crine)Suffix Meaning-ad

-algia

-asthenia

-blast

-cidal

-clast

-crine

toward

pain

breaking

weakness

immature; forming

destroying; killing

secreting

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Suffixes (crit–ectomy)Suffix Meaning

-crit

-cyte

-cytosis

-derma

-dynia

-ectasis

-ectomy

separate

cell

condition of cells

skin

pain

expanding; dilating

removal of

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Suffixes (emesis–graphy)Suffix Meaning

-emesis

-emia

-esthesia

-globin

-gram

-graph

-graphy

vomiting

blood

sensation

protein

a recording

recording instrument

process of recording

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Suffixes (ic–malacia)Suffix Meaning-ic

-ism

-itis

-kinesia

-logist

-lysis

-malacia

pertaining to

condition; disease

inflammation

movement

one who practices

destruction of

softening

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Suffixes (mania-pathy)Suffix Meaning-mania

-megaly

-oid

-opia

-ostomy

-para

-pathy

obsession

enlargement

like; resembling

vision

opening

bearing

disease

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Suffixes (penia-phrenia)Suffix Meaning

-penia

-pepsia

-pexy

-phage

-phobia

-phonia

-phrenia

deficiency

digestion

fixation

eating; devouring

fear

sound

of the mind

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Suffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy)Suffix Meaning

-phylaxis

-plasty

-plegia

-pnea

-ptosis

-rrhagia

-rrhaphy

protection

surgical repair

paralysis

breath

falling down; drooping

heavy discharge

surgical suturing

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Suffixes (rrhexis-tropia)Suffix Meaning

-rrhexis

-spasm

-stasis

-stenosis

-tomy

-trophy

-tropia

rupture

contraction

stopping; constant

narrowing

cutting operation

nutrition

turning

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Rules•Add s to words ending in any vowel or consonant except s,x,z, or y (ex. joint- joints)

•Add es to words ending in s,x, or z (ex. reflex - reflexes)

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Rules Cont’d

•Remove x and add `ces to Latin words ending in x (ex. appendix - appendices)

•Remove the `y and add `ies to words ending in `y preceded by a consonant (ex. mastectomy- mastectomies)

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Rules Cont’d

•When an ending `y is preceded by a vowel, the usual plural suffix is `s (ex. boy - boys)

•Add `e to Latin terms ending in a (ex. lamina - laminae)

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Rules Cont’d

•Remove `us and add `i to Latin words ending in us (ex. bacillus- bacilli)

•Change `sis to `ses in Greek words ending in sis (ex. psychosis - psychoses)

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Rules Cont’d

•Remove `on from and add `a to Greek words ending in `on (ex. criterion - criteria)

•Remove `um from and add `a to Latin words ending in um (ex. diverticulum - diverticula)

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•fossa fossae

•datum data

•radix radices

Latin Greek

Singular Plural Singular Plural

•neurosis neuroses

•ganglion ganglia

•calyx calyces