Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in ... · model for fluid flow and heat...
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Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 1
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena
in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems
Principal Investigator:Muhammad M. Rahman
Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of South Florida
Graduate Students:Son H. Ho, Steve Hong, Santosh K. Mukka, P. Sharath C. Rao
Start Date = June 1, 2002 Planned Completion = December 31, 2006
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 2
Research Goals and Objectives• Problem Addressed:
– A working numerical simulation model is needed to efficiently design future zero boil-off (ZBO) cryogenic storage systems for NASA applications.
• Solution:– Developing a finite element based numerical simulation
model for fluid flow and heat transfer in zero boil-off cryogenic storage systems.
• Innovation:– A practical numerical prediction tool for thermo-fluid
behavior within a cryogenic storage tank.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 3
Relevance to Current State-of-the-Art
• Design of cryogenic storage tanks for space and automotive applications.
• Optimization of operation of active boil-off control systems under different operating conditions.
• Establishment of methodology of using numerical simulation modeling by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in designing industrial equipment and processes.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 4
Relevance to NASA• With passive storage, the storage tank size and
insulation weight increase with days in orbit, whereas in the ZBO storage system mass remains constant.
• A validated modeling and simulation tool will be needed to support ongoing experimental studies at NASA.
• The code will help the design of future experiments and mission applications.
• The ZBO concept and the computer model can be used for storage vessel design for any liquid hydrogen storage and transportation.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 5
Budget, Schedule and Deliverables• Budget & Schedule
Year 1 (June 2002 – June 2003): $ 91,278– Developed Basic Numerical Simulation Model – Single Phase (Liquid).
Year 2 (July 2003 – December 2004): $85,069– Advanced Model for Two Phase (Liquid and Vapor) in the Tank.
Year 3 (January 2005 – December 2005): $ 90,000– Developed Three-Dimensional Simulation Model for the Storage Tank.
Year 4 (Proposed, January 2006 – December 2006): $90,000– Advancements for Transient Heat Transfer under Periodic Heat Loads.– Development of Post-Processing Programs (MATLAB-based) for
Converting Massive CFD Results into a Ready-to-Use Engineering Tool.
• Deliverables– Technical Reports.– Computer Simulation Programs (in electronic files).
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 6
Anticipated Technology End Use
• Effective storage technology for liquid hydrogen as fuel for space applications and for general transportation.
• Extension to storage technology for other liquefied gases (LO2, LN2, natural gas…) used in industry.
• Methodology of modeling fluid flow and heat and mass transfer phenomena in liquefied-gas storage systems.
• Optimize structural design based on pressure simulation.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 7
Accomplishments To Date• Enhancement of fluid mixing within the tank by using liquid spray.
– Analysis for completely filled tank, various inlet opening shapes.– Analysis for partially filled (liquid + vapor) tank.– Analysis for completely filled tank with axial spraying nozzle.
• Analysis for heat dissipation to the cryo-cooler using a heat pipe.– Analysis for nitrogen storage in a spherical vessel.– Analysis for hydrogen storage in a cylindrical vessel with elliptical top
and bottom with array of nozzles using axi-symmetric model.– Analysis for hydrogen storage in a cylindrical vessel with elliptical top
and bottom with single nozzle using three-dimensional model.
• Comparison with NASA experimental data.
• Four technical papers published.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 8
LH2 Completely Filled Tank – Single Phase Analysis
Schematic of LH2 filled tank. – Cold fluid from inlet continuously replaced heated up fluid inside the tank.
Numerical solution – Streamlines
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 9
LH2 Partially Filled Tank – Two Phase Analysis
Schematic of LH2 tank, two phase. – Cold fluid from inlet continuously replaced heated up fluid inside the tank.
Numerical solution –Temperature distribution
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 10
LH2 Tank with Axial Spray Nozzle - ModelConstant
Dimensions
0.02 mP
0.02 mN
0.01 mM
0.05 mG
1.30 mC
0.65 mB
1.50 mA
Varying Dimensions
0.90 m1.00 m1.20 m1.30 m
L
0.80 m1.30 m1.80 m
H
0.10 m0.15 m0.20 m
D
FA
outlet
tank wall
nozzle
inlet
H
D
B
C
B
MQ
N P
G
L
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 11
LH2 Tank with Spray Nozzle – Simulation
1.00 mL
1.30 mH
0.20 mD
•Vinlet = 0.01 m/s
•Tinlet = 15 K
Numerical solution – Streamlines
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 12
Tank with Heat Pipe and Array of Nozzles
CryocoolerHeatExchanger Controller
Solar Array
Liquid Pump Unit
Ullage (vapor)
Tank Wall
Insulation
Heat Pipe
Schematic of the cryogenic storage system for liquid hydrogen.
