NSC Chapter 24 - websites.rcc.eduwebsites.rcc.edu/daddona/files/2016/09/NSC-Chapter-24.pdfChapter 24...

© 2016 National Safety Council

CHAPTER 24

Rescuing and Moving Victims

Chapter 24 • Rescuing and Moving Victims

1. Describe how to rescue or care for a victim in each of the following emergencies:• Fire scene• Hazardous materials incident• Vehicle crash• Potential drowning situation• Broken ice

24-2© 2016 National Safety Council

Lesson Objectives


2. Describe how to prioritize the care for multiple victims with different types of injuries.

3. Explain when it may be necessary to move a victim.


Lesson Objectives continued


4. Demonstrate the following emergency moves:• Shoulder drag• Clothes drag• Ankle drag• Blanket drag• Walking assist• Packstrap carry• Cradle carry• Piggyback carry• 2-handed seat carry• Hammock carry with multiple rescuers


Lesson Objectives continued


• Be sure scene is safe.

• If not safe, stay away and call for help.

• Do only what you have been trained to do.


Rescuing a Victim


Fire


• Smoke or fumes can overcome anyone entering scene.

• Invisible gases pose a threat.

• Do not enter area of smoke or flames to search for victims.


1. Remove everyone from area. Close doors behind you.

2. Call 9-1-1 or set off alarms.

3. Use fire extinguisher only if fire is small.

4. Do not go into area of flames and smoke to rescue others.


Fire continued


Fire continued

If trapped inside:



• Treat any unknown substance as hazard until proven otherwise.

• Avoid spilled liquid or powders and possible fumes.

• Leave cleanup to hazmat professionals.


Hazardous Materials


1. Stay out of area and keep bystanders away.

2. Outside, stay uphill and upwind of area to avoid possible fumes.

3. Call 9-1-1.

4. Approach victim only if safe.

5. Get victim to emergency shower or rinse with a hose.


Hazardous Materials continued


• Risks of passing traffic, fire, vehicle instability

• If safe to reach vehicle, do not remove victim unless fire or other threat likely.

Vehicle Crashes



1. Stop a safe distance past crash, and turn on vehicle’s hazard lights.

2. Call 9-1-1.

3. Set up warning triangles.

4. Approach only if scene is safe.

5. If vehicle still running, turn off ignition.

6. Do not try to remove victim unless imminent threat.

7. Assume unresponsive victim has spinal injury.

8. Provide care as needed.24-12


Vehicle Crashes continued


• Results in over 3,900 deaths a year

• Near-drowning can result in brain damage and permanent disabilities.

• First or second leading cause of injury-related death for children in age groups of 1-14 years

• Children younger than 1 often drown in bathtubs, buckets or toilets.


Drowning


• Lack of swimming ability

• Lack of barriers

• Lack of close supervision

• Location

• Failure to wear life jackets

• Alcohol use

Common Risk Factors for Drowning



• Never leave children alone near water.

• Do not let children dive in shallow, murky or unknown water.

• Keep children away from big waves, undertows, boats.

• Use personal flotation device or life jackets on boats and around water.

• In public areas, let children swim only when lifeguards present.


Preventing Drowning Among Children


• Make sure rescue floats or other devices present at pools.

• Children should learn water safety and how to swim from qualified instructor.

• Even children who can swim are not “drown-proof.”

• Do not let older siblings or baby-sitters supervise children around water.


Preventing Drowning Among Children continued


• When supervising children around water:• Avoid all distractions.

• Childproof home pools:• Appropriate fencing

• Gates

• Floating pool alarms24-17




• Never drink or use drugs around water.• Wear personal flotation device (PFD) when boating.• Dive into water only over 9 feet deep and when water is

clear and no obstructions present.• Do not swim alone.• Consider swimming ability.• Swimming in cold water can lead to hypothermia – may lead

to drowning.24-19


Preventing Drowning of Adults


• Be prepared for emergency:• Keep CPR skills up.• Keep telephone handy when supervising others.


Preventing Drowning of Adults continued


• Swimmer may become tired.

• Hypothermia may set in and weaken swimmer.• Victim may call for help or may keep head above

water but not progress to safety.


Recognizing a Drowning Situation


• Responsive victim:• Cannot swim, float or tread water effectively• Struggling just to keep head out of water to breathe• Victim does not call for help.• Victim’s face just above surface or bobbing in and out• Arms flailing


Recognizing a Drowning Situation continued


• Unresponsive victim:• No longer breathing• May be floating face-down at surface• May be underwater


Recognizing a Drowning Situation continued


• Rescue technique depends on specific situation and equipment available.

• Do not jump immediately into water to save victim:

• May be unsafe

• May be appropriate to swim to victim if no other means

• Reach-throw-go priority


Safe Water Rescue


• Use rescue pole at pool:

• Hook victim’s body and pull to edge.

• Use anything available to reach victim.

• Can reach with own body:

• Hold onto something with arms.

• Extend legs to victim.

• May need to wade short distance to reach victim.

“Reach” Rescue



• Look for anything that floats to throw:• Life ring• Rescue tube• Life jacket• Throw bag• Buoyant seat cushion• Water jug• Empty cooler

“Throw” Rescue



• If possible, attach rope to throwable device.

• Victim may be able to float with device and kick to shore.

• Device may keep victim afloat while you find something to reach with.

“Throw” Rescue continued



• Do not attempt except with small child or unresponsive victim.

• Look for other ways to go to victim:

• Surfboard

• Kayak

• Other watercraft

• Wear life jacket.24-28


“Go” Rescue


• Keep object between you and victim.

• Stabilize head and neck before removing victim from water if suspected spinal injury.


