Nuclear Physicsin Poland

Part I: Experimental low energy nuclear physics

Maria Skłodowska-Curie1867-1934

„...the ability to radiate does not depend on the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule but it is related instead to the interior of the atom ...

Discovery of POLONIUM and RADIUM

1898

1970 - IFJ Krakow – construction of the U-144 cyclotron

Warsaw University – construction of the Warsaw Cyclotron

– commisioning 1994

Warsaw University – cascade generator – ions of hundreds keV

Stefan Batory University, Vilno – natural radioactivity; Ra source

1930’s

1946 - 1955

Warsaw University – Andrzej SołtanAndrzej Sołtan 1 MV cascade accelerator (1950)

Jagiellonian University – Henryk Niewodniczański home built cyclotron U-48 (1956)

1955 - 1970IBJ Swierk - Warsaw – reactor EWA (1958); MARIA (1968)

IFJ Krakow – cyclotron U-120 (1958)

Warsaw University – home built 3 MV Van de Graaff (1961)

14

27

IFJ PAN

IF UJ

Świerk

10

30

27

17

ZFJA UWZSJ UW

SLCJ UW

IPJ

scientists +engineers +PhD students

10

9

IF UŁ

IF UŚ

145

Warszawa

Łódź

Katowice

Kraków

Świerk

Structure of exotic nuclei• neutron-deficient nuclei• neutron-rich nuclei• evolution of single part. structure and collectivity• light nuclei

Nuclei under extreme conditions:• excitation and decay of giant resonances• light charged particle emission

New symmetries and high spin structure in nuclei Nucleon-nucleon forces

• three-nucleon forces Superheavy nuclei

• fusion probabilities Dynamics of nucleus-nucleus collisions Double beta-decay; neutron decay - time reversal conservation

Experiments are carried out at many nuclear physics facilities around the world and also at our home facility – at the Warsaw Cyclotron

ORNL Oak Ridge (USA)

ANL Argonne (USA)

Rochester (USA)

MSU (USA)

Canberra(Australia)

Aarhus

Liverpool

Manchester

GANIL Orsay

SaclayLyon

Milano

LNL

LNS

NBI

Stockholm

Uppsala

Dubna

St. Petersburg

Jyvaskyla

Kiev

KVI

Leuven

Madrid

MunchenPSI

CERN

Tokyo (Japan)

GSI

POLANDHMI

FZCRC

Grenoble

„User Facility”: ~ 100 users

per year

national (80%)foreign (20%)

Isochronous cyclotron

• diameter 200 cm; Kmax=160• in operation since 1994• ion source: ECR, 10 GHz • beams: from B to Ar; • energy range 2 – 10 MeV/nucl.

~ 3000 hours of beam time per year

~ 90% for nuclear physics experiments

• large NaI(Tl) crystal

• multiplicity filter

• Si-ball - 12 triple Si telescopes

JANOSIK

CUDAC• particle detector array

• 12 HPGe detectors with AC

• multiplicity filter

• Si-ball - 30 Si telescopes

• IC electron spectrometer

OSIRIS II

ICARE

8 telescopes ΔE(gas) + E(Si)

24 telescopes ΔE(Si) + E(CsI)

16 telescopes ΔE(Si)+ΔE(Si)+E(CsI)

WIGISOLWarsaw Ion Guide

and Isotope Separatoron LineGas cell

Beam

Si detectors

Si – BALLSLCJ

Warsaw University

RFDRecoil Filter Detector

IFJ PAN Krakow

target cham ber

fo il

e lectrode

scin t.P M T

HECTORIFJ PAN Krakow

INFN Milano

A method to studyperipheral neutron density - antiprotonic atoms

(SLCJ UW Warsaw)

A method to study the structureof neutron-rich nuclei - deep-inelastic reactions

(IFJ PAN Krakow)

A tool to process Coulexdata - used worldwide - computer code GOSIA

(SLCJ UW Warsaw)

Examples of results

Chiral bands in nuclei

Collaboration led by the group from ZFJ, Warsaw University

Experiments atthe Warsaw Cyclotron, OSIRIS II Ge array

Structure of the lowest 0+ excitations in neutron-rich Mo nuclei

Collaboration led by the Warsaw Coulex group,SLCJ, Warsaw University

Experiments at the Warsaw Cyclotron, CUDAC particle detection system

Other results from the Warsaw Cyclotron:

• Fusion Barrier Distributions for the systems 20,22Ne + 118Sn, natNi

• Giant Dipole Radiation and Isospin Mixing in 44Ti and 60Zn

• Quadrupole Deformation of states in 14C from 11B+14C Scattering

PhD theses at the Warsaw Cyclotron:

4 completed12 in progress

Two proton radioactivity

Collaboration led by the group fromZSJ, Warsaw University

Experiments at GSI

Nuclear periphery studied

with antiprotonic atoms

Collaboration led by the group fromSLCJ, Warsaw Univ.

