November 2, 2010 Modernization, Dependency, Human Development.
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Transcript of November 2, 2010 Modernization, Dependency, Human Development.
November 2, 2010Modernization , Dependency, Human Development
Recap 1 – criteria for assessing a develop theory/approach. These were:
▪ Justice; difference; agency▪Note: justice as redistribution versus▪Justice as removing oppression (metaphor of the cage)
Recap 2: Two approaches to development – modernization; human development as capability
Critique and compare modernization and capability approaches by using our three
criteria
Look at the dependency approach Human development as social power
Five stages of growth the traditional society the preconditions for take-off the take-off the drive to maturity, and the age of high mass-consumption.
LinearSees growth as a ‘naturalized’
processDoes not identify forces of changeNo contradictionsAssumes the ‘superiority’ of the
Western model
Justice (distribution vs oppression) Difference (race, gender, ethnicity
etc.) Agency (who brings about change?
From above or below? Who has a voice in determining how development happens?
Note: these three are connected. You cannot consider one without the other.
http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/home.html
Gallery of Industrial Revolutionhttp://www.learnhistory.org.uk/cpp/1750gal.htm
Other views
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Curricula/Immigration/factory.html
Modernization cannot be replicated in its entirety
It was a specific phenomena that occurred in the West because of a combination of factors
Not linear
Andre Gunder Frank: No development
Cardoso & Faletto: Dependent development (or “associated-dependent development)
Cardoso link
Development of UnderdevelopmentThat the development of the
advanced world and underdevelopment of the “backward” world are parts of the same process
Underdevelopment and dependency cannot be overcome unless the links between the “advanced” and the “backward” world are severed
“It may happen that a society modernizes its patterns of consumption, education, and so forth without a corresponding advance in development, if by development we understand less dependency and self-sustained growth based on the local capital accumulation and on the dynamism of the industrial sector”
To analyze development properly, we must consider in their totality the "historic specificities," both economic and social, underlying the development processes at the national and international levels.
Suggests that binaries such as Development/underdevelopmentCenter/periphery Internal/externalTraditional/modern Economic/social developmentAre not useful in the analysis of social
change
This idea stresses that underdeveloped economies are not in total stagnation
Forces of change are in playMain prescriptions:Locally-based industrializationStrong state and public sector Delinking
The Three Approaches At a Glance
HD as enhancement of capability
HD as protection of the most vulnerable
HD as changes in the matrix of social power
The capability approach
Main distributive, as associated with capitalism, with minimal liberal regulations, so as to give individuals better access and rights
The human face approach
Focuses on economic inequality, especially inequality amongst nations.
The capability approach
Speaks at length of gender, sporadically of ethnicity and religion; but always within the framework of distributive justice, particularly the distribution of access and opportunity for individuals
The human face approach
Largely silent; its focus is on groups such as women and children who are most vulnerable
The capability approach
The goal is to develop individual agency; in the interim, the state and international institutions are to be the agents which create conditions for the development of individual agency
The human face approach
The goal is to develop the capacity of international institutions as agents; it also emphasizes the role of the state, and policy-makers as agents
Basic ideas: Development is about unequal
power relations between collective entities
Gender, race, class, nation etc. Inequality between these entities
is Structural and require changes in
the structure
Indicators of Human Development Kerala All of India
Male literacy rate 94 76
Female literacy rate 88 54
Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line - 1999-2000
13 26
Infant Mortality Rate - 2000 14 68
Human Development Index Rank 2001 (out of 15)
1
High levels of human development despite low levels of income
Dramatic changes in fertility, literacy, workforce participation came about without coercion
Strong participation by civil societyRelatively high levels of gender
equalitySubstantive redistribution of social
power as manifested in programs such as land reform
Continuing problem of growth and unemployment, which derives arguably from an inadequate emphasis on local development
Caste-based and gender exclusion
Environmental concerns
HD requires changes in structures that make people powerless :
Land reformsPublic investmentcollective forms of economic
production such as cooperativesConscious efforts for workplace
democratizationState-mediated distributive policies
especially in basic necessities such as food and health care
Addressed clearly the problem of gender equality
Kerala is the only Indian state where the sex ratio for women exceeded 1 Female literacy exceeds rest of India
Female life expectancy exceeds that for males
However, women’s economic and political participation remain inadequate. Why?
One of the central pillars of the Kerala model has been the nature of agency:
Collective agency e.g., local communities, people’s organizations, networks of solidarity
Decentralization, which has not been without contradictions, but has opened up space for agents at the local level
Kerala’s decentralization strategy and the People’s Plan Campaign are organised on very different principles than the neo-liberal model of decentralization. Key Features:
Transfer of resources from central to local institutions
Local planning and social control Local self-government structures as
the main agents of local planning Involvement of mass-based
organisations
The question of power is central to human development. Human development cannot be seen as a sum of a number of strategic tasks disembedded from an overall structure of power
It is therefore important to think of human development as a reconfiguration of power rather than discrete policy measures
Institutions are as much a problem as a potential solution for human development