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Lecture 3: Cells and Small MoleculesLecture 3: Cells and Small Molecules

Goals:Goals:

Websites references:http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/prok_euk.html http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1i.htmlhttp://www.lis.ab.ca/walton/omega/index.html http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_2 http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html http://www.chem.pdx.edu/~wamserc/CH332S96/16notes.htm.html http://vitawise.com/aminare.htm http://www.harthosp.org/HealthInfo/scripts/scr0022.htm http://www.americanheart.org/Heart_and_Stroke_A_Z_Guide/carbo.html http://www.react.ie/Health/Nutrition/Carbohydrates.htm

Websites references:http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/prok_euk.html http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1i.htmlhttp://www.lis.ab.ca/walton/omega/index.html http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_2 http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html http://www.chem.pdx.edu/~wamserc/CH332S96/16notes.htm.html http://vitawise.com/aminare.htm http://www.harthosp.org/HealthInfo/scripts/scr0022.htm http://www.americanheart.org/Heart_and_Stroke_A_Z_Guide/carbo.html http://www.react.ie/Health/Nutrition/Carbohydrates.htm

Read: chapter 2, 6 Read: chapter 2, 6Assignment:Assignment:

1. Define prokaryote, eukaryote, carbohydrate, polysaccharide, monosaccharide, fatty acid, amino acid1. Define prokaryote, eukaryote, carbohydrate, polysaccharide, monosaccharide, fatty acid, amino acid2. Understand specified complexity, the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and the relationship

between chemical structure and biological function

2. Understand specified complexity, the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and the relationship

between chemical structure and biological function 3. Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture

and the environment.3. Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture

and the environment.

Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Small MoleculesSmall Molecules

The 2nd Step inunderstanding biologyis to begin to see the Structure & Function of Small Molecules…

The 2nd Step inunderstanding biologyis to begin to see the Structure & Function of Small Molecules…

“Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood.”

-- Marie Curie (1867-1934)-- Marie Curie (1867-1934) French chemist and physicist, French chemist and physicist, Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,died of Cancer probably causeddied of Cancer probably causedbrought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation)brought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation) she worked with!she worked with!

“Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood.”

-- Marie Curie (1867-1934)-- Marie Curie (1867-1934) French chemist and physicist, French chemist and physicist, Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes,died of Cancer probably causeddied of Cancer probably causedbrought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation)brought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation) she worked with!she worked with!

Cells = The Basic Building Blocks of Life

Cells = The Basic Building Blocks of Life

ProkaryotesProkaryotes

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Cells are expandable biological factories that produce thousands of

different small and large molecules…

Cells are expandable biological factories that produce thousands of

different small and large molecules…

-Mycoplasma-Bacteria-Mycoplasma-Bacteria

Two Classes of Cells:Two Classes of Cells:Two Classes of Cells:Two Classes of Cells:

-Protista, Animals,-Fungi, Plants-Protista, Animals,-Fungi, Plants

Possible CD on Cell Complexity

Cells Make Small MoleculesCells Make Small Molecules

Carbohydrates and PolysaccharidesCarbohydrates and Polysaccharides

Made up of the following Elements =Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Made up of the following Elements =Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Biological functions:

• energy storage, structure, signaling, binding, adsorption, transportation…

Biological functions:

• energy storage, structure, signaling, binding, adsorption, transportation…

- Small molecules are assembled into large molecules- Small molecules are assembled into large molecules

Carbohydrates

1. Sugar and Starches

Monosaccharides

1C:2H:1O

Carbohydrates

1. Sugar and Starches

Monosaccharides

1C:2H:1O

2. Polysaccharide = complex carbohydrate (C:2H:O)n

2. Polysaccharide = complex carbohydrate (C:2H:O)n

Carbohydrates in the liver

Types of small molecules =Types of small molecules =

CH

CH CH CH

CHO

OH

OH

OH

OHOHC

GlucoseC6O6H12

Chemical structuresChemical structures

is the same asis the same asCH

CH CH CH

CHO

OH

OH

OH

OHOHCCH

CH CH CH

CHO

OH

OH

OH

OHOHC

GlucoseGlucose

2-Dimensional View2-Dimensional View 3-Dimensional View3-Dimensional View

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Sucrose =

glucose + fructose

Sucrose =

glucose + fructose

Lactose =

glucose + galactose

Lactose =

glucose + galactose

Maltose =

glucose + glucose

Maltose =

glucose + glucose

Molecular Complexity and Specificity are Characteristics of

all living things

Molecular Complexity and Specificity are Characteristics of

all living things• A Glucose molecule is

simple compared to DNA, but it is still complex and specific.

• The difference between Glucose and Galactose molecules is only in the positioning of the atoms around the ring…specified complexity

• A Glucose molecule is simple compared to DNA, but it is still complex and specific.

• The difference between Glucose and Galactose molecules is only in the positioning of the atoms around the ring…specified complexity glucose + galactose

= Lactose= Lactose

CelluloseCellulose

StarchStarch

GlycogenGlycogen

ChitinChitin

The Following are all Glucose MonomersThe Following are all Glucose Monomers

Monomers are oneType of moleculeAssembled in longChains…

Monomers are oneType of moleculeAssembled in longChains…

Chapter 2: Chapter 2: FatsFats

Second part of understanding smallmolecules will be Fats….

