Num g12 S&Lseparations

7/17/2019 Num g12 S&Lseparations

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Solid-LiquidSolid-Liquid

SeparationSeparation

Basant Ahmed

Richard Rodriguez Jennifer Gilmer

David Quiroz

Steven Hering

China high speed decanter centrifuge. !"!. #hotograph. G$ Solid Controls%e&. ' $ov

!"(. )http*++oil,eld.gnsolidscontrol.com+china-high-speed-decanter-centrifuge+."



IntroductionIntroduction

Solid-li/uid separation isa necessar0 step ino&taining the desiredproduct from aprecipitation or

cr0stallization reaction Centrifugation is the 1a0

to achieve the re/uiredsolid-li/uid separation

2here are t1o t0pes of

centrifugation Sedimenting 3iltering

4ost popular in chemicaland pharmaceuticalapplications and the main

focus of this selectionprocess

Cr0stallization. !"(. #hotograph. %i5ipedia%e&. ' $ov !"(.)http*++upload.1i5imedia.org+1i5ipedia+commons+d+d(+Sno16cr0stallization6in6A5ure0ri6!!7-!-86"9-!(-(:.;peg.

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Steps to CentrifugeSteps to Centrifuge

SelectionSelection 2he &est process for choosing the proper

centrifuge is the follo1ing detailed three stepprocess

". #rocess and Application Determine sedimenting or ,ltering

Based on reaction t0pe and process speci,cations i.e. cr0stallization vs. precipitation 2emperature> pH>

?o1 rate> &atch size

.#roduct #roperties Determine re/uired centrifuge properties &ased on the

product properties

3iltera&ilit0 for ,ltering centrifuges &ased productproperties i.e. particle size> shape > rigidit0

(. Centrifuge Design Chose speci,c centrifuge &ased on prior selection

criteria that is process and product re/uirements

Choose vertical> horizontal> or inverted for ,lter

Decanter is on option for sedimenting centrifugeselection

#atnai5> 2om. Solid-li/uidSeparation* A guide to

Centrifuge Selection. !".Graphic.111.aiche.org+cep#rint.

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http://www.aiche.org/cepPrint




Selection by Process &Selection by Process &

ApplicationApplication 3irst step is to choose ,ltering or sedimenting centrifugation

2his 1ill &e chosen &ased particle size> 1ashing re/uired> concentration of solid in slurr0>and throughput

3iltering a batch-operated machine that uses a ,lter media to capture andcollect a ,lter ca5e inside a rotating &as5et. Suita&le for slurries 1ith large particles due ease of ,ltration of large particles

Dr0 solid products re/uire ,ltering due to e<tending spinning helping dr0 the product 1hich

is not possi&le in continuous sedimentation #refera&le 1hen the solidthe ca5e is the re/uired product and it allo1s for a long 1ash

li/uid residence time inside the solid ca5e

Sedeminting a machine that is continuous and uses high rotational velocities tocreate high magnitude g-forces inside a solid &o1l to separate the li/uid from thesolid #refera&le for 1hen solid particle size and concentration are small and the volume of the

li/uid is lo1 &ecause the ,lter needed increases 1ith li/uid volume

suall0 preferred 1hen the li/uid the valua&le and desired product of the speci,c reactionand products &eing puri,ed

#atnai5> 2om. Solid-li/uid Separation* A guide to Centrifuge Selection.!". Graphic. 111.aiche.org+cep#rint.

Clar5e> #eter. 2heor0 of sedimentation and centrifugation. !!9.Enfographic. n.p. %e&. ' $ov !"(.)http*++111.&&5a.org.u5+local+iceni+&mFdoc+pollensuspension-.pd'







Selection by ProductSelection by Product

PropertiesProperties An anal0sis of the particle size> shape and

distri&ution is the main determinant of ,ltera&ilit01hich is an important factor 1hen dealing 1ith,ltering centrifuges.

#article shape is the main factor that in?uences,ltera&ilit0 Spherical particles are the ideal for ,ltration and are

easiest to ,lter follo1ed &0 rounded 3i&rous particles are the most dicult to ,lter due to

formation of dense ca5es

2he shape factor determined to compare actual shapeto ideal sphere $ormalized from ! to "

#article size is the factor aecting ca5e porosit0>residual ca5e moisture and throughput rates Bigger particles form ca5es 1ith large capillaries and

thus have a higher porosit0 and higher thought rate

S0stem pressure also eects ,ltera&ilit0. At highpressure ca5e compact causing ,ltera&ilit0 todecrease

Slurr0 ,ltera&ilit0 is e<pressed in ?u< fategpm+ftI 3unction of particle size> shape and structure

2o ,lter slurr0 ?u< rate can &e &et1een "gpm+ftI to8gpm+ftI to ,lter 1ell

#atnai5> 2om. Solid-li/uid Separation* Aguide to Centrifuge Selection. !".

Graphic. 111.aiche.org+cep#rint.