3-D model of liquid hydrogen tank with heat pipe and array of pump-nozzle units.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 13
Axi-symmetric Model – Parametric Study
B
CE
H
B
E
M
L
N
GF
O P
RQ
A
z
r
For better cooling:• Increase fluid speed at nozzle• Decrease gap between nozzle
and heat pipe• Increase distance from top of
tank to inlet of pump
Geometric Parameters.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0.1 0.2 0.3Gap between nozzle and heat pipe (G), m
Max
imum
tem
pera
ture
, K
V = 0.01 m/sV = 0.03 m/sV = 0.05 m/s
22.6
22.8
23
23.2
23.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Distance from pump inlet to top (H-P), m
Tem
pera
ture
, KAverage valuesMaximum values
Effect of spraying gap between nozzle and heat pipe.
Effect of distance from inlet location to top of tank.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 14
Axi-symmetric Model – Numerical Solution
Mesh Temperature distribution
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 15
Axi-symmetric Model – Numerical Solution
Streamlines/Speed distribution Pressure distribution
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 16
LH2 Tank with Heat Pipe & Single Nozzle – 3-D Model
3-D hexahedral-element mesh, focused on pump-nozzle and heat pipe.
3-D model of LH2 tank with heat pipe & single pump-nozzle unit
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 17
3-D Model – Numerical Solution
Velocity field, focused on pump-nozzle and heat pipe
Temperature distribution
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 18
3-D Model & Axi-symmetric Model, Parametric Study
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05Speed at nozzle, m/s
Ave
rage
spe
ed, 1
0-3 m
/s
3-dimensionalAxi-symmetric
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Speed at nozzle, m/s
Max
imum
tem
pera
ture
, K
3-dimensionalAxi-symmetric
Effect of fluid speed at nozzle on average fluid speed (mixing)
Effect of fluid speed at nozzle on maximum temperature (boiling)
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 19
LH2 Tank with Heat Pipe – Spherical Model
Evaporators ection
Adiabatics ection
Heat pipe
Liquid Hydrogen Liquid Hydrogen
Cons t. temp.
Tank wall
Heat Flux Heat Flux
LH2 tank with heat pipe, cylindrical wall & oblate spheroid top and bottom
Spherical equivalent model
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 20
Transient Solution – Comparison of Temperature between Models (Axi-symmetric, 3-D, and Spherical)
Temperature vs. Time
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
0 12 24 36 48
Time (hours)
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
T max (axi-)T mean (axi-)T max (3d)T mean (3d)T max (spherical)T mean (spherical)
Solution for spherical modelhas the same form as that for axi-symmetric and 3-Dmodels. A simple coefficient can make the spherical model match a better equivalent model for the real problem.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 21
Comparison of Pressure in Spherical Nitrogen Tank
3-D tetrahedral-element mesh for spherical tank with heat
pipe and pump-nozzle. Comparison with NASA experiment dataon nitrogen storage in spherical tank.
Computational results show good agreement with experimental data.
28.8
29
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.8
30
30.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Elapsed time (hours)
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
ComputationalExperimental
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 22
Comparison of Temperature Profile withNASA Test Data for Hydrogen Storage
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Distance (x 10E-2 m)
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
Outer surface = 305 K (Numerical)
305 K (Experimental)
Outer surface = 235 K (Numerical)
235 K (Experimental)
Outer surface = 164 K (Numerical)
164 K (Experimental)
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 23
Publications1. S.K. Mukka and M.M. Rahman, “Analysis of Fluid Flow and Heat
Transfer in a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Vessel for Space Applications,” Space Technology and Applications International Forum, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 2004.
2. S.K. Mukka and M.M. Rahman, “Computation of Fluid Circulation in a Cryogenic Storage Vessel,” AIAA 2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Providence, Rhode Island, August 2004.
3. M. Rahman and S. Ho, “Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage of Hydrogen,” NHA Hydrogen Conference 2005, Washington, D.C., March 2005.
4. S. Ho and M. Rahman, “Three-Dimensional Analysis of Liquid Hydrogen Cryogenic Storage Tank,” 3rd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit, San Francisco, California, August 2005.
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005Florida Solar Energy Center November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems – Muhammad M. Rahman – University of South Florida 24
Future Plans
• Three-dimensional modeling for liquid hydrogen tank with auxiliary equipment inside the tank.
• Bubble formation and boiling in closed tank and resulting pressure profile.
• Transient solutions for periodic heat transfer and fluid flow.
• Development of a MATLAB-based design program using CFD numerical results as input.