NPB 168 Spring 2007 - Exam 2

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. The following is/are true of self-administration studies of cocaine and amphetamines

a. animals will self-administer both drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens b. the fact that animals will self-administer these drugs demonstrates that they have

reinforcing properties c. animals will self-administer these drugs continuously until they die d. all of the above e. b and c above

____ 2. Some of the most prominent symptoms of Cocaine’s abstinence pattern include a. exhaustion d. all of the above b. depression e. a and b above c. anxiety

____ 3. Examples of pharmacodynamic mechanisms of opiate tolerance and dependence include: a. down-regulation of endogenous opioid synthesis b. down-regulation of postsynaptic opioid receptor number c. G-protein receptor uncoupling d. all of the above e. a and b above

____ 4. Amphetamines are believed to get inside the presynaptic terminal by a. moving through an ion channel on the plasma membrane b. passive diffusion through the plasma membrane c. uptake via the dopamine transport molecule d. b and c above e. a and c above

____ 5. Amphetamines have a structure similar to which neurotransmitter a. acetylcholine d. serotonin b. dopamine e. norepinephrine c. enkephalin

____ 6. One example of the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine is a. the build-up of excess norepinephrine receptors in the raphe nucleus b. the loss of dopamine transporters in the striatum c. the switch from reliance on dopaminergic cells in the reward pathway to serotonergic cellsd. the increased proportion of dopaminergic cells that release dopamine by non-vesicular

mechanisms

____ 7. The primary function of the structures of the Basal Ganglia is: a. motivation c. reward b. motor control d. none of the above

____ 8. Cocaethylene a. can be detected in the urine for up to 6 months after opiate use b. might be responsible for the prolonged cardiovascular risk seen with cocaine use. c. has a half life of 1.5 hours d. all of the above

____ 9. The following structure(s) belong to the limbic system: a. Cingulate Gyrus d. all of the above

b. Septal Nucleus e. a and c above c. Amygdala

____ 10. Haloperidol was an inappropriate treatment for Barry Kidston’s condition because a. it causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure b. it’s an opiate receptor agonist c. it is usually used to treat schizophrenia d. it’s a dopamine receptor antagonist

____ 11. Which of the following is not a neurotoxic effect of MPTP? a. it creates oxidative stress c. it damages prefrontal cortex b. it blocks the production of ATP d. it kills dopaminergic neurons

____ 12. Guinea pigs that receive subcutaneous morphine for 6 days show a. small increase in both μ and δ receptors b. 25% decrease in μ receptors with no change in δ or κ receptors c. 25% increase in μ receptors with no change in δ or κ receptors d. large decrease in all opiate receptors

____ 13. Withdrawal from opiates a. is unpleasant and flu-like b. is not generally considered life-threatening c. peaks in 36-48 hours after abstinence d. all of the above

____ 14. ___________ is used to drive the influx of dopamine into the synaptic vesicle through the transport molecule. a. ATP c. A proton gradient b. A chloride gradient d. none of the above

____ 15. A recovering heroin addict (who used to inject the drug intravenously) goes to the doctor for a vaccination. To the addict, the syringe containing the vaccine might act as a __________ for the heroin use. a. positive secondary reinforcer c. negative secondary reinforcer b. negative primary reinforcer d. positive primary reinforcer

____ 16. Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking/inhibiting a. the norepinephrine transporter. b. the serotonin transporter. c. voltage-gated sodium channels in axons. d. the dopamine transporter. e. all of the above

____ 17. Cocaine is primarily cultivated: a. in Afghanistan and Pakistan c. along the Andes in South America b. in Eastern Europe d. b and c above

____ 18. Your classmate is in an auto accident and suffers a back injury. The physician prescribes codeine for the pain which is initially effective. However, after a week of codeine use the drug no longer effectively relieves pain despite an increase in dosage. The physician then prescribes morphine. The normal dose for pain relief is 10 mg, but this patient requires 25mg in order to experience pain relieving effects. This patient’s experience with morphine is an example of a. withdrawals c. cross tolerance b. tolerance d. dependence

____ 19. The ascending primary dopaminergic pathways in the brain include: a. striatum to substantia nigra d. mesocortical pathway b. spinothalamic tract e. c and d c. VTA to nucleus accumbens

____ 20. Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine?

a. Vasoconstriction b. Hypotension c. Hypothermia d. Decreased heart rate e. all of the above

