November 2001 [email protected] hallg/ 1 Electronic requirements for detectors Use LHC systems to...
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Transcript of November 2001 [email protected] hallg/ 1 Electronic requirements for detectors Use LHC systems to...
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 1
Electronic requirements for detectors
Use LHC systems to illustrate
physics technical
Tracking high spatial precisionlarge channel countlimited energy precisionlimited dynamic range
low power ~ mW/channelhigh radiation levels ~10Mrad
Calorimetry
high energy resolutionlarge energy rangeexcellent linearityvery stable over time
intermediate radiation levels ~0.5Mradpower constraints
Muons very large areamoderate spatial resolutionaccurate alignment & stability
low radiation levels
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 2
Generic LHC readout system
Amplifier
Pipeline
memory
Electrical
or
optical link
DAQ Driver
DAQ
Comparator
MUX
A/D
Receiver
A/D
DSP
...
Clock
Trigger
Control
(optional) (optional)
Amplifier
Pipeline
memory
Electrical
or
optical link
DAQ Driver
DAQ
Comparator
MUX
A/D
Receiver
A/D
DSP
...
Clock
Trigger
Control
(optional) (optional)
Amplifier
Electrical
or
optical link
MUX
A/D
Pipeline
memory
DAQ Driver
DAQ
Receiver
A/D
DSP
...
Clock
Trigger
Control
Amplifier
Electrical
or
optical link
MUX
A/D
Pipeline
memory
DAQ Driver
DAQ
Receiver
A/D
DSP
...
Clock
Trigger
Control
•functions required by all systemsamplification and filteringanalogue to digital conversionassociation to beam crossingstorage prior to triggerdeadtime free readout @ ~100kHzstorage pre-DAQcalibrationcontrol monitoring
•CAL & Muons special functionsfirst level trigger primitive generation
•optionallocation of digitisation & memory
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 3
“Deadtime free” operation
•Pipeline memory buffer depth and trigger rate determine deadtimedata often buffered in pipeline
queueing problem
APV25 NB ≈ 10, NP =192 @100kHz
compare with deadtime from maximum trigger sequence = 1001… = 50ns/10µs = 0.5%
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 4
Basic radiation effects on electronics
• Bipolaratomic displacement
carrier recombination in basegain degradation, transistor matching,dose rate dependence
• CMOS oxide charge & trap build-upthreshold (gate) voltage shift, increased noise,…change of logic state = SEU
• All technologiesparasitic devices created => Latch-up can be destructive
p+nn++emittercollectorbaseIBICIEp+nn++emittercollectorbaseIBICIE
p typedrainsourcegaten typedepleted regionoxideinverted channelsubstratep typedrainsourcegaten typedepleted regionoxideinverted channelsubstrate
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 5
Why 0.25µm CMOS?
•by 1997 some (confusing) evidence of radiation toleranceextra thin gate oxide beneficial
tunnelling of electrons neutralises oxide charge
• negative effects attributed to leakage paths around NMOS transistors
cure with enclosed gate geometry
1Mrad VT vs toxide
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 6
First results from 0.25µm CMOS (1997)
•technology thought to be viable for intermediate radiation levels (~300krad)but results much better than expected
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 7
Tracking systems
•ATLAS•Innermost: Pixels•Inner: Silicon microstrips 6M channels
Occupancy 1-2%
•Outer: Transition Radiation tracker gas filled 4mm diameter straw tubes 420k channelsx-ray signals from e- above TR thresholdoccupancy ~ 40%
•CMS•Innermost: Pixels•Remainder: Silicon microstrips 10M channels
Occupancy 1-2%
•Radiation hardness is a crucial point for trackers
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 8
ATLAS TRT readout
•ASDBLR amplifier/shaper/discriminator•key points
speed and stability, since high occupancy peaking time 7-8ns => reduce pileupbaseline restorer => maintain threshold levelstwo level discriminator => electron identification
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 9
ATLAS TRT ASDBLR front end
•Amplifier =>tail cancellation and baseline restorationselectable for CF4 and Xe gas mixtures
4mm straw + Xenon based gas
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 10
ATLAS SCT front end
•Amplifier/discriminator + pipeline/sparse readout ABCD (BiCMOS)•Binary readout
simplesmall data volumebutmaintain 6M thresholdsvulnerable to common mode noise
•SpecificationsENC < 1500eEfficiency 99%Bunch crossing tag 1 bunch crossingNoise occupancy 5x10-4
Double pulse resolution 50ns after 3.5fC signalDerandomising buffer 8 deepPower <3.8mW/channel
