Nucleic Acids Meghan Arora Jeff Chen Julia Kubik Pratibha Sharma Anna Ye.
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Transcript of Nucleic Acids Meghan Arora Jeff Chen Julia Kubik Pratibha Sharma Anna Ye.
Functions
Types:
•Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) •Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
These molecules:
•Store and transmit hereditary material•Allow living organisms to pass on their traits
DNA• Made of hundreds to
thousands of genes
• Contains all the information that program all cell activities
• During cell reproduction, DNA is copied and passed on to the next generation
• Favourable traits are preserved, copied, and continue to be passed down
o Species evolve
RNA
• Synthesized by genes along the length of a DNA molecule
• Controls protein synthesis
• Sends genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to ribosomes located in the cytoplasm
Monomer
Smallest unit of nucleic acids is a nucleotide
A nucleotide consists of:
•pentose sugar•phosphate group•one of four differentnitrogenous bases(A, G, C, and T or U)
•RNA has ribose as its pentose and U as one of its bases
•DNA has deoxyribose as its pentose and T as one of its bases
Parts of a Monomer: Nitrogenous Base
Pyrimidines:
• Six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
Purines
• Six membered pyrimidine ring, fused to an additional five membered ring
There are two families of nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines and purines
Parts of a Monomer: Pentose
• Ribose in nucleotides of RNA
• Deoxyribose in DNA
• Only difference is that deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on its number 2 carbon, hence the name
Parts of a Monomer: Phosphate Group
A phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of the sugar completes the construction of a nucleotide
Significance:
•Main energy source in a cell- releases -7.3 kcal of energy per mole, ( -13 kcal/mol in natural environments)
•Its high reactivity is caused by the triphosphate tail- the phosphate groups are all negatively charged and act like a loaded spring
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) The cell performs three main
functions:
1. Mechanical Work2.Transport Work3. Chemical Work
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• Energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to transfer the extra phosphate group to energy absorbing reactions with the help of specific enzymes
• The altered phosphorylated molecule is an intermediate and more reactive
• Ex. synthesis of glutamine (an amino acid) from glutamic acid and ammonia
• Another vital property of ATP is its regenerative quality, called the ATP cycle
How ATP Performs Work
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ATP can be recycled through the phosphorylation of ADP (when ADP combines with a phosphate), and where the energy required for that reaction comes from catabolism (breakdown reactions).In most cases, the energy comes from cellular respiration and light energy in plants. Below: The ATP cycle
The ATP Cycle
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http://rachelkahn3b.edublogs.org/2011/11/29/dna-structure-model-lab/
http://www.mrmacaraeg.com/Biology_11_Downloads.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png
http://digitaljournal.com/img/8/7/3/i/5/9/6/o/060130dnastrand.jpg
http://ap-bio-patrick-steed.wikispaces.com/DNA+vs+RNA,+DNA+Replication
http://www.thaibiotech.info/Picture/Phosphate.gif
Works Cited