THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

VATICAN CITY 2010

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Introduction p. Programme p. Abstracts p. Memorandum p.

Biographies of Participants p. List of Participants p. 148

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Study Day on

Nuclear Disarmament, Non-Proliferation,and Development

10 February 2010 • Casina Pio IV

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IF YOU WANT TO CULTIVATE PEACE, PROTECT CREATION

Respect for creation is of immense consequence, not least because‘creation is the beginning and the foundation of all God’s works’,and its preservation has now become essential for the pacific coexis-tence of mankind. Man’s inhumanity to man has given rise to nu-merous threats to peace and to authentic and integral humandevelopment – wars, international and regional conflicts, acts of ter-rorism, and violations of human rights. Yet no less troubling are thethreats arising from the neglect – if not downright misuse – of theearth and the natural goods that God has given us. For this reason,it is imperative that mankind renew and strengthen ‘that covenantbetween human beings and the environment, which should mirrorthe creative love of God, from whom we come and towards whom weare journeying’.

(Benedict XVI, ‘Message for the celebration of the World Day of Peace’, 1 January 2010)

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gies should be adopted in the nuclear field and howcan the importance of nuclear weapons be reduced innational/regional military doctrines? Which factors stillmotivate the retention of a high alert status and howcould forsaking the alert status contribute to nucleardisarmament? What are the prospects for the enter-ing into force of the CTBT and for the reaching of anagreement on a fissile material ban? How can nucleardisarmament become more transparent and what arethe most effective forms of monitoring and verification?What kind of impact can ‘double standard’ policieshave on the future of nuclear non-proliferation andon the NPT? How can terrorism and the nuclear ‘blackmarket’ be countered? How should the issue of nu-clear fuel be dealt with and what are the prospectsfor a new framework for the nuclear fuel cycle, as forinstance an international control mechanism? Dothe international agencies dealing with disarma-ment, non-proliferation and development meet theneeds of the international community? Is it necessaryto strengthen their roles? How?

Economics and development

Since the struggle for access to natural resources isone of the causes of various conflicts, inter alia in Africa,just as it is a source of permanent risk in other situa-tions, could it give rise to new nuclear powers? Whatare the prospects for the relationship between humanintegral development and sustainable development, onthe one hand, and nuclear disarmament and non-pro-liferation, on the other? What are the general economicand financial costs/benefits of nuclear disarmament andnon-proliferation and what are the political and socialcosts/benefits? What is the relationship between poverty(and hunger) and weapons of mass destruction andhow can this relationship be positively influenced? Ar-ticle 26 of the United Nations Charter commits States tomaintaining ‘international peace and security with theleast diversion for armaments of the world’s human andeconomic resources’: how can this provision be reallyimplemented? How can the nuclear disarmament andnon-proliferation process be reconciled with the ‘in-alienable right of [all] the Parties [to the Treaty] to de-velop research, production and use of nuclear energyfor peaceful purposes’, recognised by art. iv.1 of theNPT? How can we guarantee the exercise of such rightsand responsibilities according to international law andin a non-discriminatory way? How can we deal with theproblem of the circulation and access to ‘dual use’ goodsand knowledge, that is, those goods and knowledge thatmay have a dual civil and military use?

The Environment, energy, climate: ‘to cultivatepeace, one must protect creation’ (Benedict XVI, ‘Ad-dress to the Members of the Diplomatic Corps’, 11January 2010)

Is the development and use of nuclear technologyin the sectors of agriculture, medicine and energy sus-tainable in the long term? How can international co-

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ReviewConference will be held in New York on 3-28 May2010. Within the context of increased public aware-ness of nuclear issues, with their connected questions inthe military and civil fields, and faced with the emer-gence of new situations such as the increased energydemand, terrorism, the nuclear ‘black market’, and theredefining of national and regional security doctrines,this conference is a historic opportunity for the inter-national community to reach and promote a solid con-sensus on disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation.What can the success of the conference assure? Whichmeasures should be adopted during the conference toensure agreement among States Parties and to simul-taneously reinvigorate the three pillars of the NPT: nu-clear disarmament, the non-proliferation of nuclearweapons and the use of nuclear technology for peace-ful purposes?

This debate is essential for the promotion of an in-tegral human development. In this perspective, the in-ternational community should adopt farsightedbehaviour in favour of peace and security and avoidshortsighted approaches to the problems of nationaland international security. This is why, as a sign ofencouragement as well, the Holy See has ratified allthe main disarmament conventions, including, forexample, the NPT, on 25 February 1971, and theComprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), on18 July 2001. Moreover, it should not be forgottenthat the Holy See has been a founding member of theIAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) since1957, with which it signed the Comprehensive Safe-guards Agreement on 26 June 1972 and the Addi-tional Protocol on 24 September 1998.

The Pontifical Academy of Sciences, which issueda Statement on the consequences of the use of nu-clear weapons in 1981, has thus decided to organiseon 10 February 2010 a closed Study Day on ‘NuclearDisarmament, Non-Proliferation and Development’,involving a limited number of experts in the field, tofurther the analysis of this continuing process.

