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Disclaimer This reference guide (Guide) does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. It is not intended to replace the existing California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) mandatory or advisory standards, nor the exercise of engineering judgment by licensed professionals. The Guide is compiled of information and concepts from various agencies and organizations faced with similar transportation issues. Caltrans acknowledges the existence of other practices and provides this Guide for those responsible for making professional engineering or other design decisions.

Acknowledgements Special thanks to Ryan Greene-Roesel of Cambridge Systematics, and to Lauren Ledbetter of Alta Planning + Design, the consultant project team. Thanks to Asif Haq in the Division of Traffic Operations and Alex Kennedy, a former employee with the Division of Traffic Operations. The individuals named below participated in the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), and/or provided extensive feedback.

Richard Haggstrom, TAC Chair Caltrans Division of Traffic Operations, Headquarters

David Cordova Caltrans Division of Design, Headquarters

Brian Hadley Caltrans Division of Traffic Operations, District Eleven

Wayne Henley Caltrans Division of Traffic Operations, Headquarters

Kevin Herritt Caltrans Division of Design, Headquarters

Alex Kennedy Caltrans Division of Traffic Operations, Headquarters

Ken McGuire Caltrans Division of Local Assistance, Headquarters

Maggie OMara Caltrans Division of Design, Headquarters

Scott Sauer Caltrans Division of Mass Transit, Headquarters

Heidi Sykes Caltrans Division of Design, Headquarters

Robert Shanteau Independent Advisor

We would like to thank the following internal and external stakeholders who contributed their time and expertise to this project: the Active Transportation and Livable Communities advisory group, the Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) pedestrian and bicycle safety teams (Challenge Areas 8 and 13), the California Bicycle Advisory Committee, the California Pedestrian Advisory Committee, and the Traffic Safety Steering Committee. Thank you.

Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Policy Context ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Who Is This Guide For? ............................................................................................... 2 1.3. Terminology .................................................................................................................. 3 1.4. Organization.................................................................................................................. 3 1.5. How Should This Guide Be Used?............................................................................. 4 1.6. When Should This Guide Be Used? ........................................................................... 5

2. All Intersections Overview ................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Guiding Principles........................................................................................................ 7 2.2. Safety Effectiveness of General Design Treatments............................................... 15 2.3. Other General Considerations .................................................................................. 16

3. Four-Leg Intersections.......................................................................................................... 19 3.1. Signalized Four-Leg Intersections............................................................................ 19 3.2. Four-Leg Intersections: Two-Way STOP Controlled............................................. 29

4. Three-Leg and Offset Intersections ................................................................................... 35 4.1. Ninety-Degree T ......................................................................................................... 35 4.2. Offset ............................................................................................................................ 38

5. Skewed and Multi-leg Intersections ................................................................................. 43 5.1. Skewed Intersections.................................................................................................. 44 5.2. Multi-leg Intersections ............................................................................................... 47 5.3. Y-Intersections............................................................................................................. 50

6. Special Cases.......................................................................................................................... 53 6.1. Midblock Crossing...................................................................................................... 53 6.2. Shared Use Path Intersections with Roads.............................................................. 57

7. Intersections with Transit.................................................................................................... 63 7.1. Bus Stops at Intersections .......................................................................................... 63 7.2. Railroad Crossings...................................................................................................... 67

8. Roundabouts.......................................................................................................................... 71 8.1. Common Issues........................................................................................................... 71 8.2. Treatments ................................................................................................................... 74

9. Interchanges........................................................................................................................... 79 9.1. Free-Flow Ramps........................................................................................................ 80 9.2. Single Point Interchange............................................................................................ 90 9.3. Trumpet Interchanges.........................................