Numeral System In Anal - IJIFR · have more complex and more formal structures whereas the ordinal...
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3410 www.ijifr.com Copyright © IJIFR 2015 Research Paper International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 Volume 2 Issue 9 May 2015 Abstract This paper attempts to highlight the numeral system in Anal. Anal is one of the recognized scheduled tribes of Manipur. It is a term referring to both the language and the people. They are mainly concentrated in the sub - division of Chandel, Chakpikarong and Moreh in Chandel district of Manipur. Originally Chandel is derived from „Chamdil‟, combination of two words 'Cham' means „simple, and 'Dil' means „pant‟ (men's Wear). The origin of the name Anal is not clear. The total population is 21, 242 and its literacy rate is 73.9% (Census of India, 2001). Cultivation is their main occupation. Linguistic Survey of India, (LSI) Vol. III. part III, (Grierson 1904), grouped the Anals in the Kuki - Chin sub group of the vast Tibeto-Burman language family. This research work entitled “Numeral system in Anal” is an attempt to describe the numeral structure of Anal language. Two types - Cardinal numeral number and Ordinal numeral number can be analyzed. Cardinal numeral includes – basic and compound numerals. It also discussed distributive, multiplicative, aggregative, approximated, fractional, indefinite and ordinal numeral numbers. 1. Introduction 1.1 Numerals A numeral is a word or phrase denoting a number. In Anal, numeral can be classified into two categories; viz. (a) Cardinal numeral number and (b) Ordinal numeral number. Cardinal numbers have more complex and more formal structures whereas the ordinal numbers are very simple in the formation of their structures. 1.2 Cardinal Numeral Numbers Cardinal numeral numbers are used in counting, showing how many objects are specified as one, two, three, etc. It has two types: (i) Basic numerals and (ii) Compound numerals. 1.3 Basic Numerals Numeral System In Anal Paper ID IJIFR/ V2/ E9/ 088 Page No. 3410-3419 Research Area Linguistics Key Words Cardinal, Ordinal, Basic, Compound, Multiplicative Angom Surjit Meitei Research Scholar Department of Linguistics Manipur University, Imphal
Transcript of Numeral System In Anal - IJIFR · have more complex and more formal structures whereas the ordinal...
3410
www.ijifr.com Copyright © IJIFR 2015
Research Paper
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): 2347-1697
Volume 2 Issue 9 May 2015
Abstract
This paper attempts to highlight the numeral system in Anal. Anal is one of the recognized scheduled tribes of Manipur. It is a term referring to both the language and the people. They are mainly concentrated in the sub - division of Chandel, Chakpikarong and Moreh in Chandel district of Manipur. Originally Chandel is derived from „Chamdil‟, combination of two words 'Cham' means „simple, and 'Dil' means „pant‟ (men's Wear). The origin of the name Anal is not clear. The total population is 21, 242 and its literacy rate is 73.9% (Census of India, 2001). Cultivation is their main occupation. Linguistic Survey of India, (LSI) Vol. III. part III, (Grierson 1904), grouped the Anals in the Kuki - Chin sub group of the vast Tibeto-Burman language family. This research work entitled “Numeral system in Anal” is an attempt to describe the numeral structure of Anal language. Two types - Cardinal numeral number and Ordinal numeral number can be analyzed. Cardinal numeral includes – basic and compound numerals. It also discussed distributive, multiplicative, aggregative, approximated, fractional, indefinite and ordinal numeral numbers.
1. Introduction
1.1 Numerals A numeral is a word or phrase denoting a number. In Anal, numeral can be classified into two
categories; viz. (a) Cardinal numeral number and (b) Ordinal numeral number. Cardinal numbers
have more complex and more formal structures whereas the ordinal numbers are very simple in the
formation of their structures.
1.2 Cardinal Numeral Numbers
Cardinal numeral numbers are used in counting, showing how many objects are specified as one,
two, three, etc. It has two types:
(i) Basic numerals and (ii) Compound numerals.
