Nsn 2g Gsm Basics

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1 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

2G - GSMGlobal System for

MobileBasics for newcomers• Catarina erreira

• 1!-05-2015

"C#an$e information classi%cation in footer&


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BSS Radio Network

Basic Call Procedures

Flexi Multiradio BTS

Abis and MML

Introduction

Commissioning

BSS !er!iew

BSC "ardware and Functionalit


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' © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

Introduction


GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications and is a((lied as standardfor mobile networks in many countries today)

*#e %rst systems were im(lemented 50 years a$o +1G, %rst $eneration.

• /imited mobility• andsets bulky• (ensi3e

4ntroduction of GSM +2G, second $eneration in t#e 06s.

• 7nlimited mobility wit#in a network• 8ide 4nternational co3era$e• Messa$in$• Mobile 4nternet• Mobile Solutions

4ntroduction of messa$in$ ser3ices.• SMS +S#ort Messa$in$ Ser3ice• MMS +Multimedia Messa$in$ Ser3ice


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Structure


8it# GSM you can mo3e wit#in t#e w#ole networkwit#out ser3ice interru(tion)

:ll mobile networks #a3e basically t#e same

structure and are com(osed of two (arts.

- *#e Core Network controls your call, transmitsyour 3oice calls and data, and forwards it toeternal networks, e)$) ot#er tele(#one networksor t#e 4nternet)

- *#e Radio Network (ro3ides t#e user access tot#e network) *#e user can access t#e network

usin$ #is mobile de3ice to connect to t#e nearestantenna)

• Consists of many of t#ese antennas +B*S, Base Station *ranscei3er and se3eral Base Station Controllers +BSCcontrollin$ t#ose antennas)

• *#e Base Station Controllers (ro3ide t#e connection fromt#e mobile de3ice to t#e Core Network)


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*o (erform a (#one call, you need a MobileEquipment (ME) and a SIM card+Subscriber 4dentity Module)

*#e S4M card and t#e Mobile ;ui(mentmake u( t#e Mobile Station (MS) of t#eGSM network)

*#e S4M is com(arable to an identity card,containin$ all rele3ant user data andinformation used for encry(tion andaut#ori


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*o be able to use your mobile (#ones t#ere is afre;uency ran$e on t#e >adio 4nterface, calledfrequency bands)

our di?erent fre;uency bands are used at t#emoment.

• !50 M< +GSM->, rail communications• 00 M< +GSM• 1!00 M< +@CS, @i$ital Cellular Ser3ice• 100 M< +ACS, Aersonal Communication Ser3ices

*#e lower t#e fre;uency band, t#e #i$#er t#eran$e of a cell)


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ri$inally, GSM was mainly intended totrans(ort 3oice as a so-called circuitswitc#ed ser3ice, a %ed connection isestablis#ed and a %ed amount ofbandwidt# is reser3ed durin$ t#e w#ole callw#ic# cannot be used by ot#er subscribers)

4n order to (lace a (#one call, a connection#as to be establis#ed on t#e RadioInterface from t#e mobile (#one to t#e>adio Network, a so-called cannel)

*#ere are ! c#annels (er radio fre;uency) *#enumber of c#annels a sin$le antenna can ser3ede(ends on t#e number of fre;uencies it (ossesses)

*#e >adio Networks (ro3ides access to t#eusers6 mobiles 3ia se3eral antennas or !"S +!ase "ranscei#er Stations)

ac# antenna ser3es a s(eci%ed area, w#ic#is called a cell or sector)

*#e antennas are (ositioned in suct#at ad$acent cells o3erla( at t#eto (ro3ide an uninterru(ted connecconnectin$ t#e closest antenna)


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*#e Base Stations and t#eir antennas arecontrolled by t#eir res(ecti3e !aseStation Controller (!SC))

*#e BSC collects t#e traDc of its

corres(ondin$ Base Stations and forwardst#is traDc to t#e Core Network) 4t also(erforms controllin$ tasks for t#econnections)

*#e GSM Core Network consists of t#eMobile Switcin% Center +MSC t#atswitc# t#e (#one calls t#rou$# t#e network and se3eral databases)

MSCs w#ic# (ro3ide access to eternaltele(#one networks are called GatewayMSCs)

Besides routin$ t#e (#one calls, t#e MSC isalso res(onsible for user mana$ementw#en (erformin$ a (#one call and billin$information)



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4n order to (erform all tasks re$ardin$ usermana$ement, t#e MSC needs access to all rele3antinformation)

*#is information is stored in di?erent &atabases belon$in$ to t#e Core Network.

• *#e subscriber (#one number w#ic# corres(onds to t#eMobile Subscriber 4dentity +4MS4

• C#ar$in$ information about t#e user and accessibleser3ices for t#e user

• 8#ere t#e user is located in order to route an incomin$call)

ne im(ortant feature of GSM is t#e unlimited

mobility maintainin$ a call) *#e call is notinterru(ted w#en mo3in$ from t#e co3era$e area ofone cell to anot#er)

*#e call #as been #anded from one cell to anot#er Et#is (rocess is called a ando#er)



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Summary

GSM is t#e %rst mobile network truly reac#in$ t#e masses) 7nlimited mobility wit#in t#e neinternational co3era$e, Messa$in$ ser3ices, Mobile 4nternet, and Mobile Solutions make GSlife)

*#e GSM network consists of t#e followin$ (arts.

• Mobile Station E Mobile (#one and t#e S4M Card

• Radio Network E enablin$ access for t#e mobile (#ones to t#e Core Network

• Core Network E switc#in$ tasks and call #andlin$

*#ree basic (rocedures illustrate t#e (rinci(le of GSM.

• 'ocation pdate E informin$ t#e Core Network about t#e location of t#e user

• Call Setup E locatin$ t#e user and establis#in$ a connection

• ando#er E (ro3idin$ mobility w#ile makin$ a call



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G*RSGeneral Aacket >adio Ser3ice

GSM was mainly intended for 3oice ser3ices)

*o increase t#e data rate in eistin$ GSM networks,

G*RS (General *acket Radio Ser#ice) wasintroduced)

GA>S is t#e link to 'G, t#erefore it is also called+,-G)

GA>S (ro3ides access to t#e 4nternet and ot#er dataser3ices for mobile users)

G*RS features.• i$#er data transmission rates• C#ar$in$ Feibility• :lways on functionality• n#anced a((lications and ser3ices



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Classical (#one networks are so called circuitswitc#ed networks.

• ac# user establis#es a HcircuitI or c#annel w#ensettin$ u( t#e call

• *#e allocated resources are eclusi3ely reser3ed for t#eindi3idual user for t#e entire duration of t#e call

• *#ese indi3idually allocated c#annels are dedicated

c#annels)

GA>S introduces a more eDcient watransmission) *#ese connections aroriented, data is se$mented and trasmall data (ackets)

• GSM o?ers minimum u(link data ra• GA>S o?ers a t#eoretical maimum

to 90)0 kbitJs)

4n order to obtain #i$#er data rates c#annels can be bundled and used by one or se3eral users)



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*#e data transmission cannels can be classi%edin two ty(es.

• @ata c#annels trans(ortin$ data (ackets from t#emobile (#one to t#e network are called Hu(linkc#annelsI)

• @ata c#annels trans(ortin$ data (ackets from t#enetwork to t#e mobile (#one are called Hdownlinkc#annelsI)

GA>S su((orts transmission rates of )=, 1')9, 15)=,and 21)9 kbits for eac# data c#annel accordin$ly tot#e c#annel ;uality)

• GSM o?ers minimum u(link data rates )= kbitJs• GA>S o?ers a t#eoretical maimum u(link data rate u(

to 90)0 kbitJs)

*#e mobiles are classi%ed by its so classI and nowadays mostly in use w#ic# means t#at t#ey su((ort u( t

• 2 c#annels in t#e u(link and ' in t#• 1 c#annel in t#e u(link and u( to 9

downlink• can recei3e u( to 21)9 kbits on eac• maimum data rate of !5)= kbits w

c#annels in t#e downlink• 92)! kbits w#en bundlin$ two c#ann



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:ll mobile networks #a3e basically t#e samestructure and are com(osed of two (arts.

• *#e Core Network controls your call, transmits your3oice calls and data, and forwards it to eternalnetworks, suc# as ot#er tele(#one networks or t#e4nternet)

• *#e Radio Network (ro3ides t#e user access to t#e

network from t#e mobile de3ices) *#e >adio Networkconsists of many B*S and BSC)

*o u($rade a GSM network to su((ort GA>S,re$ardin$ >adio Network, only a software u($radeand a sin$le module in t#e BSC is necessary +lesse(ensi3e solution t#an 'G)

owe3er, a new Core Network is re;uired to #andlet#e data (ackets in GA>S.

• Ser3in$ GA>S Su((ort Node E SGSN• Gateway GA>S Su((ort Node E GGSN


*#e SGSN is res(onsible for t#e data traDc of all users wit#in a carea)

• aut#entication of users• switc#in$ of data traDc• storin$ of c#ar$in$ information• encry(tin$ t#e data connection

*#e GGSN acts as $ateway betwnetwork and t#e 4nternet and ot#networks)


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E&GEn#anced @ata for GSM 3olution

*#e (erformance and data rate of GSM can befurt#er en#anced wit# t#e introduction of @G+n#anced @ata for GSM 3olution) 8#en a((liedto GA>S, @G is referred to as -GA>S)

-GA>S o?ers a 3ariety of bene%ts.

