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Transcript of Nse Report 2007 Part1234
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
I began my primary education in 1978 at K.L.G Primary school Lagos
street Kaduna and fnished in 1983. !ter the completion o! my
primary education" I got admitted into Go#ernment $ay %econdary
%chool &a!a'a (ale'a )ay Kaduna *+o' Kaduna %tate ,ni#ersity-. I
'as among the frst set o! %enior %econdary %chool student in
Kaduna state that sat !or %%/0)/ eaminations" I graduated in
1988 'ith eight credits in all science sub2ects. In late 1989" I got
admission into ollege o! d#ance %tudies aria *+o' Kaduna %tate
Polytechni4ue- !or I56( course that 'ould last !or t'o years. (e!ore
the completion o! my Programme I got admission into hmadu (ello
,ni#ersity aria through 56( into i#il /ngineering department in
19901991 session. t the end o! le#els " I 'ent through a
compulsory %tudent )orshop /perience Programme *%)/P- !or
3'ees 'here 'e are thought basic engineering 'orshop
no'ledge in i#il" 6echanical and /lectrical. I learnt a lot about
basic engineering 'orshop sills through eercise and mini pro2ect
gi#en during the Programme. t the beginning o! le#el 3" I
changed department !rom i#il to /lectrical /ngineering it 'as at
that point" I began to de#elop more interest in engineering
pro!ession" most especially /lectrical /ngineering.
t the end o! le#el 3" I 'ent through one month %tudent Industrial
)or /perience %cheme *%.I.)./.%.1- at +I&/L onal :ead4uarters
Kaduna. I 'as in#ol#ed in collation o! s'itch0transmission
per!ormance record !or all the teriortories under +I&/L +orth )est
one. Prior to the completion o! my attached" I 'ent through the
s'itches" transmission e4uipments and po'er supply systems in
+itel Kaduna teriortory.
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%econd semester o! le#el ; 'as !or %I)/% II" I 'as attached to
$igital In!ormation %ystem ompany *$I%- Limited. I 'as in#ol#ed
in computer training o! students" repair and maintenance o!
computer" installation o! computer0structural cabling in clientpremises. In $ecember 1997" I graduated 'ith a (achelor degree o!
/ngineering *(./ng- in electrical 'ith nd lass honors
1.2 POST-GRADUATION TRAINING
!ter graduation" I 'ent through one year compulsory +ational
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In 5anuary" 1 I got a ne' appoint 'ith +igerian
&elecommunication Plc *+I&/L- Lagos as &elecoms /ngineer. !ter
one year o! pupilage /ngineering I 'as sent to Iponri $igital %'itch/change. I carried out the !ollo'ing assignment and pro2ect 'hile
in Iponri echange@
• 6aintenance o! %$: and P$: &ransmission %ystems
• General &run modifcation on %iemens /)%$ and Italtel Linea 1
,&
• &ra>c measurement on outgoing and incoming trun
• Bouting and confguration o! channels !or subscribers
• Pro#ision and confguration o! 1C/1 !or %homolu0papa
transmission lin #ia optic fbre.
• Installation and confguration o! capacity /)%$ %iemens
B$L, %'itch in %homolu /change
• General %'itch maintenance and !ault clearance o! $L0L !orIponri and mu'o $igital /change
In 5uly 3" I mo#ed again into &elecommunication sector" this time
6&+ ommunication +igeria as &ransmission Implementation /ngineer
!or bu2a Begion. I 'as responsible !or Implementation o! transmission
topology and micro'a#e radio lin !or diDerent #endors. &he
Installation" confguration" commissioning" integration and acceptance
o! /ricsson $EE multipleers. I carried out the !ollo'ing pro2ect as an
implementation engineer@
• Installation" confguration" integration and 6apping o! /10cross
connection o! /ricsson $EE 6ultiplees *$EEC3 and $EE81
series- at #arious core net'or and transmission node points in
6&+ +igeria net'or !or 6%" ( %" (&%" signaling and
#oice0data tra>c.
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• Implementation o! :arris %$: 6egastar ;F1 6icro'a#e Badio
(acbone in +orthern state o! +igeria !or capacity bet'een
s'itching centers and ma2or inter city tra>c.
• Implementation o! %trate $6 %&61 6icro'a#e Badio(acbone installation 'ithin bu2a region@ bu2a city to ='o"
bu2a to Kano" 'anga to 6aurdi" 5os to (auchi (acbone sites
!or inter city transmission capacity !or (&% tra>c.
• Implementation o! fbre =ptic installation bet'een 6&+ s'itch
and /conet 'ireless *+o' eltel- bu2a !or inter6% tra>c.
• Installation and integration o! /ricsson 6ini lin and &ra>c +odes
at #arious point in 6&+ +igeria P$: +et'or !or (&% tra>c"
direct connect to o>ce P(E !or #oice tra>c" connect stores !or
data transmission.
• Installation and integration o! %tatra $6 Badios *ltium"
/clipse %$:0P$:" $EB" and EP; series- in #arious 6&+ sites.
I 'as ele#ated to the Begional &ransmission oordinator on 1st
%eptember" ; responsible !orH planning and coordinating the
installation" integration and acceptance o! /ricsson0:ua'ei
multipleers" %$:0P$: micro'a#e radio" ompression e4uipment"
%& lin" (%% nodes !or net'or roll out in 6&+ +igeria. 6ost
recently" I 'as in#ol#ed in 6&+ pro2ect (laJe fbre" a multimillion
dollar pro2ect round the country. 6y profle reads@ :ighly profcient
Transmission Implmn!a!ion En"inr 'ith 7years eperiencein building transmission and access net'or !or a ma2or fed
'ireless and leading G%6 telecommunication net'or in !rica that
support million subscribers" by planning" installation"
confguration" commissioning" integrating and acceptance o!
transmission nodes and %$:0P$: micro'a#e radios. +o' seeing a
re'arding opportunity to mae a success!ul impact in a customer
!ocused team.
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CHAPTER T#O
O$r$i% o& Harris '"aS!ar ()1 SDH Ra*io
2.1 Harris '"aS!ar Ra*io
:arris 6ega%tar 1AA is a A" C" 708 or 11G:J" 1AA6bits line o! sight
micro'a#e radio. It is a compact technologically ad#anced system
to implement and manage synchronous or asynchronous net'ors.
6ega%tar enables rapid net'or construction and can pro#ide
bacup !or critical tra>c on fbre optic lins. It oDers an optional
ser#ice channel containing $ata and ? channels. &he 6ega%tar
radio is a terrestrial lineo!sight digital micro'a#e radio !or
communications in multiple !re4uency bands.
%tandard ?eatures o! 6ega%tar radio pro#ide a high le#el o!
reliability@
• ?ully digital adapti#e time domain e4ualiJation *&$/-
• ?ully digital adapti#e slope e4ualiJation
• ?or'ard error correction *?/-
• nticipatory errorless recei#er s'itching *$$/-
• Be#erse path protection
• utomatic transmit po'er control *&P-
lso" 6ega%tar radio oDers sel!aligning operation pro#idingH
• In#entory reporting
• %+ *%ystem ontrol and larm +et'or-
• ?ar%can@ omputerbased net'or super#ision system that
runs on 6icroso!t 'indo's
• Beplaceme0Los o! signal L/$s
• %el! dapti#e circuitry
• utomatic calibration o! replacement circuit pacs
• Local or remote so!t'are do'nload
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?ig..1 6ega%tar1AA0m@ n
2.2 Transmission Dsi"n o& Harris '"aS!ar ()1 Ra*io &or
'TN
N!%or+
$uring the planning stage o! bu2a :arris metro micro'a#e system"
feld sur#ey 'as carried out. &he ob2ecti#es o! the feld sur#ey 'ere@
• eri!y eact site location
• eri!y lineo!sight
• lassi!y path type
• onfrm space in the eisting station
• hec propagation conditions
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• hec !re4uency inter!erence possibilities
• hec soil conditions !or ne' to'er
• hec site access and in!rastructure in the area
2., SURE PROCEDURES
2.,.1 PREPARATIONS
detailed map study is al'ays a good start. !ter locating all the
sites *including alternati#e location-" preparation o! path profle 'as
done. detailed map scale 'as used to dra' terrain profle o! the
micro'a#e path. ritical obstacles 'ere mared in order to #eri!ylineo!sight in the feld and possible reection points. Preminary
antenna height may be determined at this stage. In!ormation about
other micro'a#e lin operators in the area can be important i!
!re4uency inter!erence measurements should be per!ormed.
2.,.(.2 /IELD #ORK
&he !ollo'ing acti#ities 'ere carried out during fled 'orH• erifcation o! site positions and altitudes@ &his 'as done by
using a standard GP% *Global Positioning %ystem- obtained in
the 'orld today 'hich has an accuracy o! 3 1metres
depending on the 4uality o! signal. ltitude can be determined
!rom the map or by using an altimeter or by using a
theodolite.
• onfrmation o! lineo!sight@ ritical obstruction on pathprofle is checed more accurately. &his 'as done by using
ash !rom a mirror in sunlight can be seen !rom #ery long
distances in clear 'eather condition" !or line o! sight test. ?or
dusty 'eather" strong lamps or po'er!ul ashlight can be
used
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• Path classifcation@ &he prediction model !or system
per!ormance uses diDerent path classifcations to impro#e the
accuracy o! prediction model. &he !ollo'ing classes are used@
Overland Paths:
Plain terrain0lo' altitude * ;m-
:illy terrain0lo' altitude * ;m-
Plain terrain0medium altitude *; 7m-
:illy terrain0medium altitude *; 7m-
Plain terrain0high altitude *M7m-
:illy terrain0high altitude *M7m-6ountainous terrain0high altitude *M7m-
&he altitude re!ers to the altitude o! the lo'er o! the antennas.
• Propagation conditions@ &his depends on the atmospheric
conditions in the area as 'ell as the path. In addition to the
path classifcation" interesting obser#ation o! the terrain
should be noted. reas o! at s'ampy terrain lie rice feldor other ob#iously reecting sur!ace should be located
eactly. $esert areas or paths running parallel to coastline
should be noted.
• ?re4uency inter!erence probabilities@ &his can be checed
by using an antenna !eed horn" a lo' noise amplifer and a
spectrum analyJer. /isting micro'a#e signals in the
rele#ant !re4uency band can be picup" and based onsignal strength and direction it is possible to calculate the
inter!erence le#els.
