Superbeams Deborah Harris Fermilab July 26, 2004 NuFact’04 Osaka University.
NuFact’02 Summary of NuFact’02 Rob Edgecock CERN-PS & RAL.
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Transcript of NuFact’02 Summary of NuFact’02 Rob Edgecock CERN-PS & RAL.
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NuFact’02NuFact’02
Summary of NuFact’02Rob Edgecock
CERN-PS & RAL
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OutlineOutline
• Introduction to the Neutrino Factory
• NuFact School
• NuFact’02
• The machine and R&D
• Neutrino Oscillations
• Conclusions
If you have questions, please interrupt
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IntroductionIntroduction
CERN layout: 2.2 GeV protons; 50 GeV muons
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IntroductionIntroduction
NF capable of producing intense beams of
Neutrinos: long baseline neutrino oscillations (only future project guaranteed physics BSM)
Neutrinos: short baseline, high precision physics studies
Muons: precision measurements, MuSR, MuCF, etc
Kaons: rare decays, etc
Test bed for
High power proton projects: neutron spallation, waste transmutation, etc
Muon collider: particularly cooling
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NuFact SchoolNuFact School
1st International Neutrino Factory Summer Institute
• 23 students, 12 lecturers (and a cat)
• Aim: to provide an introduction to NuFact
The Cosener’s
House, near to RAL
See cern.ch/mellis/physics/nufact/nufact_school.html for photos
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NuFact SchoolNuFact School
• Programme:Physics of
Massive Neutrinos: Boris Kayser Basic Accelerator Physics: Ted Wilson Neutrino Factory:
Bennett/Geer/Kaplan/Mori/Palmer/Prior Slow Muons:Yoshi Kuno Neutrino Detectors:Harris/McFarland Neutrinos in Astrophysics:
Bob Bingham
• Very positive response from students (the cat, however, was only interested
in MICE)
• Second school is planned before NuFact’03
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Introduction to NuFact’02Introduction to NuFact’02
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IntroductionIntroduction
• At Imperial College, London
• 4th in the series: Lyon, Monterey CA, Tsukuba
• 161 participants, 14 from CERN (cf 23 in 2000) – (no cats)
• Programme:
Monday Jul 1 Tuesday Jul 2 Wednesday Jul 3 Thursday Jul 4 Friday Jul 5 Saturday Jul 6
9:00 WG WG WGPlenary WGs reports reports reports Summaries
10:30 Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee11:00 Summaries
Plenary WGs WGs WGs PlenaryClose
13:00 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch14:00
Plenary WGs WGs WGs Plenary
15:30 Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee16:00
Plenary WGs WGs WGs Plenary
19:00 Reception Banquet
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IntroductionIntroduction• Four working groups:
(1) Machine - B.Autin (CERN), R.Fernow (BNL),
S.Machida (KEK)
(2) Neutrino oscillations - D.Harris (FNAL), S.King (Soton), O.Yasuda (TMU)
(3) Non-oscillation - A.Kataev (Moscow), S.Kumano neutrino physics (SAGA), K.McFarland (Rochester)
(4) Non-neutrino science - K.Jungmann (KVI), J-M.Poutissou (TRIUMF), K.Yoshimura (KEK)
• 49 Plenary talks, 106 parallel talks
• ~85 hours of talks!
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Social events…..Social events…..