• Si$ni%cantly increased data rates com(ared to GA>S• i$#er ca(acity of t#e network• Based on t#e eistin$ GA>S infrastructure

8#ereas GA>S o?ers maimum data rates of u( to90)0 LbitJs, GA>S o?ers u( to +/0,1 2bit3s)

*#at means -GA>S o?ers data rates for sin$leusers w#ic# are #i$# enou$# to enable ser3icesw#ic# normally are only (ossible wit# 'G systems)



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-GA>S is based on GA>S, it combines u( to ei$#tc#annels and almost tri(les t#e data rate bytrans(ortin$ t#ree bits at a time instead of one bit)

nly minor c#an$es are necessary in t#e GA>Snetwork to su((ort @G.

• n t#e #ardware side t#e transcei3ers in t#eBase Station, w#ic# are res(onsible fortransformin$ t#e bits into a wa3eform, area?ected by @G)

• *#at means t#e network o(erator #as tode(loy transcei3ers, w#ic# su((ort @G)

• t#erwise, only a software u($rade isnecessary in order to su((ort @G)



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Summary

G*RS is a tec#nolo$y w#ic# enables mobile 4nternet access and use of mobile data ser3icac#ie3es muc# #i$#er data transfer s(eeds t#an ori$inal GSM because .

• GA>S (ro3ides #i$#er bit-rates (er c#annel• GA>S lets subscribers use more t#an one c#annel in (arallel• GA>S lets subscribers s#are c#annels

• GA>S transmits data in (ackets rat#er t#an settin$ u( connections

S#arin$ of c#annels means subscribers can $et access w#en t#ey need it rat#er t#an waitc#annels to become free) Because GA>S is (acket based, users can enoy always on acc4nternet and c#ar$in$ is based on t#e 3olume of data transferred rat#er t#an on connectiois t#e brid$e to #i$# s(eed 2)5G, 'G and 9G ser3ices from (erators and 4nternet-based s(ro3iders)

E&GE is an u($rade for eistin$ GA>S networks, (ro3idin$ distinctly #i$#er data rates u( t *#erefore it is also called GA>S) nly minor c#an$es are necessary in eistin$ GA>S netw(erform an u($rade to GA>S, so is an ine(ensi3e way to (ro3ide co3era$e wit# #i$#er dre$ions w#ic# are not yet co3ered by 7M*S)

*#e main di?erence between GA>S and GA>S lies wit#in t#e used modulation. GA>S caat a time com(ared to one bit in GA>S) Conse;uently, t#e data rate is almost tri(led)


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E4ercise


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BSS Radio Network


BSC "ardware and Functionalit


Introduction

Abis and MML

BSS !er!iew

Commissioning


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GSM Subsystems

*#e GSM network is functionally di3ided into fourelements.

• !ase Station Subsystem (!SS) is one of t#emain functional elements of t#e GSM network)

• *#e Network Switcin% Subsystem (NSS)• G*RS Core Network to SGSN (*acket Core)• 5peration and Support System (5SS) or

Network Ser3ice and Mana$ement Subsystem+NMS, (ro3ided by Net:ct)

*#e actual network needed for establis#in$ calls iscom(osed by t#e NSS and t#e BSS)

*#e !SS is res(onsible for radio (at# control and e3erycall is connected t#rou$# t#e BSS )

*#e NSS takes care of call control functions) Calls arealways connected by and t#rou$# t#e NSS)

*#e 5SS is t#e o(eration and maintenance related (artof t#e network and it is needed for t#e control of t#ew#ole GSM network) *#e network o(erator obser3es andmaintains network ;uality +LA4s and ser3ice o?eredt#rou$# t#e SS)


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5peration and Support System (5SS)

*#e (ur(ose of t#e SS is to monitor 3arious functions andelements of t#e network)

*#e o(erator workstations are connected to t#e database and

communication ser3ers 3ia a /ocal :rea Network +/:N)

*#e database ser3er stores t#e mana$ement information aboutt#e network)

*#ese communications are carried o3er a @ata CommunicationsNetwork +@CN, w#ic# connects to t#e SS 3ia a router)

*#e functions of t#e SS can be di3ided into t#ree cate$ories.

• ault mana$ement•

Con%$uration mana$ement• Aerformance mana$ement

*#ese functions co3er t#e w#ole of t#e GSM network elementsfrom t#e le3el of indi3idual B*Ss, u( to MSCs and @atabases)



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Network Switcin% Subsystem (NSS)

NSS or Core Network is t#e com(onent of a GSMsystem t#at carries out call switc#in$ and mobilitymana$ement functions for mobile (#ones roamin$on t#e network of base stations)

*#e main functions of NSS are.

• Call control. *#is identi%es t#e subscriber, establis#esa call, and clears t#e connection after t#e con3ersationis o3er)

• Car%in%. *#is collects t#e c#ar$in$ in formation abouta call +t#e numbers of t#e caller and t#e calledsubscriber, t#e time and ty(e of t#e transaction, etc)and transfers it to t#e Billin$ Centre)

• Mobility mana%ement. *#is maintains informationabout t#e subscriber6s location)• Si%nalin%. *#is a((lies to interfaces wit# t#e BSS and

AS*N)• Subscriber data andlin%. *#is is t#e (ermanent

data stora$e in t#e /> and tem(orary stora$e ofrele3ant data in t#e />)



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*#e NSS ori$inally consisted of t#e circuit6switced core network, used for traditional GSMser3ices suc# as 3oice calls, SMS, and circuitswitc#ed data calls)

4t was etended wit# an o3erlay arc#itecture to(ro3ide packet6switced data ser3ices known ast#e GA>S core network) *#is allows mobile (#onesto #a3e access to ser3ices suc# as 8:A, MMS, andt#e 4nternet)

*#e Switcin% Core Network (SCN) com(rises

network elements t#at im(lement CS ser3ices +e)$)3oice calls, like Multimedia Gateway +MG8, Mobileswitc#in$ centre ser3er +MSS)

*acket Core Network (*CN), on t#e ot#er #and,su((orts AS data connections to eternal networks+e)$) 4nternet)



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*#e Network Switc#in$ Subsystem +NSS containst#e network elements MSC, />, />, :C and 4>)

MSC (Mobile ser#ices Switcin% Centre).

• controllin$ calls in t#e mobile network• identi%es t#e ori$in and destination of a call as well as

t#e ty(e of a call• 4s t#e initiation of (a$in$ w#ic# is t#e (rocess of

locatin$ a (articular mobile station in case of a mobileterminated call +a call to a mobile station

• c#ar$in$ data collection)

7'R (7isitor 'ocation Re%ister). is a databasew#ic# contains.

• information about subscribers currently bein$ in t#eser3ice area of t#e MSCJ/> +identi%cation numbers,aut#entication of t#e S4M and ci(#erin$, ser3ices t#atcan be used

• 8#en a mobile station comes to a new MSCJ/>ser3in$ area, it must re$ister itself in t#e />,re$isterin$ and u(datin$ its location

• *#e /> database is tem(orary)


'R (ome 'ocation Re%ist

• (ermanent re$ister of t#e sub• kee(s track of t#e current loca

customers) *#e MSC asks for from t#e /> if a call is to be s

station• :ut#entication Centre +:C an

4dentity >e$ister +4>, are loc

8C (8utentication Centr

• (ro3ides security information t#at we can 3erify t#e S4M car

• aut#entication between t#e mt#e />, and ci(#er t#e informbetween t#e MS and t#e Base

+air interface)

EIR (Equipment Identity

• used for security reasons• is res(onsible for 4M4 c#eckin

3alidity of t#e mobile e;ui(me• is an o(tional (rocedure, so i

o(erator to de%ne if and w#en(erformed) +Some o(erators dim(lement t#e 4> at all)


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G*RS Network Elements

*#e GA>S system brin$s some new networkelements to an eistin$ GSM network) *#eseelements are.

• Aacket Control 7nit +AC7

• Ser3in$ GA>S Su((ort Node +SGSN. t#e MSC of t#eGA>S network

• Gateway GA>S Su((ort Node +GGSN. $ateway toeternal networks

• C#ar$in$ Gateway +CG

• @omain Name System +@NS

• irewalls. used w#ere3er a connection to an eternalnetwork is re;uired)


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S i S b ( SS)


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!ase Station Subsystem (!SS)

*#e !ase Station Subsystem is res(onsible formana$in$ t#e radio network and it is controlled by anMSC)

*#e main function of te !SS is to connect t#esubscriberOs mobile station +MS to t#e GSM networkand (ro3ide connections to t#e mobile switc#in$ centre+MSC, and to GA>S core network, ser3in$ GA>Ssu((ort node +SGSN) *#e BSS also takes care of t#emobility mana$ement of t#e cellular network includin$,for eam(le, #ando3er mana$ement and 3ariousmeasurements)

*asks.

• Radio pat control. *#e BSS is t#e (art of t#e network

takin$ care of radio resources, t#at is, radio c#annelallocation and ;uality of t#e radio connection)

• Syncroni9ation. *#e BSS uses #ierarc#icalsync#roni


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!SS Network Elements


*#e !SC (!ase Station Controller) is t#e centralnetwork element of t#e BSS and it controls t#e radionetwork)

Main tasks.