1.3 Basic Numerals
Numeral System In Anal Paper ID IJIFR/ V2/ E9/ 088 Page No. 3410-3419 Research Area Linguistics
Key Words Cardinal, Ordinal, Basic, Compound, Multiplicative
Angom Surjit Meitei Research Scholar Department of Linguistics Manipur University, Imphal
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Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In Anal
There are thirteen basic numerals in Anal language. They are given as:
Anal Gloss
1. əkhe ‘one’
2. ənhə ‘two’
3. əthum ‘three’
4. pəli ‘four’
5. pəŋŋa ‘five’
6. turu ‘six’
7. təkho ‘seven’
8. tiri ‘eight’
9. tuku ‘nine’
10. som ‘ten’
11. əya ‘hundred’
12. lisiŋ ‘thousand’
13. lak ‘lakh’
1.4 Compound Numerals
There are three types of compound numerals. They are: (a) additive compound (b) multiplicative
compound and (c) multiplicative-cum-additive compound.
1.5 Additive Compound Numerals
The numerals from eleven to nineteen are additive compound numerals. They are formed by adding
the basic numerals with the word ‘som’ means, ‘ten’ i.e. 10 + 1, 10 + 2, 10 + 3 and 10 + 4 etc.
Examples:
Anal Gloss
14. som əkhe ‘eleven’
15. som ənhə ‘twelve’
16. som əthum ‘thirteen’
17. som pəli ‘fourteen’
18. som pəŋŋa ‘fifteen’
19. som turu ‘sixteen’
20. som təkho ‘seventeen’
21. som tiri ‘eighteen’
22. som tuku ‘nineteen’
2. Multiplicative Compound Numerals
There are two types of multiplicative compound numerals. They are (i) Lower multiplicative and (ii)
Higher multiplicative compound numerals.
2.1 Lower Multiplicative Compound Numerals
The lower multiplicative compounds are twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty and ninety.
It is formed as 10 X basic numerals (exclusive of first one ‘əkhe’). In these numerals, the word ‘som’
of additive compound changes to ‘sum’ by dropping the first vowel of basic numerals. Examples:
Anal Gloss
23. sum nhə ‘twenty’
24. sum thum ‘thirty’
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25. sum pəli ‘forty’
26. sum pəŋŋa ‘fifty’
27. sum turu ‘sixty’
28. sum təkho ‘seventy’
29. sum tiri ‘eighty’
30. sum tuku ‘ninety’
2.2 Higher Multiplicative Compound Numerals
There are two types of higher multiplicative compound numerals. They are: ‘cam’ or ‘əya’
‘hundred’ and ‘lisiŋ’ or ‘la’ ‘thousand’. In this type, the basic numerals, i.e.; from 1 to 3 and 4 to 9,
can be suffixed to ‘cam’ or ‘əya’ ‘hundred’ to form higher multiplicative compound numeral. From
100, 200, 300 (camma, cəni and cəthum) - can be made respectively. In the case of 500, ‘cabəŋŋa’ is
used instead of ‘capəŋŋa’. The consonant phoneme ‘b’ changes to ‘p’ in this system.
Again for ‘lisiŋ’ ‘thousand’, ‘lisiŋ’ is prefixed to the basic numerals. In this, the first vowel of 1 to 3
can be dropped to form numerals. Another alternate form of thousand ‘la’ is also used as prefixed
before the basic numerals. In this case the two thousand is represented as ‘lisiŋ nha’ and ‘la n
ha’ in
‘lisiŋ and la’ respectively.
