NUclear Presentation by Haris

8/10/2019 NUclear Presentation by Haris

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NUCLEAR POWER
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NUCLEAR POWER

PRESENTED BY

ASIF MEHMOOD

AMMAD RABBANI KHAN ATAZAZ HASSAN

SYED MUHAMMAD HARIS ALI

PRESENTED TO

DR. SAJID SALEEM


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INTRODUCTION

Nuclear power is generated using Uranium,which is a metal mined in various parts of theworld.

Some military ships and submarines havenuclear power plants for engines

Nuclear power produces around 11% of theworld's energy needs, and produces huge

amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel,without the pollution that you'd get fromburning fossil fuels.


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How it Works

The main bit to remember:

Nuclear power stations work in pretty muchthe same way as fossil fuel-burning

stations, except that a "chain reaction"inside a nuclear reactor makes the heatinstead.


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Nuclear Power Plants

The pursuit of nuclear energy for electricity generationbegan soon after the discovery in the early 20th centurythat radioactive elements, such as radium, releasedimmense amounts of energy, according to the principleof massenergy equivalence. However, means of

harnessing such energy was impractical, becauseintensely radioactive elements were, by their verynature, short-lived (high energy release is correlatedwith short half-lives). However, the dream of harnessing"atomic energy" was quite strong, even it was dismissed

by such fathers of nuclear physics like ErnestRutherford as "moonshine." This situation, however,changed in the late 1930s, with the discovery of nuclearfission.


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Nuclear Fusion

When the fusion reaction is asustained uncontrolled chain, itcan result in a thermonuclearexplosion, such as that generatedby a hydrogen bomb. Non-selfsustaining reactions can stillrelease considerable energy, aswell as large numbers of neutrons


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Fusion Energy

When deuterium and tritiumfuse, the two nuclei cometogether to forma helium nucleus (an alpha

particle) and a high energyneutron.


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Nuclear Fuel

In order to give you an idea about the scale of fuelquantities involved in a nuclear power station vis--vistraditional power stations, I ask you to imagine thataround a pound of nuclear fuel like say Uranium givesthe energy equivalent to burning a million gallons ofgasoline. This should not come as a surprise since wehave already learned that the energy released in anuclear reaction is the equivalent of the mass changewhich takes place during the process. It is thereforehuge compared to energy which is released as a resultof combustion and related chemical reactions during

traditional fuel burning.


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Nuclear Power

Nuclear poweris produced by controlled(i.e., non-explosive) nuclear reactions.Commercial and utility plants currentlyuse nuclear fission reactions to heat waterto produce steam, which is then used togenerate electricity.

In 2009, 13-14% of the world's electricity

came from nuclear power. Also, morethan 150 naval vessels using nuclearpropulsion have been built.


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Nuclear Fission

Simple diagram of nuclearfission. In the first frame, aneutron is about to be capturedby the nucleus of a U-235 atom.In the second frame, the neutronhas been absorbed and brieflyturned the nucleus into a highlyexcited U-236 atom. In the thirdframe, the U-236 atom has

fissioned, resulting in two fissionfragments (Ba-141 and Kr-92)and three neutrons, all with largeamounts of kinetic energy.


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Fission

Nuclear fission produces energy for nuclearpower and to drive the explosion of nuclearweapons. Both uses are made possiblebecause certain substances called nuclearfuels undergo fission when struck by freeneutrons and in turn generate neutrons whenthey break apart. This makes possible a self-sustaining chain reaction that releases energy

at a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor or at avery rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclearweapon.


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Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan

In Pakistan, nuclear power makes a small contributionto total energy production and requirements, supplyingonly 2.34% of the country's electricity. Total generatingcapacity is 20 GWe and in 2006, 98 billion kWh grosswas produced, 37% of it from gas, 29% from oil.

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) isresponsible for all nuclear energy and researchapplications in the country.

Its first nuclear power reactor is a small (125 MWe)

Canadian pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)which started up in 1971 and which is underinternational safeguards - KANUPP near Karachi, whichis operated at reduced power.


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Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan

The second unit is Chashma-1 in Punjab, a 325 MWe(300 MWe net) pressurized water reactor (PWR)supplied by China's CNNC under safeguards. Themain part of the plant was designed by ShanghaiNuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute

(SNERDI), based on Qinshan-1. It started up in May2000 and is also known as CHASNUPP-1.

Construction of its twin, Chashma-2, started inDecember 2005. It is reported to cost PKR 51.46

billion (US$ 860 million, with $350 million of thisfinanced by China). A safeguards agreement withIAEA was signed in 2006 and grid connection isexpected late in 2010 or in 2011.


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Current Status of Nuclear Power:Global Picture

Countries using nuclear power : 31

Units in operation : 435

Total net installed capacity : 370,003 MWe

Electricity generation in 2011 : 2518 TWh (14 % of

total)

Units under construction : 62

Total capacity : 59,245 MWe

Units under construction in China : 26

Total capacity : 26,620 MWe


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Nuclear Plant


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Nuclear Plant


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Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)


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Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)


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NUCLEAR REACTOR

A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are

initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to

a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of

a second and is uncontrolled causing an exploitation.