7





Selection By Centrifuge DesignSelection By Centrifuge Design

Selection of the speci,c centrifuge &ase on the preceding factors 3iltering centrifuge speci,cs

se a perforate &o1l lined 1ith a ,lter cloth to retain the desired solidca5e and the li/uid passes through and is discarded

suall0 operated as &atch

2hree t0pes of 3ilter centrifuges ertical Bas5et Horizontal #eeler Enverting 3ilter

Decanters A t0pe of sedimenting centrifuge 1hich is used in &io-pharmaceutical

process that need high g forces

Separate solid and li/uid &0 the &asic process of sedimentation,ltration lined out in previous and proceeding slides

#atnai5> 2om. Solid-li/uid Separation* Aguide to Centrifuge Selection. !".Graphic. 111.aiche.org+cep#rint.

8





Types of iltrating CentrifugesTypes of iltrating Centrifuges

ertical Bas5et sed for slo1+medium ,ltering

slurries. Kven distri&ution of ca5eacross vertical face is ideal and isthe result in slo1 and medium,ltering

#rone to high process vi&ration 2hree t0pes

ertical &as5et manual discharge ca5e discharge is manual ertical &as5et peeler automatic plo1

used to discharge ca5e to avoid safet0ris5s for to<ic ca5es

ertical &as5et cG#4 designed forsanitar0 operation and have a clean inplace s0stem

Horizontal #eeler Have a high volume capacit0 #rocess components can &e

separated from mechanicalcomponents

Limitation could &e formation of heel Enverting 3ilter

sea&le on a vide range of ,lterings0stems from eas0 to poor

Do not form a heel 1hich is suita&lefor a thin-ca5e operation #atnai5> 2om. Solid-li/uid Separation* A guide to CentrifugeSelection. !". Graphic. 111.aiche.org+cep#rint . :





Centrifuge !"a#plesCentrifuge !"a#ples

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ertical Centrifuge Horizontal Centrifuge

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Enverting 3ilter Centrifugehttp*++111.?ott1eg.de+cms+upload+&ildergalerie+Momponenten+Decanter+unter6Druc56engl.;pg

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http://www.flottweg.de/cms/upload/bildergalerie/Komponenten/Decanter/unter_Druck_engl.jpg

















Centrifuge TheoryCentrifuge Theory

2he separation of solids from li/uids viasettling and ,ltration rel0 on man0 factors*

". 3lo1 rates

. #article size

(. #article geometr0

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2he driving forces forsettling and ,ltration isgravit0 and pressuregradients. 2hese forcesare usuall0 not enough on

there o1n to create rapidseparation. $ate % Driing orce '

$esistance 2his relationship sho1s that

in order to increase the rate

of separation via settlingand ,ltration is to either*

". Decrease resistance

. Encrease driving force

Centrifuges perform N

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Centrifuges are a&le to speed upseparation &0 dramaticall0 increasing theforce of gravit0 &0 several thousand

times. Centrifuges do this &0 spinning at ver0

high angular velocities creating ver0strong centripetal and centrifugal forces

1hich are the same in magnitude &0 dierin directio

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Centrifugal forcevaries fromgravitational forces

in terms ofmagnitude onl0

RC3 * relative centrifugalforce g-force

O* angular velocit0

g* gravitational force

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Centrifugal SettlingCentrifugal Settling

%hen the densit0 of particles suspended in asolution is greater than the densit0 of theli/uid then settling 1ill occur.

2his does not al1a0s happen in a practicallength of time> ma5ing centrifuges necessar0.

Several forces are important 1hen settlingoccurs*

". Gravitational forces

. Buo0anc0

(. Centrifugal force

'. #article drag

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All of these forces are important 1hen determiningthe velocit0 at 1hich the particle 1ill settle*

* viscosit0 of li/uidDp* particle diameter

* settling velocit0p* particle densit0* li/uid densit0ac* centrifugal acceleration

function v T U settlingv ac>Dp>pp>p>u V function settlingv calculates settlingvelocit0 of particle in centrifugeVV input*V ac U centrifugal acceleration m+sV Dp U particle diameter mV pp U particle densit0 5g+m(V p U li/uid densit0 5g+m(V u U li/uid viscosit0 #a sVV output*V v U settling velocit0 m+s

% Dp()*+,pp-p'./'u+ac0 end

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ac U 7!W pp U "7!W p U "!!!W u U !.!!"!!W Dp U linspace!.!!!!">!.!!!"!W v U settlingvac>Dp>pp>p>uW11 plot,Dp20 <la&elXparticle diameter mXW

0la&elXsettling velocit0 m+sXW titleXv vs. DpXW

Dp U !.!!!!'W pp U "7!W p U "!!!W

u U !.!!"!!W ac U linspace"!!>7!!W v U settlingvac>Dp>pp>p>uW11 plot,ac20 <la&elXcentrifugal acceleration m+sXW 0la&elXsettling velocit0 m+sXW titleXv vs. acXW

"7




3or a continuous centrifuge> the ?o1 rate that the solutionis moving through the &o1l 1ill determine 1hether aparticle 1ill &e ,ltered or if it 1ill ?o1 out.