Examples of ‘ca’:
Anal Gloss
31. camma ‘one hundred’
32. cəni ‘two hundred’
33. cəthum ‘three hundred’
34. capəli ‘four hundred’
35. cabəŋŋa ‘five hundred’
36. caturu ‘six hundred’
37. catəkho ‘seven hundred’
38. catiri ‘eight hundred’
39. catuku ‘nine hundred’
Examples of ‘əya’:
Anal Gloss
40. əya khe ‘one hundred’
41. əya nhə ‘two hundred’
42. əya thum ‘three hundred’
43. əya pəli ‘four hundred’
44. əya bəŋŋa ‘five hundred’
45. əya turu ‘six hundred’
46. əya təkho ‘seven hundred’
47. əya tiri ‘eight hundred’
48. əya tuku ‘nine hundred’
This above rule is also happened in case of thousand ‘lisiŋ’ and ‘la’ as below.
Examples of ‘lisiŋ’:
Anal Gloss
49. lisiŋ khe ‘one thousand’
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50. lisiŋ nhə ‘two thousand’
51. lisiŋ thum ‘three thousand’
52. lisiŋ pəli ‘four thousand’
53. lisiŋ bəŋŋa ‘five thousand’
54. lisiŋ turu ‘six thousand’
55. lisiŋ təkho ‘seven thousand’
56. lisiŋ tiri ‘eight thousand’
57. lisiŋ tuku ‘nine thousand’
58. lisiŋ som ‘ten thousand’
Examples of ‘la’:
Anal Gloss
59. la khe ‘one thousand’
60. la nhə ‘two thousand’
61. la thum ‘three thousand’
62. la pəli ‘four thousand’
63. la bəŋŋa ‘five thousand’
64. la turu ‘six thousand’
65. la təkho ‘seven thousand’
66. la tiri ‘eight thousand’
67. la tuku ‘nine thousand’
68. la som ‘ten thousand’
3.Multiplicative-Cum-Additive Compound Numerals
The numerals from 21 to 29, 31 to 39, 41 to 49, 51 to 59, 61 to 69, 71 to 79, 81 to 89, 91 to 99, 101
to 110, 201 to 210, 301 to 310, 401 to 410, 501 to 510, 601 to 610, 701 to 710, 801 to 810, 901 to
910, 1001 to 1010, 2001 to 2010, 3001 to 3010, 4001 to 4010, etc. are all multiplicative-cum-
additive compound numerals.
There are three forms of multiplicative - cum-additive numerals. They are given as:
I. Decade X basic numerals + basic numerals
II. Century X basic numerals + basic numerals and
III. Thousand X basic numerals + basic numerals
I. Decade X Basic Numerals + Basic Numerals
This decade X basic numerals plus basic numerals can be made by multiplying basic numerals to the
decade and plus (suffixed) the basic numeral again to those numerals. From 10 - 19 the word ‘som’
means ‘ten’ is used and from 20 onwards the word ‘som’ changes to ‘sum’ means twenty. Examples
are:
Anal Gloss
69. sumhna khe ‘twenty one’
70. sumhna nhə ‘twenty two’
71. sumhna thum ‘twenty three’
72. sumhna pəli ‘twenty four’
73. sumhna pəŋŋa ‘twenty five’
74. sumhna turu ‘twenty six’
75. sumhna təkho ‘twenty seven’
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76. sumhna tiri ‘twenty eight’
77. sumhna tuku ‘twenty nine’
II. Century X Basic Numerals +Basic Numerals
This type of numeral that is, century X basic numerals plus basic numerals can be made by
multiplying basic numerals to the century (‘cam’ means ‘hundred’) and plus (suffixed) the basic
numeral again to those numerals. Examples:
Anal Gloss
78. camma khe ‘one hundred and one’
79. camma nhə ‘one hundred and two’
80. camma thum ‘one hundred and three’
81. camma pəli ‘one hundred and four’
82. camma pəŋŋa ‘one hundred and five’
83. camma turu ‘one hundred and six’
84. camma təkho ‘one hundred and seven’
85. camma tiri ‘one hundred and eight’
86. camma tuku ‘one hundred and nine’
87. camma som ‘one hundred and ten’
Examples of ‘əya’:
Anal Gloss
88. əya khe ‘one hundred and one’
89. əya nhə ‘one hundred and two’
90. əya thum ‘one hundred and three’
91. əya pəli ‘one hundred and four’
92. əya pəŋŋa ‘one hundred and five’
93. əya turu ‘one hundred and six’
94. əya təkho ‘one hundred and seven’
95. əya tiri ‘one hundred and eight’
96. əya tuku ‘one hundred and nine’
97. əya som ‘one hundred and ten’
III. Thousand
In this type, the numeral is given as lising (thousand) X basic numerals + basic numerals.