• Connection establis#ment between t#e MS and t#e NSS• Mobility mana$ement• Statistical raw data collection• :ir- and :-interface si$nalin$ su((ort• B*S and *C control

*#e !"S (!ase "ranscei#er Station) is t#e networkelement res(onsible for maintainin$ t#e air interfaceand minimi


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"ranscoderncodin$ and @ecodin$

:ccordin$ to GSM 00 and GSM 1!00 s(eci%cations,t#e bit rate in t#e air interface is ;/ LbitsJs +fullrate, en#anced full rate and t#e bit rate in t#eMobile ser3ices Switc#in$ Centre +MSC and AS*N

interface is 0


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!SS NetworkElements

!ase "ranscei#er Station= !"S

• timin$ Broadcast Control C#annelsCommon Control C#annels +CCC

• forwardin$ MS and B*S measurem

• detectin$ >:Cs +>andom :ccess MS

• c#annel codin$ and decodin$ on t• interlea3in$ and de-interlea3in$ o• encry(tion and decry(tion on t#e • (erformin$ fre;uency #o((in$• GMSL modulation, demodulation,

and (ower am(lifyin$• transmitter > si$nal combinin$• recei3er > si$nal %lterin$, am(lify

multicou(lin$• re(ortin$ idle traDc c#annel ;ualit

"ransmission nit "R

• (ro3ides :bis interface• reallocates t#e *raDc and si$nalin

!ase Station Controller= !SC

• terrestrial c#annel mana$ement• con%$uration and mana$ement of traDc c#annels• fre;uency #o((in$ control• Aa$in$• B*S and MS (ower control• idle c#annel ;uality monitor• ;uality and %eld stren$t# control for acti3e c#annels• #ando3er control• maintenance of B*S J BSC J *C• interfaces to t#e SS J B*S J *C J SGSN

"ranscoder= "CSM

• considered as (art of t#e BSC• normally at t#e MSC site• used for con3ertin$ t#e bit rate of traDc c#annels

between =9 and 1= LbitJs• s(eec# acti3ity detection• framin$ and sync#roni


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!SS Interfaces

8 Interface : 'e%acy

• /ocated between t#e MSC or MG8 and t#e BSC) 4tis used for carryin$ traDc c#annels and t#e BSS:Auser (art of t#e SS stack)

• Between t#e MSC and t#e *CSM, a (#ysical :

interface used to consist of ACM lines or o(ticallines between network elements)

• 8it# t#e introduction of t#e :o4A, t#e :-interfacebetween BSC and MG8 can also be based on4AJt#ernet)

8ter Interface : 'e%acy

• *#e :ter interface connects t#e *CSM to t#e BSCand carries t#e com(ressed J multi(leed s(eec#c#annels)

• : (#ysical interface consists of ACM lines, (acketnetwork +A8 CSoASN or *@M o(tical linesbetween network elements)

• Aacket :ter interface is an 4A based BSS internalinterface between t#e Multicontroller BSC andMulticontroller *ranscoder +mc*C)


!SS Interfaces


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!SS Interfaces

8bis Interfaces

• 4s a closed interface between t#e B*S and t#e BSC• *#e (#ysical interface used can be a ACM line or t#ernet) 7ses *@M sub-c#annels for traDc +*C, /:

su(er3ision and telecom si$nallin$, and carries sync#roniRS4G


8bis "ransport Concept.

Aacket :bis o3er *@M. ACM is used for trans(ort+4A o3er Circuit Switc#ed Network

Aacket :bis o3er t#ernet. t#ernet is used fortrans(ort +4A o3er Aacket Switc#ed Network)/e$acy :bis o3er *@M J t#ernet. ACM or ACMo3er t#ernet +CSoASN is used for trans(ort

!SS Interfaces


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!SS Interfaces

Gb Interface

4s an o(en interface between a BSC and a Ser3in$GA>S Su((ort Node +SGSN in t#e GA>S Corenetwork) 4t may be im(lemented usin$ rame >elay+> or 4A transmission)

>rame Relay 5ptions

*#e rame >elay can be eit#er (oint-to-(oint +AC7 E SGSN ort#ere can be a rame >elay network located between t#e BSCand t#e SGSN)

: Gb interface Bearer c#annel can use 1 to '1=9kbitJs timeslots)

*#e followin$ %$ure dis(lays eam(les of t#e Gb interfacetransmission solutions.

1 S(are ca(acity of t#e :ter and t#e : interfaces is usedfor t#e Gb interface) *#e Gb timeslots are trans(arentlyt#rou$# connected in t#e *CSM and in t#e MSC

2 : transmission network (ro3ides a (oint-to-(ointconnection between t#e BSC and t#e SGSN)

' : rame >elay network is used9 *#e BSC and t#e SGSN are connected 3ia an 4A Network

- Gb o#er I* Connection


!SS Interfaces


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!SS Interfaces

m= Radio or 8ir Interface

*#e o(en-air interface between t#e MS and t#e B*S)

*#is interface uses /:A@m (rotocol for si$nalin$, toconduct call control, measurement re(ortin$,

#ando3er, (ower control, aut#entication,aut#ori:C. >andom :ccess C#annel


!SS Interfaces


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!SS Interfaces

8 interface. between MSC and *CSM

- 2 MbitJs interface

8ter interface. between *CSM and BSC


8bis interface. between BSC and B*S


- structure de(ends on t#e connection ty(e andsi$nallin$ +=9 kbitJs, '2 kbitJs or 1= kbitJs used

8ir interface. between B*S and MS

- *@M: frame for sendin$ si$nals intended for

3arious users on t#e same radio fre;uency indi?erent time slots)

Gb interface. between SGSN and BSC

- rame >elay Arotocol on 2 MbitJs interface

- or Gb o3er 4A


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Implementation Scenarios


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Implementation Scenarios: o3er 4A Conce(t

*#ere are two arc#itecture o(tions w#en 4A is used on t#e : 4nterface.

• *ranscoder function is located in t#e BSS +t#at is, t#e standard GSM arc#itecture) *#e *ranscoder is t#e : o(oint) *#e G)11 J >*A J 4A (rotocol is em(loyed)

• *ranscoder function is located in t#e Core Network +t#at is, t#e 'G network arc#itecture) *#e BSC is t#e : o(oint) :t t#e same time, t#e BSC #ides t#e mobility from t#e Core Network)

E4ercise


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E4ercise


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BSS Radio Network



Abis and MML

Introduction

Commissioning

BSS !er!iew

BSC "ardware and Functionalit#

Radio Interface


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ad o e ace *asks

• Modulation anddemodulation

• ramin$

• C#annel codin$• Con$estion control

• Medium access control

• Sync#ronisation

• Multi(lein$

• Multi-access

• *imin$ ad3ance• Aower control

• Se$mentation

• 4nterlea3in$

• ando3er

• Ci(#erin$• Auncturin$

• Si$nalmeasurement

'ayers


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y

*#e si$nalin$ (rotocol in GSM is structured into t#ree$eneral layers.

• /ayer 1 is t#e (#ysical layer, w#ic# uses t#e

c#annel structures o3er t#e air interface)

4ts (ur(ose is to #andle t#e transmission andrece(tion of data t#rou$# t#e (rotocolOs de%ned(#ysical c#annels)

• /ayer 2 is t#e data link layer

• /ayer ' is t#e Network layer +>adio >esourcesMana$ement, Mobility Mana$ement, ConnectionMana$ement


Cannel or%anisation in GSM3G*RS


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%

4n GSM, 25 M< s(ectrum #as been fre;uency di3ided into 129 bands, eac# #a3in$ a bank&M8. re;uency @i3ision Multi(le :ccess• "&M8. *ime @i3ision Multi(le :ccess

"ime &i#ision Multiple 8ccess ("&M8), is a met#od of s#arin$ a resource +in t#is case

*ysical cannel and "&M86>rame


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y

*#e transmission between networkelements is or$anised in 125 s timeframes w#ic# is subdi3ided in /+ timeslots)

*ime slot number 0 is re;uired

sync#ronisation and alarms)

*#en '1 time slots are left for user datatrans(ort)

)

ac# time slot 4f a s(eec# caltime slots can subscriber) *#eslots can be alcalls)

"ime slots and bursts


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4n *ime @i3ision Multi(le :ccess +*@M: one fre;uency is s#ared by, at t#e most, ei$#t use

: + Mbit3s *CM si%nal can carry /; cannels, eac# c#annel occu(yin$ 0< 2bits3s) *#emobile stations must be (laced into a 2 MbitJs si$nal t#at connects t#e B*S and t#e BSC)

ac# timeslot is referred to as a pysical cannel as information can be transmitted in it

4t is (ossible to sare a (#ysical c#annel amon$st many (rocesses or users) *#ese are reflo%ical cannels,

ac# mobile station must send a burst +one *@M: timeslot of data at adi?erent time to all t#e ot#er mobilestations in t#e same cell)

*#e mobile t#en falls silent for t#e netse3en timeslots and t#en sends t#e netburst and so on)

GSM : lo%ical cannels


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'o%ical cannels im(ly (artial use of (#ysical c#annels by many sources) *#us eac# (#yc#annel can contain a number of lo$ical c#annels) ac# lo$ical c#annel (erforms a well-s(

GSM : lo%ical cannels


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Control cannels (

• re;uency correc• Sync#ronisin$ c#• !roadcast comm

Common contro

• Aa$in$ c#annels • Random access• :ccess $rant c#a

&edicated Control

•Standalone ded(S&CC)

• Slow associated c• ast associated c

"ra?c cannels

Common Cannels


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!roadcast Cannels

>requency Correction Cannel (>CC)

• Aure sine wa3e)• *#e MS searc#es for t#is c#annels to switc# on)• @ownlink)

Syncronisation Cannel (SC)

• :fter lockin$ to t#e fre;uency t#e MS sync#ronises wit#t#e SC)

• *#e SC contains t#e BS4C of t#e B*S and t#e *@M:frame number +used in encry(tion)

!roadcast Control Cannel (!CC)

Common information about t#e B *S.