Second part of understanding smallmolecules will be Fats….

Small molecules: FatsSmall molecules: FatsElements = Carbon, Oxygen, HydrogenElements = Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Less oxygen than carbohydratesLess oxygen than carbohydrates

Fats belong to the organic compounds (molecules) known as “Lipids”Fats belong to the organic compounds (molecules) known as “Lipids”

Insoluble in waterInsoluble in water

MicelleMicelle

Carboxyl (COOH)Carboxyl (COOH)

Hydrocarbon tail (CH)Hydrocarbon tail (CH)

WaterWater

Single fat moleculeSingle fat molecule

COOH + (CH2)nCOOH + (CH2)n

• Biological Functions of Fat• Biological Functions of Fat

•Structure of fat = glycerol and fatty acids•Structure of fat = glycerol and fatty acids

Long-Term

Energy Storage

Long-Term

Energy Storage AbsorptionAbsorption

Energy SupplyEnergy Supply TransportTransport

Triglyceride = Another name for fatsTriglyceride = Another name for fats

1-Glycerol : 3- Fatty Acids1-Glycerol : 3- Fatty Acids

Glycerol 3- Fatty Acids-C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3

|| O-C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3

|| O-C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3

|| O

Saturated fat = fatty acid contains all the hydrogen bonds it can, or (in other words) all carbon atoms have single bonds

Saturated fat = fatty acid contains all the hydrogen bonds it can, or (in other words) all carbon atoms have single bonds

H H H H H H

HHHHH

HHH

H

H

HH H H

H H H H H H HO

O

Unsaturated fat = fatty acid contains at least one double bond

Unsaturated fat = fatty acid contains at least one double bond

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

HH H

H

HH H

H

HH O

O

H

H

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

H

HH H

H

HH H

H

HH O

O

Polyunsaturated fat = fatty acid has more than one double bondPolyunsaturated fat = fatty acid has more than one double bond

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H HH

HH

H

H

HHH

H

H

HH

H

O O

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H HH

HH

H

H

HHH

H

H

HH

H

O O

Double bonds

More saturation = more risk of heart diseaseMore saturation = more risk of heart disease

-vegetable oils tend to be < saturated than animal oils

-vegetable oils tend to be < saturated than animal oils

Heart disease = location (site) of double bonds and degree of

saturation

Heart disease = location (site) of double bonds and degree of

saturation

Fat-filled heart

Cholesterol: What is it?Cholesterol: What is it?

Biological Function:Biological Function:• LDL

• HDL

• Ratio

• Arteriosclerosis

• LDL

• HDL

• Ratio

• Arteriosclerosis

High Density Lipoproteins - removes cholesterol from artery walls to the liver for removal. Dietary fat >30% of daily calories. To raise HDL’s, exercise regularly and eat boiled, baked or steamed foods, low fat dairy, fish, poultry, vegetables, exercise.

High Density Lipoproteins - removes cholesterol from artery walls to the liver for removal. Dietary fat >30% of daily calories. To raise HDL’s, exercise regularly and eat boiled, baked or steamed foods, low fat dairy, fish, poultry, vegetables, exercise.

Low Density Lipoproteins - builds up on arterial walls. Avoid red meats, hard cheese, egg yolks, and other high fat dairy products and desserts. Avoid saturated fats, such as fried foods, dressings, high-fat snacks, pastries, chocolate, ice cream, and some candies

Low Density Lipoproteins - builds up on arterial walls. Avoid red meats, hard cheese, egg yolks, and other high fat dairy products and desserts. Avoid saturated fats, such as fried foods, dressings, high-fat snacks, pastries, chocolate, ice cream, and some candies

Divide the HDL cholesterol level into the total cholesterol. Should be <5:1, though the optimal level is 3.5:1Divide the HDL cholesterol level into the total cholesterol. Should be <5:1, though the optimal level is 3.5:1

Thickening of the artery wall with fat platelets

Thickening of the artery wall with fat platelets

Protein Fat

Fish OilFish Oil Red Meat OilRed Meat Oil

Site of the Saturation is the key to heart diseaseSite of the Saturation is the key to heart disease

•Omega-6 fatty acids are the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the Western diet.

•The omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are metabolically distinct and have opposing physiologic functions.

•The increased omega-6/omega-3 ratio in Western diets most likely contributes to an increased incidence of heart disease and inflammatory disorders.

•Omega-3 PUFAs suppress cell mediated immune responses and reduce inflammation

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Omega-3

Omega-6

•Bioactive Lipids•Made in all cells•Short range signaling•Eicosanoids?