2.,.(., SURE E0UIP'ENT
&he !ollo'ing sur#ey e4uipment is typical !or micro'a#e sur#ey and
may al'ays be used or in some cases.
•
maps in scale 1@A or better• $igital amera and (inoculars
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• ompass and %atellite na#igating e4uipment *GP%-
• &ape measure" ltimeter and &heodolite
• %ignaling mirror and handheld radio communication
e4uipment
• ntenna horn" Lo' noise amplifer and" spectrum analyJer
• Portable P
2.,.(.( SURE REPORT
!ter completion o! the feld sur#ey a report 'ill be prepared. &his
report 'ould include the !ollo'ing@
• %ystem description
• %ite description and layout
• ntenna and to'er height
• Path profles
• %ystem per!ormance calculation
• ?re4uency plan
• Photograph
2.,.(. DI//ICULT AREAS /OR 'ICRO#AE
LINKSKno%l*" "ain3
%ome areas are more di>cult !or micro'a#e lins than others" and
the reasons can be atmospheric conditions or path dependent.
• %'amp and rice felds@ &his may cause strong ground
reections. &he probability !or multipath !ading is high. &hepropagation conditions may loo diDerent times o! the year.
ritical period is during season *monsoon-
• =#er 'ater paths@ ItNs al'ays di>cult due to sea reections
'ith a high reection coe>cient. $ucting probability is also
high. Possible solutionH Beection may be a#oided by selecting
sites that are shielded !rom the reected rays.
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• $esert areas@ &his may cause ground reections" but sand
does ha#e high reection coe>cient. &he most critical is the
high possibility o! multipath !ading and ducting due to large
temperature #ariation and temperature in#ersion• :ot and humid coastal areas@ :igh ducting probability
2.4 ANTENNAS
&he parabolic antenna is the most commonly used antenna in
micro'a#e radiorelay systems. &he antenna parameters are #ery
important to the o#erall system per!ormance. &he most important
antenna parameters !rom a propagation point o! #ie' are@• Gain" oltage%tanding)a#eBatio *%)B-" %ide and bac
lobe le#els" $iscrimination o! cross polariJation" (eam 'idth
and 6echanical stability
41.4.1 ANTENNA GAIN
&he gain o! a parabolic antenna *re!erred to an isotropic radiator-
may be approimated by@
G O Q$ R
)here@
$ O reector diameters in meters
R O signal 'a#elength in meters
O antenna e!!iciency *usually .AA unless other'ise 4uoted-
&he e>ciency o! the antenna is related to the irregularities in the
reector and !eed arrangement. nother approimation o! gain is@
G*d(i- O log ! F log $ F 17.8
)here@ ! O signal !re4uency in G:J" $ O reector diameter in
meters
.2 S#R
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&he #oltagestanding'a#eratio is important to high capacity
systems 'ith stringent linearity ob2ecti#es. &o a#oid intermodulation
inter!erence the %)B should be minimiJe !or these systems.
%tandard antennas ha#e a %)B in the range 1.C to 1.1A typically.:igh per!ormance antennas *lo' %)B antennas- ha#e a %)B in
the range 1.; to 1.C typically.
2.(.,SIDE AND BACK LOBE LEELS
&hese are important parameters in !re4uency planning and
inter!erence calculations. Lo' side and baclobe le#els mae a more
e>cient use o! the !re4uency spectrum possible. &he side and
baclobe le#els are specifed *in the !ar feld- in the radiation
en#elope patterns. &he !ronttobac ratio gi#es an indication o! the
baclobe le#els at angles larger than typically 9 degrees. It
increases 'ith increasing !re4uency and increasing antenna
diameter.
2.(.(CROSS-POLARI4ATION
&his is important parameter in !re4uency planning is the
discrimination o! crosspolar signals in the antenna. good cross
polariJation enables !ull utiliJation o! the !re4uency planes. &ypical
#alues are 3d( !or standard antennas and ;d( !or antennas
especially designed !or crosspolar operation. &he discrimination
al'ays has the largest #alue in the main lobe direction
2.(.BEA' #IDTH
&he hal! po'er beam 'idth o! an antenna is defne as the angular
'idth o! the main beam at the 3d( point.
&he 3d( beam 'idth o! a parabolic reector antenna is@
(eam 'idth*3d(- O 7R degree $)here@ $ O reector diameters in meters
R O 'a#elength in meters
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2.(.5'ECHANICAL STABILIT &ypical limitation in s'ay0t'ist !or the structure *to'er0mast and
antenna- corresponds to maimum 1d( signal attenuation due to
antenna misalignment. ,sing the !ormula abo#e" the maimum
deection angle can be estimated !or a gi#en antenna diameter and
!re4uency.
2. PO#ER BUDGET
&he purpose o! po'er budget is to ensure that su>cient recei#er
po'er to enable the system to meet a minimum re4uirement !or a
specifc amount o! time. &o estimate the per!ormance o! a radio lin
system" a lin po'er budget has to be prepared. &he diDerence
bet'een nominal input le#el and radio threshold le#el" the !ading
margin" is the main input parameter in the per!ormance prediction
model
2..1RECEIER SENSITIIT
In practice e4uipment manu!acturers 'ill no' e4uipmentsN
modulation scheme" band'idth !or a gi#en bit rate" recei#er noise
fgure" implementation e>ciency" etc. and 'ould 4uote a minimum
recei#er input signal strength" its sensiti#ity to meet a stated (/B.
&he re!erence (/B is usually 1C
2..2/REE SPACE LOSS E0UATION
&he !ree space loss" epressed in decibels" is a !unction o! distance
and !re4uency and is the loss bet'een t'o antennas unaDected as@
&he !ree space loss e4uation is epress as@
L?% O 1log ; Q d 13 ? 19 d(
3 18
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L?% O 9.;; F log? F log d d(
)here ? O !re4uency in G:J" d O distance in Km
2..,AT'OSPHERIC ABSORPTION LOSS
In practice a terrestrial fed lin is not propagating through a
#acuum" but rather the #arious gases that mae up the earths
atmosphere. )ater #apour and =ygen molecules in particular"
interact 'ith electromagnetic 'a#e energy o! specifc !re4uencies to
produce oscillation or molecular resonance 'ithin their structure.
&his ecitation o! the molecules dra's po'er !rom the
electromagnetic 'a#e causing strong attenuation" called %pecifc
ttenuation. &he o#erall attenuation on a lin at a gi#en !re4uency is
calculated !rom@
La O *%pecifc ttenuation Path length- d(
2..(LINK BUDGET
&he purpose o! po'er budget is to ensure that there is su>cient
recei#ed po'er to enable the system to meet a minimum
re4uirement !or specifed amount o! time.
&he o#erall basic po'er budget is epress as@
Pr O Pt F *Gt F Gr- *L?% F La F L?&E F L?BEF Ld F Ld-
)here Pr and Pt O transmit and recei#e po'er *d('-
Gt and Gr O transmit and recei#e antenna gains *d(i-
L?% O !ree space loss *d(-
La O atmospheric absorption loss *d(-
L? O !eeder loss *d(- at & and B
Ld O dupleer loss *d(-
2..(E//ECTIE ISOTROPIC RADIATED PO#ER EIRP3
&he /IBP may be calculated as the transmit po'er minus any
transmit site B? losses plus the transmit antenna gain.
/IBP O Pt F Gt *L?&E F Ldt F S-d(m
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&he maimum 'ill typically be a condition o! the license as 'ill be
the minimum antenna gain.
2.5 /ADE 'ARGINIn practice the recei#er le#el 'ill uctuate due to rain or multipath
!ading and a target fgure abo#e the sensiti#ity 'ill ha#e to be set to
allo' !or this. &his additional po'er re4uirement is termed the !ade
margin or Lin !ade.
• ?ading@ %ome losses 'ill #ary greatly in amplitude 'ith time"
maing them hard to 4uanti!y" in particularH
o
Propagation disturbances and anomalous propagationo Bain!all attenuation
o 6ultipath attenuation
)hen one or more o! these eDects taes place the recei#ed signal
strength 'ill be reduced" o!ten dramatically" !rom the mean #al#e
calculated so !ar.
&he drop in recei#ed signal strength is re!erred to as !ading andtaes t'o !orms@
o ?lat or po'er !ading
o %electi#e !ading
• Bain !ade margin@ depends upon a number o! !actors" i.e. path
length" polariJation" a#ailability re4uired and climatic rain
Jone.
2.6 #ORK AUTHORI4ATION
transmission planning tool called P&: L=%% is used to prepare the
fnal lin profle that contains the !ollo'ing in!ormation that 'ould
enable the implementation o! the micro'a#e radio@
• %ite description and location
• /4uipment type0description
• ntenna type" siJe" direction and height
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• Path length
• %ystem per!ormance calculation
• ?re4uency plan
&he path profle !or the sites on bu2a metro ring are sho'n on the
ppendi . &he sites are so $elight" $a'ai +e' Layout"
=dudu'a" Idu Industrial /state" $urumi :ill and bu2a %'itch =>ce.
&hese sites are the metropolitan bacbone o! bu2a #oice tra>c"
each sites ha#e more than Asites and each A sites ha#e other sites
hopping !rom it and so on.
2.7 Implmn!a!ion o& Harris '"aS!ar ()1 SDH Ra*io
?or this pro2ect the :arris radio 'as implemented in t'o parts@
Indoor installation 'hich consist o! the radio units0dehydrator and
=utdoor installation 'hich consist o! the antenna0'a#eguide
installation.
2.7.1ANTENNA INSATLLATION
&he !ollo'ing steps 'ere taing !or the antenna and 'a#eguideinstallation at the si :arris metro sites@
• $eli#er the materials !rom the 'arehouse to site and taing
in#entory o! all materials on site. nd report shortages 'ithin
;hours.
• ssembling the ndre' antenna members and hoisting the
antenna at the specifed height and aJimuth *direction-
according to the )or uthoriJation.
• Install !our runs o! /))77 'a#eguide" t'o to each antenna.
• Install three grounding its per line@ at both the top and the
bottom o! the to'er and at the shelter.
