NSF Consortium of Resonance andRayleigh Lidars

• Consortium Description

• Science

• Technology

• Education and Training

• Community

• Budget and Challenges

• Infrastructure Improvements and Plans

Overview:

Description

What is CRRL?A university-based lidar consortium with applications tomiddle and upper atmosphere research.

Often a centerpiece instrument, the lidar technique providesthe most comprehensive measurement of range-resolved, neutralgas properties in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere.

Products:

The Na Wind/Temperature lidars have reached a level of robust and reliable operation whose measurements and scientific contributions makethem an essential community asset.0

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CRRL Director&

Steering Committee

University of ColoradoPI: Jeff Thayer

Collaborator: Jonathan Friedman, Arecibo Observatory

Who is CRRL?NWRAColorado Research Associates

PI: Dave FrittsCo-I:Biff WilliamsCoRAUIUC

University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignPI: Gary SwensonCo-I: Alan Liu

CU - CTC

University of ColoradoPI: Xinzhao ChuCo-I: Wentao Huang

CSU

Colorado State UniversityPI: Chiao-Yao (Joe) SheCo-Is: David Kruegerand Titus Yuan

Five CRRL PIsRichard CollinsJohn PlaneRolando Garcia

Sites

Where is CRRL?

Andoya, Norway

Cerro Pachon

CSUCU UIUC

CRRL Tech CenterSite: Boulder, ColoradoLocation: 40°N, 105°WElevation: 1655 m

CSU LidarSite: Fort Collins, ColoradoLocation: 41°N, 105°WElevation: 1570 m

CoRA LidarSite: Andoya, NorwayLocation: 69°N, 16°EElevation: 380 m

UIUC LidarSite (2008): Urbana, IllinoisLocation: 40°N, 88°WElevation: 225 mSite (2009): Cerro Pachón,ChileLocation: 30°S, 70°W,Elevation 2715 m

Science

Technology

Community

Education

MotivationCRRL: The Four Guiding Lights

ScienceTechnology

ScienceLeadership

ScienceDriver

ScienceCRRL: Science Elements

CRRL

ScienceProductivity

Science Leadership:Expertise in mesosphere and lower thermosphere neutral physics, dynamics and chemistry: non-linear wave dynamics, wave momentum fluxes, wind and thermal structure, metal chemistry, polar mesospheric clouds, climate trends…

Science Productivity:45 articles published in Applied Optics, JGR, GRL, JASTP, etc… in past two years

Science Technology:Technology developments have led to science advancements in other fields

Science Driver: Na W/T lidar is a centerpiece instrument attracting science campaigns,

spacecraft validation, and model verification - Rocket campaigns at SOR, White Sands, and Andoya - Leonid meteor shower campaign at Starfire Optical Range (SOR) - Multi-instrument collaboration at Maui-MALT, ALOMAR and

Cerro Pachon, Chile - CSU diurnal-cycle studies with TIME-GCM, HAMMONIA, and TIMED

SABER

ElementsCRRL: Science

• CSU Na lidar full-diurnal cycle observations of temperature, zonal and meridional wind from 2002 to 2006 allowed derivation of mean-state climatologies as well as diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal perturbations.

• Mean-state climatologies and semidiurnal tidal-period perturbations compared well to global circulation models and improved parameterizations of gravity wave sources and spectra.

ScienceMean-State and Tidal Temperature and Wind Climatologies

HighlightsScience

Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt, Climatology of mesopause region temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins, CO (41ºN, 105ºW) , and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03105, doi:10.1029/2007JD008697, 2008.

Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature, zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2007JD009687, in press, 2008.

references

Momentum Flux Studies of Gravity Wave-Tidal Interactions

• Over 300 hours of nighttime three-beam observations allowed determination of gravity wave zonal momentum flux, simultaneous with full-diurnal cycle temperature as well as zonal and meridional wind, to determine mean state and tidal-period perturbations.

• Vertical profiles of momentum flux enabled analysis of gravity-wave tidal interactions.

HighlightsScience

Acott, P., Mesospheric momentum flux studies over Fort Collins, CO (41° N, 105° W), Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, in preparation, 2008.

reference

Momentum flux on Dec. 9, 2006 derived from night-time coplanar zonal wind observations performed by the CRRL-CSU Na lidar

Science

ScienceSolar Cycle Effects and Long-Term Trends in Temperature

• 18 years of nighttime mesopause-region temperatures have been observed by the CRRL-CSU Na lidar in Fort Collins, CO.

• In order to analyze solar-cycle effects and long-term trends, one solar cycle of data is required; two solar cycles are preferred.

• After taking Mount Pinatubo warming into account, temperature trends on the order of ~1 K per decade were deduced, in general agreement with global climate models.