The meeting will have a morning and an after-noon session, beginning with an introduction by Prof.Nicola Cabibbo, President of the Pontifical Academyof Sciences, followed by a series of keynote papersthat will form the basis for a discussion among theparticipants. These papers will address the subject ofthe meeting from an interdisciplinary perspective:nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament; eco-nomics and development; energy; the environmentand climate change; sociology, ethics and politics.

In this sense, the discussion could be enriched bythe following strongly interdependent questions:

Nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation

Is owning nuclear weapons or threatening to usethem effective and/or legal in assuring national andinternational security? Which alternatives to nucleardisarmament could nuclear-weapons States adopt tomeet these security needs? Which long-term strate-

INTRODUCTIONNuclear Disarmament,

Non-Proliferation, and Development

operation in this field be fostered? Where do nuclearissues stand in the debate on low-carbon emissionstrategies and the growing demand for energy? Howwill nuclear disarmament impact on the environmentand on global climate change? How can access to nu-clear energy and its technology be facilitated while,at the same time, adequately responding to the in-herent challenges in the safety and security of nuclearsites? How can the problem of radioactive waste bedealt with responsibly in a safe, secure and environ-mentally-friendly way? How can the hopes of peoplearound the world be galvanised by the convictionthat to cultivate peace we must protect Creation andthat our duties towards the environment are linked toour duties towards human ecology and vice versa?

Sociology, ethics and politics: ‘opus iustitiae pax’(Is 32, 17)

How can we forget Servant of God Pope John PaulII’s message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in1983 when he stated that ‘Peace is born not only fromthe elimination of theatres of war. Even if all the latterwere eliminated others would inevitably appear, if in-justice and oppression continue to govern the world’?How can multilateralism be encouraged and how can aclimate of confidence be recreated in this field? Since inthe globalised world, regional confrontations and con-flicts can give rise to new nuclear powers, how do nu-

clear weapons influence the regionalisation of conflicts?Can the cooperation model used by States, interna-tional organisations and civil society, for example inthe field of anti-personnel land mines and cluster mu-nitions, be applied to the nuclear field? What is therole of civil society in achieving a world without nuclearweapons and how can public opinion and the mediacontribute effectively to this process? How can the doc-trine of nuclear deterrence be justified in relation to eth-ical principles, to the International HumanitarianLaw, to the Declaration of Human Rights, and to thesupreme value of the human person? Is this doctrineconceivable in the current international scenario,where conflicts have extended to State and non-Stateactors? How can we counteract threats to national andinternational security posed by the likelihood thatnon-State actors – who, moreover, are conceptuallyoutside the bounds of a deterrent strategy – will gainpossession of nuclear weaponry? How can we assessand promote the renunciation by certain States of theirnuclear capability in exchange for development aid?How can the criteria of the just war be understood andapplied in the current era? Which ethical and hu-manitarian principles, and which practical aspects,can encourage the achievement of a world without nu-clear weapons? If the path towards a world free of nu-clear weapons is gradual, which steps need to be takenin the right direction and when?

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Nuclear Disarmament, Non-Proliferation, and Development Introduction

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8:30 IntroductionN. Cabibbo

Session 1 • NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT AND NON-PROLIFERATION (Chair: G.F. Powers)

8:45 The Nuclear Powers and Disarmament: Prospects and PossibilitiesW.F. Burns

9:10 Discussion

9:45 The United Nations and the Future of Nuclear DisarmamentS. de Queiroz Duarte

10:10 Discussion

10:45 Coffee break

11:00 Views on Non-Proliferation and VerificationO. Heinonen

11:25 Discussion

Session 2 • ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT (Chair: Card. P. Turkson)

12:00 Disarmament and Economic Development in the Light of the Current CrisisE. Gotti Tedeschi

12:25 Discussion

13:00 Nuclear Weapons, International Prestige and Economic Development: What Cost for the EmergingCountries?L.E. Derbez Bautista

13:25 Discussion

14:00 Lunch at the Casina Pio IV

Session 3 • THE ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY, CLIMATE (Chair: F. Calogero)

15:30 New Energies for the Future of MankindC. Rubbia

15:55 Discussion

16:30 Nuclear Energy and Climate ChangeM.J. Molina

16:55 Discussion

17:30 Coffee break

Session 4 • SOCIOLOGY, ETHICS AND POLITICS (Chair: Card. G. Cottier)

17:45 Interests, Values, and Recognition as Different Dimensions in the Efforts on Nuclear Disarmamentand Non ProliferationV. Hösle

18:10 Discussion

18:45 Towards a World Free of Nuclear Weapons: More than a Noble UtopiaM. Grondona