Examples:
Anal Gloss
98. lisiŋ khe k
he ‘one thousand and one’
99. lisiŋ k
he
hə ‘one thousand and two’
100. lisiŋ khe t
hum ‘one thousand and three’
101. lisiŋ khe pəli ‘one thousand and four’
102. lisiŋ khe pəŋŋa ‘one thousand and five’
103. lisiŋ khe turu ‘one thousand and six’
105. lisiŋ thum tək
ho ‘three thousand and seven’
106. lisiŋ thum tiri ‘three thousand and eight’
107 lisiŋ thum tuku ‘three thousand and nine’
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4. Distributive Numerals
The basic numerals are used as distributive numerals when they are suffixed with the last syllable of
basic numerals. The first syllable of the basic numeral is dropped and suffixed the last syllable is
suffixed again to form distributive numeral. It is used only upto the fourth numeral. The other
remaining numerals are made by suffixing ‘na’ to the numerals as below.
Anal Gloss
108. əkhek
he ‘one each’
109. ənhəhə ‘two each’
110. əthumt
hum ‘three each’
111. pəlili ‘four each’
112. pəŋŋaŋa ‘five each’
113. turuna ‘six each’
114. təkhona ‘seven each’
115. tirina ‘eight each’
116. tukuna ‘nine each’
5. Multiplicative Numerals
The multiplicative numerals can be denoted by prefixing marker ‘truŋ’ to the numerals. In this type
the first vowel of the basic numeral is dropped and ‘pəŋ’ is suffixed to the numerals as last syllable.
For once, twice and, thrice the word ‘truŋ’ is suffixed to the numerals only. For the other remaining
numerals both the ‘trum’ and ‘pəŋ’ is prefixed and suffixed respectively. Examples:
Anal Gloss
117. truŋkhe ‘once’
118. truŋkhepəŋ ‘one time’
119. trumnhə ‘twice
120. trumnhəpəŋ ‘two times’
121. trumthum ‘thrice’
122. trumthumpəŋ ‘three times’
123. trumpəlipəŋ ‘four times’
124. trumpəŋŋapəŋ ‘five times’
125. trumturupəŋ ‘six times’
126. trumtəkhopəŋ ‘seven times’
127. trumtiripəŋ ‘eight times’
128. trumtukupəŋ ‘nine times’
129. trumsompəŋ ‘ten times’
130. trumsoməkhepəŋ ‘eleven times’
131. trumsomənhəpəŋ ‘twelve times’
5.1 Aggregative Numerals
In Anal, the prefix ‘punnə’ is used to derive aggregative numerals. It is prefixed to the desired
number. It expresses the meaning ‘two together or both’, ‘three together or all the three’, etc.
Examples are as below:
Anal Gloss
132. punnə ənhə ‘two together or both’
133. punnə pəli ‘four together’
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134. punnə pəŋŋa ‘five together’
135. punnə som pəŋŋa ‘fifteen together’
136. punnə sum bəŋŋa ‘fifty together’
5.2 Approximative Numerals
Approximative numerals can express approximate number in numeral system. It gives an
approximate in counting. They can be divided into two as;
a) Successive approximate numerals and
b) Non-successive approximate numerals
a) Successive approximate numerals-In these type two successive numerals are used to indicate
approximate numeral.