• Global coverage of long-term data is essential to understand the solar cycle response and long-term trends. TIMED/SABER data has provided a good start.

HighlightsScience

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ScienceLarge Amplitude Gravity Waves

HighlightsScience

references

• Large amplitude GWs (>50 K in temperature amplitude) are observed. These events have a large impact on the environment. Lidar provides full measurements of dynamic and thermodynamic quantities of such events, allowing detailed study of their characteristics.

Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a “wall” wave event. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi:10.1029/2006JD007213.

Lidar observations at Maui on Aug 12, 2004 show a rapid temperature and horizontal wind change from 90 to 95 km altitude between 6 and 10 UT. There was also a rapid increase in Na density during this period.

ScienceSeasonal Variation of Gravity Wave Activity

HighlightsScience

references

• GW activity shows strong annual and semiannual variation. They are strongest in winter, and weakest at the equinoxes.

• GW dynamics are closely related to atmospheric stability. Convective instability is most likely in winter while dynamic instability is most likely in summer.

Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179.

Total wind variance as function of season and altitude at SOR.

Total temperature variance as a function of season and altitude at SOR

ScienceEstimate of Eddy Diffusion from Gravity Wave Fluxes

HighlightsScience

references

• Eddy diffusion coefficients can be estimated by applying linear GW saturation theory to the measured GW parameters and their vertical fluxes of momentum and heat

• Estimated eddy diffusion coefficients showed strong seasonal and altitude variation. This seasonal variation was found to be necessary for the realistic thermospheric modeling of Qian et al.

Liu, A. Z. (2008). Vertical Fluxes of Gravity Waves and Their Implications for Gravity Wave Parameterization. Paper presented at the 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Montreal, Canada.

Eddy kinetic diffusion coefficient as a function of month and altitude.

Eddy thermal diffusion coefficient as a function of month and altitude.

ScienceRocket and Lidar Campaigns at ALOMAR

HighlightsScience

• Dual-beam,day/night temperature, wind, and Na density coordinated with rockets and other collocated lidars

• Gravity wave/tide interaction and momentum flux gradients, instabilities, and wave breaking

Rockets and Lidar

Momentum Flux

ScienceMulti-Lidar Thermal Structure: Latitude and Season

HighlightsScience

• Temperature versus latitude plot for an entire year based on observations from the three CRRL sodium lidars at four locations, plus the Arecibo and IAP potassium lidars

• Seven sites:1.Spitzbergen (78N), IAP, day/night 2. ALOMAR (69N), CoRA, day/night 3.Kuhlungsborn (54N), IAP, day/night 4.Fort Collins (41N), CSU, day/night 5.Starfire (35N), UIUC, night 6.Maui (21N), UIUC, night 7.Arecibo (19N), night

Published 2006

She, C. Y., B. P. Williams, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, J. D. Vance, J. Fiedler, P. Acott, D. C. Fritts, F.-J. Lübken, Simultaneous observation of sodium atoms, NLC and PMSE in the summer mesopause region above ALOMAR, Norway (69N, 12E), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 93-101, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.08.014, 2006.

Williams, B. P., J. D. Vance, C.-Y. She, D. C. Fritts, T. Abe, and E. Thrane, Sodium lidar measurements of waves and instabilities near the mesopause during the Delta rocket campaign, Earth, Planets, and Space, 58, 1131-1137, 2006.

Williams, B. P., D. C. Fritts, C. Y. She, and R. A. Goldberg, Gravity wave propagation through a large semidiurnal tide and instabilities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the winter 2003 MaCWAVE rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 24, 1199-1208. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1199, 2006.

Williams, B. P., C. Croskey, C. Y. She, J. D. Mitchell, and R. A. Goldberg, Sporadic sodium and sporadic-E layers observed during the summer 2002 MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 1257-1266. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1257, 2006. (PDF)

Nielsen, K., M. J. Taylor, P.-D. Pautet, N. Mitchell, C. Beldon, W. Singer, D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, F. J. Schmidlin, and R. A. Goldberg, Propagation and Ducting of Short-Period Gravity Waves at High Latitudes during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 1227-1243, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1227, 2006.

CRRL: Publications

Published 2006

Chu, X., P. Espy, G. Nott, J. Diettrich, and C. S. Gardner, Polar mesospheric clouds observed by an iron Boltzmann lidar at Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica from 2002-2005: properties and implications, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D20213, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007086, 2006.

Diettrich, J. C., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, X. Chu, and D. Riggin, Statistics of sporadic iron layer and relation to atmospheric dynamics, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68, 102-113, 2006.

Goldberg, R. A., Fritts, D. C., Schmidlin, F. J., Williams, B. P., Croskey, C. L., Mitchell, J. D., Friedrich, M., III, J. M. R., Blum, U., and Fricke, K. H., The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences on the polar mesosphere, Annales Geophysicae, 1159-1173. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1159, 2006.