19:10 Discussion

19:45 Dinner at the Casina Pio IV

WEDNESDAY, 10 FEBRUARY 2010

PROGRAMMENuclear Disarmament,

Non-Proliferation, and Development

The Nuclear Powers and Disarmament: Prospects and PossibilitiesWILLIAM F. BURNS

The United States and the Russian Federation, currentpossessors of most of the nuclear weapons now ex-isting, owe a special responsibility for their continuedsafety and security. They also owe the rest of the worldeither justification for their continued maintenance or aplan for their reduction and eventual prohibition. Bothcountries have cooperated in the past, even at the heightof international tensions, to reduce such weapons, eveneliminating an entire class, and to set up monitoringand verification regimes to build confidence and ensurecompliance. Neither side can rely on Cold War argu-ments. The current START negotiations, the upcomingNPT review, reexamination by both sides of the ration-ale for nuclear strategies, the possibility of continuingproliferation, and the danger of terrorist activity involv-ing nuclear explosive devices suggest that it is the timeto press forward toward major reductions. Both sidesmust work together to set the example for other nuclearpowers to make use less likely, reduce the possibility ofaccidental use, and increase emphasis on openness andtransparency. Much is left to do and progress will requirethe support of other states and international institutionsto achieve success.

Nuclear Weapons, International Presitige and Economic Devlopment:What Cost for the Emerging Countries?LUIS ERNESTO DERBEZ BAUTISTA

The document will explore the false dilemma betweendeveloping a nuclear arsenal and acquiring interna-tional preeminence that many emerging countries arepondering at this time. Brazil, India, Russia, China areall examples of this temptation. Other countries are fol-lowing the course such as Iran, Israel, etc. To evaluatethe development of nuclear power and all its possibilitieswill be the center of the paper.

Views on Non-Proliferation and VerificationOLLI HEINONEN

Since its establishment in 1957 the International AtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA) has worked to bring the benefitsof nuclear technology to humankind, while at the sametime minimizing its risks. When we look at the projectionsfor the coming decades we see considerable growth in theuse of nuclear energy and nuclear technology. While thiswill help to bring greater prosperity to different parts of theworld, it will also carry proliferation risks. Without the ap-propriate control measures, States could misuse nuclearmaterial and technology to build nuclear weapons. This,in turn, could lead to a major failure in the non-prolifera-tion control regime – the security, social and economic con-sequences of which would be enormous. This paper setsout how the IAEA is going to rise to the challenge and meetthe international community’s expectations in this chang-ing environment.

Nuclear Energy and Climate ChangeMARIO MOLINA

Climate change is the most serious environmentalchallenge facing society in the 21st century. It isclear that the average temperature at the Earth’s surfaceis increasing; this decade has been the warmest one onrecord in recent history. The evidence comes from directmeasurements of rising surface air temperatures andsubsurface ocean temperatures, from phenomena suchas retreating glaciers, and from numerous changes to avariety of physical and biological systems. Furthermore,there is little doubt that the composition of the atmos-phere has changed as a consequence of the emission ofgreenhouse gases resulting from human activities: theconcentration of carbon dioxide, produced by burningfossil fuels and by deforestation, has increased morethan 30% since pre-industrial times. The scientific con-sensus is that most of the changes in the Earth’s climatein recent decades are with high probability a conse-quence of these changes in composition, as documentedin the 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change. There is also a consensus among ex-perts that in order to avoid dangerous anthropogenic in-terference with the climate system the average surfacetemperature increase should be limited to less than 2ºCabove preindustrial temperatures. To achieve this goalrequires significant reductions in the emissions of green-house gases, and consequently very large changes in themanner in which society produces and consumes energy.There is no ‘silver bullet’, but there is agreement amongenergy experts that these changes can be accomplishedat a moderate cost – of the order of one or two percent ofglobal GDP – provided that a number of actions are si-multaneously implemented in the next few decades,such as increases in energy efficiency in the transporta-tion, building and industrial sectors, use of renewableenergy sources, and carbon capture and storage in coal-fired power plants. Yet another important action is thelarge-scale construction and use of nuclear power plants.Problems such as safety and disposal of radioactivewastes can most likely be successfully managed; on theother hand, the potential for nuclear proliferation re-sulting from this action remains a daunting problem,yet to be solved. Further developments in nuclear powerplant technologies designed to address this issue are ur-gently needed.

The United Nations andthe Future of Nuclear DisarmamentSERGIO DE QUEIROZ DUARTE

Disarmament and the ‘regulation of armaments’ aregoals found in the UN Charter, and the UN organi-zation has been working to achieve the elimination ofall nuclear weapons – and other weapons of mass de-struction – ever since the adoption of the General As-sembly’s first resolution in January 1946. This has beena goal of all Secretaries-General and an objective uni-versally supported by all Member States, as registeredboth in official statements and in resolutions adopted

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ABSTRACTSNuclear Disarmament,

Non-Proliferation, and Development

by the General Assembly. Yet great challenges remain inachieving the mutually reinforcing goals of achievingglobal nuclear disarmament and preventing the globalproliferation of such weapons. A gap remains betweenagreed ends and concrete deeds. While disarmament re-quires actions by our Member States, the United Nationshas both the mandate and the commitment to assist thisprocess of achieving global nuclear disarmament. Thispresentation will describe what the United Nations Sec-retariat and the UN disarmament machinery are doingto advance this goal. It will discuss the Secretary-Gen-eral’s own five-point proposal for nuclear disarmamentand his Action Plan for nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. And it will look ahead to the Review Con-ference next May of the States parties to the Treaty onthe Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and under-score the importance of a positive outcome.