• Reception at V&A Silver Gallery
• Banquet in Flight Gallery, Science Museum
• Attended by
Lord Sainsbury – Minister of Science
Sir Richard Sykes – Rector of IC
Prof Ian Halliday – CEO PPARC
• Positive sign (hopefully) for UKfunding
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The MachineThe Machine
• Proton drivers
• Targetry
• Particle production measurements
• RF manipulation
• Cooling
• Muon acceleration
• -beams
• Emphasize changes since NuFact’01
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Proton DriversProton Drivers
• Range of energies: 2.2 to 50 GeV
• Some multiple purpose: PP + other areas
• Some multi-functional:superbeams, -beams, NF
• But….. 1-4 MW, ~ns bunch length
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Proton DriversProton Drivers
• For CERN, two possibilities:
SPL
Wyss
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Proton DriversProton Drivers
30 GeV Rapid Cycling
Synchrotron in the ISR tunnel
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Proton DriversProton Drivers
PDAC RCS
MCHF MCHFSPL 350 Linac 110
Accumulator 63 Booster RCS 88Compressor 50 Driver 233TOTAL 463 TOTAL 431
Cost comparison
Schönauer
SPL: driver for a conventional superbeam to Frejusdriver for -beamsR&D already started with CEA
RCS: replacement for PS
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Others……JHFOthers……JHF
JHF FacilityJHF Facility
Construction2001 ~ 2006 (approved)
JAERI@Tokai-mura(60km N.E. of KEK)
(0.77MW)
Super Conductingmagnet for beam line
Near detectors@280m and@~2km
1021POT(130day)≡ “1 year”
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JHFJHF
~1GeV beamKamiokaJAERI
(Tokaimura)
0.77MW 50 GeV PS
( conventional beam)
Super-K: 22.5 kt
4MW 50 GeV PS
Hyper-K: 1000 kt
Phase-I (0.77MW + Super-Kamiokande)Phase-II (4MW+Hyper-K) ~ Phase-I 200
Plan to start in 2007
Kobayashi
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JHF SuperbeamJHF Superbeam
Kobayashi
ProtonBeam
Target FocusingDevices
Decay Pipe
Beam Dump
,K
“Conventional” neutrino beam
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Far Det.“Off-axis”
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JHF Neutrino FactoryJHF Neutrino Factory
Neuffer
Neutrino Factory based on FFAGs:
Fixed Field Alternating Gradient synchrotrons
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Others…..Others…..
Rees
• Upgrade to the AGS – BNL to Homestake/ WIPP superbeam
Machine Power Proton/Pulse Repetition Rate Protons/SSC year Current AGS 0.17 MW 6 1013 0.625 Hz 3.75 1020
AGS Proton Driver 1 MW 1 1014 2.5 Hz 2.5 1021
Japan Hadron Facility 0.77 MW 3.3 1014 0.29 Hz 9.6 1020
Super AGS Prot Driver 4 MW 2 1014 5.0 Hz 1.0 1022
See hep-ex/0205040
• ISIS upgrade:
New ring, R=78m; ISIS R=26m
3 GeV at 50Hz – 1MW neutron spallation source
8 GeV at 50/3 Hz – 1MW R&D for a Neutrino Factory
Same RF, modified magnet P/S for 8 GeV
Possibility of developing to 4MW
Kahn
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Proposed rotating tantalum target ring
TargetryTargetry
Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problems pion capture
Replace target between bunches:
Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target
Stationary target:
Densham
Sievers
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Liquid Hg TestsLiquid Hg Tests
Tests with a proton beam at
BNL.
• Proton power 16kW in 100ns Spot size 3.2 x 1.6 mm
• Hg jet - 1cm diameter; 3m/s Kirk
0.0ms 0.5ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 2.0ms 3.0ms
Dispersal velocity ~10m/s, delay ~40s
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Liquid Hg TestsLiquid Hg Tests
Tests with a 20T magnet at Grenoble.