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CONTROL RODS

Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrons are

inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower

the control rods.

. The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like,

boron, cadmium or indium.


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STEAM GENERATORS

Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water into

steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.

Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant.


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STEAM TURBINE

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal

energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful

mechanical

Various high-performance alloys and super alloys have been

used for steam generator tubing.


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FEED PUMP

Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through the

condenser for condensation and recalculated for the

next cycle of operation.

The feed pump circulates the condensed water in the

working fluid loop.


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CONDENSER

Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense vapor

into liquid.

The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine exhaust

pressure to increase the efficiency and to recover high quality

feed water in the form of condensate & feed back it to the steam

generator without any further treatment.


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COOLING TOWER

Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process

waste heat to the atmosphere.

Water circulating through the condenser is taken to the cooling

tower for cooling and reuse


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* Others include imported electricity for Pakistan and geothermal,wind, solar etc for the world.

0.1%

40.6%35.6%

5.1%

28.9%

21.4%

3.0%

13.4%

32.0%

16.2%

0.3% 3.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Oil

Oil

Coal

GasGas

NuclearNuclear

HydroHydro

Others Others

World-2009Pakistan-2010/11

Electricity Generation Mix


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A major advance by adeveloping country in

the peacefulapplication of nuclear

technology

Commercialcontract signed

with Canada

for 137 MW KarachiNuclear

Power PlantKANUPP

1965

KANUPP startscommercialoperation

137 MW KANUPP

Pakistanbecomes the 15th

Country to havecommissioned anuclear power

plant

1972

KANUPP fuel

bundle

First indigenousfuel bundle

loaded inKANUPP

All Pakistani fuel

by 1990

Canada unilaterallywithdraws vendor

support forKANUPP

Other restrictions aswell

PAEC initiates a selfreliance programfor fuel and spare

parts fabrication

1976 1980

Major Milestones in Development ofNuclear Power in Pakistan


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A few windowsopened as Pakistanbecame member ofWANO and COG

WANO: WorldAssociation ofNuclear Operators

and

COG: CANDUOwners Group

1989

Contract signed forC-1

Start of

South-South

Cooperation

1991

C-1, Pakistans secondnuclear power plant

connected to gridthefirst from China

325 MW C-1

2000

Pakistan NuclearRegulatory Authority

created

2001



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Contractsigned for

C-2

KANUPPre-licensed

beyonddesign life

2004

Pakistan EnergySecurity Plan

allocated 8,800MW to nuclear by

2030

2005

C-2

Commercial

OperationMay 11

inauguration bythe Prime Minister

First ConcretePourC-3

2011

First ConcretePourC-4

2011


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Current Status of Nuclear Power:Pakistan

Nuclear Power

Plants

Capacity

(MWe)

Year of

Commissioning

In OperationKANUPP 137 1972

CHASNUPP-1 325 2000

CHASNUPP-2 325 2011

Under-constructionCHASNUPP-3 340 2016

CHASNUPP-4 340 2017


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KANUPP

Type : CANDU-Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

Commercial operation : 1972

Contract : Turn-key with CanadianGeneral Electric (CGE), Canada

Power : Design: 137 MWe(Now restricted to 90 MWe)

A 400,000 US gallons/day nuclear desalination demonstration plant wasinstalled in 2010

On commissioning of KANUPP, Pakistan became:

The 15th country of the world to have a nuclear power plant


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KANUPP: Self Reliance

Vendor support was stopped in 1976 following the nuclear test

by India. Other developed countries also imposed embargoes

on transfer of nuclear technology to Pakistan

This initiated a self-reliance program leading to:

Development of indigenous fuel

Development of technical support system including fuel

management and safety assessment

Manufacturing of spare parts

KANUPP operated safely, completed its design life in 2002 and

was re-licensed after a number of safety retrofits had been

carried out.

Slide 33 of 29

A il bilit F t f KANUPP


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2012: 84%(up to 28 June)

Slide 34 of 29

Availability Factor of KANUPP

(Beyond Design Life)


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Construction ofSecond Nuclear Power Plant

Despite keen interest, it took some two decades to begin

construction of the second nuclear power plant mainly because

of international embargoes

Development of the nuclear power industry in China opened a

window for Pakistan

A contract was signed with CNNC on December 31, 1991 for a

325 MWe PWR at Chashma - CHASNUPP -1


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Chashma Nuclear Power Plant(Unit 1: C-1)

Construction Started on : August 1992

Constructed by : China National Nuclear Corporation

Commercial operation : September 2000

Type/Size : Pressurized Water Reactor, 325 MW

Operation & Maintenance : By PAEC

Lifetime capacity factor achieved : 72.4%

Capacity factor last 3 years : 85.0%


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2012: 99.1%(up to 31 May)

Availability Factor of C-1


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Capacity Factor (from one Re-Fueling Outage to the next)

* By 31 May 2012

(Continuing)

Performance of C-1


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Chashma Nuclear Power Plant(Unit 2: C-2)