Examples below:
Anal Gloss
137. əkhe mənite ən
hə ‘one or two’
138. ənhə mənite ət
hum ‘two or three’
139. pəli mənite pəŋŋə ‘four or five’
140. pəŋŋa mənite turu ‘five or six’
141. turu mənite təkho ‘six or seven’
142. tiri mənite tuku ‘eight or nine’
b) Non-successive approximate numerals - Non-successive approximate numeral can be made by
suffixing ‘wəl’ to the particular numeral number.
Examples are as below:
Anal Gloss
143. əkhe wəl ‘about one’
144. ənhə wəl ‘about two’
145. əthum wəl ‘about three’
146. pəli wəl ‘about four’
147. pəŋŋa wəl ‘about five’
148. turu wəl ‘about six’
149. təkho wəl ‘about seven’
150. tiri wəl ‘about eight’
151. tuku wəl ‘about nine’
5.3 Fractional Numerals
Fractional numeral denotes the fraction of the wholes, as quarter, three quarters, etc. Examples:
Anal Gloss
152. wətrim ‘half’
153. wəlhe ‘one-twelfth’
154. səru thum ki k
he ‘one-third’
155. səru pəli ki (ə)khe ‘one-fourth’
156. səru əthum ki ət
hum ‘three-fourth’
157. səru thum ki ən
hə ‘two-third’
158. səru pəli ki ənhə ‘two-fourth’
159. səru som ki pəŋŋa ‘five-tenth’
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160. səru sumnhə ki turu ‘six-twelfth’
5.4 Indefinite Numeral
The indefinite numerals in Anal can be given as in the examples.
Anal Gloss
161. cəri ‘some’
162. wəcəre ‘few’
163. inhim ‘many’
164. wahəl ‘several’
165. ənnado əkhe ‘any one’
5.5 Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers are made by suffixing ‘war’ to the basic numerals from 2nd
to 8th ordinal numbers.
The first one is exceptional from other cardinal numbers it is fixed as ‘rorsa’. And other remaining
numerals are made by prefixing ‘wa’ to the numerals and suffixing ‘na’ to the numerals. In the case
of the numeral number ‘500’ wa:cabəŋŋana is used instead of ‘wa:capəŋŋana’. The phoneme ‘b’ is
used instead of phoneme ‘p’.
Examples:
Anal Gloss
166. rorsa ‘first’
167. warənha ‘second’
168. warthumn
ha ‘third’
169. warpəlina ‘fourth’
170. warpəŋŋana ‘fifth’
171. warturuna ‘sixth’
172. wartəkhona ‘seventh’
173. wartirina ‘eighth’
174. wa:tukuna ‘ninth’
175. wa:somna ‘tenth’
176. wa:somwakhena ‘eleventh’
177. wa:somwarənha ‘twelfth’
178. wa:somwa:thumna ‘thirteenth’
179. wa:som wa:pəlina ‘fourteenth’
180. wa:som wa:pəŋŋana ‘fifteenth’
181. wa:som wa:turuna ‘sixteenth’
182. wa:som wa:təkhona ‘seventeenth’
183. wa:som wa:tirina ‘eighteenth’
184. wa:som wa:tukuna ‘nineteenth’
185. wa:sum ənhana ‘twentieth’
186. wa:camməna ‘one hundredth’
187. wa:canina ‘two hundredth’
188. wa:cahumna ‘three hundredth’
189. wa:capəlina ‘four hundredth’
190. wa:cabəŋŋana ‘five hundredth’
191. wa:caturuna ‘six hundredth’
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192. wa:catəkhona ‘seven hundredth’
193. wa: catirina ‘eight hundredth’
194. wa:catukuna ‘nine hundredth’
195. wa:lisiŋkhena ‘one thousandth’
196. wa:lisiŋhəna ‘two thousandth’
6. Numerals In Sentence Level
Cardinal Numeral Number
The numeral number comes after the noun. Their sentence structure is Subject object and verb.
Examples:
197. əmə -nə vi əkhe əmkə
3PP POSS dog one BE
‘He has one dog’.
198. əmə -nə vi ənhə əmkə
3PP POSS dog two BE
‘He has two dogs’.