New Energies for the Future of MankindCARLO RUBBIA

About half a century ago, the idea of ‘Atoms for peace’was greeted with the greatest enthusiasm, as a way ofproviding a new form of cheap, abundantly availableand inexhaustible energy for all people on Earth. Todaythe position on Nuclear Energy has been profoundly mod-ified: nuclear power is definitely no longer viewed as itwas 50 years ago. It has become clear that all existingnon-proliferation agreements, the IAEA guarantees, andthe whole idea of ‘atoms for peace’ have not proven to besufficiently strong against the proliferation processes bothfor political and technological reasons. The political rea-son is that uninterrupted proliferation occurs as a result ofthe fact that five ‘nuclear powers’ do not want to committo the obligations that they took upon themselves, interms of ultimately completely destroying their nucleararsenals. In this situation, more and more countries maydecide that nuclear weapons will enhance their nationalsecurity. The technological reason is the inextricable linkbetween nuclear weapons and atomic energy – becausethey both generate from the same common nuclearphysics principles, the same scientific and technological

research, the same chemical industry, largely the same fi-nancing and the same organizations. As it is well known,nuclear weapons can be made either from Plutonium(Nagasaki) or from Uranium (Hiroshima). The easiest nu-clear weapon design is to construct a gun-type nuclearcharge with Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), that doesnot need to be fully tested first. Of course, even a gun-typeweapon is a complicated device, but an organization thatincludes engineers, metal-makers, and technicians couldeasily produce one. HEU is available not only to the mil-itary and governmental, but also to a number of civilianorganizations. There are around 2 million kg of HEU inthe world and it takes only a few tens of kg to produceone gun-type nuclear weapon. For instance, the bombdropped on Hiroshima contained U enriched up to 80%and weighed 60 kg. There is no doubt that the world’s en-ergy will continue to grow in the future, since the popu-lation is steadily growing and billions of people in theDeveloping Countries strive for a better life and to allevi-ate poverty, a condition that feeds inevitably terroristthreats. Two main natural resources have technically thecapability of ensuring the long term energetic supply ofmankind: (1) A new, different form of Nuclear Energy, tobe used freely by all countries, severing the link betweenenergy and the potentials of military applications. Po-tential candidates are Thorium (fission) and Lithium (fu-sion) both adequate for many thousand of years atseveral times the present energy consumption. (2) Solarenergy. The world’s primary energetic consumption isonly 1/10000 of the one available on the surface of earthof sunny countries. Solar energy may be either used di-rectly as heat or PV or indirectly through hydro, wind, bio-mass and so on. If adequately exploited, solar energy mayprovide enough energy for future generations. It is un-likely that any stable, long term development of mankindwill be possible without both of them. Only with profoundand urgent changes in the technologies energy, environ-ment and climate may be ultimately reconciled with theworldwide risks of potential threats, in order to ensurepeace and protect our planet. The prospects of a differentnuclear energy and the ones of energy from the sun willbe briefly discussed.

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Nuclear Disarmament, Non-Proliferation, and Development Abstracts • Memorandum

Memorandum

A bus will leave the Residenza Paolo VI at 8:15 for the Academy, fifteen minutes before the beginning ofthe session. A bus will depart from the Academy after dinner at the end of the afternoon session to takeparticipants back to the Residenza Paolo VI. Both lunch and dinner for the participants will be served atthe Academy.

NoteIf you have any expenses to refund, please hand your refund form to the Secretariat during the morn-ing break so that you can be refunded immediately.

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lege. He has also serve serves as a director emeritus of theboard of the Arms Control Association. His son is theUnder Secretary for Political Affairs and former Ambas-sador to Russia, William J. Burns, who served under theAdministration of President Bush and now continues toserve as part of the current Administration. General Burnsis a faithful Catholic and serves as a consultant to theCommittee on International Justice and Peace of theUnited States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

Francesco Calogero (born 6 February 1935) is a distin-guished Italian physicist and active in the community ofscientists concerned with nuclear disarmamanent. He is theson of the philosopher Guido Calogero. After his father wassentenced to national exile by fascist police, FrancescoCalogero spent over one year (1942) in Scanno, a small Ital-ian village. After World War II, Calogero graduated inPhysics cum laude from ‘La Sapienza’ University of Romein February 1958. He became a Professor of TheoreticalPhysics at the same university in 1976. His scientific pub-lications in English include three books and over 300 pa-pers. His main research concerns integrable many-bodyproblems. He also formulated the Calogero hypothesis thatquantum behavior is caused by stochastic gravitational ra-diation of a cosmic origin. Calogero served as the Secretary-General of Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Af-fairs 1989-1997 and Chair of the Pugwash Council (1997-2002). He has published 400 papers and several books onworld affairs. He was a member of the Governing Boardof SIPRI 1982-1992. He accepted the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize,jointly awarded to Pugwash and to Joseph Rotblat (Oslo,10 December 1995).