Construction Started on : Dec 2004

Constructed by : China National Nuclear Corporation

Commercial operation : May 2011

Type/Size : Pressurized Water Reactor, 325 MW

Operation & Maintenance : By PAEC

Lifetime capacity factor achieved : 85%


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Size and Type: 2x340 MW Pressurized Water ReactorsContractor: China National Nuclear Corporation

C-3 C-4

Contract Signing 20 Nov 2008 20 Nov 2008

Contract Effective Date 31 Mar 2010 31 Mar 2010Groundbreaking 5 Aug 2010 1 Apr 2011

First Concrete Pouring 4 Mar 2011 18 Dec 2011

IAEA Approval of Safeguards 8 Mar 2011 8 Mar 2011

Commercial Operation (as percontract)

31 Dec 2016 31 Oct 2017

Chashma Nuclear Power Project(Units 3 and 4: C-3/C-4)


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Projection Made in 2005 2009 2011

Plan/StudyMedium TermDevelopmentFramework

IntegratedEnergy Plan

NTDC(Planningpower)

Terminal Year of Plan/Study 2030

2022

2035

Projected Economic Growth7-8%

per year

5%

per year

6.5%

per year

Projected Capacity (MW) 162,590 55,000 169,373*

* Peak Demand in High Scenario

Projected Electricity Needs of Pakistan


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Track record High capacity factors (C-1, 229 days continuous operation)

More than 51 reactor-year safe operation

Economical option

NPP generates electricity at lower cost than oil-fired, coal-fired

and imported gas based plants

Enhance energy security

Fuel can be stored for 2-3 years

Stability in electricity price

Electricity generation cost is relatively insensitive to market

fluctuations of fuel cost (because of low share of fuel cost in

generation cost)

Environment friendly source of power

No acidic and greenhouse gas emissions

Need for Expansion of Nuclear Power

C i f El i i G i


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Comparison of Electricity GenerationCost

@ $29/barrel = Breakeven with Nuclear@ $100/barrel

$100/barrel

UpfrontTarifffor

1000MWp

lant

UpfrontTarifffor

1000MWp

lant

$13/MBTU

UpfrontTariffbyNEPRA

Current Tariff of C1 : Rs. 5.26 (US Cent 5.60) per kWhC2 : Rs. 7.81 (US Cent 8.31) per kWh


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2030Current

Nuclear Power Programs of Other Countries


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Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) Masters and PhD programs in engineering and sciences

Karachi Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering (KINPOE)

Masters, Post-Graduate and Post-Diploma programs in

nuclear power technology

CHASNUPP Centre of Nuclear Training (CHASCENT)

Post-Graduate and Post-Diploma programs

Training for licensing of PWR Operations Shift Supervisors

using a full scope training simulator

National Centre for Non-Destructive Testing and Pakistan

Welding Institute

Human Resource Development


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Full Scope Training Simulator for C-2


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Safety of Nuclear Power Plants

Pakistan has been safely operating its NPPs with continuing

effort to develop and improve safety culture, further.

To ensure safe operation of NPPs, we have safety committees

at the plant level, and a Safety Directorate at the corporatelevel.

At National Level PNRA controls, regulates and supervises all

the matters related to safety of NPPs in Pakistan,

independently.

Pakistan is party to various international conventions on

nuclear safety.


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Quality Assurance

Safe operation, maintenance and construction of nuclear

plant/facilities requires stringent quality control and quality

assurance programs at all levels.

Implementation of systematic Quality Assurance program

guarantees safety of plant equipment and personal.

All Nuclear Projects are subject to three levels of QA

Audit/Surveillance

Plant/Project level QA

Corporate Level QA

QA by Regulatory Authority

Peer Reviews by WANO and IAEA


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PAEC Response to Fukushima

Fukushima Response Action Plan

Immediate

Short-term

Long-term

Main elements of the action plan Re-assessment of external hazards

Additional sources of emergency power

Diverse means of core cooling

Comprehensive emergency preparedness plan

Implementation and Monitoring

Internal safety reviews by independent group

Review of KANUPP action plan by COG

Concluding Remarks


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Pakistan is a pioneer developing country in

using nuclear technology for producingelectricity.

Nuclear power can play a significant role in

providing base-load electricity and minimizing

imports of expensive fossil fuels.

Despite international embargoes, nuclear

power program in the country is moving

forward - slowly but steadily to achieve the

target of 8,800 MW by 2030.

Safety will remain on top priority in the

nuclear power program of Pakistan.

Concluding Remarks


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Advantages

Nuclear power costs about the same as coal,so it's not expensive to make.

Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so

it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small

amounts of fuelso cheaper logistics

Produces small amounts of waste.

Nuclear power is reliable.


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Disadvantages

Although not much waste is produced, it is very, verydangerous.It must be sealed up and buried for many thousands ofyears to allow the radioactivity to die away.For all that time it must be kept safe from earthquakes,

flooding, terrorists and everything else. This is difficult. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be

spent on safety - if it doesgo wrong, a nuclearaccident can be a major disaster.People are increasingly concerned about this - in the

1990's nuclear power was the fastest-growing sourceof power in much of the world. In 2005 it was thesecond slowest-growing.

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