“Go” Rescue continued


• Use if responsive victim at standing depth.


WalkingAssist


• Use for unresponsive victim in shallow water with gradual shoreline.


Beach Drag


• Minimize heat loss.• If alone use heat escape lessening

position (HELP).


If Stranded in Cold Water


• Two or more people should use huddle position.


If Stranded in Cold Water continued


• Very dangerous

• Call 9-1-1.• If safe and necessary, use

“reach-throw-go” priorities.


Ice Rescue


Multiple Victims


• Decide who needs care and who can wait.

• Triage systems classify victims into four categories:

• 1st priority (critical)• 2nd priority (serious)• 3rd priority (stable)• 4th priority (obviously dead)


• Victims with life-threatening injuries who cannot wait for help:• Airway or breathing problems• Severe bleeding• Shock• Severe burn


1st Priority – Critical


• Victims with injuries that need care soon but may be able to wait:• Burns• Broken bones• Other injuries that are not severely bleeding


2nd Priority – Serious


• Victims who can wait for some time:• Minor injuries• Victims who can walk


3rd Priority – Stable


• Victims who cannot be saved• No signs of life


4th Priority


• Ask who can walk, and ask them to move to one side (3rd

priority).

• Assess remaining victims in less than 1 minute:

• Check for responsiveness, normal breathing, severe bleeding.

• Do not start care for anyone until you have checked all.

• If victim’s condition changes, may have to change priority.


Triage Process


1. Call 9-1-1 immediately. Tell dispatch multiple victims.

2. Ask victims who can walk to move aside.

3. Check victims for life-threatening problems to identify 1st priority.

4. Start providing BLS to 1st priority victims. Move to 2nd priority only after you have cared for 1st priority.

5. When help arrives, tell EMS about victims present. Offer to help care for victims.


First Aid: Multiple Victims


• Moving injured victim likely to cause further injury

• In most cases, wait for professional help,

• May have to move victim to protect from danger at scene.

• May have to move victim to flat surface to provide CPR.

• May have to move victim to reach another victim with life-threatening condition.


Moving Victims


• Several factors to determine best method to move victim:• How quickly must victim be moved?• Does victim’s condition affect move?• Are others present who can help?• Is any equipment needed?• Do you have necessary physical strength?


How Best to Move a Victim


• Do not lift more than what you can lift without straining.

• Lift with legs, not your back.

• Keep feet shoulder-width apart.

• One foot in front of other.

• Keep back straight and crouch down.

• Lift by straightening legs.


Use Good Body Mechanics: Lifting


• Consider moving victim only if:• Fire or explosion likely• Poisonous fumes may be present.• Structure may collapse.• Victim needs to be moved into position for life-saving

care.• Victim is in way of another seriously injured victim.


First Aid: Moving Victims


• Try to move victim only if you are physically able and can do it safely.

• Get help from others at scene.

• Support head and neck of unresponsive victim or one with suspected spinal injury.

• Use good body mechanics.


First Aid: Moving Victims continued


• Unresponsive victim with suspected spinal injury:

• Shoulder drag (short distance)• Clothes drag (short distance)• Blanket drag (longer distance)


First Aid: Moving Victims – If Alone


• Unresponsive victim without suspected spinal injury:• Ankle drag (short distance over

smooth surface) – effective for small rescuer with large victim


First Aid: Moving Victims – If Alone continued


• Responsive victim who can walk with help:• One-person walking assist




• Unresponsive victim who cannot safely be dragged:• Packstrap carry




• Lighter victim or child:• Cradle carry (responsive or unresponsive

victims)• Piggyback carry (responsive victim)




• Responsive victim:• Two-person walking assist• Two-handed seat carry

First Aid: Moving Victims – With Help



• Unresponsive victim:• Use 3-6 rescuers with hammock carry

First Aid: Moving Victims – With Help continued



CHAPTER 24

Learning Checkpoint



Chapter – Opening ScenarioYou are called to the equipment room where an employee has been found unresponsive. He is lying on the floor beneath a rack of electrical equipment that he apparently was working on. Thinking he may have been electrocuted, you first make sure the power to this equipment is turned off, and then you check him and determine he is not breathing normally.

Because he is lying on his side beneath overhanging equipment, however, youcannot give him chest compressions. Given the risk of a spinal injury, you knownormally that you should not move him.

What do you do?

24-57


CHAPTER 24

Critical Thinking Challenge Questions


You are in a shopping mall when you hear an explosion inside a nearby store. Windows have been broken, and you hear a scream inside. When it seems safeto approach, you look inside to see if anyone needs help. Several people have minor injuries, but 3 victims obviously have more serious injuries.

A man lies on the floor, apparently unresponsive, with a large puddle of blood beneath his torso. A woman is sitting on the floor clutching her bleeding leg, in which there is a large shard of glass. A 10-year-old child lies on the floor farther away, apparently unresponsive but with no visible injuries.

What are the first 2 actions you should take?


Scenario 1


When you quickly check the 3 victims, you find the man is not breathing and has lost a very large amount of blood from gaping wounds in his abdomen and chest. Blood is slowly oozing fromthe woman’s leg wound, but she remains responsive. The child is not breathing, but has no visible wounds or bleeding.

What do you do now?


Scenario 1 continued


CHAPTER 24

Discussion and Questions

NSC Chapter 24 - websites.rcc.eduwebsites.rcc.edu/daddona/files/2016/09/NSC-Chapter-24.pdfChapter 24...

Documents

Transcript of NSC Chapter 24 - websites.rcc.eduwebsites.rcc.edu/daddona/files/2016/09/NSC-Chapter-24.pdfChapter 24...