Wang L., D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, R. A. Goldberg, F. J. Schmidlin, U. Blum, Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign: Evidence of Mountain Wave Critical Level Encounters, Ann. Geophys., 1209-1226, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/ 2006-24-1209, 2006.

Vance, J. D., C. Y. She, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, Q. Wu, An all-solid-state transportable narrowband sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, 23rd International Laser Radar Conference Proceedings (refereed), 2006.

D. S. Davis, P. Hickson, G. Herriot, and C. -Y. She, "Temporal variability of the telluric sodium layer," Opt. Lett., 31, 3369-3371, 2006.

CRRL: Publications

Yuan, T., C. Y. She, M. E. Hagan, T. Li, K. Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, P. E. Acott, J. D. Vance, and D. Krueger, Seasonal variations of diurnal tidal-period perturbations in mesopause region temperature zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6N, 105W), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06103, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005486, 2006.

Xu, J., A. K. Smith, R. L. Collins, and C.-Y. She, Signature of an overturning gravity wave in the mesospheric sodium layer: Comparison of a nonlinear photochemical-dynamical model and lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006749, 2006. Xu, J., C. Y. She, W. Yuan, C. Mertens, M. Mlynczak, and J. Russell, Comparison between the temperature measurements by TIMED/SABER and lidar in the midlatitude, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A10S09, doi:10.1029/2005JA011439, 2006.

Published 2007

Vargas, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., & Gobbi, D. (2007). O(1S), OH, and O2(b) airglow layer perturbations due to AGWs and their implied effects on the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14102, doi:10.1029/2006JD007642.

Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a "wall" wave event. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi:10.1029/2006JD007213.

She, C.-Y., and D. A. Krueger, Laser-Induced Fluorescence: Spectroscopy in the Sky, Optics & Photonic News (OPN), 18, 35-41, 2007.

CRRL: Publications

Hecht, J. H., Liu, A. Z., Walterscheid, R. L., Franke, S. J., Rudy, R. J., Taylor, M. J. et al. (2007). Characteristics of short-period wavelike features near 87 km altitude from airglow and lidar observations over Maui. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16101, doi:10.1029/2006JD008148.

Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179.

Gumbel, J., Z. Y. Fan, T. Waldemarsson, J. Stegman, G. Witt, E. J. Llewellyn, C.-Y. She, and J. M. C. Plane (2007), Retrieval of global mesospheric sodium densities from the Odin satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04813, doi:10.1029/2006GL028687, 2007.

She, C.-Y., J. D. Vance, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, and Q. Wu, A proposed all-solid-state transportable narrow-band sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, Canadian Journal of Physics, 85,  111-118, 2007.

Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, and M. T. Montgomery, Evidence of a gravity wave breaking event and the estimation of the wave characteristics from sodium lidar observation over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05815, doi:10.1029/2006GL028988, 2007.

She, C. -Y.,,J. Yue, Z. -A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J. -J. Guo, S. -H. Wu, and Z. -S. Liu, "Direct-detection Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes–Mie lidar: A. Comparison between iodine vapor filter and Fabry–Perot interferometer methods," Appl. Opt., 46, 4434-4443, 2007.

She, C.-Y., J. Yue and Z.-A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J.-J. Guo, S.-H. Wu and Z.-S. Liu, Direct-detection Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes-Mie lidar: B. Impact of aerosol variation on iodine vapor filter methods, Appl. Opt., 46, 4444-4454, 2007.

CRRL: Publications

Shiokawa, K, Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T., Ogawa1, H. Takahashi, D. Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi and T. Shimomai, Development of airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, 585-599, 2007.

Williams, B. P., J. Sherman, C. Y. She, and F. T. Berkey, Coincident extremely large sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers observed in the lower thermosphere over Colorado and Utah, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 3-8, 2007.

Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T. Ogawa, H. Takahashi, D. Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi, and T. Shimomai, Development of airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, 585-599, 2007.

Liu, H.-L., T. Li, C.-Y. She, J. Oberheide, Q. Wu, M. E. Hagan, J. Xu, R. G. Roble, M. G. Mlynczak, and J. M. Russell III, Comparative study of short term diurnal tidal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18108, doi:10.1029/2007JD008542, 2007.

Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, T. Leblanc, and I. S. McDermid , Sodium lidar observed strong inertia-gravity wave activities in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W), J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22104, doi:10.1029/2007JD008681, 2007.

Friedman, J. S., and X. Chu, Nocturnal temperature structure in the mesopause region over the Arecibo Observatory (18.35°N, 66.75°W): Seasonal variations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D14107, doi:10.1029/2006JD008220, 2007.

