Nuclear _____________of atom is changed Particles or energy is absorbed or emitted from nucleus Can...
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![Page 1: Nuclear _____________of atom is changed Particles or energy is absorbed or emitted from nucleus Can involve one atom or multiple atoms New elements can.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56649e555503460f94b4cb81/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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_____________of atom is changed
Particles or energy is absorbed or emitted from nucleus
Can involve one atom or multiple atoms
New elements can be made if ______________ changes (transmutation)
Nucleus remains _______________
____________ are sometimes gained or lost
__________ involves multiple atoms
New compounds are made when elements are rearranged
Chemical
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Matter and energy can be exchanged according to the equation_________________
E = energy (unit is J)m = mass (must be in ______)C = speed of light (3.00 x 108 m/s)
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Particles or energy emitted during nuclear reactions
Two categoriesNon-Ionizing
Not powerful enough to knock electrons out of atom
For example: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared
IonizingPowerful enough to knock electrons
out of atomsFor example: upper limits of UV, x-
rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles
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R-E-A-DRadiation- amount of radiation released by
material; measured in curie (Ci)Exposure- amount of radiation traveling
through air; measured in roentgen (R)Absorbed- amount of radiation absorbed by
material; measured in rad (radiation absorbed dose)
Dose equivalent- number that takes into account amount absorbed and its medical effect; measured in rem (roentgen equivalent man)
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Elements 84-end of table (93-end of table are man-made)____________ makes them unstable
Isotopes with large differences between __________________________________Difference between proton and neutron numbers
make them unstable
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For elements 1-20, having a 1:1 ratio of protons: neutrons is most stable. For larger atoms, more neutrons are needed for the isotope to be stable.
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Element symbol is written with the following numbers in front
Mass number (# of protons + # of neutrons) as a superscript
Atomic number (# of protons) as a subscript
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Alpha () particles
Beta () particles
Gamma () rays
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Can be called ______________Contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons (look like a
helium nucleus)Very _____ (compared to other types of
radiation) Easily blocked by a piece of ___________Does not usually cause external damage but
can cause great internal damage if inhaled, ingested, or enters by some other means
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Can be called beta decay or beta negative emission
Emitted because a neutron is changed into a proton + electron in the nucleus
Smaller than alpha particles, but still largeCan be blocked by small amounts of leadMost harmful inside the body
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No mass or charge, just energy released from atom
Very smallCan only be blocked by thick blocks of lead
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Reactants and products are written with their A and Z numbers
A numbers must balance________________
Z numbers must balance________________
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Series of reactions that a radioactive element will go through until it reaches stability
_________ nuclide- heaviest isotope in the series
____________ nuclides- isotopes created during the decay
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Creation of a larger nucleus from two smaller nuclei
Particles must be moving very fastPower in “Hydrogen” bombs and stars
(including our sun)
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Splitting of a large nucleus into two nucleiUsually done by bombarding with ____________Creates chain-reaction by releasing more
neutronsCritical mass- amount of radioactive material
needed to sustain the reactionPowers nuclear bombs and nuclear power
plants
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Rate at which radioactive element decay occurs
If graphed, it will form a _____________ curve
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Amount of time for half of a radioactive sample to decay
Set half-life for each isotope
Time passed
Half –lives passed
Amount of original element left
0 0 100
12.26 1 50
24.52 2 25
36.78 3 12.5
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PowerWeaponryMedical Applications
Short half-lives work best, minimizes radiation exposure
DatingVarious nucleotides are used depending on
expected age of and composition of materialC-14 (radioactive isotope)
Must be used on materials that’s came from living thingsMust be used on items less than 50,000 years old since
half-life of C-14 is 5,730 years