Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both...
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Transcript of Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both...
![Page 1: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA
![Page 2: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Nuclear DNA
• Present in almost every cell
• Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent
![Page 3: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mitochondrial DNA
• Each cell contains thousands of mt, each containing copies of its DNA
• Mt DNA is in larger quantities in a cell
• Nuclear DNA is larger in size
![Page 4: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mt DNA is 16,569 bases in length and consists of 2 different regions
• Coding Region– Produces 13
proteins, 22tRNAs, 2rRNAs needed for cell respiration
– This region has very little variability
– So everyone’s DNA in this region will be nearly the same sequence of TGCAs
![Page 5: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Coding RegionDNA RNA Protein Trait
![Page 6: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Control Region
This region is highly variable within the human population
Consists of 2 subregions
HV1 = 342 bp HV2 = 268
![Page 7: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mt DNA is inherited from mom
• Every sibling will get their mt DNA from their mother
• Why?
![Page 8: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Egg contains 23 chromosomes and cell cytoplasm which contains thousands of maternal mt
• Sperm contains 23 chromosomes with very little cytoplasm
![Page 9: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Zygote = Fertilized Egg
• When egg and sperm join only female mt survive and are passed onto to new baby.
![Page 10: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Maternal Inheritance Pattern with Mt DNA
![Page 11: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mutations occur in the control region of mt DNA at a regular rate and are passed onto children by the mom.
![Page 12: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• We can compare DNA from the controlling region to other living humans– See how related to you are to each other
• Compare to prehistoric remains of human fossils– Identify where you DNA originated– Identify ancestral relationships between
modern populations
• Compare your highly variable regions to other species
![Page 13: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mitochondrial Eve• Oldest women who
would have donated her mtDNA to every ancestor in the world
• Comparisons can be made by how many variations exist between her DNA and your DNA.
![Page 14: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1. Isolate DNA from cheek cells2. Complete a PCR reaction
– Produce millions of extra copies of HV1 on the control region of mtDNA
3. Send amplified DNA away to be sequenced (Identify the exact sequence of TGCAs in HV1 in your mtDNA)
4. Compare your sequence ot classmates and database of prehistoric DNA
![Page 15: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• 1. Isolating DNA
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2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
• PCR
![Page 17: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
PCR Animation
![Page 18: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PCR Animation
![Page 19: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
3. Sequencing DNAIdentify the exact sequence of nitrogen
bases in HV1 region
![Page 20: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sequencing DNA
![Page 21: Nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA Present in almost every cell Combination from both parents; 23 chromosomes from each parent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649cb05503460f94974215/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
4. Making Comparisons
Using a database you will compare your mt DNA with:
• your classmates
• prehistoric DNA taken from fossilized human remains.
• other species