• &erminate the lines inside the shelter abo#e the ne'ly
installed radio
• Install a pressure 'indo' and a !t e t'ist section to the
radio
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• lign the path o! the ndre's antenna to the calculated
recei#e #alue.
• Install a dehydrator and mani!old" pressuriJe all lines and
chec !or air leas.• Per!orm %)B tests on the 'a#eguide and antennas. Becord
t'o copies on date@ one copy to be le!t on site the other to be
returned to the o>ce.
• %ite clean up and return any unused materials bac to the
'arehouse
2.7.2RADIO INSTALLATION AND CO''ISSIONING &he !ollo'ing steps 'ere taing !or the 6ega%tar radio installation
at the si :arris metro sites@
• :eed to all 'arning labels that are permanently a>ed to the
e4uipment. /specially" electrical precautions and #eri!y that
grounding confguration compiles 'ith local code practice and
re4uirements.
• ,npacing the 6egastar radio !rom the shipping crate and
chec !or eternal damage. hec !or bill o! material
• &he %ite is prepared 'ith $ po'er source 18 to C and
proper lighting" #entilation" and access to both !ront and bac
o! the radio
• Install the 6egastar radio rac as specifed in the sale order
specifc in!ormation */ngineering )or =rder-
• Install one end o! the grounding cable to the 6egastar rac
and the other end o! the premises ground bar in accordance
'ith local procedures.
• ,se a digital meter to test battery *source- #oltage. (attery
polarity maybe positi#e or negati#e 'ith respect to ground
• Install the 'a#eguide !rom antenna to , angeH ground the
antenna 'a#eguide according to the recommended practice.
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PressuriJe the 'a#eguide" and chec all 'a#eguide
connection !or leas
&he commissioning o! the 6ega%tar 'as carried out as !ollo's@
• /nsure that the right !uses are installed" turn on the circuitbreaer !rom the main po'er distribution
• =n the po'er amplifer assembly !aceplate" ip the po'er
s'itch to =+. $o not continue until the radio has 'armed up
!or an hour.
• 6easure and record the PL% re!erence !re4uency. $o not
ad2ust the PL% until the 6ega%tar has 'armed up !or a
minimum o! ;hours• eri!y combiner null port i! parallel PNs e4uipped" ad2ust the
phase until the combiner reads belo' d(m
• 6easure top o! rac po'er" ad the #alue read on the po'er
meter to the #alue on the coupling loss sticer to determine
&=B po'er.
• onnecting the P 'ith ?%+ so!t'are using a null modern
cable
• onfgure the %P, controller s'itch setting !or 6ega%tar ;F1
confguration specifed by the )or authoriJation.
• lign the antenna !or better recei#e le#el and cross pole #alue
'hile monitoring 'ith ?%+ computer. Per!orm per!ormance
monitoring 'hich can be achie#ed by using 6ega%tar built in
per!ormance monitoring counters.
.9 cceptance &est Procedure o! :arris 6ega%tar ;F1 %$:
radios
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CHAPTER THREE
OERIE# O/ ERICSSON D885,(9 S%i!:; No*3
'ULTIPLE8ER
,.1 SDH PRINCIPLES
%$: enables dynamic dropandinsert capabilities on the payload.
P$: operators" instead" 'ould ha#e to demultiple and remultiplethe higherrate signal" causing delays and re4uiring additional
hard'are.
&his !act is represented in the picture@ !or transporting a P$: le#el 1
signal o#er a P$: le#el ; systems a great number o! e4uipment is
needed. (ecause o! the nonsynchronous nature o! the multipleing"
to gain access to a ;8 bit0s signal means that the 'hole line
signal structure must be demultipleed stepbystep do'n to the;8 bit0s le#el. ?rom the cost perspecti#e" gaining access to a
tributary signal !or rerouting purposes co#ers only one hal! o! the
e4uipment bill. &he other hal! appears a!ter rerouting since the
tributary signal must also be remultipleed step by step bac into
the line signal !or transmission. &he same target can be
accomplished in a %$: le#el 1 system 'ith only one multipleer.
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6
PDH Basics - “Add/Drop multiplexer”PDH Basics - “Add/Drop multiplexer”
140MLTU
140MLTU
140
34
8
2
34
8
140
34
34
8
8
2
34 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s to customer
• extensive asynchronous
multilexin!/"emultilexin!
re#uire" $lots o% &LLs etc'()
• in%lexible u!ra"in!
• limite"/rorietary suervision
$no mana!ement stan"ar"s(
?ig.3.1 P$: (asic sho'ing dd0$rop multiple
*
2 Mbit/s to customer
• %e+ asynchronous multilexin!/"emultilexin! sta!es
• very %lexible u!ra"in!
• comrehensive suervision $mana!ement stan"ar"s(
synchronousmux/"emux
,TM - . ,TM - .
ma/"ema
SDH Add/Drop Multiplexer SDH Add/Drop Multiplexer
?ig.3. %$: sho'ing dd0$rop 6ultipleer
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&erminal 6ultipleer terminate lo'er order signals called
tributaries and multiple these into a :igher order signal called
ggregate.
&ypical tributaries are 6bs and 3; 6bs *P$: signals- and the
aggregate signal can be %&61 *1AA6bs-" %&6; *C6bs-" and
%&61C *;886bs-" &he eact number o! tributary ports depends on
the confguration I! the ggregate signal is %&6; or %&61C" the
tributary can be %&61 *1AA6bs-"
&erminal 6ultipleer is al'ays bidirectional" so aggregate signals
are also terminated and demultipleed to a number o! tributaries.
%&61 *1AA6bs- signals can be optical or electrical but"
%&6; *C6bs- and %&61C *;886bs- only eist as optical signals
11
• ermi!ates re"e!erator a!d multiplexer-sectio! o#er$ead
• ermi!ates $i"$er-order a!d lo%er-order pat$ o#er$ead
• Multiplexi!"/mappi!" o& tributar' si"!als
• Ma' i!clude a co!!ectio! &u!ctio! &or allocatio!
o& (s %it$i! t$e SM &rame
• )!cludes timi!" a!d ma!a"eme!t &u!ctio!s
TM,TM-.or
&
,TM-M
Lover or"er si!nals i!her r"er si!nal
ermi!al Multiplexer ermi!al Multiplexer
?ig.3.3 &erminal 6ultipleer
n dd 0 $rop 6ultipleer also terminate lo'er order tributary
signals and multiple these into higher order aggregate signals.
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In an dd 0 $rop 6ultipleer there are t'o aggregate ports" so lo'er
order tributary signals in the higher order aggregate signal" can
either pass through or be added 0 dropped.
&he eact number o! tributary ports depends on the confguration &he signals are the same as !or the &erminal multipleer
&ypical tributaries are 6bs and 3; 6bs *P$: signals- and the
aggregate signal can be %&61 *1AA6bs-" %&6; *C6bs-" and
%&61C *;886bs-" I! the ggregate signal is %&6; or %&61C" the
tributary can be %&61 *1AA6bs-"
&erminal and dd0$rop 6ultipleer is al'ays bidirectional" so
aggregate signals are also terminated and demultipleed to a
number o! tributaries.
%&61 *1AA6bs- signals can be optical or electrical but"
%&6; *C6bs- and %&61C *;886bs- only eist as optical signals
12
• ermi!ates re"e!erator a!d multiplexer-sectio! o#er$ead
• ermi!ates $i"$er-order a!d lo%er-order pat$ o#er$ead
• ermi!ates lo%er-order pat$ &or termi!ati!" PDH si"!als
• Multiplexi!"/mappi!" o& tributar' si"!als
• )!cludes a co!!ectio! &u!ctio! &or allocatio! o& (s %it$i! t$e SM &rame• )!cludes co!!ectio! &u!ctio! bet%ee! t$e t%o a""re"ate si"!als
• )!cludes timi!" a!d ma!a"eme!t &u!ctio!s
,TM-. or &/0
,TM-M,TM-M
ADM
i!her r"er si!nal i!her r"er si!nal
Lover or"er si!nals
Add/Drop Multiplexer Add/Drop Multiplexer
?ig.3.; dd0$rop 6ultipleer
SD8C - SDH Di"i!al Cross Conn:!
ross onnect also terminates lo'er order tributary signals and
multiplees these into higher order aggregate signals. In a ross
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onnect there are number aggregate ports" depending on the
confguration. In a ?=,% LE the basic !unctionality is the same
'hether itNs used as a &erminal" dd0drop multipleer or ross
onnect confguration. &he eact number o! tributary and aggregateports depends on the confguration .&he signals can be the same as
!or the &erminal and dd0drop multipleer" ecept that %&61C
ggregate signals are presently not possible.
13
i!her r"er$ (
U4 / 4ross connect
- -
Lo+er r"er$L(
4 3 12ross connect
i!her r"er$ (
U4 / 4ross connect
- -
Lo+er r"er
$L( 4 3 12ross connect
SM 4
SM *
SM *
SM 4
SM *
SM *
SM *
*4+ Mb/s
34/4, Mb/s
2 Mb/s
SM *
*4+ Mb/s
34/4, Mb/s
2 Mb/s
4 x U4
1 5 U4
1 5 U4
1 5 4
1 5 4
1 5 3
1 x 12
SD. 4/*
4 x U4
1 5 U4
1 5 U4
1 5 4
1 5 4
1 5 3
1 x 12
xamples o& a .ross .o!!ectxamples o& a .ross .o!!ect
?ig.3.A /ample o! a ross onnect
&he standardiJed line rates used in %$:. ll le#els are optical
signalsH ho'e#er %&61 could also be electrical. &ellabs terminal
e4uipment can handle line rates !rom %&61 to %&61C le#el. %&6
C; transponders are a#ailable !or $)$6 systems %&6AC is !or
!uture use.
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In 199" the /uropean &elecommunications %tandards Institute
*/&%I- selected a subset o! the original %$: specifcation as the
standard !or use by members o! the /uropean ,nion. It is also used
by many countries outside the /,. &he channel capacity pro#ided by an %&61 has been designed to
pro#ide transport !or a 139 6bit0s tributary signal but at the same
time diDerent P$: !rames can be transported using the %&6+
!rame. ?or ha#ing some ind o! structure the %&6+ payload has
been di#ided in smaller parts called &ributary ,nits *&,s- or
dministrati#e ,nits *,s-" 'hich ha#e a fed position in the !rame.