CRRL: Publications

Published 2008

Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt, Climatology of mesopause region temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins, CO (41ºN, 105ºW) , and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03105, doi:10.1029/2007JD008697, 2008.

Li, T., C.-Y. She, S. E. Palo, Q. Wu, H.-L. Liu, and M. L. Salby, Coordinated Lidar and TIMED observations of the quasi-two-day wave during August 2002-2004 and possible quasi-biennial oscillation influence, Advances in Space Research, 41, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.03.052, 2008.

Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, J. Stadsnes, M. Sørbø, U.-P. Hoppe, B. P. Williams, F. Honary and D. S. Evans, Upper-mesospheric temperatures measured during the January 2005 Solar Proton Events, Annales Geophysicae, 26, 2515-2529, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-2515, 2008.

Heinrich, D., H. Nesse, U. Blum, P. Acott, B. P. Williams, U.-P. Hoppe, Summer sudden Na number density enhancements measured with the ALOMAR Weber Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, 1057-1069, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-1057, 2008.

Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, B. P. Williams, U.-P. Hoppe, J. Stadsnes, M. Rietveld, W. Singer, U. Blum, M. Sandanger, and E. Trondsen, A Case Study of a Sporadic Sodium Layer Observed by the ALOMAR Weber Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, 1071-1081, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-1071, 2008.

CRRL: Publications

CRRL: Publications

Published 2008

Chu, X., Advances in Middle Atmosphere Research with LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, invited paper, pp. 769-772, 2008.

Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, and J. P. Thayer, MRI: Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler lidar principle, design, and analysis, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 801-804, 2008.

Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption and Polarization Spectroscopy for Resonance Fluorescence Doppler Lidars, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 809-812, 2008.

Huang, W., X. Chu, B. P. Williams, J. Wiig, CRRL/CTC: Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF) for Wind and Temperature Profiling in lower atmosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 805-808, 2008.

Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: LabVIEW-Software-Based Laser Frequency Locking Servo System for Atmospheric Doppler LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 141-144, 2008.

Talaat, E. R., T. E. Sarris, A. Papayannis, E. Armandillo, X. Chu, M. Daly, P. Dietrich, and V. Antakis, GLEME: Global Lidar Exploration of the Mesosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 832-834, 2008.

Friedman, J., I. Gonzalez, and W. Huang, Faraday filter: A comparison between hot and cold cell design, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 835-837, 2008.

Accepted 2008

Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature, zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2007JD009687, in press, 2008.

Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, and A. T. Brown, LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar application, Optical Engineering, in press, 2008.

Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M. Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., in press, 2008.

CRRL: Publications

Submitted during 2008

Yue, J., S. L. Vadas, C.-Y. She, T. Nakamura, S. Reising, D. Krueger, H. Liu, P. Stamus, D. Thorsen, W. Lyons, and T. Li, A study of OH imager observed concentric gravity waves near Fort Collins on May 11, 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted, 2008.

Vadas, S. L., J. Yue, C.-Y. She and P. Stamus, The effects of winds on concentric rings of gravity waves from a thunderstorm near Fort Collins in May 2004, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2008.

Drob, D. P., J. T. Emmert, G. Crowley, J. M. Picone, G. G. Shepherd, W. Skinner, Paul Hayes, R. J. Niciejewski, M. Larsen, C.Y. She, J. W. Meriwether, G. Hernandez, M. J. Jarvis, D. P. Sipler, C. A. Tepley, M. S. O’Brien, J. R. Bowman, Q. Wu, Y. Murayama, S. Kawamura, I.M. Reid, and R. A. Vincent, An Empirical Model of the Earth’s Horizontal Wind Fields: HWM07, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2008.

Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M. Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, JASTP, accepted, 2008.

Chu, X., C. Yamashita, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, E. J. Jensen, H.-L. Liu, W. Huang, and J. P. Thayer, Responses of polar mesospheric cloud brightness to stratospheric gravity waves at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, revised, 2008.

CRRL: Publications

Innovation

CRRLTech Center

CRRL: Technology

CollaborationTech

Support CRRL

OverviewCRRL Technology Center (CTC)

CTC Director:Dr. Xinzhao ChuUniversity of ColoradoEstablished 2006

Table Mountain Observatory, North Boulder

CTC Technology Innovation

High-resolution Doppler-free spectroscopy on Na, K, Rb, and Cs (three types): saturation-fluorescence, saturation-absorption, and polarization spectroscopy

LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar

MRI Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler Lidar Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF) for extending Na lidar

measurements into lower atmosphere Beam steering and optimization Faraday filter for daytime measurements Feasibility study of spaceborne mesosphere lidar with European Space Agency

Lidar receiver chopper synchronization at Arecibo

K Faraday filter development and tests

CTC Technology Support within CRRL

Travel to UIUC three times to fix ring dye laser and advise on laser freq locking

