Chapter 4 & 25 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 4 & 25 Nuclear Chemistry.
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
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HOW DOES A NUCLEAR REACTOR WORK?
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HOW DOES A SMALL MASS CONTAINED IN THIS BOMB CAUSE …THIS HUGE NUCLEAR
EXPLOSION?
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Chemical Rxns vs. Nuclear Rxns
• Chemical Rxns involve valence electrons only
• Valence electrons of different atoms are shared OR
• One atom gives & the other atom takes electrons.
• Small energy release
• Nuclear reactions involves the nucleus. Gives off particles
• Protons, neutrons and/or electrons
• Identity of the atom will change
• Large energy release.
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RADIOACTIVITY & RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
•ISOTOPES OF CERTAIN UNSTABLE ELEMENTS THAT SPONTANEOUSLY EMIT( RELEASE) PARTICLES AND ENERGY FROM THE NUCLEUS. THE ENERGY THAT IS RELEASED FROM THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM IS RADIATION.
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RADIOACTIVITY
WHEN AN UNSTABLE ATOM DECAYS (decomposes) ENERGY
IS RELEASEd 3 WAYS:
1. ALPHA DECAY
2. BETA DECAY
3. GAMMA RAY
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ALPHA PARTICLE
• MADE OF 2 PROTONS AND 2 NEUTRONS• POSITIVELY CHARGED• SLOW AND HEAVY• LOW PENETRATING POWER• STRONGLY IONIZE (PULL ELECTRON FROM)
OTHER ATOMS.• CAN BE WRITTEN AS:
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BETA PARTICLE
• HAVE MINUS 1 CHARGE (-1) , SAME AS ELECTRON• FAST AND LIGHT• MEDIUM PENETRATING POWER AND STOPS AT
ALUMINIUM. • IONIZE PARTICLES AS THEY PASS BUT NOT AS STRONGLY
AS ALPHA PARTICLE.• CAN BE WRITTEN AS:
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GAMMA WAVES
• THEY ARE NOT PARTICLES, THEY ARE WAVES • NO MASS AND NO CHARGE• HIGH PENETRATING POWER• NEEDS THICK LEAD OR CONCRETE WALL TO
REDUCE PENETRATION.• DOES NOT EMIT PARTICLES, FOR THAT DOES NOT
CHANGE NUCLEUS.• CARRIES AWAY ENERGY.
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RADIOACTIVITY – SUMMARY
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NUCLEAR DECAY REACTIONS
• SOME ELEMENTS ARE NATURALLY UNSTABLE AND TEND TO
UNDERGO ALPHA-DECAY OR BETA-DECAY TO BECOME MORE
STABLE.
• IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS, CHAIN OF RXNS(ALSO KNOWN AS
SERIES DECAY) OCCURS FOR MOST RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS.
• FOR EXAMPLE, IT TAKES U-238 14 STEPS OF ALPHA AND BETA
DECAY TO BECOME COMPLETELY STABLE
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IDENTIFYING ALPHA DECAY
DURING ALPHA DECAY NUCLEUS SHEDS 2 PROTONS & 2 NEUTRON AS A PACKET CALLED ALPHA PARTICLE.LOSING 2 PROTONS CHANGES THE IDENTITY OF THE ATOM. EX:WHEN URANIUM WITH 92 PROTONS UNDERGOES ALPHA DECAY WILL BECOME THORIUM WITH 90 PROTONS.
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IDENTIFYING BETA DECAY
DURING BETA DECAY A NEUTRON TURNS INTO A PROTON AND AN ELECTRON. ELECTRON IS EMITTED AND IS CALLED BETA PARTICLE
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BALANCING NUCLEAR DECAY REACTIONS
AlphaDecay
0�휷 -1
Beta Decay
0e-1
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DECAY CHAIN OF U-238
• STEP 1: ALPHA DECAY
• STEP 2: BETA DECAY
• STEP 3:
BETA DECAY
• NOW YOU COMPLETE THE REST ………………………
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FISSION
• NUCLEAR FISSION: FISSION IS THE PROCESS OF SPLITTING AN
ATOM. IT GETS HIT BY A NEUTRON.
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FUSION
• NUCLEAR FUSION:
MULTIPLE SMALL ATOMIC
NUCLEI JOIN TOGETHER TO
FORM A HEAVIER NUCLEUS.
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HALF LIFE•WHEN RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES DECAY, THEY DO SO
EXPONENTIALLY. THEIR RATE OF DECAY IS DETERMINED
THROUGH AN UNDERSTANDING OF HALF-LIFE.
•HALF-LIFE IS THE AMOUNT OF TIME IT TAKES FOR HALF OF AN
ATOM (UNSTABLE ISOTOPE) TO DECAY.
•ATOMS WITH SHORT HALF-LIVES ARE MORE UNSTABLE THAN
THOSE WITH LONG HALF-LIVES.
•Ex: Half- Life of U-235 is 703 million years
Pu-239 has a half-life of 24,100 years Pu-241's half-life is 14.4 years.
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HALF LIFE EXAMPLES• RADON-222 DECAYS WITH A HALF-LIFE OF 3.82 DAYS. IF AN
INITIAL SAMPLE OF THE ELEMENT CONTAINS 1000 ATOMS, HOW
LONG WILL IT TAKE FOR THE SAMPLE TO DECAY DOWN TO 125
ATOMS? YOUR TIME MUST ALWAYS START AT 0 DAYS!
• SOLUTION → AMOUNT TIME HALF-LIFE
1000 ATOMS 0 0
500 ATOMS 3.82 50%
250 ATOMS 4.64 25%
125 ATOM 8.46 12.5%
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HALF LIFE EXAMPLES• AN INITIAL SAMPLE OF ZINC-61 CONTAINS 215 GRAMS. AFTER
976 DAYS, THE SAMPLE SIZE HAS REDUCED TO 13.4375 GRAMS.
WHAT IS THE HALF-LIFE OF ZINC-61 ATOMS?
• SOLUTION → AMOUNT TIME HALF-LIFE
215 GRAMS 0 DAYS 0
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HALF LIFE EXAMPLES• AN INITIAL SAMPLE OF ZINC-61 CONTAINS 215 GRAMS. AFTER
976 DAYS, THE SAMPLE SIZE HAS REDUCED TO 13.4375 GRAMS.
WHAT IS THE HALF-LIFE OF ZINC-61 ATOMS?
• SOLUTION → AMOUNT TIME HALF-LIFE
215 GRAMS 0 DAYS 0
107.5 122 50% 1
53.75 244 25% 2
26.875 488 12.5% 3
13.4375 976 6.25% 4
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HALF LIFE EXAMPLES• THORIUM-230 DECAYS WITH A HALF LIFE OF 80,000 YEARS. IF
AN INITIAL SAMPLE HAS A MASS OF 10.00 GRAMS, HOW MUCH
WILL REMAIN AFTER 320,000 YEARS?
• SOLUTION → AMOUNT TIME HALF-LIFE
10 GRAMS ___ (YRS)