Nothing Explains Everythingaz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/101201/101.5.pdf · LaFrance€2005...

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Nothing Explains Everything

Transcript of Nothing Explains Everythingaz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/101201/101.5.pdf · LaFrance€2005...

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NothingExplainsEverything

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LaFrance 2005

NES: Psychiatric Comorbidities

(Bowman, 1996. n=45)

Diagnosis Lifetime CurrentMDD 80% 47%

Any Affective d/o 98% 64%PTSD 58% 49%

Any anxiety d/o except PTSD 51% 47%Any Somatoform d/o 98% 89%

Conversion Sz 89% 78%Conversion NonSz 82% 4%

Any Dissociative d/o 93% 91%Personality d/o 62%

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LaFrance 2005

PNES Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors Number PercentageAnxiety, stress, breakdown 75 43%

Physical abuse, assault 49 28%

Significant bereavements 45 26%

Relationship problems, family dysfunction 44 26%Depression 41 23%Disrupted childhood 28 16%Sexual abuse/rape 24 14%Pain, illness behavior 19 11%Suicide attempts 17 10%No psychological factors identified 8 5%

(Moore & Baker. Seizure. 1997;6;429­34)

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Affective Disorders• Idiopathic Depression Disorders are frequently co

morbid with somatization. ¹– Commonalities with fronto­temporal­limbic network

dysfunction and HPA axis abnormaities.²• Depressive Disorders (DD) in PNES reported to be

between 21­60%.³• Current DD in PNES not different from those of

patients with refractory epilepsy.³• Depression and quality of life are directly

proportional. 1. Rief et al. J Psychosom Res 20102. Voon V, Hallet M. "Psychogenic

Movement Disorders" 2006,3.Fiszman et al. "Nonepileptic

Seizures" 2010 4. LaFrance et al.Neurology 2010 4

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LaFrance, W. C. et al. Neurology 2009;73:366­371

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LaFrance, W. C. et al. Neurology 2009;73:366­371

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LaFrance, W. C. et al. Neurology 2009;73:366­371

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Trauma, Abuse and PTSD­Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria for

diagnosis of PNES.­General trauma –44­100% (Trauma can be veryidiosyncratic)­Physical or sexual abuse –23­77%­PNES pts –higher rates of trauma, abuse andPTSD than controls

­ Critique: 1. marker for family dysfunction, 2.some had co­morbidity of epilepsy, 3. hospitalpopulation, 4. Gender issues, etc

8

Fiszman et al. Epilepsy and Behavior2004

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NES                           ES p       partial eta2

n       M      SD n       M         SD

Emotional Abuse    58  12.54   6.17 40    10.48    5.52 0.09 .029

Physical Abuse       60    9.52   5.68 40 8.17     4.68 0.21 .016

Sexual Abuse       55  10.44   7.53 40 7.68     5.79 0.06 .039

Emotional Neglect   59  11.51   6.10 39 11.55    5.56 0.98 .000

Physical Neglect     62     7.84   3.54       41 8.17    4.24 0.67 .002

9

Child Trauma QuestionnaireResults ­ NES vs. EE

Barry et al. for publication

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Memory and Reliability

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Dissociative Disorders¹• Dissociation is a defense mechanism where contents

of the mind are banished from awareness.• Traumatic memories are split from consciousness

because they are inconsistent with the patient’s self­concept.

• Trauma is necessary but not sufficient to cause DD –the family context is crucial.

• “The devil one knows is often better than the devilone does not know”   predictability   results in anexternal locus of control at the patients expense.

• Traumatic memories   traumatic reenactments goal is to recover normal mental process andfunction.¹from Gabbard GO. Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 2005;283­312.

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Conversion Theory• Trauma and its lasting effect ­ dissociated subcortical

memories that are activated with  resultingunexplained symptoms (Janet).

• Freud –dissociation as a defense mechanismprotecting against negative affect by converting it intosomatic symptoms (primary gain) with resultant “labelle indifference”. In time, secondary gain maydevelop.– Nature of the symptom may have a symbolic

representation of the conflict, exp aphonia.