Consultant to UIUC group (onsite and off-site) CTC personnel participate in CSU lidar data collection

campaigns Advice and equipment to CoRA/ALOMAR Implement K saturation-absorption spectroscopy and

LabVIEW-based laser locking program to Arecibo K lidar Assisted Arecibo in Faraday filter test and beam steering

TechnologyFe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy

Doppler-Free56Fe Peak

372-nm Fe Absorption

1st Fe Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption

Spectroscopy obtained with the MRI Lidar

ECDL372 nm

372 nm

PDH + PID

Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy

Fe-Ar Discharge Cell

PD Isolator

CTC Technology Support outside CRRL

Organize 24th ILRC and engage ILRC community

Organize CEDAR and CRRL Workshops

University of New Mexico GW/lidar proposal (John McGraw)

Advise Greek/US Groups for Spaceborne lidar competition in

ESA

Advise CAS group for Na Doppler lidar development Advice to U. Alaska Fairbanks lidar group Advice to Arecibo Ca/Ca+ lidar

CSU:Chirp Stability Mechanism

Sum Frequency Generation of 589 nm light using Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate

Implemented as a CW seeder in the ALOMAR lidar and a frequency marker in the Shinshu/Nagoya University Na mobile lidar

Three-Beam Setup for All-Year Observations of T, U & V

UIUC:Development of a high efficiency receiver system

New software and hardware were developed for laser control and frequency shift

New data acquisition software and hardware allows simultaneous multi-channel input and beam steering

CRRL Technology Development

U-graduateStudents

GraduateStudents

GuestInvestigators

CommunityResearchers

CRRL: Education and Training Elements

CRRL

Graduate Students:PhD and masters students in Electrical Engineering, Physics, Atmospheric Science and Aerospace Engineering

CSU has graduated 15 PhD students in lidar sensing (1991 – 2008) and 2 PhD students presently enrolled in Physics and 1 PhD student enrolled in EE

UIUC has graduated 2 PhD students since CRRL was established and 1 PhD and 2 masters students presently enrolled in EE and 2 PhD students in atmospheric science involved in lidar sensing

CU has 5 PhD and 2 masters students in lidar sensing enrolled in Aerospace Engineering

CoRA trained 2 PhD Norwegian and German students (Hilde Nesse, U. Bergen, Ph.D. 2008; Daniela Heinrich, U. Oslo, Ph.D.2008)

Undergraduate Students:Training in electro-optics, atmospheric science, data acquisition, laser systems, diagnostic equipment

CoRA trained Jorgen Osterpart, undergrad, U. Tromso, Natalie Muller, undergraduate, U. Heidelberg

CSU hosted Mr. Stefan Schweiger, undergraduate student, University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg, Germany and supported an independent study by Mr. Jason Hahn, CSU undergraduate in Physics

CRRL: Education and Training

Student Academic Year Institution Advisor Subject

Scott Anderson PhD in 2008 University of Illinois

G. Swenson Airglow tomography

Chad Carlson PhD in 2009 University of Illinois

G. Swenson He thermospheric lidar, Na lidar

Xian Lu PhD in 2011 University of Illinois

A. Liu GW saturation and dissipation

Zhenhua Li PhD in 2010 University of Illinois

A. Liu GW source and propagation

Tony Mangognia MS in 2009 University of Illinois

G. Swenson Photometer, Lidar receiver

Ben Graf MS in 2009 University of Illinois

G. Swenson Lidar data acquisition

Austin Kirchoff MS in 2007 University of Illinois

G. Swenson Lidar frequency locking and control

Fabio Vargas PhD in 2008 INPE, Brazil G. Swenson Airglow modeling

CRRL: Graduate Students (UIUC)

Student Academic Year Institution Advisor Subject

Johannes Wiig PhD in 2010 University of Colorado

X. Chu Lidar tech development; instability study; Na climatology

Chihoko Yamashita M.S. in 2008 University of Colorado

X. Chu Lidar data analysis for gravity waves in Antarctica

Chihoko Yamashita PhD in 2010 University of Colorado

X. Chu & H.-L. Liu

Gravity wave modeling and data analysis

John A. Smith M.S. in 2009PhD in 2012

University of Colorado

X. Chu Laser frequency control; Lidar tech innovation; MLT science

Bo Tan PhD in 2012 University of Colorado

X. Chu Lidar instrumentation; MLT science

Jonathan Fentzke PhD in 2009 University of Colorado

X. Chu & D. Janches

Lidar DAQ development; meteor modeling; data analysis

Paloma Farias M.S. in 2008 University of Colorado

X. Chu Arecibo K Doppler lidar control and DAQ

CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)