21
-2
-12
-11
TU-2
TU-12
TU9-2
x1
x3
-3TU-3TU9-3x1
U-4 -4
x*
x3
x1,TM-.
xn U9
&ointer rocessin!
Multilexin!
li!nin!
Main!-11 $144( :bit/s
-12 2048 :bit/s
-2 $6312 :bit/s(
-4 13264 :bit/s
-344*36 :bit/s
34368 :bit/s
9rous
SDH Multiplexi!" Structure ;S)
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)hen #isualiJed as a bloc the frst 9 bytes o! each ro' carry
o#erhead in!ormation" the remaining C1 bytes carry payload. &he
o$r;a* capacity is 9 bytes0segment T 9 segments O 81
o#erhead bytes" 'hich is much more than 1 byte in the /1 !rame. &he remaining C1 columns o! the !rame" a total o! 3;9 bytes" are
called the pa
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&, *-" &,3 *!or 3- and ,; *;-. Inserting a inside a
&,0, is called aligning.
23
.o!tai!ers are t$e basic pa'load u!it i! t$e SDH s'stem
2 Mbit/splesioc$ro!ous stream
usti&icatio! b'tes
? mappi!" rate adaptio!
.*2
ontainers are also carryin! en"-user in%ormation
besi"es the ayloa" in the overhea"
4 4' level 140 Mbit/s
3 3' level 34/4 Mbit/s
2 2' level 6/ $8( Mbit/s
1'2 1' level 2 Mbit/s
1'1 1' level 14$i!her or"er &ath overhea"(
Pat$ #er$ead.*2
.
.o!tai!er
PH
irtual .o!tai!er ;.
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2
( Poi!ter (*2
.*2
irtual .o!tai!er
A ributar' (!it comprisesC
a irtual .o!tai!er ;.<ontains the basic ayloa"
an" the & $&ath verhea"(
a!d t$e ributar' (!it Poi!ter ointer oints out the start o% the
an" eventual chan!e o% ointer value<
+hich allo+s "ynamic ali!nment o% the
+ithin the TU %rame
ributar' (!it ;(
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2*
-12
-12
@
L
TU12-1 TU12-2 TU12-3
TU93-1 TU93-2 TU93-3
TU92-6
TU92-*
TU92-
TU92-4
TU92-3
TU92-1
TU92-2
@? TU9-3 number
$values 1-3(
L? TU9-2 number
$values 1-*(
M? TU-12 number$values 1-3(
TU12 no' 1-4-2
.
-
4
P
H
(: Structure
TU12 no' A
1M .o-ordi!ates used i! ellabs 63++1M .o-ordi!ates used i! ellabs 63++
?ig.3.1; %&61 %=: *%ection =#erhead-
28
$e SH relates to a certai! !et%or7 sectio!
SDH
termi!almultiplexer
AddDrop
Multiplexer
or SD.
SDH
termi!al
multiplexer
e"e!erator e"e!erator
Pat$
Multiplexer sectio!s
e"e!erator sectio!s
PH
SH - Sectio! #er$eadSH - Sectio! #er$ead
?ig.3.1A %=: %ection =#erhead
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,.2 ERICSSON D885,(9 S%i!:; No*3 'ULTIPLE8ER
&he &ellabs C3; product !amily is part o! the &/LL(% product
range !or telecommunication transmission net'ors based on the
standards and recommendations o! %$: !rom /&%I and I&,. =therparts are the C31" C3" the C33" and the 7 *)$6-
?ig.3.1C sho's the &ellabs $EEC3;
&he &ellabs C3; net'or element can be used as an dd$rop
6ultipleer *$61C" $6; or $61-" &erminal 6ultipleer *&61C"
&6; or &61- or %ynchronous $igital rossonnect *%$E ;0301-.
&he aggregate inter!aces can be %&61C" %&6; or %&61 and the
tributary inter!aces %&6;" %&61" Gigabit /thernet" ?ast /thernet"
&6" ;A 6bit0s" 3; 6bit0s and 6bit0s. &he crossconnections in this
node are done at :igher =rder le#el *;- and Lo'er =rder le#el
*1 and 3-. &he higherorder crossconnection matri has ;8
ports. 6aimum 1C %&61 e4ui#alents can be dropped in the node.
In higherorder" %&61 and %&6; can be dropped. maimum o! 8
%&61 e4ui#alent signals can be lo'er order connected. &he lo'er
order connecti#ity maes it possible to ha#e direct drop o! 6bit0s"
3; 6bit0s and ;A 6bit0s.
ADM9 M or SD. co!&i"uratio!
SM-*9 SM-49 SM-*69 DEDM a""re"atei!ter&aces
2 Mbit/s9 34 Mbit/s9 4, Mbit/s9
:i"abit t$er!et9 ast t$er!et9 AM9SM-* a!d SM-4 ributar'
)!ter&aces
1o%er-rder a!d Hi"$er-rder.o!!ecti#it' ;.-*29 .-39 .-4<
29
2
7ytes 261 7ytes
Bo+s
B, C Be!enerator ,ection verhea"
M, C Multilexer,ection verhea"
"ministrative Unit &ointer$s(
1 1 1 2 2 2 D071 E1 ;11 2 3
72 72 72 @1 @24*
8
6
10 11 12,1 M1 E2
& C 4 &ath verhea"
D1732
91.4 DataPa'load
SM* SH ;Sectio! #er$ead
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In the &ellabs C3; product !amily it is possible to add e4uipment
protection to the net'or element. ll inter!aces and modules can
be either e4uipment protected or net'or protected.
&ellabs C3; is built 'ith the !rontaccess subrac called the %?3. &he net'or elements consist o! one main and ; tributary
subrac.
6management o! the &ellabs C3; *lie any other product- can be
per!ormed !rom a local cra!t terminal" or !rom a net'or
management system.
,., Transmission Topolo"< Dsi"n o& Eri:sson D885,(9
m?l!ipl@rs in 'TN N!%or+
&he &ellabs C3; +/ can be confgured as an adddrop multipleer
*$6-" terminal multipleer *&6- or synchronous digital cross
connect *%$E-.
&ellabs C3; confgured as an $6 contains t'o modules as
aggregate. It adds and0or drops tributary signals *at the ;" 3
or 1 le#el- to and !rom an %&61" %&6; or %&61C %$: line.
&his confguration is called $61" $6; or $61C" respecti#ely.
&ellabs C3; confgured as a &6 is similar to the $6" but
contains only one module as aggregate" and a number o! tributary
modules. It multiplees tributary signals to and !rom an %&61" %&6
; or %&61C %$: line. &his confguration is called &61" &6; or &61C"
respecti#ely.
&ellabs C3; confgured as an %$E contains a number o!
modules confgured as aggregates and a number as tributary
modules. It multiplees tributary signals to and !rom %&61 or %&6;
%$: lines. It crossconnects tributary %&61" 6bit0s" 3; 6bit0s
and0or ;A 6bit0s and aggregate %&61 and0or %&6; signals. &his
confguration is called %$E ;01.
&he &ellabs C3; subrac has slot positions !or use by the #arious
modules that mae up the &ellabs C3;. &he slot positions used by
the modules can #ary depending upon the confguration.
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?ull in!ormation about the module layout 'ill be gi#en later in this
courseH ho'e#er" there are some rules that must be !ollo'ed@
• %lot positions 1 and are al'ays used !or ggregate ports in
a 6ain subrac.• %lot C and 1C are used !or the E *ross onnect module-
*'oring and protection- in a 6ain subrac and !or /E&
modules in a tributary subrac.
• %lot is used !or the 6 *entral 6anagement
ommunication ontrol-
in 6ain subrac only
• %lots 8 to 1A are !or &ributary modules *or additional
aggregates- depending on confguration
• %lots 3A and 1719 are !or Po'er %upply modules
&his slide sho' an eample 'ith the &ellabs C3; confgured as an
$61C 'ith the capability o! dropping 1C /1s. In this eample the
&ellabs C3; is confgured in a single subrac" ho'e#er" the net
slide sho's ho' the &ellabs C3; can occupy up to A subracs.
&he &ellabs C3; confguration 'ill al'ays ha#e 1 6ain subrac" and
an optional to ; &ributary subracs.
In the 6ain subrac@
,p to ; aggregate modules * %&61C" ; %&6; or 8 %&61-
&ributary inter!aces e4ui#alent o!
8 ; * %&6;- or
; !or P$: * %&61" C 3 or 1C 1-
In each &ributary subrac@
/E&8@ 8 %&61 or
/E&C@ ; %&61 F ; e4ui#alents !or P$: signals
*C 3 or 1C 1 or mi hereo!-
+ote that not all tributary positions are a#ailable at the same time.
&he &ellabs C3; can be used !or implementing %&6;" %&61C
regional0metropolitan rings 'ith nodes that drop oD a miture o!
03;0;A 6bit0s and %&610%&6; signals.
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&he builtin 1Cport lo'er order crossconnect and the capability o!
dropping an entire %&61C 'orth o! capacity may be used to
interconnect %&61C rings at the 1 and ; le#el. =r as
termination and inter'oring point !or a number o! %&61 rings or!or direct inter'oring bet'een %&61 and %&6; rings.
s 1Cport %$E ;01 e4uipment there are also many grooming and
consolidation applications !or the &ellabs C3;. It can be used in
combination 'ith products 'ith only ; connecti#ity as e.g. the
;. ?or smaller o>ces" the &ellabs C3; may be used as a
managed distribution !rame !or 6bit0s signals.
&ellabs C3; can be integrated 'ith C $)$6 system to
terminate $)$6 channels direct into the %$: net'or 'ithout the
use o! transponders. 3A %&61C inter!ace modules are a#ailable 'ith
tuned 'a#elengths.
,.( Implmn!a!ion o& Eri:sson D885,(9 '?l!ipl@rs
?or this pro2ect $EEC3; main and tributary sub rac 'as installed
in si metro sites as !ollo's@
,.(.1 RACK INSTALLATION &he !ront o! the rac is prepared !or mounting o! standard sub racs
'ith a 'idth o! up to A mm. &he rac can be e4uipped 'ith up to
!our sub racs. &he upper part o! the rac is reser#ed !or the B?