Paolo Conversi (born 31 August 1971, Rome) graduatedin Economics and Commerce from ‘La Sapienza’ Univer-sity of Rome and in Social Sciences from the Pontifical Gre-gorian University. He then obtained a PhD in Social Sciencesfrom the Pontifical Gregorian University and a PhD in Eco-nomics from ‘Roma Tre’ University. After taking part in de-velopment projects in Mexico, Colombia and BosniaHerzegovina, in 1999 he became an Official of the Sectionfor Relations with States of the Secretariat of State of the Vat-ican City. He has been a member of many Holy See Dele-gations to various international meetings, including the VINPT Review Conference (New York, 2002). Since 2004 he hasbeen teaching ‘Human Ecology’ at the Faculty of Social Sci-ences of the Pontifical Gregorian University.

Luis Ernesto Derbez Bautista (born 1 April 1947, Mex-ico City) is a Mexican politician and current rector of theUniversidad de Las Américas. Upon assuming power inDecember 2000, President Vicente Fox chose him to serveas his Secretary of Economy. In January 2003, followingthe resignation of Jorge Castañeda, Derbez took over asSecretary of Foreign Affairs, a position that he held un-til President Vicente Fox’s term ended on December 1, 2006.Since January 2007, Luis Ernesto Derbez has been the Gen-eral Director of the Centre for Globalization, Competi-tiveness and Democracy at the Instituto Tecnológico deMonterrey, Campus Santa Fe, and Secretary for Interna-tional Affairs of the PAN. Between January 2003 and De-

Antoine Abi Ghanem (born in 1954 in Wata El Jawz,Lebanon) was ordained a priest in 1982 and graduated inTheology from Saint-Esprit Kaslik University (USEK). He thenobtained a Diploma of Advanced Studies in Philosophy fromthe Sorbonne University Paris IV. He went on to study Po-litical Philosophy at the Sorbonne and at Tübingen Uni-versity. From 1980 to 1983 he managed the USEK Press Of-fice and from 1988 to 1992 he was the Director of Studiesof USEK’s Pontifical Faculty of Theology, also teaching, in1989-90 and 1993-97 respectively, Political Philosophy andHuman Rights at the same university. From 1992-98 he wasthe Secretary General of the Maronite Lebanese Order andfrom 2000-02 he collaborated with the Permanent Missionsof the Holy See to the UN and other international organ-isations. Since 2002 he has been the Attaché to the Per-manent Mission of the Holy See to the UN and other in-ternational organisations in Geneva and deals with the is-sues of Security and Disarmament.

Ettore Balestrero (born 21 December 1966) is the currentUndersecretary for the Holy See’s Relations with States. Af-ter attending law school, he entered the Almo CollegioCapranica and was ordained priest on 18 September 1993for the diocese of Rome by Camillo Cardinal Ruini. Heearned a degree in theology and a doctorate in CanonLaw. After serving in the Parish of Santa Maria Mater Ec-clesiae al Torrino in Rome, he became a student at thePontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He entered the Holy See’sdiplomatic service in 1996, serving in Korea, Mongoliaand the Netherlands. Since 2001 he has served in the Sec-retariat of State. On 17 August 2009 he was appointedUndersecretary for Relations with States replacing Msgr.Pietro Parolin.

Michael W. Banach (born 19 November 1962 in Worces-ter, Massachusetts) is the Permanent Representative of theHoly See to the Organization for Security and Cooperationin Europe, the International Atomic Energy Agency and thePreparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, as well as Permanent Observerof the Holy See to the other United Nations Offices in Vien-na. Following graduation from Holy Cross College in May1984, he prepared for the priesthood at the North AmericanCollege and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. Or-dained priest on July 2, 1998, he served in parishes in theDiocese of Worcester and in 1992 was assigned to studies atthe Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome. In 1994, af-ter completing his Doctorate in Canon Law, he entered thediplomatic service of the Holy See and served as Secretaryof the Nunciatures in Bolivia and Nigeria, as well as in theSection for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State.On January 22, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him tohis current post.