• 7sed fre;uencies• re;uency #o((in$ se;uence• C#annel combination• Aa$in$ $rou(s• Surroundin$ cell information


Common control cannels

*a%in% Cannel (*C)

• 7sed by B*S to (a$e a mobile)• : downlink c#annel only

Random 8ccess Cannel (R8C• 7sed by t#e MS to re;uest a dedic• 7sed for e)$) mobile ori$inated ca• :n u(link c#annel only

8ccess Grant Cannel (8GC)

• 7sed by t#e B*S to assi$n a dedic• : downlink c#annel only

&edicated Cannels


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&edicated control cannels

Stand 8lone &edicated Control Cannel(S&CC)

• Bi-directional c#annel)• 7sed for call set-u( (rocedures, e)$) aut#entication)•

*#e traDc c#annel +*C is assi$ned by usin$ S@CC

Slow 8ssociated Control Cannel (S8CC)

• :ssociated wit# S@CC and *C)• Measurement re(orts)• MS (ower control)• *imin$ ali$nment

>ast 8ssociated Control Cannel (>8CC)

• :ssociated wit# *C)• or ;uick control communication, e)$) #ando3er)• A#ysically re(laces 20 ms of s(eec#, Hstealin$ modeI


"ra?c Cannels

>ull Rate ("C3>)

• Bi-directional c#an• 7sed for s(eec# o• 7ser data bit rate

alf Rate ("C3)

• Bi-directional c#an• 7sed for s(eec# o• 7ser data bit rate

Enanced >ull Rate

• Bi-directional c#an• 7sed for #i$# ;ua

transmission)• 7ser data bit rate

Radio resource mana%ement ('ayer /): il bl f GA>S


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:3ailable resources for GA>S

• &edicate timeslots are eclusi3ely reser3ed for GA>StraDc and no CS traDc can be transmitted on t#em)

• &efault timeslots are by default for GA>S traDcc#annels t#at can be dynamically con%$ured to #andleCS load if needed)

• 8dditional timeslots by default carry CS traDc butcan be dynamically con%$ured into a GA>S timeslotw#en re;uired) @urin$ (eak GA>S traDc (eriods,additional c#annels are switc#ed to GA>S use, but onlyif t#e CS traDc load (ermits t#at to occur)

GSM timeslots are used for circuit switc#ed +CS traDc and assi$ned by t#e GSM network, for (acket switc#ed +AS traDc are assi$ned by t#e AC7)

Circuit switc#ed traDc #as (riority o3er (acket switc#ed traDc) But w#en t#ere are idle GSwould like to transmit as muc# AS traDc on it)

GA>S timeslots are classi%ed into dedicated, default and additional timeslots.

!ase "ranscei#er Station*>R


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*>R

*#e radio resources are t#e fre;uencies allocated tot#e Base Station)

*#e (articular #ardware element inside t#e B*Sres(onsible for transmittin$ and recei3in$ t#eseradio fre;uencies in eac# of t#e GSM c#annels+u(link and downlink to$et#er is a((ro(riatelynamed @transcei#er ("RA)@,

Base stations can use se3eral *>Rs, but t#ere is atleast one *>R t#at can carry common c#annels)

: lar$er traDc 3olume a?ects t#e number ofc#annel fre;uencies in a certain cell +*>Rs)


!ase "ranscei#er Station


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*#e ty(e and location of t#e B*S de(ends on t#ec#aracteristics of t#e surroundin$s)

4n city areas, cells are usually smaller t#an in t#ecountryside) *#e rule is t#at t#e #i$#er t#e

fre;uency, t#e smaller t#e siRs) *#ese *>Rs are t#en con%$ured into one, two or t#ree

cells)4f a B*S is con%$ured as one cell it is called an@omnidirectional !"SB +transmits and recei3es'=0 de$rees and if it is con%$ured as eit#er two ort#ree cells it is called a @sectorised !"SB,

Global Cell (arameters


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Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile NetworkCode (MNC)

*#e MCC de%nes t#e code of eac# country $loballyw#ile t#e MNC de%nes t#e uni;ue network code wit#ina country)

'ocation 8rea Code ('8C) *#e MSC ser3ice area #as been di3ided into se3eralsmaller areas, w#ic# are called location areas +/:)ac# location area #as a uni;ue number - a locationarea code +/:C - to identify t#e area) Aa$in$ a mobilein case of an incomin$ call is based on t#e locationarea)

Routin% 8rea Code (R8C)ne or more cells form a >outin$ :rea +>:, w#ic# is asubset of one /ocation :rea +/:) *#e >: is uni;uewit#in a /ocation :rea) ne >outin$ :rea is ser3ed byone SGSN)

Cell Identity (CI): location area may include se3eral BSCs, BCs andB*Ss) *#erefore, a uni;ue Cell identity +C4 is needed

to de%ne eac# indi3idual cell wit#in a location area)

/ocation :rea and >outin$ :reaMobility mana$ement in t#e GA>S network is #andled in a similar way to t#e eistin$ 3oice


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8#en creatin$ a >: t#e user identi%es t#e obli$atory(arameters.

• Mobile Country Code +MCC• Mobile Network Code +MNC• /ocation :rea Code +/:C

• >outin$ :rea Code +>:C

>outin$ area identi%cation +>:4. >:4 TMCCUMNCU/:CU>:C

*#e >: and t#e B*S are linked lo$ically to$et#er by t#e >:4)>outin$ :reas are created in t#e BSS >adio NetworkCon%$uration @atabase +BS@:*: and uses a ser3in$ AC7for t#e cell w#en t#e o(erator enables t#e GA>S traDc int#at cell)

R8I MCCDMNCD'8CDR8C(timal >outin$ :rea sioutin$ :rea sioutin$ :rea t#ere will be a lar$er number of>outin$ :rea u(dates)

Mobility mana$ement in t#e GA>S network is #andled in a similar way to t#e eistin$ 3oiceser3ice)

Re%ional 5r%ani9ation of G*RS


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Network Colour Code (NCC) and !ase station Colour C


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Network colour code (NCC)• 4n t#e 3icinity of country borders it is (ossible for t#e

mobile to recei3e t#e same fre;uency from bot# countries• NCC is used to de%ne w#ic# network a (articular fre;uency

belon$s to and from w#ic# a mobile $ets its ser3ice• *#e ran$e of NCC is between 0-

!ase station colour code (!CC)• 8it#in a national network, due to t#e limited number of

carriers, fre;uencies need to be reused often and mobilesrecei3e t#e same fre;uency from se3eral sources

• *#e BCC describes a $rou( of B*Ss usin$ a set offre;uencies -anot#er BCC is $i3en to t#e nei$#bourin$fre;uency set

• *#e ran$e of BCC is between 0-

NCC D !CC !SIC (!ase Station Identity Code)• BS4C is transmitted to mobiles on Sync#ronisation C#annel

+SC• *#e mobile decodes t#is information, and is t#erefore able

to lock onto t#e correct network and B*S +Tcell

ando#ers


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ando#er due to tra?c reasons

• 8#en t#e ca(acity of a cell nears its maimum, mobilestations in t#e (eri(#ery of t#e cell may be #andedo3er to nei$#bourin$ cell wit# lower traDc load)

• *#e MSC starts t#e (rocedure)

ando#er due to si%nal quality and stren%t

• 8#en a mobile subscriber is mo3in$ durin$ a call, #emay tra3el from one cell to anot#er)

• re;uency resources of (re3ious cells can not be usedany more)

• *#e mobile station is #anded o3er to t#e new cell)• *#e BSC controllin$ t#e current cell makes t#e decision

to (erform a #ando3er)• *#ere are four ty(es of t#ese #ando3ers.

o 4N*>:-BSC 4N*>:-C// :N@> +same cello 4N*>:-BSC 4N*>-C// :N@> +di?erent cellso 4N*>-BSC :N@>o 4N*>-MSC :N@>

ando#er cases

4N*>: BSC 4N*>: C// :N@> +same cell


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4N*>:-BSC 4N*>:-C// :N@> +same cellBetween two *S in t#e same carrier or two carriers in t#esame B*S

4N*>:-BSC 4N*>-C// :N@> +di?erent cellsBetween two carriers in di?erent B*S6s

4N*>-BSC 4N*>-C// :N@>Between two B*S6s in di?erent BSCs 3ia MSC

4N*>-MSC :N@>Between two BSCs in di?erent MSCs

4nter-BSC and 4nter-MSC #ando3er are determined by t#e BSC buteecuted by t#e MSC +si$nallin$ and call control needed

4nter-system #ando3er GSM-7M*Srom GSM BSS to 7*>:N and from 7*>:N to GSM BSS

ModulationGSM uses di$ital tec#ni;ues w#ere t#e s(eec# and control information are re(resented by


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:nalo$ue si$nals #a3e t#ree basic (ro(erties, sot#ere are basically t#ree ty(es of modulation

(rocesses in common use.• am(litude modulation• fre;uency modulation• (#ase modulation

GMS2 (Gaussian Minimum Sift

*#e GMSL modulation sc#eme is us

G*RS as it (ro3ides minimum s(ecand constant out(ut (ower) 4n t#is sre(resented by one symbol)

