Nuclear Chemistry Fusion and Fission. Nuclear Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller...
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Transcript of Nuclear Chemistry Fusion and Fission. Nuclear Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller...
![Page 1: Nuclear Chemistry Fusion and Fission. Nuclear Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments is called nuclear fission. Heavy atoms (mass number>60)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649d095503460f949db5b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nuclear ChemistryFusion and Fission
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Nuclear Fission
• The splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments is called nuclear fission.
• Heavy atoms (mass number>60) tend to break into smaller atoms, thereby increasing their stability.
• Nuclear fission releases a large amount of energy.
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Nuclear Fission
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U23592n
1 0
The Fission Process
A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium-235 nucleus.
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U23592n
1 0
A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium-235 nucleus.
The Fission Process
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U23592n
1 0
A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium-235 nucleus.
The Fission Process
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U23592n
1 0
The neutron strikes the nucleus which then captures the neutron.
The Fission Process
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U23692
The nucleus changes from being uranium-235 to uranium-236 as it has captured a neutron.
The Fission Process
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The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable.
It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.
The Fission Process
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The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable.
It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.
The Fission Process
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The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable.
It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.
The Fission Process
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
The Fission Process
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
The Fission Process
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
The Fission Process
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
The Fission Process
Energy
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Nuclear Fission Examples
U235
92 +Ba141
56+ n1
03n
1
0 +Kr 92
36
U235
92 +Cs138
55+ n1
02n
1
0 +Rb 96
37
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Review: Balancing Nuclear Equations
• Mass numbers and Atomic numbers must add up on both sides of the reaction arrow.
•100Fm 54Xe + ____ + 4 0n256 140 1
For Atomic numbers 100 = 54 + X X = 46
For Mass Numbers: 256 = 140 + X + 4 X = 112
46Pd112
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18
White Boards
Supply the missing atomic symbol to complete the equation for the following nuclear fission reaction.
1n + 235U 137Te + ?X + 2 1n + energy0 92 52 ? 0
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19
Solution
1n + 235U 137Te + 97Zr + 2 1n + energy0 92 52 40 0
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Fission Chain Reactions• One fission reaction can lead to more
fission reactions in a process called a chain reaction.
• Example - The fission of Uranium-235
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Chain Reaction of Uranium-235
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• A chain reaction can only occur if the starting material has enough mass to sustain a chain reaction. This amount is called the critical mass.
• Nuclear Fission is what occurs in Nuclear Reactors and Atomic Bombs.
• The Nuclear reactor is a controlled fission reaction, the bomb is not.
• The chain reaction releases a large amount heat and energy that produces an atomic explosion.
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Nuclear Fusion• The combining of atomic nuclei to form a larger
atom is called fusion• Nuclear fusion occurs in the sun when two nuclei
with low mass numbers combine to produce a single nucleus with a higher mass number.
• Fusion releases large amounts of energy.• Example:
4 H + 2 0 e He + energy1
1
-1 2
4 Energy
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Nuclear Fusion
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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Nuclear fusion is what powers our sun - and all stars.
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And also - Hydrogen Bombs
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Fusion• Fusion reactions also release very large
amount of energy but require extremely high temperatures to start.
• Nuclear fusion also occurs in new stars and is how all of our elements were made.
He + He Be + energy42 2
4 84
He + Be C + energy42
84
126
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Other Fusion Reactions
• Hydrogen Bomb or possible Fusion nuclear reactor reaction
• 3H + 2H 4He + 1n
• New elements discovered:• 20Ca + 95Am 115Uup
•115Uup 113Uut + 2He
1 1 2 0
4
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Remember:Nuclear fission and fusion
both occur with an incredible release of energy.
Energy
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Indicate if each of the following describes
1) nuclear fission or 2) nuclear fusion.
___ A. a nucleus splits.
___ B. large amounts of energy are released
___ C. small nuclei form larger nuclei.
___ D. hydrogen nuclei react.
___ E. several neutrons are released.
Learning Check
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44
Indicate if each of the following is
1) nuclear fission or 2) nuclear fusion.
1 A. a nucleus splits.
1, 2 B. large amounts of energy are released.
2 C. small nuclei form larger nuclei.
2 D. hydrogen nuclei react.
1 E. several neutrons are released.
Solution
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Chemical Reactions
• Involve changes in electrons– Acids & Bases,
combustion, displacement
• The same atoms appear on both sides of the reaction.
• Small amount of energy generated– Burning fossil fuels
Nuclear Reactions
• Involve changes in the nucleus– Nuclear fusion, nuclear
fission
• New atoms appear as products of the reaction.
• Large amount of energy generated – 1 million times more than
chemical reactions– Nuclear fusion on the sun– Nuclear fission for reactors
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Decay vs. Nuclear Reactions• Alpha, beta, and gamma
decay occur as ONE atom tries to increase it’s stability by getting rid of a few neutrons, or protons & neutrons.
• The product is an alpha, beta, or gamma particle and ONE new atom. There is only ONE thing on the left hand side.
• Nuclear reactions involve more than just getting rid of a few protons or neutrons. The new atoms produced are VERY different elements than the reactant.
• Nuclear reactions must be started, so there are 2 things on the left hand side.– Nuclear fission: makes 2
or more much smaller atoms
– Nuclear fusion: makes 1 much larger atom
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Nuclear Fission
What are the differences between the 2 above nuclear equations??
Alpha Decay