William F. Burns (Major General, United States Army, Re-tired) was director of the Arms Control and DisarmamentAgency from 1988 to 1989. He served as the first U.S. spe-cial envoy to denuclearization negotiations with formerSoviet countries under legislation sponsored by formerSenator Sam Nunn (D-Ga.) and Sen. Richard Lugar (R-Ind.). He is a distinguished fellow at the Army War Col-

BIOGRAPHIES OF PARTICIPANTSNuclear Disarmament,

Non-Proliferation, and Development

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Nuclear Disarmament, Non-Proliferation, and Development Biographies of Participants

Vittorio Hösle (born 25 June 1960, Milan, Italy) is a Ger-man philosopher. Having begun his academic career withextraordinary success, including the completion of his doc-torate at age 21, he is the author of many distinguishedworks, including Hegels System (1987), Morals and Pol-itics (1997, trans. 2004), and Der philosophische Dialog(2006). He advances an ‘objective idealist’ theoretical phi-losophy, which attempts to revitalize Platonic andHegelian thought, while also drawing from Karl-Otto Apel.His practical philosophy is a modified Kantianism,which also draws much from Hans Jonas. Having been‘alienated by the contemporary situation of his country’suniversity system’, he has been in the United States since1999, at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. There heis the Paul Kimball Professor of Arts and Letters (with con-current appointments in the Departments of German, Phi-losophy, and Political Science). Since 2008, he has alsoserved as the founding Director of the Notre Dame Institutefor Advanced Study.

Dominique Mamberti (born 7 March 1952) is the currentSecretary for the Holy See’s Relations with States. He wasborn in Marrakesh, Morocco. On 20 September 1981 he wasordained priest for the diocese of Ajaccio, France. On 18 May2002 Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Archbish-op of Sagona and Apostolic Nuncio to Sudan and Apos-tolic Delegate to Somalia. He was consecrated bishop bythe Secretary of State, Angelo Cardinal Sodano, on 3 July2002. On 19 February 2004 he was also appointed Apos-tolic Nuncio to Eritrea. He was appointed Secretary for Re-lations with States (Foreign Minister of the Holy See) by PopeBenedict XVI on 15 September 2006.

Celestino Migliore (born in 1952, Cuneo, Italy) was or-dained a priest in 1977. Having obtained his master's de-gree in theology, Archbishop Migliore pursued his stud-ies at the Pontifical Lateran University, where he wasawarded a Doctorate in Canon Law. In 1980, after grad-uating from the Pontifical Academy for Ecclesiastical Diplo-macy, he joined the Holy See’s diplomatic service. Heserved at the Apostolic Nunciatures in Angola (1980-1984),Washington, D.C. (1984-1988), Egypt (1988-1989), andPoland (1989-1992). In April 1992 he was appointed Per-manent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europein Strasbourg, France, and from December 1995 to Oc-tober 2002 served as Under-Secretary of the Section for Re-lations with States of the Secretariat of State, at the Vat-ican. While in Rome, he also taught Ecclesiastical Diplo-macy at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome as aVisiting Professor. On 30 October 2002 he was nominatedApostolic Nuncio and Permanent Observer of the Holy Seeto the United Nations in New York.

José Mario Molina-Pasquel Henríquez (born 19 March1943, Mexico City) is a Mexican-born American chemistand one of the most prominent precursors to the discov-ering of the Antarctic ozone hole. He was a co-recipient(along with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland) ofthe 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in elucidatingthe threat to the Earth’s ozone layer of chlorofluorocarbongases (or CFCs), becoming the first Mexican-born citizento ever receive a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

cember 2006, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Mex-ico; and between December 2000 and December 2002, hewas the Minister of Economy. From July to November 2000,he chaired President-elect Vicente Fox transition team,which defined Mexico’s 2000-2006 economic and socialprograms. Prior to joining Fox’s Presidential campaignteam in 1997, Derbez had a distinguished professional andacademic career working for the World Bank Group, theInter-American Development Bank, Johns Hopkins Uni-versity's School of Advanced International Studies and In-stituto Tecnológico de Monterrey.

Tommaso Di Ruzza (born 21 April 1975, Aquino, Italy) isan Italian international lawyer, educated in Siena (jd) andOxford (dls) and an Official of the Pontifical Council for Jus-tice and Peace. Since 2005, as a Counsellor, he has been aMember of the Holy See Delegation to the main meetingsand diplomatic conference on Disarmaments and Arms Con-trol, Humanitarian Law. He is an author and lecturer in in-ternational law at the University of Rome ‘Roma Tre’.

Ettore Gotti Tedeschi (born 3 March 1945 in Pontenure,Italy) is an Italian economist. Since 23 September 2009 hehas been the President of the Vatican Bank ‘Istituto per leOpere di Religione’. For the first 12 years of his professionallife he worked on industrial and financial strategy (SEMAwith McKinsey in Paris, Milan and London). In 1985 hebegan to deal with finance and in 1993 was appointedchairman for Italy of Finconsumo Banca SpA, now San-tander Consumer Bank SpA, becoming the head of the Ital-ian operations of the Spanish group Banco Santander. Hewas counselor of Directors of Sanpaolo IMI and the Depositsand Loans Fund. He has held many different positions inbanking foundations, Venture Capital, Private Equity, etc.He teaches Ethics of Finance at the Catholic University ofMilan. He is President of the Board of Trustees and memberof the Advisory Board of the Centro Studi Tocqueville-Actonand is an editorialist of L’Osservatore Romano.