*Bac onnection ?ield-. &he open top and bottom o! the rac
!unction as cable inlets. /ternal cables *electrical and optical-
enter the rac #ia the top or bottom. &hey are routed #ia cable ducts
in the side panels o! the rac to the respecti#e %?s *%ystem
onnection ?ield- or directly to the B? *Bac onnection ?ield-.
ables !rom the B? to %?s are routed in the rac side member
cable ducts together 'ith the eternal cables.
%a!ety earth connection is located at the top o! the rac" and on the
le!t and right side the rac is pro#ided 'ith connectors !or antistatic
bracelets.
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?ig.3.17 /&%I Bac 'ith B?
,.(.2RC/ RACK CONNECTION /IELD3 &he B? system pro#ides the rac and station alarm inter!ace"
distributes po'er to the subracs in the rac and protects against
surge transients in the station po'er distribution net'or. &he B?accommodates up to eight subracs in a rac or !our subracs i!
protection supply is used. &he B? system consists o! the basic B?
subrac" the rac alarm indicator module and t'o possible types o!
po'er flter modules.
,.(.,S/, 5,(9 SUBRACK
=ne type o! subrac is a#ailable !or C3; net'or elements@ the %?3subrac. &he %?3 subrac is a !ront access subrac comprising
slots !or modules. &ellabs C3; net'or element consists o! a 6ain
subrac and up to !our additional &ributary subracs" depending on
the confguration. &he same subrac" %?3" is used in both cases. &he
%?3 subrac can be installed both in /&%I racs *Ccm.- and in 19V
racs" using special adaptation bracets. &he applied lasers are
embedded 13 or 1AA nm 'a#elength semiconductor lasers.
4 File Name
S) ac7 %it$ .S) ac7 %it$ .
ac7 .o!!ectio! ieldAlarm a!d Po%er i!ter&ace
S) ac76++ mm %ide rac7 &orellabs 63++ eFuipme!t
Hei"$t 22++mm
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In case o! an interruption o! the optical fbre path by accident *e.g.
cable rupture- an automatic sa!ety !eature 'ill result in a periodic
shutdo'n o! the transmitter laser. &his !eature is called L%
*utomatic Laser %hutdo'n-:ence" the laser radiation !rom any fbre end is restricted to a
second period" 'hich is repeated e#ery 7 seconds. &his !eature is
called LB *utomatic Laser restart-.
)ith less than d(m *L1.1 and L1.- radiated optical po'er during
the second period" the time a#eraged po'er is less than 1A d(m"
'hich is harmless at rele#ant 'a#elengths. /posure to laser
radiation rised during ser#ice or installation can be haJardous in
case o! double !ault conditions.
?ig.3.18 %?3 C3; %ubrac
* Mai! subrac7 a!d up to
&our ributar' subrac7s
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?ig.3.19 $iagram sho'ing dip s'itch setting
(e!ore installing the modules into the subrac" the $IP s'itches
located on the bacplane must be set. &here are three s'itches !or
setting the %ubrac I$ and !our s'itches !or setting the Bac I$. &he
s'itches are binary coded. &he purpose !or setting the subrac
s'itches is to obtain in!ormation about the rac and subrac
addresses !or installed modules 'hen using the +61
management system.
?urthermore the in!ormation is used by the 6 module in
applications using more than one subrac" to distinguish bet'een
modules inserted in the same slot.
+oteW !ter a po'erup" these I$Ns cannot be changed 'ithout
aDecting the tra>c
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&his describes ho' to install the C mm rac connection feld *B?-
into an /&%I Bac. )hen using a 19V rac" the side anges o! the
B? must be replaced by special adaptation bracets. =rdering
+umber !or 19V 19X 6ounting %et !or B?@ +%79(e!ore mounting the B?" the nuts including clips must be inserted
into the s4uare holes numbered 1 and ;. o! the rac side.
Insert the B? in the rac top position *feld 1-" 'here the clips"
holding the nuts" are mounted.
10 File Name
Mou!ti!" t$e .Mou!ti!" t$e .
?ig.3. 6ounting B? on rac
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11 File Name
ac7 Alarm )!dicator Moduleac7 Alarm )!dicator Module
?ig.3.1 B? larm Indicator 6odule
&he alarm indicator module E;9 carries the " ( and B alarm
L/$s and is supplied !rom the alarm po'er. &he alarm po'er
terminal bloc is located in the Bac onnection ?ield.
!use !or the larm po'er is located on the module *A mp %lo'-.
&his larm po'er is" besides supplying the L/$s" also supplying the
L/$s on the 6 module #ia the alarm cable. )hen inserting the
alarm cable bet'een &ellabs C3; 6ain %ubrac and the Bac
onnection ?ield" the alarm po'er can be Us'itched oDV by
etracting the L/$ module" to a#oid short circuiting.
larm O ritical
(larm O 6a2or
Blarm O Bemind
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12 File Name
ilter Board %it$ Automatic Brea7er ilter Board %it$ Automatic Brea7er
Auto &use a!d s%itc$
?ig.3. ?ilter (oard 'ith utomatic (reaer
&he ?ilter (oard E;7 module includes a surge flter on ;80C
and . (y using the combined automatic !use and circuit breaer"
the po'er supply to the appropriate system can be s'itched oD.
&he station po'er supply must be connected to the common
terminal bloc in the alarm feld. &he terminal bloc on the module
must be connected to the appropriate subrac.
onnect *red- and ;80C *blue- to the station supply cables.
onnect the optional ground connection to the ground terminal on
the B?. Bepeat this procedure 'hen protection po'er is used.
onnect instead to the Po'er &erminals (.
&he label on the inside o! the !ront co#er sho's the po'er
connections on the B? motherboard. onnect *red- and ;80
C *blue- to the station supply cables. onnect the optional
ground connection to the ground terminal o! the po'er flter.
Bepeat this procedure !or each o! the installed po'er flter modules.
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16 File Name
.o!!ecti!" S'stem Po%er as Alarm Po%er .o!!ecti!" S'stem Po%er as Alarm Po%er
$e dra%i!" s$o%s t$e alarm po%er
.o!!ected i! parallel
$e Alarm Po%er ca! also be
co!!ected to a separate
po%er source9 t$e Alarm Po%er
is &used #ia a &use i! t$e 1D board
?ig.3.3 onnecting %ystem
&he larm Po'er !eeds the L/$Ys on the L/$ board in the B?" and
#ia the system alarm cable the Bac larm L/$Ys on the 6
module.
&o connect the system po'er as alarm po'er" connect the alarm
po'er terminals to the po'er terminals " in parallel 'ith station
po'er.
&o connect an eternal po'er source as alarm po'er" onnect
*red-" ;80C *blue- to the alarm po'er terminal bloc.
In both cases the larm Po'er is !used #ia a & A !use in the L/$
board" be!ore going out on the system alarm cable to the 6ain
subrac.
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27 File Name
S'stem .o!!ectio! ield ;S.
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28 File Name
outi!" ributar' .ablesouti!" ributar' .ables
Max *26 x 2 Mb/s tributaries ca! be co!!ected i!
eac$ subrac75 @ c$a!!els i! eac$ cable
)!put /output i! separate cables
otall' 3 x 6 x 2 ? 36 cables &or 2Mbs
?ig.3.A Bouting &ributary
&his sho's the details o! the 6 */1- connectors@ /ach connector
carries 7 channels" each 'ith Input 0 output in separate cables.
6aimum 1C 6b0s tributaries can be connected in each
subrac.
16b0s tributaries in each module *slot position- so C modules 'ith
each 3 inputs and 3 output cables. an be connected to the
subrac.
&he maimum number o! cables is thus &otally C 3 O 3C
cables !or 6bs
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29 File Name
Pictures of TISI 1Pictures of TISI 1
?ig.3.C picture sho's the 6 */1- cables
30 File Name
Pictures of TISI 2Pictures of TISI 2
?ig.3.7 closeup o! an installation 'ith 6 */1- cables.
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In confgurations using t'o or more subracs" bus cables are
used bet'een the main subrac and the tributary subrac*s-.
&heir !unction is to enable communication bet'een the
subracs #ia the bus.1. onnect the cable bet'een bus ( connector on subrac 1
to bus connector ( on subrac . I! the confguration
comprises more than t'o subracs" proceed to step "
other'ise proceed to step ;.
. onnect the cable bet'een bus connector on subrac
to bus connector on subrac 3. I! the confguration
comprises more than three subracs" proceed to step 3"
other'ise proceed to step ;.
3. onnect the cable bet'een bus ( connector on subrac 3
to bus connector ( on subrac ;.
;. ?inally insert a termination plug into the unused bus
connector on the frst and last subrac.
+ote@ In confgurations 'ith only one subrac" the termination
plug is not used.
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36 File Name
Pictures of C-bus cablesPictures of C-bus cables
?ig.3.9 &he picture sho's an installation 'ithout the 6 cables.
%o you can clearly seethe &I%I cables" fbers" /thernet !or
management" system alarm cable and bus cable to tributary
subracs.
/thernet cable (+ connectors
onnect the /thernet cables as sho'n in the fgure.
&he L+ 1 onnectors are only used !or connecting the &ellabs
C3; directly *or #ia L+- to the management system
+61.
Bemember to use A =hm coa cables lie BGA8 or similar"
unused connectors must be terminated 'ith A ohms.
(+ A =hm /thernet &ermination set order no.@ )KC1
&he L+ onnectors are only used !or management o! &/E
modules in confgurations 'here they are installed. %ee &/E
6anual 6187 !or details.