Student Academic Year Institution Advisor Subject

Arvind Talukdar B.S. in 2008 University of Colorado

X. Chu Lidar electronics

Matt Hayman PhD in 2009 University of Colorado

J. P. Thayer Lidar receiver design and development; polarization lidar data analysis of PMC

Katelynn Greer MS in 2009 University of Colorado

J. P. Thayer Lidar data analysis and operation

Steven Mitchell PhD in 2011 University of Colorado

J. P. Thayer Laser altimeter development; lidar data analysis

CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)

Student Academic Year Institution Advisor Subject

Philip Acott PhD in 2008 Colorado State University

C. -Y. She and D. A. Krueger

Mesospheric momentum flux studies

Jia Yue PhD in 2009 Colorado State University

C. -Y. She and S. C. Reising

Convectively-Generated Gravity Waves and Gravity Wave Ducting

Sean Harrell PhD in 2009 Colorado State University

C. -Y. She and D. . Krueger

Faraday Filter-Based Spectrometer to Measure Sodium Nightglow D2/D1 Intensity Ratios

CRRL: Graduate Students (CSU)

TrainingCRRL: Education and Training

Community Researchers:Training on data usage and applicability

ExamplesCRRL hosted 3 CEDAR workshops on Lidar science and technologyCSU hosted Mr. Zhaoai Yan, graduate student, Ocean University of China in

QingDao, ShanTung, China, 2006 – 2007CSU hosted Mr. Sebastian Knitter, graduate student, University of Rostock,

Germany, 2006 – 2007CoRA Trained Norwegian (U. Tromso, U. Bergen, U. Oslo) and German students to

operate lidar, including 4 female students/engineers ->3 recent first author papers

CoRA participated in Norwegian Space Camp at Andoya Rocket RanageRegular tours by B. Williams and Norwegian colleagues

TrainingCRRL: Education and Training

Guest Investigators: Support investigators at the various CRRL sites for experiments, training and

collaboration.

Not Supported by CRRL:

Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CU through CIRES visiting fellowship, Fall 2008

Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008

Dr. Deepak Simkhada of USU visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008 / Spring 2009

Data

Operations &

Maintenance

Users &Collaborators

Outreach

CommunityCRRL: Community Elements

Science Programs CEDAR International Laser Radar

community Layered Phenomena of the

Mesopause region International

collaborations Sounding rockets TIMED

CRRL

Agency Support NSF Upper Atmosphere NSF Astronomy Air Force NASA

Operations and Maintenance: - Personnel, equipment and hoursCSU: 18 years of regular nighttime operations (since 1990), continuous 24-

hour observations (2002-present)CoRA: 8 years of daytime and nighttime operationsUIUC: 2 years of observations at SOR (1998-2000), 5 years at Maui (2001-2005),

major equipment modification and operation at Urbana, Il (2006-2008), relocation to Cerra Pachon, Chile (2009)

Data dissemination / Analysis / Archival:CEDAR database and public websites

Outreach:CEDAR workshops in 2006-2008Lidar course development at CUInternational Laser Radar Conference exhibit boothHost to numerous students and researchers

Collaborators:NCAR, TIMED, Maui-MALT enterprise, AURA astronomy program, Arecibo

Observatory, Utah State University, Clemson University, Aerospace Corporation, Andoya Rocket Range, Norwegian Defense Establishment, Norwegian Naval Academy, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Leeds

CRRL: Community

CSU Lidar Data User Institution / CountryThirry LeBlanc CalTech/NASA JPLTao Li CalTech/NASA JPLStuart McDermid CalTech/NASA JPLZhilin Hu Case Western Reserve Univ.Sharon Vadas CoRAWalter Lyons FMAJim Russell Hampton University

Didier Fussen Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique, Belgium

Frank Mulligan Irish National UniversitySam Yee JHU/APLElsayed Talaat JHU/APLTakuji Nakamura Kyoto Univ., Japan

Hauke Schmidt Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg, Germany

Larisa Goncharenko MIT Haystack Observatory

CSU Lidar Data User Institution / Country K. Shiokawa Nagoya University, Japan Artem Feofilov NASA/Goddard Richard Goldberg NASA/Goddard Marty Mlynzack NASA/Langley Rolando Garcia NCAR Han-Li Liu NCAR Raymond Roble NCAR Fabrizio Sassi NCAR Qian Wu NCAR Douglas Drob NRL/DC Taku Kawahara Shinshu Univ., Japan Tom Slanger SRI J. Gumbeli Stockholm University, Sweden John Plane Univ. of Leeds Denise Thorsen Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks

Paul Hickson University of British Columbia, Canada

CRRL: CSU Lidar Users/Collaborators Data Base

UIUC Lidar Data User Institution / CountryJim Hecht Aerospace CorporationMike Taylor Utah State Univ.John Plane Univ. of LeedsTaku Kawahara Shinshu Univ., JapanMiguel Larsen Clemson Univ.Lucus Hurd Clemson Univ.Xiaoqian Zhou Clemson Univ