Brown, R.  Psychogenic MovementDisorders 2006, Janet P." The MajorSymptoms of Hysteria" 1907, BreuerJ, Freud S. Studies on Hysteria 1895

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Dissociation Theory• Hypnotic induction may discriminate between

PNES and EE.¹• Dissociative Experience Scale scores for

patients with PNES may be statistically nodifferent than epilepsy controls.²

• Subsets of dissociation however may bediscriminatory.²

1. Barry et al. Epilepsia 20002.Brown, R. “Psychogenic Movement

Disorders” 2006

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Validity of Conversion Theory• La Belle indifference –6% ­ 41%, clinical experience helpful if

there but generally useless.• Conflict resolution via symptoms –two studies provide some

support for this concept.• Precipitated with stress –not a discriminating factor• Secondary gain ­ not a discrimination factor either but more a

product of learned illness behavior.• Childhood abuse –A review of 21 studies found that most

demonstrate increased frequencies of sexual, physical andemotional abuse over controls. Perhaps the most importantfactor is that these studies reflect the presence of a“pathological childhood environment.”

Brown, R. Psychogenic MovementDisorders 2006

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Anxiety Disorders (not includingPTSD)• Frequency of Anxiety Disorders depends on whether

it is classified as a co­morbid component of thePNES or the PNES may be a component of anAnxiety or Panic Disorder.¹

• Range:– Kanner et al. –N=45, 60% MDD, 7% dysthymia

and 2% Panic and 9 GAD¹ ²– Snyder et al. –N=20, 45% MDD, 10% dysthymia

and 70% PD and 20% Phobia¹ ³• Frequency > general population but may be = to

controls.¹

15

1. Fiszman et al, "NonepilepticSeizures" 2010, 2.Kanner et al.

Neurology 1999, 3. Snyder et al JNeuropsy Clin Neurosci 1994

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Personality Disorders• Mostly :

– cluster B –deficits in affect regulation, impulsivityand identity diffusion which include borderline,antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic personalitydisorders.

– Cluster C –avoidant, dependant and obsessive• Outcome varies with the presence or absence of a

personality diagnosis.• Those with mixed dx of MDD, Dissociative Disorders

and/or personality disorder with “high emotionality”have a worse prognosis.¹ ²

16

1.Kanner et al Neurology 1999, 2.Reuber et al. J Neurol Neurosurg

Psychiatry 2004

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Wikipedia

PNES as a Cognitive Disorder:Alexithymia

• Alexithymia (pronounced   l ks a mi /)from the Ancient Greek words   andmodified by an alpha­privative— literally "withoutwords for emotions"— is a term coined bypsychotherapist Peter Sifneos in 1973 todescribe a state of deficiency in understanding,processing, or describing emotions.

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An Integrative Model

Adapted from Katon WJ. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:216­226.

Genetic VulnerabilityChildhood Adversity(Loss, Abuse, Neglect)Adverse Life Events

MaladaptiveAttachment

DepressiveAnxiety

DisordersPTSD

Biobehavioral Risksfor Chronic Disease

obesitysedentary lifestylesmokingchronic stress–metabolic

syndrome

ChronicMedical

Disordersdiabetesheart disease

Self­Care ofChronic Medical Disorder

collaboration w/MDexercisedietmedication adherencemonitoring symptoms or signs

of exacerbationquitting smoking

Consequences ofChronic Illness

symptom burdenfunctional impairmentquality of lifebiologic changes in the brain

secondary to chronic illnessbiologic complications

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Stonnington C, Barry JJ, Fisher R.AJP 2006

Overview

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Conclusion• Most prevalent psychiatric disorders in people with PNES

include –PTSD, Somatoform  including ConversionDisorders, and additionally Dissociative Disorders,Depressive Disorders, Anxiety Disorders and PersonalityDisorders especially of the clusters B and C.

• PNES pts also may have increased incidences of traumaespecially of sexual and emotional abuse.

• What constitutes “trauma” depends on the individual.• This results in a psychosocial milieu conducive to

alexithymia and somatic expression of psychologicaldisturbances and possibly the development of alongstanding personality dysfunction as well.