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 11
CMS microstrip tracker readout
•10 million detector channels•Analogue readout
synchronous systemno zero suppressionmaximal informationimproved operation, performance and monitoring
•0.25µm CMOS technology intrinsic radiation hardness
•Off-detector digitisation analogue optical data transmission reduce custom radiation-hard electronics
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 12
Impulse deconvolution at LHC•High speed signal processing is required to match the 40MHz beam crossings
Low power consumption is essential - 2-3mW/channelPerformance must be maintained after irradiation
•Start from CR-RC filter waveformform weighted sum of pulse samples
zero response outside narrow time window small number of weights (>3)implementable in CMOS switched capacitor filter
w(t)= a1.h(t)+a
2.h(t-Δ )+t a3. ( -2h t Δ )t
Ideal CR-RC
Sampled CR-RCwaveform
Deconvolutedwaveform
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 13
2000
1600
1200
800
400
02520151050-5-10
chan 2 chan 43 chan 107
closed symbols: peak mode: 270 + 38/pFopen symbols:deconvolution: 430 + 61/pF
2000
1600
1200
800
400
02520151050-5-10
chan 2 chan 43 chan 107
closed symbols: peak mode: 270 + 38/pFopen symbols:deconvolution: 430 + 61/pF
Pulse shapes & noise APV25
• 125
100
75
50
25
0
250200150100500
2pF 4p1 8p1 10p7 14p5 17p5 20p5
125
100
75
50
25
0
250200150100500
2pF 4p1 8p1 10p7 14p5 17p5 20p5
1 MIP signal
EN
C [
ele
ctro
ns]
Input capacitance [pF]
t [ns]
•System specification
Noise <2000 electrons
for CMS lifetime
•System specification
Noise <2000 electrons
for CMS lifetime
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 14
Calorimeter systems
•ATLAS ECAL/Endcap HCALLiquid Argon 190k channels
signal: triangular current ~500ns fall (drift time)
CD ~ 200-2000pF
•ATLAS Barrel HCALScintillating tiles 10k channels
•CMS ECALPbWO4 crystals + APDs (forward: VPT)
80k channels
fast signal ~ 10ns CD = 35-100pF
•CMS Barrel/Endcap HCAL Cu /scintillating tiles with WLS 11k channels HPD readout
Requirements
large dynamic range 50MeV-2TeV = 92dB = 15-16bits
precision ≈ 12bits and high stability
precise calibration~ 0.25%
Radiation environment few 100krad - Mrad +high neutron fluxes (forward)
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 15
CMS crystal ECAL
•Amplifier close to photo-detector (APD or VPT)4 gain amplifier + FPU gain selection12bit 40MHz digitisationcommercial bipolar ADC - rad hard
•1Gb/s optical transmission 12bit (data) + 2bit (range) custom development using VCSELs 80,000 low power links
•Recent substantial changes in philosophy
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 16
Optical links in LHC experiments
•Advantages c.f. copper:low mass, no electrical interference, low power, high bandwidth
•LHC requirementsdigital control ~40Ms/s digital data transmission ~1Gb/s analogue: 40Ms/s CMS Tracker
•Fast moving technological area driven by applications
digital telecomms, computer linksanalogue cable TVrequirements c.f. commercial systems
bulk, power, cost, radiation tolerance ?? possible for some applications?
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 17
Semiconductor lasers
•Now dominate market, over LEDsnarrow beam, high optical power, low electrical power, better matched to fibres
•Direct band gap materialGaAs ~ 850nmGaAlAs ~ 600-900nm In, Ga, As, P ~ 0.55-4µm
•Forward biased p-n diode -> population inversionoptical cavity => laser at I > Ithreshold
often very linear response
•Fibres and connectorssufficient rad hardnesstrackers require miniature connectorscare with handling compared to electrical
8
6
4
2
02520151050
Current (mA)
un-irradiated after 2x10
14n/cm
2
8
6
4
2
02520151050
Current (mA)
un-irradiated after 2x10
14n/cm
2
November 2001 [email protected] www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/~hallg/ 18
CMS Tracker analogue optical links
•Edge emitting 1.3µm InGaAsP MQW laser diodesminiature devices requiredsingle mode fibre ~50mW/256 detector channels
Si-submount
PIN photodiode
Fibre
2 mm
1.5 mm
Si-submount
PIN photodiode
Fibre
2 mm
1.5 mm
Laser die
2 mm
1.5 mm
Si-submount
Fibre
Laser die
2 mm
1.5 mm
Si-submount
Fibre
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.150454035302520151050
Time [ns]
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
input output
5 ns 5 ns20 ns
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.150454035302520151050
Time [ns]
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
input output
5 ns 5 ns20 ns
TxTx
Rx
same components for digital control BER << 10-12 easily achievable