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,.(.(CONNECTIIT
:igher=rder;8port %$E ;0;ccess !or
3 aggregate ,; ports1C tributary ; ports
Lo'er=rder1Cport %$E ;0301ccess !or
8 a""re"ate .-48 tributar' .-4
eFui#ale!ts
32 x A(-4
SD. 4/4 ;.-4 .<
*6 .-4
8 .-4 1;,+4 (-*2s or 24 (3s<
SD. 4/3
;.-3 .<
7 8 C-( .9( C-12s or2( C-,s3
SD. 4/*
;.-*2 .<
8 .-4 H;8 SM-*s H or 2 SM-4<
ADM (sa"e
SM-*6
;SM-49 SM-*<
SM-*6
;SM-49 SM-*<
SM-4/* ;H< 2M 34M/4,MSM-* ;1<
16$4
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&able.3.1 &ributary apacity and &I%I ablesotal maximum !umber o& SM-* eFui#ale!t tributar' si"!als a#ailable i! s'stem5
&able.3. &ributary %ubrac &I%I onnectors
GoteC)& a tributar' subrac7comprises a! 6module9 co!!ector.2* must al%a's be
co!!ected to t$e mai!
subrac75
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L;. O Long :aul" %&6;" 1AAnm" tt. range@ 1; d(" distance@
;9A m
L1C.1 O Long :aul" %&61C" 131nm" tt. range@ 1; d("
distance@ 3A mL1C. O Long :aul" %&61C" 1AAnm " tt. range@ 1; d("
distance@ ;8A m
&he coloured %&61C inter!aces !or C 0 &ellabs 7 =ptical
&ransport %ystem" are a#ailable in 39 diDerent 'a#elengths
matching the I&,& grid. &hese coloured %&61C inter!ace modules"
are handled as any standard %&61C inter!ace modules .
/&/E modules@
%E *%horthaul- 1(%/%E supports up to A meters across
multimode fbre.
LE *longhaul- 1(%/LE supports up to A m across single mode
fber.
+=&/@ &he distance in m is only to be used as a guidance.
alculated acc. to G.9A70G.9A8 'ith assumptions@
ttenuation .; d(0m [ 131nm *G.CA fbre-
ttenuation .A d(0m [ 1AAnm *G.CA fbre-
?or eact calculation a Po'er (udget must be made !or the optical span.
ttenuation range according to standard endo!li!e spec.
50*/*@/2++36
A""re"ate )!ter&acesA""re"ate )!ter&aces
R I 1
L I 1
L I 4
L I 1 6
'pe )!ter&aces
1)* * x SM - *
)* 2 x SM - *
1)4 * x SM - 4
1)*6 * x SM - *6
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&he a#ailable aggregate modules are LI1C" LI;" LI1 and BI1. &he line
interconnects modules LIn support one %&6+ port" and the ring
interconnect module BI1 supports t'o %&61 ports@
RI1 Bing Interconnect %&61" supports t'o %&61 ports optical orelectrical.
LI1 Line Interconnect %&61" supports one %&61 ports" optical or
electrical.
LI( Line Interconnect %&6;" supports one optical %&6; port.
LI15 Line Interconnect %&61C" supports one optical %&61C port.
&he optical modules supports diDerent inter!aces according to I&,
G.9A7. +ote that also each inter!ace type is a separate item.
(itrate Inter!ace =ptions %hort name
;88 6bit0s%$: %&61C =ptical %1C.1" L1C.1" L1C." L
1C.)L LI1C
C 6bit0s %$: %&6; =ptical %;.1" L;.1" L;. LI;
1AA 6bit0s %$: %&61 =ptical %1.1" L1.1" L1." /lectricalLI" BI
BI" LI" /&/E" and &/E are the tributary %$: Z $ata inter!ace
modules.
51
*/*@/2++3@
ributar' SDH I Data )!ter&acesributar' SDH I Data )!ter&aces
'pe )!ter&aces
G 1)* * x SM - *
G )* 2 x SM - *
G 1)4 * x SM - 4
G * * x :b
G 2 2 x :b
G 4 4 x *+/*++ t$er!et
G A * x AM (G) SM-*
R I 1
L I 1
E T E X 1
E T E X 2
A T E X
L I 4
E T E X 4
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\+ote that BI and LI modules can be used both as aggregate and astributary modules]
(itrate Inter!ace =ptions %hort nameC 6bit0s %$: %&6; =ptical %;.1" L;.1" L-;. LI;
1AA 6bit0s %$: %&61 =ptical %1.1" L1.1" L-1." /l. LI" BI1AA 6bit0s &6 %&61 ,+I=ptical I1.1" %1.1 &/E
1AA 6bit0s Gb/ =pt. %E 8Anm 66" LE 13nm %6 /&/E
&/E nn" are the tributary inter!ace modules !or P$: ports.
+ote that a special module called the &IP33 is mandatory 'hen
using &/E33 or &/E$%33. &he &IP33 inter!aces to the connectors"
and is used as s'itch !or protection o! 3; 6bit0s and ;A 6bit0s
inter!aces.
(itrate Inter!ace =ptions %hort name
;A 6bit0s P$: $%3 /lectrical &/E$%33" &/E$%31
3; 6bit0s P$: /3 /lectrical &/E31" &/E33
6bit0s P$: /1 /lectrical" 7A or 1 ohm &/E1P
F 6bit0s monitoring &/E1Pm
ll &/E1P and &/E1Pm are a#ailable in Besyncronised or +ot
Besyncronised #ersions.
52
*/*@/2++38
ributar' PDH )!ter&acesributar' PDH )!ter&aces
'pe )!ter&aces
G *P 2*x 2 Mbit/s
G 3* * x 34 Mbit/s
G DS3* * x 4, Mbit/s
G 33 3 x 34 Mbit/s ;al%a's > )P33<
G DS33 3 x 4, Mbit/s ;al%a's > )P33<
G )P33 ributar' )!ter&ace Protectio!
T E X 3 3
T E X 3 1
T E X D S 3 3
T E X D S 3 1
T I P 3 3
T E X 1 P
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&he 6 module is a central management module !rom 'hich the
+/ is controlled. It contains a ash memory card 'here the
application so!t'are and the confguration in!ormation is stored.
E is the main crossconnect module o! the +/. It has a ;8port
%$E ;0; and a 1Cport %$E ;01 and it handles the synchroniJation
!unction o! the +/. &he E module can be 1F1 e4uipment
protected.
&he /E&C and /E&8 modules are only used in tributary subracs.
E and /E& modules are interconnected by cables. &hese cables
are called &I%I cables *&ributary Internal %ection Inter!ace- I! t'o Emodules are used !or protection" also the /E& module and the &I%I
cables should be duplicated.
&he po'er supply !or the &ellabs C3; is handled by the P% po'er
supply modules. &he eact number o! po'er supply modules
needed depends on the actual confguration.
53
*/*@/2++3
Support ModulesSupport Modules
G .. .e!tral cross-co!!ect Module
;t%o9 i& eFuipme!t protectio! is reFuired<
G 6 /8 modules &or i!terco!!ectio!to additio!al tributar' subrac7s
;t%o i& eFuipme!t protectio! is reFuired<
G .M.. .e!tral Ma!a"eme!t a!d.ommu!icatio!s .o!troller
G PS Po%er Supplies;o!e or more ca! be added &oreFuipme!t protectio!<
C M C C
C X C
E X T
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
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&he &ellabs C3; subrac is called %?3" and has slots !ormodules. &he modules occupy one or t'o slots depending on themodule type.
&he subrac is closed 'ith a !ront plate co#ering the modules placedin the subrac.
n &ellabs C3; net'or element consists o! a main subrac and upto !our additional tributary subracs" depending on theconfguration. &he same subrac type %?3 is used !or both main andtributary subracs.
&he %?3 subrac can be installed both in /&%I racs *Ccm- and in
19V racs. =ne rac can be e4uipped 'ith up to !our subracs.
*/*@/2++3*+
S3 Subrac7S3 Subrac7
• S3 &ro!t access subrac7
• Dime!sio!s
• %idt$ 44 mm
• dept$ 24, mm
• $ei"$t 4@4 mm
• 22 module slots
• S3 used &or bot$ mai! a!dtributar' subrac7s
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*/*@/2++3*2
PDH a!d Data )!ter&ace ModulesPDH a!d Data )!ter&ace Modules
33/
DS33
3* )P33*P 4*/2
Layout o% mo"ules<see ar"+are Fnstallation Manual M303 %or "etails'
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*/*@/2++3*4
Support ModulesSupport Modules
.M.... 6 a!d 8
Layout o% mo"ules<see ar"+are Fnstallation Manual M303 %or "etails'
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A:+no%l*" =?!!on
)hen the button is pushed the current rac alarm 'ill be
acno'ledged
R* LED
)hen the L/$ lights up" the module contains one or more alarm
conditions. +o L/$ lit indicates no alarms.
Grn LED
&he green L/$ is an U=+V indication.
/-In!r&a:
&his f#e pole connector is used to connect a cra!t terminal
57
*/*@/2++3*,
Po%er Suppl' Module ;.M3*@4-+2-+*, a!d -, are obtai!ed5 All outputs are
impleme!ted %it$ po%er s$are circuits5
$is e!sures t$at modules co!!ected i!
parallel s$are t$e actual po%er le#el
eFuall'
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*/*@/2++3*6
Po%er S'stem Modularit'Po%er S'stem Modularit'
=== ===
Po%er suppl'Modules
,econ"ary &o+er -U71 -U72
Tertiary &o+er H 0 - ac$ po%er suppl' module
is capable o& deli#eri!"
3@ Eatts ;.M3*@4-+*-+*< or
6+ Eatts ;.M3*@4-+2-+*<
$e total po%er
co!sumptio! &or t$e
Subrac7 $as to be
calculated
$e !ecessar' !umber
o& po%er supplies !eeded
is i!serted i! Subrac79
accordi!" to t$e total
po%er co!sumptio!
&or t$e Subrac7
,ur!e %ilter
an"/or
ircuit 7rea:ers
/;uses
....
ra&&icModules
&he customer can choose to use one o! the t'o secondary inputs!rom the station" or use one as main po'er supply and the otheras protection supply *in case the main supply !ails-.
&he po'er supply module *P%- con#ert secondary supplies toFA 0 0 A tertiary po'er.
&he po'er supply automatically s'itches !rom the main supplyto the protection supply" i! the main supply is belo' 3C . &hes'itching is completed 'ithin A sec. a!ter the main supply has!allen belo' 3C .
&he s'itching is re#erti#e" that is the input s'itch selects themain supply again" i! the #oltage on the main supply increases tomore than ; .6ore po'er supply modules can 'or in parallel. /nough po'ersupplies must be used to meet the total po'er consumptionspecifcations o! the modules in the system.%ee :ard'are 6anual 6;1 !or details on Po'er
onsumption6ore po'er supplies can be added to pro#ide po'er supplyredundancy*6@+ protection-.