B = 0T
1cm
Mercury jet (v=15 m/s)
B = 18T
Fabich/Lettry
Jet deflection Reduction in velocity
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Pion Capture: SolenoidsPion Capture: Solenoids
Kirk
20T 1.25T
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Pion Capture: HornPion Capture: Horn
Protons
Current of 300 kA
To decay channel
Hg target B1/R
B = 0
Gilardoni
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Pion Capture: HornPion Capture: Horn
Gilardoni
BEAM AXIS
1500
1000
Ø80
0
Ø20
00
Ø80
600 kA (outer horn)
300 kA (inner horn)
Not to scale
Inner conductorInner conductor
Tests of inner horn prototype delayed due to
budget constraints
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Particle Production ExperimentsParticle Production Experiments
The Hadron Production Experiment
2-15 GeV, East Hall, CERN
Ellis
Main Injector Particle Production Experiment
5-120 GeV, FNAL, 2002-2004
Raja
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Phase RotationPhase Rotation
Beam after drift plusadiabatic buncher – Beam is formed intostring of ~ 200MHz bunches
Beam after ~200MHz rf rotation;Beam is formed into string of equal-energy bunches;matched to cooling rf acceptance
Neuffer
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Phase RotationPhase Rotation
Studyii
Many ideas:
• Induction linac
• Drift and bunching
• Phase rotation in an FFAG
• Bunch to bucket at 88MHz
• Magnetic compression in AG chicane
• Weak focussing FFAG chicane
Neuffer
Sato
Hanke
Pasternak
Rees/Harold
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Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane
Muon Front Ends Decay Region .2 GeV
44 MHz Rotation .2 GeV
44 MHz Cooling .2 GeV
44 MHz Accel’n .28 GeV
88 MHz Cooling & Acceleration .4 GeV 286.0 m
Decay Region .19 GeV
88 MHz Rotation .19 GeV
88 Mhz Acceleration .4 GeV 132.7 m
Decay Region .19 GeV
Reverse Rotation .19 GeV
88 MHz Acceleration .4 GeV 128.0 m
Pion-muon decay channel
88 MHz muon linacRees/Harold
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Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane
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Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane
Solenoid
channel
Es=190MeV
RF phase
rotation
channel
Es=190MeV
Linac
Es=400MeV
(Transmission
=77%)
Solenoid
channel
Es=190MeV
Inverse
rotation
channel
Es=190MeV
Linac
Es=400MeV
Transmission comparable to 44/88MHz scheme
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CoolingCooling
• Cooling >10 increase in muon flux
• Existing techniques can’t be used ionsation cooling
RLEm
xdz
dE
Edz
d
3
2NN,
2
MeV/c6.13
• Cooling is delicate balance:
beam in
beam out
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CoolingCooling
• Cooling cells are complex
• R&D essential: MuCool, MuScat and MICE
McKigney
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CoolingCooling
• Main change: Rings!
Balbekov Palmer
Main advantages:shorterlongitudinal cooling
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More RingsMore Rings
Cline
Quadrupole Ring Cooler
RFOFO Ring Cooler
Palmer
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PerformancePerformance
Merit = 6 x trans.
But…..
Insertion 110
RF windows
Wedge absorber
Injection kicker
Palmer
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PerformancePerformance
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MuScatMuScat
• Measurement of muon multiple scattering
• Input for cooling simulations and MICE
• First (technical) run at TRIUMF summer 2000, M11 beam
• Run2: Oct 2002/Apr 2003
• New people welcome!
Murray
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MICEMICEMICEMICE
• Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment
• Collaboration of 40 institutes from Europe, Japan, US
• LOI recently reviewed by international panel at RAL
• Enthusiastically supported MICE
• Asked for a proposal by end 2002
• Construction: 2002-2004
• First beam: 2004/5
• New collaborators welcome!
Edgecock
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MICEMICEMuon AccelerationMuon Acceleration
• Needs to be fast – muon lifetime
• Needs to be a reasonable cost – not linacs all the way
• Baseline: Recirculating Linear Accelerators
• Other possibilities……Bogacz
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MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs
• Fixed Field Alternating Gradient magnets not ramped
krB ~
• Cheaper/faster RLAs/RCSs
• Large momentum acceptance
• Large transverse acceptance less cooling required!
Johnstone/Machida/Neuffer
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MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs
Proof Of Principle machine built and tested in Japan.
50keV to 500keV in 1ms.
150MeV FFAG under construction.
But…..