*#e 1*S2 modulation sc#eme is u

*#is modulation sc#eme is t#ree timGMSL) *#e transmitted symbols aresinusoids, w#ic# #a3e t#e same am

fre;uency but di?er in (#ase)

GSM uses di$ital tec#ni;ues w#ere t#e s(eec# and control information are re(resented byalterin$ t#e c#aracteristic of a radio si$nal for e3ery bit in t#e di$ital si$nal, we can translsi$nal into a bit stream in t#e fre;uency domain) *#is tec#ni;ue is called modulation)

>adio Network bects!ase Station Controller (!SC) contains (arameters s(eci%c to t#e base station controller) *#ere


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=0 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

of t#is ty(e in t#e database)

!ase Control >unction (!C>) contains o(eratin$ and maintenance s(eci%c data of t#e B*S site)

!ase "ranscei#er Station (!"S) contains B*S (arameters) : B*SOs (arameters are di3ided into $rou(s. Common (arameters +se$ment-s(eci%c, w#ic# are used for all B*Ss in a se$ment and B*S(arameters)

: se$ment consists of at least one B*S or a $rou( of B*Ss t#at are ser3ed by one BCC)

ando#er Control (5C) contains (arameters w#ic# controls t#e #ando3er (rocedure)

*ower Control (*5C) contains (arameters w#ic# controls t#e (ower control (rocedure)

"ranscei#er ("RA) contains *>R s(eci%c data

Radio "imeslot (R"S') contains (arameters for t#e (#ysical radio timeslot

8d$acent GSM Cell (8&C) contains adacent-cell-s(eci%c (arameters) *#ere is an adacent cell o

adacent GSM cell)Mobile 8llocation >requency 'ist (M8') contains a list of t#e fre;uencies t#at t#e cell uses in +> #o((in$)

Routin% 8rea (R8) contains list of NS4s ser3icin$ t#e >outin$ :rea) >: is used for AC7 selection

Network Ser#ice Entity (NSE) contains information about maimum con%$uration and features

&ynamic 8bis *ool (&8*) contains information about cell allocation in :bis interface)

*acket Control nit (*C) contains information about AC7 address and ty(e)


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BSS Radio Network



Abis and MML

Introduction

Commissioning

BSS !er!iew


Initiatin% a mobile ori%inated call


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*#e Mobile Station user dials a number)

*#e ser3in$ MSC analyses t#e callin$ subscriber data)@e(endin$ on t#e subscriber data, t#e MSC will.

E autorise or deny te use of te network

E acti#ate te requested ser#iceE route te call,

4f t#e dialled number is an MS4S@N of anot#er MobileStation belon$in$ to t#e same network, an /> en;uiryis (erformed to obtain t#e MS>N)

E "e procedure is same as tat of a *S"Nori%inatin% call,

4f t#e dialled number is any ot#er number, t#e call isrouted out to t#e Aublic Switc#ed *ele(#one Network+AS*N 3ia t#e Gateway MSC)


GSM Call >low

*# % t t t bil ll i # % t t *# bil t# il bl


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=' © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

• *#e %rst (art to mobile call is w#en you %rst turnon your (#one)

• Vou $et to a nearby cell site, t#e cellular networkc#ecks your account)

• 4f you #a3e a 3alid tele(#one number and your

account is $ood t#en your call (roceeds)

• *o establis# a connection, a fre;uency is neededto transmit on)

• So t#e mobile tries to %nd out broadcastc#annels)

• : base station6s Broadcast Control C#annelcontinuously sends out identifyin$ information

about its cell site)• or t#e initial (eriod mobile acts as a recei3er

c#eckin$ for a si$nal from any base station wit#in t#e ran$e)

• *#e mobile scans t#e a3ailable measures t#e recei3ed le3el on

• inally t#e GSM system decides#andle t#e mobile station w#ic#cell site deli3erin$ t#e #i$#est s

t#e mobile)• *#en t#e mobile sync#roni


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$ $

2) *#e BSC allocates si$nalin$ c#annel usin$ :GC)

') 8#en t#e c#annel is allocated, it send its 4MS4 and /> is si$nedas busy)

9) *#e MS sends a call set-u( re;uest 3ia S@CC to t#e MSCJ/>)

3er S@CC all si$nalin$ (recedin$ a call takes (lace) *#isincludes.

• Markin$ t#e MS as Hacti3eI in t#e />

• *#e aut#entication (rocedure

• Start ci(#erin$

• ;ui(ment identi%cation

• C#eckin$ t#e called (arty6s number to t#e network

5) *#e MSCJ/> instructs t#e BSC to allocate an idle *C) *#e B*Sand t#e MS are told to tune to t#e *C)

=) *#e MSCJ/> forwards t#e called (arty number to an ec#an$ein t#e AS*N, w#ic# establis#es a connection to t#e subscriber)

) 4f t#e called subscriber answers, t#e connection is establis#ed)


Call andlin% in MSC

• : subscriber switc#es on #is (#one in an area w#ere


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a local o(erator (ro3ides network ser3ice)

• *#e area is connected t#rou$# an air interface tot#e />, w#ic# is inte$rated into t#e MSC)

• *#e #ome o(erator of t#e subscriber also needs to

know t#e location of t#e subscriber) *#erefore itmaintains anot#er re$ister E t#e />)

• *#e /> stores t#e basic data of t#e subscriber on a(ermanent basis) *#e only 3ariable information int#e /> is t#e current location of t#e subscriber +t#e/> address)

• *#e /> address is needed, because t#e /> needsto know from w#at MSCJ/> to ask for routin$

information in case of a mobile terminated call +acall to t#e mobile station)

• 8#en t#e subscriber mo3es to anot#er /> area, itsdata is erased from t#e old /> and stored in t#enew />)

• *#e transaction t#at enables t#e network to kee(track of t#e subscriber is called a location update,


ac# MSCJ/> ty(ically contains many locationareas) 8e can de%ne a /: as an area in w#ic# we

# f t# b ib i t# i ll f

Aa$in$ is a si$nal t#at is transmittein t#e /:) 4t contains t#e identi%cat

b ib *# id ti% ti i ll


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== © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

BTS

Paging

BTS

Mobile res$ondsto $aging

Location Area

Paging

searc# for t#e subscriber in case t#ere is a call for#im)

ac# /: is identi%ed by a 'ocation 8rea Identity('8I), and it #as t#e followin$ structure.

Now t#at we know t#e /: of t#e subscriber, we canstart searc#in$ for #im) *o locate t#e subscriber, apa%in% (rocess is initiated in t#e location area)

subscriber) *#e identi%cation is calluni;ue identity tem(orarily allocatemobile subscribers by t#e 3isitor loc

3en if t#e (a$in$ si$nal is recei3edmobile stations in t#e /:, only one

reco$nises t#e identi%cation and anconse;uence of t#is answer, a (oinconnection is establis#ed) Now t#e are connected, and traDc can be cat#e network)


"ypes of location updates

Aower n


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Aower n

:lso known as H4MS4 :ttac#I and H/ocation>e$istrationI

@one e3ery time a Mobile Station isswitc#ed on)

Generic

@one e3ery time a Mobile Station c#an$es alocation area)

Aeriodic

4s a feature w#ic# forces MS6s to send are$istration messa$e to t#e network at(rede%ned inter3als) 4f an MS miss are$istration, t#e network will mark t#e MSas detac#ed and ensures t#at needless(a$in$ is not (erformed)


Number of cannels required durin%call set6up (;)


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=! © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

• C#annel to transmit information to #el( t#e mobile station to tune into t#e network)

• C#annel to transmit sync#ronisation information)

• C#annel to transmit information about t#e network to #el( t#e mobile know aboutt#e fre;uencies bein$ used in its cell as well as in surroundin$ cells)

Number of cannels required durin%call set6up (+)


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• C#annel to transmit mobile station6s re;uest to initiate call set-u()

• C#annel to set u( a call)

• C#annel to transmit #ando3er information)

Number of cannels required durin%call set6up (/)


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• C#annel to (a$e t#e called (arty)

• C#annel to transmit measurements)

Conclusion. No c#annel left for con3ersationW

Solution. 8e must send more t#an one ty(e of information on a c#annel by s#arin$it)


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BSS !er!iew



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!SC 8rcitecture


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MCM7 E Marker and Cellular Mana$ement 7nit

• controls and su(er3ises t#e Bit Grou( Switc#• res(onsible for cells and radio c#annels t#at are

controlled by t#e BSC


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controlled by t#e BSC• reser3es and kee(s track of t#e radio resources

re;uested by t#e MSC and t#e #ando3er (rocedures oft#e BSC

• mana$es t#e con%$uration of t#e cellular network

BCS7 E BSC Si$nalin$ 7nit• *raDc 3olume• 4t consists of two (arts, w#ic# corres(ond to t#e : and

:bis interfaces.• *#e : interface. (erformin$ all messa$e #andlin$ and

(rocessin$ functions of t#e si$nalin$ c#annels connectedto it)

• *#e :bis interface. controls t#e air interface c#annelsassociated wit# transcei3ers +*>Rs and :bis si$nalin$c#annelsX e3ery s(eec# circuit on t#e :bis interface isma((ed one-to-one to a GSM-s(eci%c s(eec#Jdata

c#annel on t#e air interface)

M7 E (eratin$ and Maintenance 7nit

• traDc measurement functions• maintenance functions• system con%$uration administration functions• System mana$ement functions• /:N to(olo$y mana$ement"C#an$e information classi%cation in footer&