Steve Franke Univ. Of Illinois

Jacques Sebag AURAJonathan Friedman Arecibo

CRRL: UIUC Lidar Users/Collaborators Data Base

Andoya Rocket Range/ALOMAR Observatory 1/3 of site fees, part of operating expenses Lidar capability enhances rocket campaigns Three trained on-site observers

FFI (Norwegian Defense Establishment) 1/3 site fee, two grad students, postdoc Two undergraduate students this year

IAP, Germany ECOMA rocket campaigns 1.8 m telescopes Combined temperature profiles

CRRL: CoRA International Collaborations

1. Observing hours increasing with time2. 2008 best year with ~230 hours and data in every month so far3. 1,100 hours data in last 8 years4. Data distributed to ARR, FFI, IAP, U. Leeds, MISU, Bulgarian Institute

of Geophysics and other collaborators in ground and space-based campaigns.

Hours of Observations

0

50

100

150

200

250

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

CRRL: CoRA Lidar Observations

1. 1998-2000 at SOR, 400 hours, cover every calendar month except July.2. 2001-2005 at Maui, 250 hours, cover 7 calendar months3. High accuracy with best signal obtained with large Air Force telescopes4. Data is available online and used by various collaborators.

CRRL: UIUC Lidar Observations

BudgetCRRL: Budgets and Challenges

Consortium Proposed vs. Awarded Budget

0200,000400,000600,000800,000

1,000,0001,200,0001,400,000

1 2 3 4 5

Award Years

Dol

lars Proposed

Awarded

Disabled: Guest Investigator Program CTC travel to sites Lidar school No equipment upgrade fundsReduced: Observations at all three sites GRA and post-doc support

Enabled: New lidar community technology center New lidar observatory in Chile Work force development by providing a foundation to increase the

number of PhD and masters degrees Stability for international collaboration and leveraging for other

programs Developed a sense of community for lidar research and middle

atmosphere studies

UIUC:$60k of labor by PI and students$90-120k in building costs for the Andes Lidar Observatory

CU:$160k costs in lidar equipment$70k costs in a new mobile lidar container (20’x8’) In-kind contribution from NOAA for access to a new 1600 ft2 lidar building in North

BoulderCSU:

$40k of labor by Co-I’s

CoRA:$700k of AFOSR DURIP funds to develop the sodium lidar system at ALOMAR

AFOSR also supported first year of CRRL operations$60k contributions from ALOMAR/ARR for sodium lidar receiver components in

addition to free use of the multimillion dollar 1.8 m telescopes$20k/yr funds from Andoya Rocket Range to lessen site support costs in return for

advertising the lidar as a resource for rocket experiments$20k/yr funds from FFI to further lessen site support costs

Cost Sharing in Support of CRRL

BudgetCRRL: Work Breakdown Structure

CRRL Work Breakdown

Science applications45%

Operation and Maintenance

30%

Logistics/Management10%

User Support5%

Education and training activities

5% Equipment costs

5%

Science applicationsOperation and MaintenanceEquipment costsLogistics/ManagementUser SupportEducation and training activities

Does not includecost-sharing funds norMRI development

Operations and Maintenance: - Goal is to achieve 1000 hours per yearFundamental to achieving the CRRL goals is the underlying necessity to retain

personnel at these institutions capable of performing instrument development, flexible observations, maintenance, repairs, and replacement of outdated and inadequate equipment. Although we are working internally to resolve this common need by consolidation of skills, some aspects of this underlying need remain significant issues at all three lidar sites.

CSU:Lidar operations have been reduced from the previous level of 1000-1500 hours per

year during 2002-2005 to only 400-700 hours per year from 2006 to present due to limited number of operators. This reduces the CRRL science output and user data availability

UIUC:Lidar operations of the past two years have been few due to the major system

reconstruction. ALO annual operations will consist of two, two week periods.

CoRA:Lidar operations have improved to 200+ hours with Norwegian operators but system

maintenance and improvements can only be implemented with travel by CoRA personnel (Biff Williams)

CRRL: Challenges

CSU:Purchase a third 76 cm (30”) telescope to achieve reliable signal-to-noise ratio for simultaneous temperature, zonal and meridional wind observations ($30k)

UIUC:Andes Lidar Observatory in 2009

shipping and installation of lidar system (NSF supplement of $67k)annual site usage fee ($40k)remote operations and maintenance (limited)

CRRL: Infrastructure Plans / Needs

Near-Term Infrastructure Needs:

ALL:The laser transmitters for all these systems are highly sophisticated and require maintenance

and replacement parts. UIUC and CSU laser systems have been running successfully for many years but require extensive maintenance.

