Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
description
Transcript of Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
RNA structure
Single-stranded (ss) RNAs
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
RNA structure - rRNA
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
RNA structure - tRNA
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
_______________No covalent bonds broken
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SLOW
QUICK
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Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
High temp/pHNo covalent bonds broken
Normal temp/neutral pH
SLOW
QUICK
Normal temp/neutral pH
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
Lowest absorption of UV light
Lower absorption of UV light than free nucleotides
HYPOCHROMIC EFFECT -decrease in absorption as you go from
(can monitor transition from ds to ss)
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
Lowest absorption of UV light
Lower absorption of UV light than free nucleotides
HYPOCHROMIC EFFECT -free nt (highest UV absorption) ssDNA dsDNA (lowest UV absorption)(can monitor transition from ds to ss)
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - heat denaturationre
late
d to
abs
orpt
ion
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturationElectron microscopy
Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsSequencing
3’ 2’
Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsSequencing
Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis and Degradation
Biosynthesis:De novo pathways - uses ________________________________ (AAs, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, NH3)
Salvage pathways - ____________________________ released from nucleic acid breakdown
Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis and Degradation
Biosynthesis:De novo pathways - uses metabolic precursors (AAs, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, NH3)
Salvage pathways - recycle free bases and nucleosides released from nucleic acid breakdown
Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis:De novo pathways
Nucleotides & Nucleic AcidsBiosynthesis:De novo pathways - regulation
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Degradation:
Allopurinol
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Degradation:
Deficiency in adenosine deaminase (causes ADA deficiency)Cannot break down adenosine, so it builds up, also [dATP] builds up
dATP is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, high [dATP] causes general deficiency of other dNTPS in lymphocytes
Poor development of T and B lymphocytes, ineffective immune system
Leads to severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS), also called “bubble boy” disease
First gene therapy for ADA
Elevated uric acid in bloodCaused by deficiency of one of purine metabolic enzymes
Causes gout
Uric acid causes inflammation of joints, problems in kidneys
Treatment = Drug allopurinol, which is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (enzyme that catalyzes step that makes uric acid)
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemotherapeutic drugsCancer cells grow rapidly, so they are in constant need of nucleotidesCancer cells more sensitive than normal cells to inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis
Analogs of glutamine
Used in de novo synthesis
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemotherapeutic drugsTarget enzymes