GS8 E Grou( Switc#

• con3eys t#e traDc (assin$ t#rou$# t#e BSC as well asswitc#in$ t#e tones to t#e subscribers of t#e ec#an$e

d # k i i


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and to t#e trunk circuits• establis#es t#e needed connections to t#e si$nalin$

units, t#e internal data transmission c#annels and t#esubmulti(leers +SM7R of t#e BSC

C/S +C/C - Clock and sync#roni


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Multicontroller Alatform combines a com(act and scalable#ardware (latform wit# modular and Feible radio networkcontroller software to create a network controller im(lementationwit# unri3alled modularity and s(ace eDciency)

ull 4A based Multicontroller Alatform enables nati3e su((ort for

BSC (acket trans(ort on all interfaces and can be con%$ured toser3e #i$# 3oice and data traDc 3olumes and mana$e #i$#number of cells)

Multicontroller BSC (ro3ides ca(acity for 9900 *>Rs)

8#en t#e need comes to ado(t a new tec#nolo$y, MulticontrollerBSC can be con3erted into a 'G Multicontroller >NC)

8it# full 4A-based Multicontroller BSC, all t#e interfacin$ are based

on 4A o3er t#ernet transmission - Aacket :bisJt#ernet, :o4A,Aacket :ter and GbJ4A) 8#en Multicontroller BSC is combined wit#lei BSC also *@M +time di3ision multi(le based interfaceo(tions are a3ailable for t#e le$acy radio network ser3ed by t#elei BSC (art in t#e combined lei BSC - Multicontroller BSCinstallation)



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Introduction

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BSS !er!iew


>le4i Multiradio !"S

lei Multiradio B*S is a base transcei3er station t#at is (art of t#e Nokia lei B*S (latfor


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lei Multiradio B*S is a base transcei3er station t#at is (art of t#e Nokia lei B*S (latfor8C@M: and /* networks)

*#e key beneFts of te >le4i MR !"S are.

• wide area co3era$e• a #i$#ly modular structure to allow maimum Feibility

for constructin$ a wide ran$e of di?erentcon%$urations)

• #i$# (ower and eDcient (ower am(li%ers• future-(roof desi$n• cost-eDcient site im(lementations• a li$#twei$#t solution)


>le4i Multiradio !"SModularity


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!0 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

Modularity was one of t#e key desi$n $oals of t#elei M> B*S) arious B*S solutions can beconstructed usin$ t#e followin$ modules andde3ices.

• ne system module t#at includes a transmissionsubmodule

• ne o(tional baseband etension module +basically asystem module wit#out t#e transmission submodule

• ne or two o(tional (ower su((ly modules• ne to t#ree > modules or o(tional remote radio

#eads +>>s, or wit# > c#ainin$ u( to 12 > modulesor remote radio #eads

• :n o(tional multiradio combiner• :n o(tional GAS mediator• (tional antenna line de3ices suc# as mast #ead

am(li%ers +M:s, tower mounted am(li%ers +*M:s,and remote electrical tilt +>* e;ui(ment)

>le4i Multiradio !"S4nstallation (tions


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*#e (ossible implementations include.

• outdoor installations +to( of t#e mast, base of t#e mast orroof of a buildin$

• indoor im(lementations +Foor rack installations, s(ace-limited site installations and ot#er indoor installations

• distributed B*S sites +minisites, feederless sites

>le4i Multiradio !"S@imensions


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*#e basic lei M> B*S modules +system module, >module, baseband etension module, and (owersu((ly module #a3e te same pysicaldimensions)

Mec#anically, t#e basic lei M> B*S modulesconsist of a core= a casin%= fans and cables)

&escription.

• 8idt# T 99! millimetres +standard 1 inc# rack• ei$#t T 1'' millimetres +'7

• de(t# T 900 millimetres wit#out t#e front co3er and59 millimetres wit# t#e front co3er installed)

• a3era$e wei$#t of a module is a((roimately 20 k$)

>le4i Multiradio !"SModules of t#e B*S


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!' © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

*#e minimum conF%uration of t#e lei M> B*Sincludes one system module and one R>module)

*#e interface between t#e system module and >

module is optical and allows t#e im(lementation ofa distributed B*S site w#ere t#e (#ysical location oft#e system module is not t#e same as t#e locationof t#e > module)

*#e system module can be located indoors in acellar, for eam(le, and t#e > module on t#e roofclose to t#e antenna) *#e remote radio ead, in(articular, enables easy mast, (ole or wall

installation)4t is (ossible to e(and t#e B*S by addin$ oneo(tional baseband e4tension module to t#esystem witc# can more t#an double t#e baseband(rocessin$ ca(acity)

>le4i Multiradio !"SModules of t#e B*S


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*#e tasks of te system module are. *este

• control (lane (rocessin$• centralised timin$• user-(lane (rocessin$• multi(lein$• Summin$• t#ernet switc#in$• trans(ort (rocessin$• (ro3idin$ eternal interfaces• (ower distribution)

*#e basic tasks of te R> module are. *este

• si$nal modulation• C#annelisin$

• analo$ue > (rocessin$• (ower am(li%cations• si$nal %lterin$ at t#e antenna interfaces)

>le4i Multiradio !"SAower su((ly


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*#e B*S can be furt#er e(andedby addin$ an o(tional (owersu((ly module)

*#is module (ro3ides 8C to &Ccon#ersion if direct current isnot a3ailable at t#e site)

4t is also (ossible to e;ui( t#e(ower su((ly module wit# u( tot#ree backu( batteries to ensure

B*S o(eration durin$ s#ort (owerbreaks)

>le4i Multiradio !"SSystem Module E GSM

*# l i M lti di S t M d l id t


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!= © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

*#e lei Multiradio System Module pro#ides teGSM3E&GE functionality to t#e B*S) 4t (ro3idesinternal and eternal B*S connections, and storesand runs t#e GSMJ@G B*S software)

*#e System Module also recei3es and stores t#e unitidenti%cation information of all ot#er units of t#eB*S) ESM! and ESMC System Modules su((ortcon%$urations of u( to ;1 and /0 *>Rs res(ecti3ely)

*#e main functions of te ESM!3C are.

• GSMJ@G B*S (eration and Maintenance• :bis interfacin$

• (en Base Station :rc#itecture 4nitiati3e +BS:4connecti3ity

• Aower distribution to ot#er modules• GSMJ@G baseband• B*S sync#roniA• :uiliary e;ui(ment interface

- Y1- lei Aower :larms

• /ocal Mana$ement Aort +/MA

>le4i Multiradio !"S *ransmission submodules GSM

*#e transmission sub-module is a se(arate sales item, since t#e sub-module ty(e may 3a


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• 1J*1 transmission sub-module +>I*8 - *#e 4A: o?ers ei$#tbalanced 1J*1-interfaces)

• 1 transmission sub-module +>IE8 - *#e 4: o?ers ei$#tunbalanced 1-interfaces)

• lebus transmission sub-module +>I>8 - *#e 4: o?ers twolebus interfaces connectin$ radio links t#at belon$ to t#e leio((er family) 4: can also be used for connectin$ ot#ertransmission de3ices su((ortin$ lebus interface)

• :bis o3er 4A t#ernet and 1J*1 +>I4 - *#e 4Y transmissionsub-module o?ers two ast t#ernet, one Gi$abit t#ernet and,

four balanced 1J*1 interfaces) *#e o(tical transcei3er module isre;uired for Gi$abit t#ernet)

• :bis o3er 4A t#ernet and 1 +>IH4 - *#e 4V transmission sub-module o?ers two ast t#ernet, one Gi$abit t#ernet and, fourunbalanced 1 interfaces) *#e o(tical transcei3er module isre;uired for Gi$abit t#ernet)

( y( yneeds of t#e (articular system) *#e sub-module is installed at t#e B*S site, w#ere it is intet#e system module)

*#e transmission submodule (ro3ides t#e : interface towards t#e BSC)

4n t#e (ro3ided transmission slot one of t#e followin$ transmission sub-modules can be us

>le4i Multiradio !"S> Module +R

*#e R> module can include one two or tree


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!! © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

*#e R> module can include one= two or treetranscei#ers or Bpipes)

ne transmitter and recei3er +one branc# can create onesector, desi$ned to concurrently transmit and recei#emulticarrier si$nals of multi(le radio tec#nolo$ies) 4tcontains two recei#e cains to (ro3ide t#e functionality of2-way recei3e di#ersity functionality)

4t is (ossible to cain up to / radio modules)

E4ternal and internal interfaces in R are.

• 9! @C in(ut• ternal :larm interface com(atible wit# A:• ' o(tical interfaces +BS:4 >A'-1• = :ntenna interfaces - ' du(leed and ' >R di3ersity• R@:JB, R:JB, R@Z #a3e ' >R di3ersity out(uts and

RCJR #as = > out(uts• 4nte$rated @C line A, Class 44 rated to 5k: (ulse +RB, 0

8 > Module 3ariants• >emote lectrical *ilt +>* su((ort +RB, 0 8 > Module

3ariants

>le4i Multiradio !"S>> E >emote >adio ead

*# t di # d +>> i f ll ti l R>


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*#e remote radio #ead +>> is a fully operational R>module t#at is easy to install on a mast, (ole, or wall))

4t can be installed u( to +JJ meters away from t#eot#er modules of t#e lei M> B*S or u( to ;-

kilometers, *#e dual6transmit (+"A) remote radio #ead isa3ailable for two fre;uency bands and o?ers 2 90 8out(ut (ower usin$ two multicarrier (ower am(li%ers+MCA: t#at can #andle u( to two carriers eac#)

*#e key beneFts of t#e remote radio #ead are.

