Nuclear Energy: Problems or Solution Helmut Rauch Atominstitut, TU-Wien.
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Transcript of Nuclear Energy: Problems or Solution Helmut Rauch Atominstitut, TU-Wien.
![Page 1: Nuclear Energy: Problems or Solution Helmut Rauch Atominstitut, TU-Wien.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062400/55204d6249795902118b6332/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nuclear Energy:Problems or Solution
Helmut RauchAtominstitut, TU-Wien
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Reactors worldwide
Nuclear power stations (NPP) 441 (35 construction)Research reactors 249 (in operation)Heating units 8Naval-Reactors (U-Boats, aircraft carrier, icebreaker) 220 Satellite reactors 26
TOTAL ~ 950
Quellen - http://www.iaea.org/DataCenter/statistics.html
- http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/info.htm
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Electricity production
World Electricity Generation
Coal40%
Oil10%
Hydro19%
Nuclear16%
Gas15%
worldwide
Austria
EU
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Nuclear fission
1 kg Natururan ≐ 12.600 l Erdöl≐ 18.900 kg Steinkohle
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Reaktortypen - 1
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Reaktortypen - 2
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g CO2-äquivalent/kWh
4 3,72 22
150
430
909985
1031
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Wasserkraft Kernkraft Windkraft Photovoltaik Gas undDampf
Gasturbine Erdöl Kohle
Source: EDF Environmental Report
Specific CO2-Emissions
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General problems• prompt criticality (~ 0,6% in case of U-235)
• Decay heat ( ca. 20 MW after 1 St.)
• Waste (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 )
• Terrorism
Chernobyl
Fukushima
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TEMPERATUR RÜCKWIRKUNG
Doppler-Effekt
dTdp
dTd
dTdk
Absorpion Entkommfaktor
p(300K) = 0,861
p(1000K)= 0,835
Dieser Faktor ist immer negativ !!!
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Xenon – Poison
XeXeJdtdXe
XeaJt
Xe
Te135 J135
(Xe135)*
Xe135 Cs135 Ba135
30 sec. 70 %
30 %
9,2 h 2,6 x 108 a6,7 h
a = 3,4x106 bSpaltprodukte
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Xenon – Poison
Xe-135 Gleichgewicht
P = 0
Core Core
Regelstäbe
Regelstäbe
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VOID - KOEFFIZIENTC
= - 0,035
U
= - 0,08
= + 0,0064
= - 0,17
U
H2O
H2O
a = 0,33b a = 0,0034b
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Cutaway of the Nuclear Unit 1. Core2. Piping of water lines3. Lower biological shielding 4. Distribution headers5. Side biological shielding 6. Drum-separator7. Piping of steam-water lines8. Upper biological shielding9. Refuelling machine10. Demountable plating11. Fuel channel ducts12. Downcorners13. Pressure header14. Suction header15. Main circulation pump
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Power Diagram - Accident
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Cs-137 Contamination in Vienna since 1956
Erich Tschirf et al.
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Radiation Exposure of the Public
Occupational radiation exposure ≈ 0.05 mSv
Chernobyl accident, nuclear weapon tests
< 0.01 mSvIonizing radiation and
radionuclides in research, industry and household
< 0.02 mSvIonizing radiation and
radionuclides in medicine ≈ 1.3 mSv
Ingestion of natural radionuclides ≈ 0.3 mSv
External exposure from natural sources
≈ 1 mSv
Inhalation of radon and its progeny ≈ 1.6 mSv
≈ 4.3 mSv
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Problems• prompte Kritikalität (~ 0,6% bei U-235)
• Decay heat ( ca. 20 MW nach 1 St.)
• Abfall (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 )
• Terrorismus
Chernobyl
Fukushima
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Decay heat
2,00
2,02
0
1022,6 tTtPP
Nachzerfallswärme der Spaltprodukte
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Fukushima
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20
Fukochima Daiichi 1-6
Siedewasserreaktor
I-1: 440 MW
I-2: 760 MW
I-3: 760 MW
I-4: 760 MW
I-5: 760 MW
I-6: 1067 MW
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Normal operation Emergency operation Core melting
Venting H2O and H2H2 explosion Spent fuel pool problem
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Fukushima↔Chernobyl
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• Das Japan Desaster ist eine Folge des Erdbebens der Stärke 9.
• Der Zumani ist eine Folge davon.
• Die Probleme mit den Kernkraftwerken sind ebenfalls eine Folge davon.
Fakten
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Press Articles „on Fukushima“: until 14.04.2011
Germany43.640 All other EU
member states 9.300
Source: Meltwater News
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Consequences
Increasing safety
passive safety measures
Man independent safety features
Increasing time for passive safety handling
Construction accepting large accidents
Standardisation, Modul Structure
Improving economic factors
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European Pressured Water Reactor - EPR
melted core pot
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Problemfelder• prompte Kritikalität (~ 0,6% bei U-235)
• Nachzerfallswärme ( ca. 20 MW nach 1 St.)
• Waste (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 )
• Terrorismus
Chernobyl
Fukushima
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Waste
Radiotoxizität ohne und mit Transmutation
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Spallation Process
~ 1 GeV
Each heavy nucleus can be transfered to
a light and short living one
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Accelerator Driven Nuclear Systems
• nuclear transmutation• nuclear energy• no transient behavior
• high current accelerator• high activity handling• window problems
Probleme:
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Fusion
MeVnHeHH 588,1710
42
31
21
Probleme:
100 Mill. Grad
kg Mengen von Tritium
Magneteinschluss
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ITER-FEAT Design
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor-Fusion Energy Amplifier TOKAMAK Design
Divertor
Central Solenoid
Outer Intercoil Structure
Toroidal Field Coil
Poloidal Field Coil
Machine Gravity Supports
Blanket Module
Vacuum Vessel
Cryostat
Port Plug (EC Heating)
Torus Cryopump
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SUMMARY
More nuclear energy
More efficient and safer installationsNuclear Transmutation as an OptionFusion in 50 Years ?In Europe and oversea
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Comparison of Electricity Generating Costs (Finland 2008)
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Abfall
Radiotoxizität ohne und mit Transmutation
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Deutschland
Österreich
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__________________________Fortschrittliche Reaktoren - EPR
___________________________Otmar Promper Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten
ReaktorgebäudeReaktorgebäude
zylindrisch
doppelschalig
gegen Absturz eines schnellfliegenden Militärflugzeuges ausgelegt
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__________________________Fortschrittliche Reaktoren - EPR
Opfermaterial zur Temperaturabsenkung
Ausbreitungsfläche
passive Einrichtungen zur Kühlung
Beherrschung von KernschmelzunfällenBeherrschung von Kernschmelzunfällen
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Electricity Production in Germany (2008 – 2010)
TWh
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2008
2009
2010
24% 23%
19%
13%
1%
6%
3%5%
2%
4%
57% Fossil23% Nuclear16% Renewables
14 % 13% 18% 15% 3% 17% 11%Installed capacity
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