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*/*@/2++3*@
a! (!ita! (!it
G $e a! (!it is used i! co!&i"uratio!s
comprisi!" 1)*69 1-*652 a!d 1)*6 E1
G $ree cooli!" &a!s are used i! a redu!da!t co!&i"uratio!
G D'!amic co!trol o& &a! speed
Got used ed /:ree! 1DJs
&he !an unit consists o! three cooling !ans operated in a 1@
redundant confguration. &he !ans are placed in a pressure
chamber that ensures a uni!orm airo' through a
replaceable air flter in to the subrac abo#e.
&he cooling unit starts automatically 'hen po'er is
applied. )hen the temperature sensor detects a too high
temperature" the !an speed is increased.
Po'er to the ?an unit is taen #ia the %?3 subrac 'ith a
special po'er cable" and an alarm cable is connected to
the ,E alarm connector at the %?3.
&o ensure optimum cooling under normal en#ironmental
conditions" it is recommended to replace the air flter e#ery
1 months.
$escription Item no.
?an module 6;;1
6ounting bracet !or !an module +%8;
able assembly" po'er cable !an unit )K;78E3.1
able assembly" alarm cable !an unit )K;79E1.A1
?ilter !or !an module +%8A59
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*/*@/2++3*8
Arc$itectureArc$itecture
!!&, Trib 5 M
U71 U72 ,TM-. ata Mon
larms
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CO''ISSIONING D885,(9 NODE
ommissioning can be done !rom the C3 +et'or /ditor or the
ra!t &erminal using identical dialogues. Prere4uisites !orcommissioning an +/ are@
• %ubrac and cables *&I%I" bus" /thernet" larm and Po'er-
• 6odules installed
CO''ISSIONING TASKS
• /dit the +/ +ame and Location Label
• reate +/ 6odel
• /4uipment ommissioning *select %ubrac and 6odule ,sage-• onfgure =ptical Ports Z %$: &ermination Points
• onfgure the %ynchroniJation
• onfgure the $+ channels
&he purpose o! commissioning a C3; +/ is to create a model o! the
+/. &his model allo's you to manage *control and monitor- the +/
!rom the +et'or 6anager and ra!t &erminal. (e!ore you start
commissioning a C3; that is to be taen into ser#ice" you mustmae sure that the !ollo'ing tass ha#e been per!ormed@
• &he subracs and cables */thernet" larm and Po'er- ha#e
been installed.
• &he modules ha#e been installed in the correct slot positions.
• hierarchy has been defned in the +et'or 6anager in
'hich the ne' +/ is to be placed
CO''UNICATING #ITH NE
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&he &ellabs C3 managed access e4uipment utilises the =%I net'or
protocol !or communication bet'een the management system and
the net'or. &he +%P address *+et'or %er#ice ccess Point- is a
uni4ue address used to identi!y each +/.
&ellabs C3; +/s are assigned the de!ault +%P address
;91^%ystem0+ode I$M1 during production.
&he Ara A**rss _;91N and the Sl:!or /il* part N1N o! the
address are al'ays the same. &he SNo* ID is the +/Ns
/thernet ddress *also no'n as 6 address-. /ach master module
is gi#en its o'n uni4ue /thernet address in the !actory" 'hich is
printed on the main board label on the !ront o! the 6 module. &he
frst three bytes * 8- denote &ellabs $enmar e4uipment" and
the !ollo'ing three bytes are uni4ue to the specifc piece o!
e4uipment.
&he +%P address can be changed" but it must !ulfl certain
re4uirements. ?or eample" addresses starting 'ith U;9V can be used
!or pri#ate net'ors" and 'ith U39V must be allocated by the I%=
organiJations. s the C3; only supports I%I% le#el 1 routing" C3;Ns
that ha#e diDerent area addresses 'ill not be able to communicate
GSAP ;G A"e!t Address<
40001 00a08211*%c 01
rea ""ress Ethernet ""ress ,elector ;iel"
&he +%P address can beuserdefned
D&a?l! +%P address isstored on 6module *not on thememory card-" andprinted on the !ront o!the module
&he ?sr-*n* +%P isstored on a ashmemory card. !aultymodule can then bereplaced and" usingthis ash card" eepits confguration
including the sameidenti!y
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'ith one another. %o" i! the +%P address is changed then the +/ and
many other +/s may be unreachable !rom the management centre.
lso" i! t'o +/s ha#e the same +%P address it 'ill not be possible to
communicate 'ith them.No! ne' +%P address does not replace the old +%P address
until a Beset +/ procedure is per!ormed.
&he ra!t &erminal !or the &ellabs C3; is called C3 ra!t terminal.
&his is a ser#ice terminal used mainly by technicians 'hen
installation0commissioning the C3;. &he ra!t &erminal runs on a )indo's plat!orm and the user
inter!ace is started either by using an icon on the destop or directly
#ia the Ps start button.
&he & users a suite o! graphical user inter!aces to enable you to
easily operate the C3;. &hese G,Is are identical to those !ound on
the C3 net'or manager.
LAUNCHING THE CRA/T TER'INAL DIALOGUE
.ra&t ermi!alFuipme!t #ie%
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&o be able to manage an +/" you ha#e to create a model o! the actual
physical e4uipment.
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&erminal. It is in this 'indo' that you create the model *automatically
or manually-.
n +/ in a net'or 'hich is managed by a 6anagement %ystem" is
constantly monitored !or discrepancies. I! the actual e4uipment o! the+/ diDers !rom the +/ model *usually called the epected
e4uipment-" then the +/ is unmanageable and an alarm is sent to
the management centre indicating the corresponding !ault.
n +/ model can be created automatically by trans!erring in!ormationdirectly !rom the actual e4uipment. &his can be done using the opy
ctual to /pected )iJard.
%tart the )iJard by pressing the Copy Actual to Expected button in
the Equipment Commissioning 'indo'.
&he )iJard guides the user through the operation o! assigning #alues
!or the subrac and module usage.
,se the )iJard only 'hen doing the initial commissioning o! the node.)hen adding or remo#ing modules" use the methods described later
Cop< A:!?al !o E@p:!* #iFar*
,sed !or creating the +/ model automaticallyin!ormation trans!erred !rom :)opies !rom the ctual to the /pected feld the
racssubracs6odulescabling
$e!ault #alue !or the 6odule ,sageI! only one possible #alue the )iJard suggests that #alue
,se the )iJard only 'hen commissioning not 'hen adding or remo#ing modules on e4uipment i ser#ice
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in the material because you may get bit errors in the eisting
modules 'hen using the )iJard.
USING #I4ARD
Bightclic in the +et'or /lement title bar and select opy ctual to
/pected. &he opy ctual to /pected )iJard appears.
ssign a usage to modules mared 'ith a blue 4uestion mar *`- by@
a- $oubleclic on the module" or" alternati#ely press the spacebar
'hen the cursor is on it.
b- %elect the rele#ant #alue !or the 6odule ,sage attribute in the
'indo' that appears.
c- lic =K.
No!@ &he 6odule ,sage attribute o! all other modules mared 'ith a
green chec mar may be changed using the same procedure.
(si!" t$e EiKard
,ystem coies theActual to thexpected con%i!uration<romtin! %ormo"ule usa!e i%necessary
L - mo"ule+here no usa!ehas been selecte"
- mo"ule +here
a usa!e has beenselecte"
- mo"ule thathas no usa!e to be"e%ine"'
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Bightclic in the +et'or /lement title bar and select opy ctual to
/pected. &he opy ctual to /pected )iJard appears.
ssign a usage to modules mared 'ith a blue 4uestion mar *`- by@
a- $oubleclic on the module" or" alternati#ely press the spacebar
'hen the cursor is on it.
b- %elect the rele#ant #alue !or the 6odule ,sage attribute in the
'indo' that appears.
c- lic =K.
No!@ &he 6odule ,sage attribute o! all other modules mared 'ith a
green chec mar may be changed using the same procedure.
(si!" t$e EiKard
,ystem coies the
Actual to thexpected con%i!uration<romtin! %ormo"ule usa!e i%necessary
L - mo"ule+here no usa!ehas been selecte"
- mo"ule +here
a usa!e has beenselecte"
- mo"ule thathas no usa!e to be"e%ine"'
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In the net 'indo' that pops up you can assign or change a cable
length.
)hen done" repeat !or all &I%I cables and clic ?inish
&o confgure an +/ manually you can use a number o! single
operations.
1- Insert an /pected Bac in the +/
2- Insert an /pected %ubrac in an /pected Bac o! the +/
,- Insert an /pected 6odule in an /pected %ubrac o! the +/
&his method should be used 'hen adding or remo#ing modules to an
+/ 'hich already is in ser#ice. In 'hich case only step 3 is applicable.
+ote that i! you instead use the automatic confguration tool *the
Cop< A:!?al !o E@p:!* )iJard- you may get bit errors in the
eisting modules.
(si!" t$e EiKard )S) cable le!"t$
,ystem coies theActual to thexpected TF,Fcablecon%i!uration<romtin! %orcable len!th
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ny module eecuting %) has a de!ault confguration that puts the
module in a 'elldefned state i! no other confguration has been
imposed on the module. n actual" but not expected module 'ill use
its de!ault confguration. &he de!ault confguration is determined by
the %)" so only 'hen the %) has been success!ully booted" the
module is able to use the de!ault confguration *or the management
system defned confguration !or that matter-.
De&ault Module .o!&i"uratio!s mo"ule that is Actual but Got xpected +ill have the %ollo+in!
con%i!uration?
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&o a#oid generation o! the e4uipment alarm Uni! main !c module is UnoV / management.
=+?IG,BI+G &:/ =P&IL P=B&
&he &ellabs C3; system is classifed as a lass 1 laser product in
accordance 'ith I/ 8A" so eposure to haJardous laser radiation is
impossible during normal operation and maintenance. )hen the
system has been installed" the laser radiation is eDecti#ely enclosedin the optical fbre path bet'een optical modules at each end.
emo#i!" a Module &rom t$e HETo avoi" !eneration o% a (!it Mai! 'pe Mismatc$ alarm< %irst remove the
Execte" mo"ule %rom the .E
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&he applied lasers are embedded 13 or 1AA nm 'a#elength
semiconductor lasers. C3; e4uipment is confgured per de!ault" so
that in case o! an interruption o! the optical fbre path by accident
*e.g. cable rupture- an automatic sa!ety mechanism 'ill result in aperiodic shutdo'n o! the transmitter laser. :ence" the laser radiation
!rom any fbre end is restricted to a second period" 'hich is
repeated e#ery 7 seconds. )ith less than d(m *L1.1 and L1.-
radiated optical po'er during the second period" the time a#eraged
po'er is less than 1A d(m" 'hich is harmless at rele#ant
'a#elengths.