Qc* volumetric ?o1 rate through &o1l* viscosit0 of li/uidDp* particle diameter

p* particle densit0* li/uid densit0ac* centrifugal acceleration* volume of li/uid held in the &o1ls* thic5ness of a thin li/uid la0er

function Qc T U ?o1Bo1l ac>u>Dp>pp>p>>s V function ?o1Bo1l calculates the volumetric ?o1through &o1l in centrifugeVV input*V ac U centrifugal acceleration m+sV u U li/uid viscosit0 #a sV Dp U particle diameter mV pp U particle densit0 5g+m(V p U li/uid densit0 5g+m(

V U volume of li/uid in &o1l m(> default U !.!!"V s U thic5ness of thin la0er li/uid m> default U!.!!"VV output*V Qc U olumetric ?o1 through &o1l m(+s

if nargin):YYisempt0s> s U !.!!"W endif nargin)8YYisempt0> U !.!!"W end

Qc U Dp.IZpp-pZ+9+u+sZacW

end

"8



Centrifugal SettingCentrifugal Setting

u U !.!!"!!W Dp U !.!!!!'W pp U "7!W p U "!!!W ac U linspace"!!>7!!W Qc U ?o1Bo1lac>u>Dp>pp>pW plotac>QcW <la&elXcentrifugal acceleration m+sXW 0la&elXvolumetric ?o1 m(+sXW

titleXQc vs. acXW

u U !.!!"!!W pp U "7!W

p U "!!!W ac U 7!W Dp U linspace!.!!!!">!.!!!"!W Qc U ?o1Bo1lac>u>Dp>pp>pW plotDp>QcW <la&elXparticle diameter mXW 0la&elXvolumetric ?o1 m(+sXW titleXQc vs. DpXW

":



Centrifugal iltrationCentrifugal iltration

3iltration is achieved &0 creating a pressure dierenceacross a ,lter cloth.

2he pressure dierence forces the li/uid through thecloth 1hile leaving &ehind a ca5e the solid &ehind.

2his force is usuall0 done using gravit0 or a vacuumon the other side of the cloth &ut centrifugal force can&e used as an alternative to creating a pressuredierence across the cloth.

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olumetric 3lo1 rate through the,lter

Q* volumetric ?o1 rate through,lter * densit0 of filtrate O* angular velocit0 r"* distance from the center to the

ca5e surface r* distance from the center to the

centrifuge 1all * viscosit0 of the solution mc* mass of ca5e deposited on ,lter [* specific ca5e resistance A* area of ca5e Rm* resistance of the ,lter medium

to ,ltrate ?o1

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1 U linspace"!!>7!!W Q U ?o13ilter1W plot1>QW <la&elXangular velocit0 m+sXW 0la&elXvolumetric ?o1 m(+sXW titleXQ vs. 1XW

function Q T U ?o13ilter 1>p>r">r>u>mc>a>A>Rm V function ?o1Bo1l calculates the volumetric ?o1 through &o1l inV centrifugeVV input*V 1 U angular velocit0 m+sV p U ,ltrate densit0 5g+m(> default U 9!!V r" U distance from center to ca5e surface m> default U !.!7V r U distance from center to centrifuge 1all m> default U !."V u U solution viscosit0 #a s> default U !.!!"

V mc U mass of ca5e deposited on ,lter 5g> default U !.!"V a U speci,c ca5e resistance m+5g> default U "!!V A U area of ca5e m> default U !.!!!!"V Rm U resistance of ,lter medium to ,ltrate ?o1 "+m> default U!.!!!!!"VV output*V Q U olumetric ?o1 through ,lter m(+s

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Q U 1.IZpZrI-r"I++u+mcZa+AI\Rm+AW

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"

ConclusionConclusion

Solid Li/uid Separation &0centrifugation 21o t0pes* Sedimenting and

3iltering

Centrifuge Selection 2hree Steps* #rocess and

Application> #roduct#roperties> and CentrifugeDesign

Centrifuge Designs 2hee 20pes* ertical Bas5et>

Horizontal #eeler> andEnverting 3ilter

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ConclusionConclusion

Centrifuge 2heor0 Rate of Separation U Driving

3orces+Resitance Centrifuges simpl0 increase

the rate &0 increasing thedriving forces

4A2la& #rograms Calculate the settling velocit0

m+s> and olumetric ?o1through &o1l m(+s in settling Calculate the olumetric ?o1

through ,lter m(+s in,ltering

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(

uture 3or4 and $esearchuture 3or4 and $esearch

3urther research on the shape and structure forma<imizing recover0

Encreased Kcienc0 of Centrifuges #articularl0 vital in the area of nuclear energ0.

^America's only domestic supplier of nuclear fuel, the United States Enrichment

Corporation (USEC), has created an advanced centrifuge that officials say is theworld's fastest and largest, able to produce enriched uranium using just percent ofthe electricity re!uired by the company's previous design"

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Num g12 S&Lseparations

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