• i$# out(ut (ower combined wit# small dimensions

and low (ower consum(tion• Are(ared for SA: 3olution and /* a((lications)• 4t can be (ro3ided @C or :C (ower locally• Su((orts RR cainin%, w#ere 1 SM can #andle u( to

' c#ains t#at contain u( to 9 remote radio #eads (erc#ain wit# a total maimum of 12 remote radio #eads)

5ter equipments

>* +>emote lectrical *ilt M: +Master e: li%


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:m(li%er


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BSS Radio Network



Abis and MML

Introduction

Commissioning

BSS !er!iew


'e%acy 8bis Interface

• *#e :bis is t#e interface bd t# B*S


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and t#e B*S)

• 4t is a 2 MbitJs interface)

• *#e ca(acity of t#e :bis inon t#e ty(e of Si$nallin$ +1=9kbitJs used between t#eB*S)

• *#e allocation of t#e c#ann:bis interface is free +*C successi3e timeslots)

• or @G con%$uration it6sde%ne dynamically :bis (okbitJs ste(s)

8bis Interface

ac# B*S #as one QM c#annel, M7S4G +or


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ac S as o e Q c a e , 7S G +oBCS4G.

• it is an /:A@ link connected to t#e BCunit in t#e B*S

• t#e bit rate is 1=, '2 or =9 kbitJs

ne *>R can #andle ! 1= kbitJs traDcc#annels +*Cs.

• it needs 2 ACM timeslots for *Cs in :bis

• 1 *>R #as 1 /:A@ link, *>RS4G wit# 1=,

'2 or =9 kbitJs bitrate


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Command Structure

*#ere are #undreds of commands, so to make it easier to work wit# t#em, t#ey are cate$ocommand $rou(s) *#e command $rou(s are furt#er $rou(ed into command classes) *#e c#ierarc#y is like a tree wit# branc#es n t#e main le3el t#ere is t#e list of command class


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#ierarc#y is like a tree wit# branc#es) n t#e main le3el t#ere is t#e list of command classcommand class is a list of command $rou(s) inally, t#e command $rou(s are lists of comm

: command consists of command letters and (arameters) Aarameters can be $rou(ed intoblocks) Aarameters blocks are se(arated wit# colons and (arameters belon$in$ to t#e sam

block are se(arated wit# commas) : command is terminated wit# a semi-colon) : return acolon eecutes t#e command)



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*#e command [, followed by a

;uestion mark, $i3es you t#e list oft#e command classes)

*o see t#e command $rou(s wit#ina command class, you would ty(et#e letter indicatin$ t#e commandclass)

or eam(le, [ :, followed by a;uestion mark, $i3es you t#e list ofcommand $rou(s wit#in t#e :larmSystem :dministration commandclass)

Radio Network Elements

BC Base Control unction, [)))

B*S B * i St ti [Y


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B*S Base *ranscei3er Station, [Y)))

S re;uency o((in$ System

*>R *ranscei3er, [>)))

*S/ >adio *ime Slots

B*S S8 B*S Software Aacka$e, [8)))

C ando3er Control Aarameters, [)))

AC Aower Control Aarameters, [7)))

:d) Cell :dacent Cells Aarameter, [:)))

7M*S :d) Cell 8B*S :dacent Cells Aarameter,[:)))


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!"S /

!"S ; !"S +

ZEE)))

ZEQ)))

Z

8 @atabase

B*S S8

B*S AowerControl

ZEU...

B-:

B*S-ando

ZEH

*>RS4G J BCS4G

ZDTI ZDSB

!SC

ZEV )))

ZEW )))

ZEF )))!C>

;

*>R 5 *>R 5

*>R 1 *>R 1

*>R 2 *>R 2

*>R ' *>R '

*>R = *>R =

*>R 9 *>R 9

sefull commands

nits states and alarms

[7S4X *o dis(lay units state

[:X :cti3e alarms in BSC

BCF, BTS, TRX Handling

ZEF_ BCF

ZEQ_ BTS

ZER_ TRX

ZE_S Change BCF, BTS, TRX state


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100



[:X :cti3e alarms in BSC

[/X :cti3e B*S alarms

[:AX BSC alarm #istory

[X B*S alarms #istory

*ysical layer (*CM monitorin%)

[:.*,"* 4nde&X ACM alarms

[V.*,"* 4nde&&X ACM state

[VM.*,"* 4nde&X ACM statistics

>or 8bis interface.

[@*4."@C#annel&.."ACMTACM number&X @is(lay@C#annel states

[4."BC or B*S&X @is(lay t#e >adio network +BC, B*S, *>R

[>."B*S&,"*>RX @is(lay t#e *>R con%$uration

[S4."@:A 4d& @is(lay @G dynamic (oolcon%$uration

>or 8 Interface.

[N*X @is(lay : interface information

[N4."Si$nallin$ Network&X @is(lay BS

[N>4."Si$nallin$ Network&X @is(lay ro

>or Gb interface and G*RS3E&GE.

[74X Bearer c#annel information

[R."NSC4&X NSC4 information

[Y>4X 4A con%$uration

[Y."B*S&.GA>SX C#eck GA>S at B*

[S4."@:A 4d&X @is(lay @G dynamic (

ceck and >allback

[8."BC&X C#eck BC S8

[8Y.C>X C#eck t#e BSC S8

E" Interface

4f necessary, c#an$e t#e workin$ state +[7SC to


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101


8-R)

4f t#e * is already connected, it #as a controllin$BCS7 +Base Station Controller Si$nalin$ 7nit and(rocess info) *#e controllin$ (rocess can be

• SCA>B. : interface

• :B4A>B. :bis interface

• >:*S. Gb interface

YM:N: means t#e * is not connected)

G*RS cell speciFc parameter

irst t#e o(erator #as to acti3ate t#e GA>S featurein t#e BSC wit# t#e cell- s(eci%c (arameter G*RSenable (GEN8) and de%ne w#ic# *>Rs are ca(able


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102


enable (GEN8) and de%ne w#ic# *>Rs are ca(ableof GA>S wit# t#e (arameter G*RS enabled "RA(G"RA )

*o acti3ate t#e GA>S feature, t#e o(erator uses t#eB*S-s(eci%c (arameter EG*RS enable (EGEN8) )

*#e B*S can contain bot# @G-ca(able and non-@G-ca(able *>Rs +8, if GA>S is disabled in t#enon-@G-ca(able *>Rs)

*#e o(erator needs to de%ne w#ic# *>Rs areca(able of GA>S wit# t#e (arameter GA>S enabled

*>R +G*>R )

*#e BSC can u($rade or down$rade t#e number ofradio resources allocated for GA>S use accordin$ tot#e 3aryin$ needs of t#e circuit switc#ed and GA>StraDc)


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10'



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E4ample


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105



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10=



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10


"RA 6 Cannels


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10!


E4ample

Ste(s to create t#e site.

Creatin$ site


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10


• @:A

• M7S4G

• /:A@

• BC

• B*S

• M:/ /4S*

• :ttac# M:/ /4S* to B*S

nce t#is ste(s are %nis#ed, con%rm t#e site6s features and if its unlocked usin$.

[4.BCT"bcf&X

• B*S Aarameters

• C and AC

• *>R

• Nei$#bours +4ncomin$ and ut$oin$ 'G)

• GA>S +GN: and GN:

• R*>N:/ :/:>MS

• 7nlock Site

E4ampleAre-c#ecks

Are-c#eck t#e site and realise if t#e some of t#e features are already created.

[4 BC "bcf& C#eck BC S#ould a((ear J] BC N* 7N@ ]J


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110


[4.BCT"bcf&X ----------- C#eck BC) S#ould a((ear. J] BC N* 7N@ ]J

[4.B*ST"bts&Q"bts&X --C#eck B*S) S#ould a((ear. J] B*S N* 7N@ ]J

[87A.*,"et&

[7S4.*,"et&X ---------------- C#eck if * is 8) 4f not +S-N.

[7SC.*,"et&.SX

[7SC.*,"et&.*X

[7SC.*,"et&.8X

[S4.4@T"da(&X ------------- C#eck @:A) *#ere s#ould be no information, @:A not yet eis

[4..BCS7X ----------------- Gi3es BCS7 information to distribute amon$ BC and /:A@

[R4.NS4T"nsei&X --------- Gi3es AS4 to create @:A

Commands

\@:A

[S.4@T"da(&,C>C*T"*&-"1^timeslot&,S4[T"timeslots&,AS4T" [R4.NS4T&X

[S.4@T'5= C>C*T1!9-1! S4[T AS4T12X


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111


[S.4@T'5=,C>C*T1!9-1!,S4[T,AS4T12X

\M7

[@S.M.BCS7," [4..BCS7X QM &.=2" QM,=2 ))) A>:*4N :N@ M:4N*N:NCA>C@7>SH&,1.'2+or 1.=9 T subtimeslots,"*&-"timeslot&,"column&X

[@S.M'9=.BCS7,'.=2,1.'2,1!9-'1,0X

\ /:A@

[@S."/:A@name&.BCS7,+[4..BCS7X @-C:NN/ */CM /4NLS.0 + 0 ))) S4GN://4N@:7/* :/7,"*>R&.'2 7 =9 +subtimeslots,"*&0, 2 or 9 +subtimeslotsX