Mariano Grondona (born 19 October 1932 in Buenos Aires)is an Argentine lawyer, sociologist, political scientist, essayistand commentator. He has been a journalist for severaldecades, appearing in print media and on television, andhas written several books. He has also taught in several uni-versities, both in Argentina and abroad.

Olli Heinonen was appointed as the Deputy Director Gen-eral, Head of the Department of Safeguards, at the Inter-national Atomic Energy Agency, in July 2005. The De-partment of Safeguards is responsible for verifying that nu-clear material placed under safeguards is not diverted tonuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and thatthere is no undeclared nuclear material or activities in non-nuclear weapons States party to the NPT. Before joining theInternational Atomic Energy Agency in 1983, Mr. Heinonenwas a Senior Research Officer at the Technical Research Cen-tre of Finland Reactor Laboratory Otakaari, Espoo, Finland.From 1999–2002, Mr. Heinonen was Director of OperationsA and from 2002-2005, he was the Director of OperationsB in the Department of Safeguards. Mr. Heinonen studiedRadiochemistry and holds a Ph.D in Radiochemistryfrom the University of Helsinki, Finland.

10

Nuclear Disarmament, Non-Proliferation, and Development Biographies of Participants

Gerard F. Powers is director of Catholic PeacebuildingStudies and coordinator of the Catholic PeacebuildingNetwork at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for InternationalPeace Studies, where he has been a faculty member since2004. From 1998-2004, he was Director of the Office ofInternational Justice and Peace at the U.S. Conferenceof Catholic Bishops, and from 1987-1998 was a foreignpolicy advisor in the same office. He has specialized inthe ethics of nuclear weapons and other uses of militaryforce, the role of religion in conflict and peacebuilding,and religion and U.S. foreign policy. He is editor (with S.Appleby and R. Schreiter) of Catholic Peacebuilding: The-ology, Ethics and Praxis (Orbis, forthcoming), editor (withD. Philpott) of Strategies of Peace (Oxford, forthcomingin 2009), and editor (with D. Christiansen and R. Hen-nemeyer) of Peacemaking: Moral and Policy Challenges fora New World (USCCB/ Georgetown, 1994).

Sergio de Queiroz Duarte (born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)is a Brazilian diplomat who currently serves as the Unit-ed Nations High Representative for Disarmament. He wasappointed by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in July2007. A career diplomat, Duarte served the Brazilian For-eign Service for 48 years. He was the Ambassador of Brazilin a number of countries, including in Austria, Croatia, Slo-vakia and Slovenia concurrently (1999-2002), in China(1996-1999), in Canada (1993-1996), in Nicaragua (1986-1991), in the United States (1970-1974), in Chile (1963-1966), and in Rome (1961-1963). In addition, he has beenposted as the Brazilian representative to several Interna-tional organizations, focusing on disarmament issues. In2005, he was the President of the 2005 Seventh Review Con-ference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Prolifera-tion of Nuclear Weapons. From 2000 to 2002 he was theGovernor for Brazil at the Board of Governors of the In-ternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). From 1999 to2000 he was the Chairman of the Board of Governors ofthe IAEA. From 1979 to 1986 he served as Alternate Rep-resentative of Brazil in the Office of the Special Represen-tative of Brazil for Disarmament Affairs in Geneva. He wasalso Ambassador of Brazil in the Permanent Mission to theUnited Nations in Geneva from 1966 to 1968. Duarte ob-tained his J.D. from the Federal Fluminense University,(Niterói, Rio de Janeiro) in 1958. He holds a B.A. from theBrazilian School of Public Administration and studied atthe Brazilian Diplomatic Academy from 1956 to 1957.

Silvano M. Tomasi (born in 1940, Veneto, Italy) studiedTheology in New York and was ordained a priest in 1965.He holds a master’s degree in social sciences and a doctoratein sociology from Fordham University in New York. He was

assistant professor of sociology at the City University of NewYork and at the New School of Social Research (1970-74).He carried out pastoral work in the New York area andserved as Provincial Superior of his religious Congregation,the Missionaries of St. Charles – Scalabrinians. He has pub-lished books and articles related mostly to migration issues.From 1983-87 he served as first Director of the office of Pas-toral Care of Migrants and Refugees (PCMR) of the Unit-ed States Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB/USCC).From the end of 1989 to his appointment as Archbishopand Apostolic Nuncio on June 27, 1996, he served as Sec-retary of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Mi-grants and Itinerant People. From 1996-03 ArchbishopTomasi served as Apostolic Nuncio to Ethiopia, to Eritreaand to Djibouti and as Observer to the African Union, for-merly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), in AddisAbaba. In September 2003 Archbishop Tomasi began hisservice as Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Unit-ed Nations and Specialized Organizations in Genevaand to the World Trade Organization.

Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson (born 11 October 1948 inWassaw Nsuta, Ghana) was ordained a priest on 20 July1975 and holds a doctorate in Sacred Scripture from thePontifical Biblical Institute, Rome. From 1975-1976 and1980-1981 he served as staff member at St Theresa’sMinor Seminary, and from 1981-1987 as staff member atSt Peter’s Major Seminary. On 6 October 1992 he was ap-pointed Archbishop of Cape Coast and was ordained on27 March 1993. He was served as President of the GhanaCatholic Bishops’ Conference (1997-2005) and memberof the Pontifical Commission for Methodist-Catholic Dia-logue; Chancellor of the Catholic University College ofGhana; member of the National Sustainable Develop-ment, Ministry of Environment; member of the Board ofDirectors of the Central Regional Development Committeeand treasurer of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferen-ces of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM). General Relatorof the 2nd Special Assembly for Africa of the Synod of Bi-shops, ‘The Church in Africa, at the Service of Reconcilia-tion, Justice and Peace. “You are the salt of the earth, ...you are the light of the world”’ (4-25 October 2009). Ele-vated to the cardinalate by John Paul II in the Consistoryof 21 October 2003, he received the Title of S. Liborio.Member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and theDiscipline of the Sacraments; member of the PontificalCouncils for Promoting Christian Unity, the PontificalCommission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church andXII Ordinary Council of the Secretariat General of theSynod of Bishops. He is the current President of the Ponti-fical Council for Justice and Peace since his appointmentby Pope Benedict XVI on 24 October 2009.

For the biographies of the other Academicians of the PAS, cf. Pontificia Academia Scientiarvm, Yearbook (Vatican City 2008), p. 15 ff.

9 February 2010 • (18)11

Prof. Gerard F. PowersDirector of Catholic Peacebuilding Studies at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for InternationalPeace Studies, University of Notre Dame(USA)

Amb. Sergio de Queiroz DuarteHigh Representative for Disarmament, UN(Brazil)

Prof. Carlo RubbiaScientific Adviser of CIEMAT (Spain)(Italy/Spain)

H.E. Msgr. Prof. Marcelo Sánchez SorondoChancellor of The Pontifical Academyof Sciences(Vatican City)

Archbishop Silvano Maria Tomasi, CSPermanent Observer of Holy See to theUnited Nations in Geneva(Vatican City)

H.Em. Card. Peter Kodwo Appiah TurksonPresident of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace(Vatican City)

Prof. Luis Ernesto Derbez BautistaRector of the Universidad de Las Américas(Mexico)

P. Antoine Abi Ghanem, OLMPermanent Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations, Geneva(Vatican City)

Prof. Nicola CabibboPresident of The Pontifical Academy of Sciences(Italy/Vatican City)

Major General William F. BurnsUnited States Army (retired) and Former Director of U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency(USA)

Msgr. Ettore BalestreroUndersecretary for the Holy See’s Relations with States(Vatican City)

Msgr. Michael W. BanachPermanent Representative of the Holy See to the IAEA(Vatican City)

H.Em. Georges Cottier, OPPro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household(Switzerland/Vatican City)

Dr. Tommaso Di RuzzaPontifical Council for Justice and Peace(Vatican City)

Prof. Francesco CalogeroDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Rome ‘La Sapienza’(Italy)

Dr. Paolo ConversiSecretariat of State(Vatican City)

Dr. Ettore Gotti TedeschiPresident of Istituto per le Opere di Religione(Italy/Vatican City)

Prof. Mariano GrondonaLawyer, Sociologist, Political Scientist, Essayist and Commentator(Argentina)

Dr. Olli HeinonenIAEA Deputy Director General and Head of the Department of Safeguards(Finland/Austria)

Prof. Mario J. MolinaProfessor at the University of California, San Diego(USA/Mexico)

Prof. Vittorio HöslePhilosopher, Director of the Notre DameInstitute for Advanced Study(Germany/USA)

H.E. Msgr. Dominique MambertiSecretary for the Holy See’sRelations with States(Vatican City)

H.E. Msgr. Celestino MiglioreApostolic Nuncio and Permanent Observerof the Holy See to the United Nations, NewYork(Vatican City)

LIST OF PARTICIPANTSNuclear Disarmament,

Non-Proliferation, and Development

FRONT COVER: Pablo Picasso,Scarf to commemorate

the World Festival of Youth and Students for Peace, Berlin, August 1951,

Ingresso Sant’UffizioThe ‘Sant’Uffizio’ gate

Ingresso del PeruginoThe ‘Perugino’ gate

Chiesa di Santo Stefanodegli Abissini

St Stephenof the Abyssinians Church

DomusSanctae Marthae

Altare Tomba S. PietroAltar of St Peter’s Tomb

Ingresso Sant’AnnaThe ‘Sant’Anna’ gate

IngressoMusei Vaticani

Entrance gateto the Vatican Museum

THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCESCASINA PIO IV • V-00120 VATICAN CITY

Tel: +39 0669883451 • Fax: +39 0669885218Email: academy.sciences@acdscience.va

For further information please visit:http://www.vatican.va/roman _curia/pontifical_academies/acdscien/index.htm

Sede della PontificiaAccademia delle Scienze

Seat of the PontificalAcademy of Sciences

(CASINA PIO IV)