•Prostaglandins•Inflammation and Pain Perception•Kidney Function•Bone Development•Reproductive Process

•Commercially Important•$4 BILLION/ Year spend on drugs to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis•Vioxx, Celebrex, Ibuprofen, Asprin

Lipids in Cell Signaling

PGE2

Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :

Fish Oil Red Meat OilSite of the Saturation is the key to heart diseaseSite of the Saturation is the key to heart disease

Brown adipose tissue

AbnormalAbnormal

White adipose tissue

Normal ConditionNormal Condition

Some folks haveSome folks have a genetic a genetic conditioncondition

Some folks haveSome folks have a genetic a genetic conditioncondition

Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :Obesity in humans :

Some folks have a genetic conditionOthers eat too much

Some folks have a genetic conditionOthers eat too much

Fat Cells = AdipocytesFat Cells = Adipocytes• just beneath the skin• insulation• capacity to change 100x• permanent once created• each person has a “set point”

-determines # lbs of fat the will adjust back to…

• just beneath the skin• insulation• capacity to change 100x• permanent once created• each person has a “set point”

-determines # lbs of fat the will adjust back to…

US Adult Population averages = 35% body fatNormal = < 20% body fatUS Adult Population averages = 35% body fatNormal = < 20% body fat

Steroids = 4 Ring PhospholipidSteroids = 4 Ring Phospholipid

Biological Function:Biological Function:

What happens when folks take steroids?What happens when folks take steroids?• liver cancer, acne, heart attacks and strokes, arrested bone development• withered testicles, sterility, impotence, gynecomastia (growth of breasts)• in females. irreversible masculine traits can develop along with menstrual irregularities, breast reduction, and sterility• Psychological effects: aggressive, combative behavior known as "roid

rage“ and depression. • Increase muscle mass, strength, endurance, recovery rates, muscle

definition, leanness• Improved performance in sports, on the job, euphoria, sex drive• Maintain and enhance appearance while aging

• liver cancer, acne, heart attacks and strokes, arrested bone development• withered testicles, sterility, impotence, gynecomastia (growth of breasts)• in females. irreversible masculine traits can develop along with menstrual irregularities, breast reduction, and sterility• Psychological effects: aggressive, combative behavior known as "roid

rage“ and depression. • Increase muscle mass, strength, endurance, recovery rates, muscle

definition, leanness• Improved performance in sports, on the job, euphoria, sex drive• Maintain and enhance appearance while aging

“Why should I be Clark Kent, when I can be Superman all the time?” --Anonymous steroid user

“Why should I be Clark Kent, when I can be Superman all the time?” --Anonymous steroid user

- coordinate physiological and behavioral responses for specific biological purposes

- coordinate physiological and behavioral responses for specific biological purposes

Chapter 3: Peptide Structure:Chapter 3: Peptide Structure: peptide bonds and side peptide bonds and side

chainschainsThird part of understanding small molecules: peptides

Small molecules: Amino Acids (AA)Small molecules: Amino Acids (AA)

The building blocks of proteinsThe building blocks of proteins

• Elements = Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, (sometimes sulfur)• Elements = Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, (sometimes sulfur)

• More nitrogen than sugar or fats contain• More nitrogen than sugar or fats contain

• Structure is dependant upon = side chain(s)• Structure is dependant upon = side chain(s)

• Proteins = Chains of Amino Acids• Proteins = Chains of Amino Acids

Side chains (R groups) determine 20 different amino acidsSide chains (R groups) determine 20 different amino acids

-Central carbon atom

-Central carbon atom

C -Amino group-Amino group

HH

HH

NN

Amino groupAmino group

-Carboxyl group-Carboxyl group

OHOHCC

OO

Carboxyl groupCarboxyl group

R

-Side chain (R)HH

-Hydrogen atom-Hydrogen atom

Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure

Side Chains: “R”Side Chains: “R”

H|

GlycineGlycine AsparagineAsparagine

CysteineCysteine

Glutamic AcidGlutamic Acid

GlutamineGlutamine

ArginineArginine

Aspartic AcidAspartic Acid

SerineSerineAlanineAlanine

LysineLysine

ProlineProline

IsoleucineIsoleucine

LeucineLeucine

ThreonineThreonine

MethionineMethionine

HistidineHistidine

TyrosineTyrosine

TryptophanTryptophan

ValineValine

PhenylalaninePhenylalanine

Essential Amino Acids = 9Essential Amino Acids = 9

Biological Function:The essential building blocks for all proteins of lifeBiological Function:The essential building blocks for all proteins of life

HistidineIsoleucineLeucineLysine

MethioninePhenylalanine

ThreonineTryptophan

Valine

HistidineIsoleucineLeucineLysine

MethioninePhenylalanine

ThreonineTryptophan

Valine

Assignment: What do the essential amino acids do?Assignment: What do the essential amino acids do?

CysteineCysteine

Examples of 3 Essential Amino AcidsExamples of 3 Essential Amino Acids

AlanineAlanine SerineSerine

Key Review of Small MoleculesKey Review of Small Molecules

• Eukaryote• Carbohydrate• Polysaccharide• Monosaccharide• Fatty acid• Amino acid• Prokaryote

• Eukaryote• Carbohydrate• Polysaccharide• Monosaccharide• Fatty acid• Amino acid• Prokaryote

• Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

• Relationship between chemical structure and biological function

• Living chemistry is both complex and specified

• Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture and the environment

• Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

• Relationship between chemical structure and biological function

• Living chemistry is both complex and specified

• Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture and the environment