[@S.*'9=1.BCS7,1.0,1.=9,1!9-2X

[@S.*'9=2.BCS7,2.0,2.'2,1!9-2!,0X

Elements\BC

[C., or M+T@G,TM7/*4>:@4.@N:MT+M7S4GX

[C.'5=,.@N:MTM'5=X


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112


\B*S

[YC.BCT,B*ST,N:MT+B*Sname,SGN:MT+SGname.C4T,B:N@T!00.NC,BCCT,MCCT,/:CT.AT> or N +>:@4 >Y7NCV or none,SN1T,SN2T

[YC.BCT'9=,B*ST'9=,N:MTG720!'1,SGN:MT:/B@C4M:R.C4T20!'1,B:N@T!2.MCCT90,MNCT1,/:CT102!.AT>,SN1T5,SN2T5.>:CT0X

\M:/ /ist

[B.M:/,,"band&.>YT" >Y1 &Q ">Y2&Q" >Y'&X

[B.M:/,',!00.>YT1'0Q159Q2'2X

:ttac# to M:/ list to B*S

[Y:.B*ST'9=.M:/T',MT0,MST1X

\C and AC

[C.SGT'9=X

[7C.SGT'9=X

\*>RS

[>C.B*ST,*>RT.A>TA or N +*>R A>>NC4:/ or not,G*>RTV or NX@:AT.*SCT"BC


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11'


C S , o + C o o ,G o X SC Cand followin$ *>R M:/>Y0, M:/>Y1&ACM*S/T"*&-"timeslot&.@N:MT"/:A@name&.C0T,C1T_CTX

[>C.B*ST'9=,*>RT1.A>TA,G*>RTV,@:AT'9=.*SCT1,>YT1'=,ACM*S/T1!9-1.@N:MT*'9=1.C0TMBCC,C1TS@CCB,C2TCCC,C'TS@CC,C9T*C@,C5T*C@,C@X

[>C.B*ST'9=,*>RT2.A>TN,G*>RTV,@:AT'9=.*SCT1,>YT1'0,ACM*S/T1!9-'.@N:MT*'9=2.C0T*C@,C1T*C@,C2T*C@,C'T*C@,C9T*C@,C5T*C@,C=T*C

\7N/CL

[@*C.M9=.8X

[@*C.*'9=1.8X[>S.B*ST'9=,*>RT1QQ9.7X

[YS.B*ST'9=.7X

\GA>S :N@ @G

[Y.B*ST'=.C@T1=,C@@T!,GN:TVX"C#an$e information classi%cation in footer&

E4erciseCreatin$ a Site on /abs6 lei BSC


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119



'8*&

K&SE.'8*&nameO.!CS=(KEEI..!CSP &6C8NNE' "E'EC5M 'IN2S).J (@ J ,,,SIGN8''ING *R5CE&RES= &E>8'" 78'E@)="RAO./+ 5 0<(subtimeslots)=E"OJ= + or < (subtimeslots)P

5MK&SE.5M44.!CS= KEEI..!CSP 5QM O.0+ 5QM=@0+ ,,, 5*ER8"I5N 8N&M8IN"EN8NCE *R5CE&RESBO=;./+(or ;.0< subtimeslots)=E"O6timeslotO=columnOP

!C>KE>C.444=M(M'"IR8&I5).&N8ME(5MSIG)P

!"SKEC.!C>444=!"S444.CI444=!8N&1JJ.NCC44=!CC44=MCC44='8C4444.5*R> or N (R8&I5 >REENCH or none).R8C44P

"RASKERC.!"S444="RA44.*RE>* or N ("RA *RE>ERENCI8' or not)=G"RAH orN."SC!CCO=>RE!CC and followin% "RA M8'>REJ=M8'>RE;O*CM"S'E"O6timeslotO.&N8ME'8*&nameO.CJ4444=C;4444C4444P

Commands

\/:A@

[@S.*0001.BCS7,0.0,1.'2,''-20,0X

[@S.*0002.BCS7,1.0,1.'2,''-20,9X

\M7S4G


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115


\M7S4G

[@S.M002.BCS7,1.=2,1.=9,''-'1X

\BC

[C.2,M.@N:MTM002X

\B*S

[YC.BCT2,B*ST2.C4T900=0,B:N@T!00.NCCT,BCCT'.MCCT2=!,MNCT0=,/:CT00100'1X

\*>R[>C.B*ST2,*>RT1.A>TA,G*>RTN.*SCT',>YT2'5,ACM*S/T''-1.@N:MT*0001.C0TMBCC,C1TS@CC,C2T*C@,C'T*C@,C9T*C@,C5T*CT*C@X

[>C.B*ST2,*>RT2.A>TN,G*>RTN.*SCT',>YT1'2,ACM*S/T''-'.@N:MT*0002.C0T*C@,C1T*C@,C2T*C@,C'T*C@,C9T*C@,C5T*C@,CT*C@X"C#an$e information classi%cation in footer&


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11=


BSS Radio Network



Abis and MML

Introduction

Commissioning

BSS !er!iew


Commissionin%Are(arin$ for Commissionin$

Before commissionin$, t#e pysical installation oft#e B*S +modules, cablin$, antennas and radios

b l d

Software needed in order to do csu(er3isin$ t#e lei Mutiradio isSi M + d


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11


must be com(leted)

Make sure a AC wit# +G >le4i !"S Site Mana%er

installed)*arameter #alues must be a3ailable to be entereddurin$ commissionin$) *#e (arameter 3alues are(ro3ided by t#e network (lannin$ (rocess)

!SC settin%s. t#e B*S site must already be createdat t#e BSC for commissionin$ to be successfullycom(leted)

"ransmission network setup. t#e transmission

link+s between t#e BSC and t#e B*S must alreadybe set u( so t#at t#ere is a transmission (at# fromt#e BSC to t#e B*S for all t#e :bis c#annels)

Site Mana$er +mandatory)

Software can be downloaded 3ia

Alease ensure t#at bot# mana$ebe com(atible wit# t#e software t#e B*S)

7ser can c#eck t#e com(atibilitycompatibility of Flei !"ltira#io BN@ or 4nformation Browser)


+G >le4i !"S Mana%erNokia Siemens Networks 2G lei B*S Site Mana$er

allows t#e B*S o(erators to.

Commission

C %


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11!


Con%$ure

Monitor t#e B*S

*#ese tasks are (erformed wit# o(tion.

at te !"S site (known as 'ocalConnection)

#ia communication from te 5SS system,

!SC site (known as Remote Connection))

2G lei B*S Site Mana$er is for maintainin$ andcommissionin$ lei Multiradio base transcei3erstations)


+G >le4i !"S Mana%er *o launc# t#e 2G lei B*S Mana$er user can click s#ortcuts in t#e Start Menu, and followicome u()


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11



+G >le4i !"S Mana%er


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120



>le4i +G !"S Site Mana%er window

*#e main functions of lei B*S mana$er are.

• B*S commissionin$

• B*S su(er3ision


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121



• B*S maintenance

• B*S testin$

4n main menu, t#e 3iew are.

• :larms

• Base Station

• Commissionin$

• Su(er3ision

• *ransmission

• *ests

Commissionin% Li9ard


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122



+G >le4i !"S Mana%erCommissionin$

*#e $ommi%%io&i&' Wi(ar# will $uideuser t#rou$# con%$uration) By clickin$


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user t#rou$# con%$uration) By clickin$net button t#e wi


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con%$ure #ariousradio modules,syncroni9ationmaster, and radiomasters

ardware ConF%uration/ocal Sector settin$


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con%$ure andassociate antennas ofonly one ty(e of >unit +>M to a(articular local sector

and s(ecify (er *>R(ower

ardware ConF%uration:ntenna Settin$s


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Select t#e antenna linesettin$s, s(ecify M:settin$s, (ro3ide informationfor feeder 3olta$e, feederloss, S8> minor and maorlimits for t#e selected

antenna

ardware ConF%uration>* settin$s


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con%$uration of >*s

in eit#er online or o`inemode

"ransmission *arameterA#ysical settin$s

Settin$ t#efunctionality of


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functionality ofinterface +1 or

*1

"ransmission *arameter:bis *ermination

• 4n Satellite 8bis, s(ecify ift#ere is a satellite circuit in


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t#ere is a satellite circuit int#e link between t#e B*S andt#e BSC

• Enable 8bis Si%nalMappin% allows t#e BSC todynamically (ro3ide t#e :bisallocations +*>RS4G, *C,@:A for a B*S

• 4f 8llow 8bis 8llocationsfrom !"S Mana%er is ticked+enabled, user can allocatet#e :bis allocations from t#eB*S Mana$er but t#eseallocations can be o3erriddenby t#e BSC

"ransmission *arameter:bis :llocation

• nter t#e :bis :llocation(arameters +M7S4G,*>RS4G, *C and @:A


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*>RS4G, *C and @:A

• 4f Enable 8bis Si%nal

Mappin% is c#osen, onlyM7S4G can be s(eci%ed, t#erest will be ma((in$ by t#eBSC

• 4f Enable 8bis Si%nalMappin% is c#osen and8llow 8bis 8llocationsfrom !"S Mana%er is ticked, all si$nalin$ can beallocated in :bis, but t#eseallocations can be o3erriddenby t#e BSC

SC> pre#iewSummary

• rom t#is summary, usercan c#eck w#et#er t#e


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can c#eck w#et#er t#ecommissionin$ ste( #as

been com(leted)• *#is can be c#ecked by

lookin$ at t#e indicationcolor of eac# ste(, %reen means ok, red means notcom(lete

Commissionin% completed


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8fter commissionin%


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Nsn 2g Gsm Basics

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