CoRA:Improve power of seed beam with higher power IR lasers while maintaining

robustness.Add 75cm telescope to measure meridional winds while the two 1.8m telescopes

measure zonal momentum flux

CTC:Develop daytime capability for UIUC system

Fifth year support for PhD student

Travel funds to visit CRRL sites and lend technical support

Maintain and operate the Table Mountain lidar test facility in North Boulder ($15k/year)

Improve diagnostic equipment necessary for technology development

CRRL: Infrastructure Plans / Needs

Near-term Infrastructure Plans / Needs, cont’d:

Infrastructure Plan for Mobile, Fe-resonance, Doppler, Rayleigh , Mie Lidar

Major Research Instrumentation

Facility instrument– Lidar (Gary Swenson)– All sky Imager (Alan Liu)– Photometer (Alan Liu)– Temperature Mapper (Mike

Taylor, Utah State Univ)– Infrared camera (Jim Hecht)– Meteor radar (Steve

Franke)

Infrastructure Plan for ALO

Andes Lidar Observatory– Building of the observatory is funded by the Department of Electrical

and Computer Engineering at UIUC.– Once the bidding is finalized, it will be built and be ready in two

months, est. Jan 2009.

Retirement of Joe She at CSU:CSU is presently pursuing a lidar faculty position in EE

Extended operations of the ALO:Andes Lidar Observatory is presently planned for limited observations based on

travel funds and personnel to two, two-week campaigns

Incorporation of the MRI-developed, mobile, W/T, Fe-resonance lidar:The MRI funded effort only includes the construction of the system not O&M

Involvement of other lidar stations with CRRL:Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility, Kangerlussuaq, Greenland

(67°N, 51°W), SRI International: Broadband Rayleigh lidar, Broadband resonance lidar.

Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W), University of Alaska: Broadband resonance lidar, Broadband Rayleigh lidar (with Communications Research Laboratory).

Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18°N, 67°W), National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center: Broadband resonance lidar, Narrowband resonance lidar (K Doppler technique).

Logan, Utah (42°N, 112°W), Utah State University (USU): Broadband Rayleigh lidar.

CRRL: Long-Term Issues

Challenges

Facility Challenges: As a University-Based Facility, Budgets Impact Students

Student Impact:Students serve as the work force for operations, maintenance, technology

development, science productivity, and future innovations.

Budget Impact:Facility budget fluctuations and pressures related to operations and data for

community usage has a direct impact on students whose support requires consistency and stability to complete degrees

Challenges

Facility Challenges: Keeping all Elements Well Balanced

Data

ScienceLeadership

ScienceDriver

ScienceProductivity

Collaboration

Outreach

ScienceTechnology

Operations &

Maintenance

CRRLTech Center

Innovation

Education

Training

ScienceSeasonal Variation of Momentum and Heat Fluxes

HighlightsScience

references

• Maui and SOR are the only sites where estimates of both momentum and heat fluxes were possible. This is because both off-zenith and zenith measurements were made, and the coupling with the large telescope enabled reliable estimates of the small heat flux.

• Seasonal variation of momentum flux is consistent with background wind variation according to the wave filtering mechanism; Heat flux is consistent with theoretical predictions of downward flux, and its seasonal variation is closely related to atmospheric stability.

Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179.

Seasonal variation of zonal and meridional momentum fluxes Seasonal variation of heat flux

ScienceInstabilities and Gravity Wave Breaking

HighlightsScience• High resolution lidar measurements enable detailed examination of instabilities induced by gravity

wave breaking and wave-wave interaction.• Lidar observations can be combined with other instruments, such as airglow imagers and rocket-

deployed sensors, to study wave breaking and turbulence processes in detail.

referencesLi, F., Liu, A. Z., Swenson, G. R., Hecht, J. H., & Robinson, W. A. (2005). Observations of gravity wave breakdown into ripples associated with

dynamical instabilities. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S11, doi:10.1029/2004JD004849.

Li, F., Liu, A. Z., & Swenson, G. R. (2005). Characteristics of instabilities in the mesopause region over Maui, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S12, doi:10.1029/2004JD005097.

Liu, A. Z., Roble, R. G., Hecht, J. H., Larsen, M. F., & Gardner, C. S. (2004). Unstable layers in the mesopause region observed with Na lidar during the Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX) campaign. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02S02, doi:10.1029/2002JD003056.

Richardson number derived from lidar wind and temperature measurements on Apr. 11, 2002 at Maui, Hawaii, showing both dynamic (yellow) and convective (red) instabilities.

On Oct. 28, 2003, multiple waves were observed in OH airglow imager at Maui (left). One wave (B) propagated into a marginally stable region and drove the atmosphere to be dynamically unstable. The wave broke into ripples observed by the imager (right).