/posure to laser radiation rised during ser#ice or installation can be
haJardous in case o! double !ault conditions.
6=+I&=BI+G %$: &/B6I+&I=+
Por! 'o* determines 'hether alarms !rom the termination point in
4uestion are reported to the management centre. alid Input@
utomatic" 6onitored" +ot 6onitored. I! you set Port 6ode to
utomatic" alarms !rom the termination point 'ill not be reported to
the management centre until a signal is recei#ed. )hen a signal is
recei#ed Port 6ode automatically changes to 6onitored.
Gnra! Alarms enables the selection o! Bemote $e!ect Indication
*F also %ignal %er#er ?ailure !or ;s-.
&he 'S E@: D&. Cons. A:!ion Ena=l chec bo determines
'hether an I% is issued 'hen the 6% %ignal threshold on the
recei#ed signal is crossed. &he threshold is set to (/B o! 13. n I%
results in no tra>c being recei#ed.
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&he synchroniJation o! the net'or element can be deri#ed !rom a
number o! sources" both !rom tra>c inputs and station clocs.
&he procedures !or selecting and confguring timing inputs is
reasonably comprehensi#e and is there!ore co#ered in a later course
module.
.o!&i"uri!" t$e S'!c$ro!iKatio!
ssi!n an" con%i!ure timin! inuts > oututsTra%%ic &orts J ,TM-n,tation loc:s J 2Mb/s< 2 MK
SM-! i!puts
2 MHK or 2 Mb/s i!puts
.urre!t cloc7
2 MHK or 2 Mb/s outputs
utput
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NE I*n!i:a!ion
name and location label. It consists o! in!ormation about the
location o! the +/. It is possible to set the address" location" oor" ro'
o! racs" etc.
?or eample in the@
NE Nam C3A1London%)1
NE Lo:a!ion 9C 6ain %treet" )imbledon
No! maimum o! C; Latin1 characters can be entered in each
label feld.
NE A**rss
globally uni4ue address" the +%P address" 'hich maes it possible
!or the management so!t'are to communicate directly 'ith" and
there!ore manage" the +/ in 4uestion.
C;an" Pass%or*
&he pass'ord pro#ides additional access security to the +/ *in
addition to the +%P ddress-. &he pass'ord is re4uired 'hen
connecting to the +/ 'ith cra!t terminal or 'hen using the +et'or
)de!ti&iers o& a! G%tored in the +/Ns $(+/ Identifcationname and location label+/ ddress *compulsory-+%P
&he ne' is used a!ter Beset +/Pass'ordadditional security,ser Labelsto identi!y :) and %) components o! the +/
6340-01 Trainin! 1
Boom 0'43
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6anager. $uring production C3; 6 modules are not assigned a
de!ault pass'ord. &here!ore 'hen you frst communicate 'ith an
C3; net'or element" you do not need to enter anything in Enter
Password feld.
Usr La=ls
,serdefned labels to identi!y the +/s hard'are and so!t'are
components. &his helps you to eep a trac o! #ersions o! so!t'are.
,%/B L(/L
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operating in another time Jone" then it is ad#isable to synchroniJe
your +/ clocs by using this option. ll personal computers ha#e
clocs that are synchroniJed 'ith ,& time. &here!ore" by
synchroniJing all +/ clocs 'ith P time you can synchroniJe them'ith ,& time.
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system tries to connect to the +/ it 'ill be prompted !or the ne'
pass'ord.
,.( A::p!an: Ts! Pro:*?rATP3 o& Eri:ssonD885,(9 '?l!ipl@rs
,.(.1 D885,(9 TESTING
&&I *&rail &race Identifer- is a 1Cbyte string that identifes the
transmitter o! the %$: signal. It consists o! 1A %II characters and
B o! the string. I! you speci!y a &&I o! less than 1A characters" the
system adds spaces *nulls-.
4
Statio! B Statio! A
ecei#ed
“Statio! A”
ra!smitted
“Statio! A”
SDH tra!sport !et%or7
rail race )de!ti&ier rail race )de!ti&ier
)sCG .a! be setup i! S9 .49 .3 I .*2
G .a! be up to *, c$aracters lo!"
G )& t$e ecei#ed ) xpected ) t$e! A)S is i!serted
G “(!reliable )” mea!s t$at ) ca!!ot be u!derstood
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• Line loopbac test *not possible on Gb/ inter!aces-
• &erminal loopbac test
6
1oop Bac7 .o!!ectio!s1oop Bac7 .o!!ectio!s
! 29 34 a!d 4, Mbit/s si"!als 'ou ca! ma7e t%o 7i!ds o& loopbac7
co!!ectio!C
1i!e 1oopbac7
ermi!al 1oopbac7
! * :b si"!als 'ou ca! o!l' ma7e a termi!al loopbac7 co!!ectio!
1i!e 1oop bac7
PDH 2M9 34M9 4,M
ermi!al 1oop bac7
PDH 2M9 34M9 4,M9 :b
Gormal peratio!
,+itchin!Matrix
PDH 2M9 34M9 4,M9 :b
,+itchin!Matrix
,+itchin!Matrix
It is possible !or you to select one o! the 1 6bit0s ports o! the
&/E1P modules to monitor its output signal at the monitoring point
o! the module. ll other modules ha#e indi#idual monitoring points
!or each tra>c port there!ore no confguration o! the port is
re4uired.
No! &he tra>c on both the output and input o! the selected port
is not aDected. &he 6bit0s monitor port is unidirectional" i.e. no
input signal is associated 'ith it. c port by connecting a 6bit
tester to the P6P connector on the %? o! the subrac as sho'n in
the fgure.
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8
2 Mbit/s PMP .o!!ector 2 Mbit/s PMP .o!!ector
G )t is possible to mo!itor t$e out"oi!" si"!al &rom o!e
2 Mbit/s port o& eac$ *P module5G utput a!d i!put tra&&ic o! t$e selected port is !ot a&&ected
G )t is t$e out"oi!" si"!al %$ic$ is tested5$e i!put si"!al to t$e port is !ot mo!itored5
PMP .o!!ectorC
utput si"!al &rom o!e port o& eac$
*P module ca! be mo!itored
utput #ia
PMP .o!!ector
2 Mbit/s
port
o / &rom
.. Module
?or test and diagnostic purposes it is possible to create &est ccess
Points *&P- and &est ccess onnections *&- on selected P$: and
%$: ports.
Bemote &est ,nit *B&,- *a &estset- can be connected to the testport *&P- and #ia a &est ccess onnections *&- this can be
connected to any signal in a connection !unction.
&est ccess Points *&P- is a port dedicated !or test purposes
&est ccess onnection *&- is a connection bet'een the test
port *&est ccess Points *&P-- and the Unormal signalV
&est ccess onnections can be used !or@6onitor@
+onintrusi#ely monitoring o! a signal entering a connection !unction
%plit ccess@
%plitting the connection allo'ing !or intrusi#e access to one side o!
the connection and the capability o! inserting I% in the other
Loopbac@
Looping the signal o! a connection 'hile simultaneously monitoring
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the input and 'ith the capability o! inserting I% in the other part o!
the signal.
9
est Accessest Access
G or test a!d dia"!ostic purposes it is possible9 o! selectedPDH a!d SDH ports9 to create
est Access Poi!ts ;AP<
est Access .o!!ectio!s ;A.<
A emote est (!it ;(< ;a est-set< ca! be co!!ected to
t$e AP a!d #ia a A. t$is ca! be co!!ected to a si"!al
G est Access .o!!ectio!s ca! be used &orC
• Mo!itori!"
• Split Access
• 1oopbac7 ;!ot .4<
&est ccess Points points can be made on the 1 termination
point and0or at the termination point at the physical port.)hich one to choose depends upon the application.
?or a termination point that has been con#erted into a &est ccess
Point" no cross connections can be made *normal tra>c-. =nly a &est
ccess onnection *&- can be connected to a &est ccess point
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11
est Access Set-upsest Access Set-ups
1 A
1 .
1 D
Eit$ A)S L
Mo!itor
Access
reate Test ccess &ointin a T& $Terminatin!
onnection oint(
AP
(
;est set<
ermi!al
1oopbac7
Gear-e!d Mo!itori!"1oopbac7
est Access
Split
Access
'oni!or
single unidirectional connection !rom a termination point to a &P.
Spli! A::ss
single unidirectional connection !rom a termination point to a &P"and a single unidirectional connection !rom the &P the termination
point.
Spli! A::ss %i!; Insr!ion o& AIS
In addition to the split access" an I% signal is inserted in the signal
transmitted !rom the other termination point.
Loop=a:+
an be made on either a termination point or on &P.Loop=a:+ %i!; Insr!ion o& AIS
In addition to the loopbac" an I% signal is inserted in the signal
transmitted !rom the other termination point.
Loop=a:+ %i!; 'oni!or
loopbac connection on a termination point and a monitor
connection !rom it to a &P.
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Loop=a:+ %i!; 'oni!or an* Insr!ion o& AIS
In addition to the loopbac 'ith monitor" an I% signal is inserted in
the signal transmitted !rom the other termination point.
12
.reati!" a est Access .o!!ectio! *.reati!" a est Access .o!!ectio! *
Bight clic at &est ccess Point or a &ermination Point to see themenu. ?rom the &est ccess menu" choose the appropriate type o!
&est ccess onnection" then the &est ccess onnection 'indo'
appears.
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13
.reati!" a est Access .o!!ectio! 2.reati!" a est Access .o!!ectio! 2
.
Monitor alone
,lit ccess alone
Loobac: alone
Loobac: +ith monitor
,lit ccess +' F,
Loobac: alone +ith F, insertion
Loobac: +ith monitor an" F, insertion
:ree! li!es i!dicate “!ormal” co!!ectio!s Purple li!es i!dicate est Access .o!!ectio!s
A)S
$e boxes o!
t$e ri"$t side
are used i& A)S
s