• Injection/extraction
• Low frequency 6.5MHzhigh gradient
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MICEMICEVRCSVRCS
• Fastest existing RCS: ISIS at 50Hz 20ms
• Proposal: accelerate in 58s 4.3kHz
• Do it 15 times a second
For 2 20 GeV:Ring – 350m circumferenceRF – 200 MHz, 15 MV/m, possibly s/cMagnets – 100 micron laminations of thick
grain oriented silicon steelEddy current losses: 45MW 24kWSkin depth: 94 micronsPower supplies: 115kV x 81kACopper heating: 600 + 800W
• Also proposed: 20 180 GeV180 1600 GeV
Summers
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MICEMICEStorage RingStorage Ring
• Straights should be large fraction
• Should point at two fardetectors
• Come in various shapes
Fraction of decays
in a straight
Length straights/length arcs
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MICEMICE-Beams-Beams
• Produce radioactive beta emitters with T½~1s
• Accelerate and store:
ISOL Target and ECR
Linac Cyclotron Storage Ring
PS SPS Decay ring/Buncher
SPLLindroos/Wenander/Zucchelli
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MICEMICE-Beams-Beams
Source:e 6He T½=0.81s Elab= 580 MeV
5 x 1013/s
Source:e 18Ne T½=1.67s Elab= 930 MeV 1012/s
• Single flavour
• Known intensity & energy spectrum
• Focussed
• Low energy
• Complementary to superbeams: same baseline/detector
But…… not cheap, needs R&D, decays losses a problem
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Neutrino OscillationsNeutrino Oscillations
ii
iU Mixing described by
For 3-flavour eigenstates U is Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (MNS):
231312231312231223131223
231312231312231223131223
1312131213
ccescscseccsss
scesssccecsssc
essccc
Uii
ii
i
6 parameters: 3 mixing angles - θ23,θ12 and θ13
CP-violation angle - δ
2 mass differences - Δm223 and Δm2
12
Transition probability:
E
LmP e 4
sinsin2sin2232
232
132
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Neutrino OscillationsNeutrino Oscillations
cyclic
ij
ijjejieie E
LmUUUUP
)(
22**
4sin)Re(4)(
cyclic
ij
ijjejiei E
LmUUUU
)(
2**
2sin)Im(2
Or more precisely (in vacuum)
Kimura
2
~sin~
22sin))()(( 2
2213
1322
23
LB
BE
msP ee
2sin
22sin 2
212
1222
23
AL
EA
mc
E
LmLBAL
BE
m
EA
mJ
4cos
2
~sin
2sin~
22
~ 213
213
212
In matterMena
where 13231213 2sin2sin2sin~ cJ
eFnGA 2 E
mAB
2
~ 213
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What don’t we know?What don’t we know?
• Which solar solution is correct (just)
• Atmospheric params (accurately)
• 13 (at all)
• (“ “)
• Sign of m223 (“ “)
• Whether LSND is correct
“Holy grail” - matter-antimatter
leptogenesis
Choubey
Ibarra/Morozumi/Pluemacher
(Davdison & Ibarra, hep-ph/0206304: important over much of parameter
space)
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What about What about 1313 and and ??
EEp p
(GeV)(GeV)PowePowerr(MW)(MW)
BeaBeamm
〈〈 EE〉〉
(GeV)(GeV)
L L (km)(km)
MMdetdet
(kt)(kt)CC CC
(/yr)(/yr)e e
@peak@peak
CNGSCNGS 400400 0.30.3 WBWB 1818 732732 ~2~2 ~5,000~5,000 0.8%0.8%
K2KK2K 1212 0.0050.005 WBWB 1.31.3 250250 22.522.5 ~50~50 ~1%~1%
MINOS(LE)MINOS(LE) 120120 0.410.41 WBWB 3.53.5 730730 5.45.4 ~2,500~2,500 1.2%1.2%
JHF-SKJHF-SK 5050 0.750.75 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 22.522.5 ~3,000~3,000 0.2%0.2%
NuMI-OANuMI-OA 120120 0.30.3 OAOA ~2~2 730?730? 20?20? ~1,000?~1,000? 0.5%0.5%
AGSAGS???? 2828 1.31.3 WB/WB/OAOA
~1~1 2,5002,500??
1,000?1,000? ~1,000?~1,000?
