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Transcript of Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by...
![Page 1: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 25
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Radiation
In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident.His associates at the time were Marie
and Pierre Curie. Marie Curie gets credit for naming
radioactivity.
![Page 3: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Radioisotopes
Nuclei of unstable isotopes are called radioisotopes.
An unstable nucleus releases energy by emitting radiation during the process of radioactive decay
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Radiation
Three TypesAlpha Helium NucleusBeta ElectronGamma Light wave
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Symbols
He42
42
e0101
Alpha
Gamma
Beta
00
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Radiation
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Radiation
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Nuclear Symbols
Table O
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Nuclear Stability
For smaller atoms a ratio of 1:1 neutrons to protons helps to maintain stabilityC-12, N-14, O-16
For larger atoms, more neutrons than protons are required to maintain stabilityPb-207, Au-198, Ta-181
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Nuclear Stability
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Radioactive Decay
Radioisotopes will undergo decay reactions to become more stable
Alpha Decay Beta Decay Positron Emission
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Nuclear Reactions
Unstable isotopes of one element are transformed into stable isotopes of a different element.
They are not affected by outside factors, like temp and pressure. They can not be sped up or slowed down.
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General Reaction Format
Reactants Products
Starting Material Ending Material
Science equivalent of Math’s =
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Reaction Format
In Math class you might say:A – B = C
In Science, we don’t use subtractionA B + CA breaks into B and C
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Decay Reactions
Decay reactions involve one unstable nuclei decaying (breaking down) into 2 (or
more) smaller nuclei.Alpha Decay - one of the products is
an alpha particle
Beta Decay - one of the products is a beta particle
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Nuclear Reactions
Reactions must always Balance Mass Numbers have to balance Atomic Numbers have to balance
ThU 23490
42
23892
238 = 4 + 234
92 = 2 + 90
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Alpha Decay
AtFr 21685
42
22087
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Alpha Decay
ThHeU 22990
42
23392
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Alpha Decay
PoHeRn 21884
42
22286
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Beta Decay
YSr 9039
01
9038
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Beta Decay
SeP 3216
01
3215
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Beta Decay
OeN 168
01
167
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Positron Emission
FeNe 199
01
1910
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Transmutations
Any reaction where one element is transformed into a different element
Two main typesNaturalArtificial
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Transmutations
NaturalUsually has one reactantAlpha and Beta Decay
ArtificialUsually has more than one reactantParticle Accelerators
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Example
LiHeHBe 63
42
11
94 X
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Example
SiHHeAl 3014
11
42
2713 X
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Example
BanKrnU 14156
10
9236
10
23592 3 X
![Page 30: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
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Half Life
Amount of time for half of a sample to decay into a new element
Parent AtomsUndecayed atoms
Daughter AtomsDecayed atoms
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Half Life
Number of Half-lives
Fraction left
0 1
1 1/2
2 1/4
3 1/8
4 1/16
5 1/32
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Half Life
Number of half-lives
T
t t = amount of time elapsed
T = half-life
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Example
How many half lives does it take for a sample of C-14 to be 11460 yrs old?
25730
11460
y
y
T
t
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Half Life
Fraction Remaining
T
t
2
1t = amount of time elapsed
T = half-life
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Example
What fraction of P-32 is left after 42.9days?
8
1
2
1
2
1
2
13
3.14
9.42
d
d
T
t
![Page 37: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Example
How long will a sample of Rn-222 take to decay down to 1/4 of the original sample?
282.3
2
1
2
1
4
1
d
X2
82.3
d
x
7.64d
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Fraction Remaining
T
t
2
1Mass Left
Original Mass=
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Practice
How much Carbon-14 was originally in a sample that contains 4g of C-14 and is 17190 years old?
8
1
2
1
2
143
5730
17190
y
y
x
g
32g
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More Practice
How much 226Ra will be left in a sample that is 4800 years old, if it initially contained 408g?
8
1
2
1
2
1
408
31600
4800
y
y
g
x
51g
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And One More….
What is the half life of a sample that started with 144g and has only 9g left after 28days?
428
2
1
16
1
2
1
144
9
x
d
g
g4
28
x
d
7d
![Page 42: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
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Fission
Splitting of a larger atom into two or more smaller piecesNuclear Power Plants
One Example:
nKrBanU 10
9236
14156
10
23592 3
![Page 44: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fission
![Page 45: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Energy Production
Energy is produced by a small amount of mass being converted to energy
E=mc2
![Page 46: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chain Reaction
Reaction that produces material that can initiate more than one reaction
nKrBanU 10
9236
14156
10
23592 3
![Page 47: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Chain Reaction
nKrBanU 10
9236
14156
10
23592 3
![Page 48: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Fusion
Joining of two or more smaller pieces to make a larger pieceSun, Stars
One Example:
01
42
11 24 HeH
![Page 49: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
More Examples:
Fusion
nHeHH 10
32
21
21
nHeHH 10
42
31
21
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Fusion
![Page 51: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 25. Radiation In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by accident. His associates at the time were Marie and Pierre.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061304/5513b95655034653298b460f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Energy Production
Energy is produced by a small amount of mass being converted to energyMore energy is produced by fusion
than any other source
E=mc2
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Fission vs. Fusion
Advantages of FissionProduces a lot of energyCan be a controlled reactionMaterial is somewhat abundant
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Fission vs. Fusion
Disadvantages of FissionUses hazardous materialProduces hazardous material
• Long Half Life
Reaction can run out of control.Limited amount of fissionable material
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Fission vs. Fusion
Advantages of FusionLighter weight materialEasily available materialProduces waste that is lighter and has
shorter half-lifeProduces more energy than fission
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Fission vs. Fusion
Disadvantages of FusionMust be done at very high
temperatures• Only been able to attain 3,000,000K
Have not been able to sustain stable reaction for energy production
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Uses of Radioisotopes
Smoke Detectors Food Irradiation Radioactive Dating Medical Tracers Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear Weapons Origin of Elements
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Smoke Detectors
Americium produces radiation that is monitored by an electrical circuit
Smoke interferes with the current, triggering the alarm
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Food Irradiation
Food is exposed to radiation, killing bacteria and mold
Food is cleaner and lasts longer
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Radioactive Dating
Ratio of Parent atoms to Daughter atoms provides an age
ExamplesC-14 used to date organic materialU-238 used to date geological
formations
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Medical Tracers
Radioisotopes replace stable isotopes Radiation produced can be detected
by machines Example
I-131 is used for thyroid disordersBarium milk shakesCo-60 for Cancer
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Radioisotopes
You must know these radioisotopes and usesI-131
• Diagnosing and treating thyroid disorders
Co-60• Treating cancer
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Radioisotopes
You must know these radioisotopes and usesC-14
• Dating living organisms• Compare to C-12
U-238• Dating geologic formations• Compare to Pb-206
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Nuclear Power Plants
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Nuclear Power Plants
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Nuclear Power Plants
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Nuclear Weapons
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Video
Origin of Elements
YouTube
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Stability
Elements 1-26 are made in the core of stars
Elements 27-92, excluding 43 and 61, are made during a Supernova explosion
No element larger than 83 has a stable isotope
No element larger than 92 is made in nature