Cardinal Numeral Number With Adjectives – the adjectives comes after the nouns in the
sentence.
199. nəŋ -nə kəl isin əthum əmka
2PP POSS car red three BE
‘You have three red cars’.
200. ənihin -nə səl -nu pəŋŋa əmka
we POSS cow FEM five BE
‘We have two black beautiful dogs’.
Ordinal Numeral Number – In this system the ordinal number comes after the noun and
201. əmə sinnu klas -thoŋ rorsə təkə
she FEM class DAT first COP
‘She comes first in the class.
202. wanhənə sinpə k
həŋ t
hət
hrə -kə
second boy very good COP
‘The second boy is very good’.
7. Conclusion
In conclusion, there are thirteen basic numerals in Anal, they are: - əkhe ‘one’, ən
hə ‘two’, ət
hum
‘three’, pəli ‘four’, pəŋŋə ‘six’, turu ‘six’, təkho ‘seven’, tiri ‘eight’, tuku ‘nine’, som ‘ten’, əya
‘hundred’, lisiŋ ‘thousand’ and lakh ‘lakh’ respectively.
In compound numerals, three types can be analysed as: - (a) additive compound (b) multiplicative
compound and (c) multiplicative-cum-additive compound.
Again multiplicative compound numerals can be divided into two as: - (i) Lower multiplicative and
(ii) Higher multiplicative compound numerals. For higher multiplicative compound numerals, ‘cam’
or ‘əya’ ‘hundred’ and ‘lisiŋ’ or ‘la’ ‘thousand’ is used. In this case the two thousand is represented
as ‘lisiŋ nha’ or ‘la n
ha’. In the case of 500, ‘cabəŋŋa’ is used instead of ‘capəŋŋa’.
In multiplicative numerals, for once, twice and, thrice the word ‘truŋ’ is suffixed to the numerals
only and for the other remaining numerals both the ‘trum’ and ‘pəŋ’ is prefixed and suffixed to the
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numeral number respectively. The prefix ‘punnə’ is used to derive aggregative numerals. It is
prefixed to the desired number.
Approximative numerals can express approximate number in numeral system. It gives an
approximate in counting. They can be divided into two as: - a) Successive approximate numerals and
b) Non-successive approximate numerals. In ordinal numbers are made by suffixing ‘war’ to the
basic numerals from 2nd
to 8th ordinal numbers. The first one is exceptional from other cardinal
numbers it is fixed as ‘rorsa’.
There is no availability of enough records and texts except oral tradition of Anal language.
Besides it, none has marked on grammar of the language. The language is now influenced by both
English and Meiteilon. So it is the right time for preservation and protection of the language. And it
is believed that this work will be helpful to the Anal people as well as the second language learners.
Abbreviations and symbols BE - ‘be verb’
1PP - ‘first person singular pronouns’
POSS - ‘possessive case’
FEM - ‘feminine gender’
DAT - ‘dative case’
References
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Canchipur, Imphal.
Bhat, D.N.S. & M.S. Ningomba (1995) : Manipuri Grammar. CIIL, Mysore.
Bhat, D.N.S. & M.S.
Ningomba.
(1997) : Manipuri Grammar. Lincon Europa; Munchen,
Newcastle, Germany.
Devi, P. Madhubala (1979) : Manipuri Grammar, Unpublished Thesis, Manipur
University
Greenberg, J.H. (ed.) (1964) : Universals of Language, 2nd
Edition. Cambridge Mass,
MIT Press.
Grierson, G.A. (1904) : Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Part III, Motilal
Banarasidas, Delhi
Kamei, Gangmumei (1988) : Anal – Trans- Border Tribe of Manipur, Delhi: Mittal
Publication
Singh, Yashawanta Ch. (2000) : Manipuri Grammar, New Delhi: Rajesh Publication
Thumdal, B.D. (1988) : The Anal of Manipur, Souvenir Anal Centenary
Celebration