CNGS-OACNGS-OA 400400 0.30.3 OAOA 0.80.8 ~120~12000
1,000?1,000? ~400~400 0.2%0.2%
SJHF-HKSJHF-HK 5050 44 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 1,0001,000 ~600,00~600,0000
0.2%0.2%
SNuMI-OASNuMI-OA 120120 1.21.2 OAOA ~2~2 730?730? 20?20? ~4,000?~4,000? 0.5%0.5%
SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus 2.22.2 44 WBWB 0.260.26 130130 40(40040(400))
650(0)650(0) 0.4%0.4%
-Beam-Beam 2.22.2 0.10.1 WBWB ~1~1 130130 400400
-Factory-Factory 2.2-2.2-5050
44 WBWB ~10-~10-3030
3000/ 3000/ 70007000
50*250*2
Near term: $100-Near term: $100-200M200M
Mid-term: Mid-term: >$300M>$300M
Long term: >$1BLong term: >$1B Kobayashi Harris
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ComparisonComparison
Huber 90% CL
JHF-HK = 4MW, 1000kT; 6 years , 2 years
NuFact-II = 5.3 x1020 useful /yr, 50kT; 4 years
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ComparisonComparison
Zucchelli
SB+BB = 400kT; Nufact = 2x40kT
(M. Mezzetto, NNN02)
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DegeneraciesDegeneracies
Degeneracy: 2 or more parameter sets fit the same data
Three types, all of which can effect measurement of & 13:
1313 ',',
223
223 mm
4,
2 232323
13=8o, =-90o, 0o, 90o, 180o
(1)
(2)
(3)
,',' 1313 ee
PP
,',' 1313 ee
PP
(1)
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DegeneraciesDegeneracies
E
Lm
E
Lm
44cot2sincotcos'
,'212
213
12231313
13
large
NB depends on L/E possible solutions
• Two baselines and E-dependence at NF
• NF + SB combination
• Two off-axis detectors
• e as well as e
Mena
Huber/Mena
Whisnant
Meloni
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DegeneraciesDegeneracies
Mena
NuFact at 2810km + SB at 130KM
NuFact at 732km + SB at 130KM
large
small
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Comments……Comments……
• Neutrino Factory is still the best
• We must continue with the R&D!
• Resources are scarce:Cannot do everything Must build complementary programmebased on physics
• Degeneracy: Better SB + large (water) detector thantwo NF detectors – SN, proton decay, etc
• Weighing difference proposals will be painful
• Delicate balance:keep growingprevent fragmentation
Harris/Mezzetto
Mezzetto
Harris
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LSNDLSND
+ decay at rest: 87.9 22.4 6.0 (3.8)
e
e + decay in flight: 8.1 12.2 1.7 (0.7)
s
Coney
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LSNDLSND
(3+1) 2+2
Valle
Analysis of osc. data
(3+1) ruled out at 4.8
(2+2) “ “ “ 2.5
Other possibilities?
• CPT violation:
1m2m
3m
1m
2m
3m
Not yet excluded by data.
MiniBooNE:
e e
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LSNDLSND
Babu• Lepton flavour violating muon decay
,,, eie ie
Branching ratio: (1.5 – 3) x 10-3
Not yet excluded.
MiniBooNE: uses + decays would see nothing!
Whatever MiniBooNE sees, LSND is still alive!
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ConclusionsConclusions
• NuFact’02: very enjoyable and well organised
• Nice location (despite the weather)
• Good attendance
• Lots of new ideas
• NF is still the ultimate LBL neutrino oscillation facility
• Very important R&D continues
• Need a complementary oscillation programme
• NuFact’03……..
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NuFact’03NuFact’03
NuFact 03
5th International Workshop on Neutrino
Factories & Superbeams
Columbia University New York
5 – 11 June 2003
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NuFact’03NuFact’03
ChairsR. Fernow & M. Shaevitz
Local Organizing GroupJ. S. Berg (BNL)
J. Conrad (Columbia)L. Coney (Columbia)
S. Geer (FNAL)D. Harris (FNAL)
J. Monroe (Columbia)A. Para (FNAL)