____ 21. An important function of the nuclei of the reticular formation is: a. regulation of cognitive skills c. regulation of affect and mood b. formation of memory d. regulation of heart rate & blood pressure

____ 22. Dopaminergic cells in the brain are involved in the following function(s) a. motor activity d. visual dark adaption b. motivation and reward e. all of the above c. hormone release

____ 23. The following is not true of the effects of cocaine use: a. long-term use of cocaine can lead to growth of new dendrites and dendritic spines b. repeated use of cocaine can lead to signs of dependence and withdrawal including craving

and depression. c. cocaine users exhibit increases in nucleus accumbens ΔFosB levels that persist for the

length of an individual binge and then subside shortly after the binge. d. intermediate-term effects of cocaine use include changes in the number of dopamine

receptors and the amount of ΔFosB in cells of the nucleus accumbens e. short-term use of cocaine leads to an accumulation of dopamine in the synaptic cleft

____ 24. The following are important for cocaine’s effect on motor behavior a. locus coeruleus d. striatum b. hippocampus e. c and d above c. nucleus accumbens

____ 25. Mutant mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT) a. fail to self-administer cocaine. b. have been critical in showing researchers that the dopaminergic system may not be

the only important transmitter system in determining the reinforcing effects of cocaine

c. do not show hyperactivity following psychostimulant treatment. d. no longer show the rewarding effects of cocaine in a conditioned place preference

task. e. show hyperactivity but lack reinforcing effects.

____ 26. With regard to opiate use, both relief from withdrawal symptoms and presentation of drug-associated cues (like the room in which the addict is accustomed to taking opiates) represent positive reinforcers a. false b. true

____ 27. Amphetamines have been used to treat the following disorders except a. ADHD c. weight loss b. narcolepsy d. bipolar disorder

____ 28. The following is/are true with regards to opiate tolerance a. it depends upon the magnitude and frequency of opiate use b. after several months of heavy opiate use, 40-50 times the lethal dose of opiate can be

administered c. there are different onset rates for different effects d. all of the above

____ 29. Two important nuclei that are part of the reticular formation are:

a. amygdala & hypothalamus b. locus coeruleus & raphe nucleus c. nucleus accumbens & ventral tegmental area d. lateral geniculate nucleus & pons

____ 30. Barry Kidston was trying to create an analog of ____________, which is _____________? a. Demerol; a synthetic opiate c. opium; a sympathomimetic b. Haldol; a designer drug d. MPTP; an anti-anxiety medication

____ 31. The following is a / are midbrain structure(s): a. Substantia Nigra c. Ventral Tegmental Area b. Periaqueductal Gray d. all of the above

____ 32. According to Himmelsbach’s model of opiate tolerance and withdrawal a. initial opiate use leads to a decrease in cAMP, while during tolerance cAMP is

upregulated b. initial opiate use leads to a increase in cAMP, while during tolerance cAMP is down-

regulated c. tolerance and upregulation of cAMP reflects a deviation away from homeostasis d. cAMP decreases during both initial use of opiates and upon opiate removal after long-term

use.

____ 33. Benzoyleconine is a. an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase b. the primary active metabolite produced when cocaine and alcohol are taken together c. a specific blocker of the vesicular monoamine transporter d. the primary inactive metabolite of cocaine e. none of the above

____ 34. Among the developmental difficulties that manifest in children of mothers who were using cocaine during pregnancy is a. a hard time learning mathematical skills b. difficulty dealing with unstructured play c. a higher incidence of autism d. a noticeable change in their ability to learn language

____ 35. Cocaine acts as a a. vasoconstrictor d. local anesthetic b. psychostimulant e. all of the above c. sympathomimetic

NPB 168 Spring 2007 - Exam 2 Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: E

2. ANS: D

3. ANS: D

4. ANS: D

5. ANS: B

6. ANS: B

7. ANS: B

8. ANS: B

9. ANS: D

10. ANS: D

11. ANS: C

12. ANS: B

13. ANS: D

14. ANS: C

15. ANS: A

16. ANS: E

17. ANS: C

18. ANS: C

19. ANS: E

20. ANS: A

21. ANS: D

22. ANS: E

23. ANS: C

24. ANS: E

25. ANS: B

26. ANS: A

27. ANS: D

28. ANS: D

29. ANS: B

30. ANS: A

31. ANS: D

32. ANS: A

33. ANS: D

34. ANS: B

35. ANS: E