Experiments at CERN

protons

neutrons

„neutron skin” „neutron halo”

124Sn 124Sn

Y

[a.

u.]

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35E [MeV]

Jacobi shape transitionsin rapidly rotating nuclei

Collaboration led by the group from IFJ PAN, Krakow

Experiments in Strasbourgwith EUROBALL

Evolution of the equilibriumshape of46Ti

0

10

20

30

40

5060

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

010

18

26 2829

3032 34 36 38 40

GDRGDR strength function strength function

Spin

LSD model:shape evolutionCoriolis splitting

32

New magic numberN=32

Collaboration led by the group from

IFJ PAN, Krakow

Experiments at Argonne National Lab.

USAwith GAMMASPHERE

Participation in largeinternational collaborations

Kraków

Warszawa

Katowice

ŚwierkŁódź

11 countriesZFJA UW

SLCJ UW

IFJ PAN

IPJ

AGATAAvanced Gamma Tracking Array

Commitments:• Global level processing • Data Analysis• Ancillary Detectors

6 man-years

Kraków

Warszawa

Katowice

ŚwierkŁódź

Rare ISotope INvestigation at

GSI

16 countries

IFJ PAN

IF UJ

ZFJA UW

SLCJ UW

IPJ

ZSJ UW

Commitment:Contribution to the running cost of 7%

Kraków

Warszawa

Katowice

Świerk

Łódź

ZSJ UW

SLCJ UW

ION Catcher

6 countries

• Development of a helium thermalisation gas cell • Optimisation of an ion extraction at WIGISOL

Effective Slowing-Down, Stopping in a

Gas Cell and Extraction of

Radioactive Ions

IPJ

Kraków

Warszawa

ŚwierkŁódź

IFJ PAN

IF UJ

ZFJA UW

IF UŚ

CHIMERA REVERSEISOSPIN

7 countries

•Isospin effects in nucleus-nucleus collisions•One-body vs. two- body dissipation mechanism

Katowice

Kraków

Warszawa

Świerk

SPIRAL 2at GANIL

IFJ PAN

IF UJ

ZFJA UWZSJ UW

SLCJ UW

IPJ

Kraków

Warszawa

Katowice

ŚwierkŁódź

FAIRat GSI

FLAIR

IFJ PAN

IF UJ

ZFJA UWZSJ UW

SLCJ UW

IPJ

Facility for Low Antiproton Ion

Research

Optical Time Projection Chamber – OTPC

a novel type of ionization chamber to obtain 3-dimensional topology of the two protons emitted from

the 45Fe ground state. (ZSJ Warsaw University)

Gas detector using gas scintillation

To be installed at theSHE detection system working at GANIL

(IF Jagiellonian University)

Multidetector system TROLL

A new initiative - a new multidectetcor system TROLL to study Electromagnetic Transition Probabilities in nuclei by combining the two methods:

Coulomb Excitation MethodDoppler Shift Attenuation and Recoil Distance Method

TROLL would consist of:

- 20-30 Ge ACS spectrometers- 60 BaF2 detectors as multiplicity filter- COULEX chamber with 50-110 P-i-N Silicon detectors- Si inner ball for proton and alpha muliplicity- few Ge polarimeters

Presently available equipment amounts to about 2 million EuroAbout 300 - 400 thousand Euros is needed to complete the construction of TROLL.

Funding of low energy nuclear physicsby the Ministry of Science: • Research grants: ~100 thousand Euros/year

• International collaboration ~70 thousand Euros/year

• Development of instrumentation ~250 thousand Euros/year

We have research groups that carry out various studies at the frontiers of low energy nuclear physics in collaborationwith most of the major laboratories in the world.

We have a noticable experimental potential at home.

We are involved in many large international collaborations.

We have plans to develop new instrumentation at our labs.

Young people !

A quote of Maria Sklodowska-Curie:

A scientist in his laboratory is not a mere technician: he is also a child confronting natural phenomena that impress him as though they were fairy tales.