Notes to Students_list of Projects

8/6/2019 Notes to Students_list of Projects

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Engineering Science & Biomedical EngineeringPart IV Project 2008

(ENGSCI 400A & 400B)

NOTES TO STUDENTS :

EngSci & BME project students, please read the list of all Part IV projects. Eachproject lists a project number, a title, supervisor(s), abstract, skills required for theproject and notes which department the project is open to. If the project is opento Engineering Science ONLY then only Engineering Science students may optfor it. If the project is open to Biomedical Engineering ONLY then only BiomedicalEngineering students may opt for it. If the project is open to EngSci & BME thenstudents from both Engineering Science and Biomedical Engineering may opt for it.

NB Please take note of a project that requires particular skills, such asprogramming, and only apply if you possess those skills. Once you have read the list, follow the procedure below:

Choose a few projects you are interested in.• In the period from now until Mar 7th inclusive use the time to contact the

members of staff running the project and find out what the projectinvolves. On Thursday 6th an afternoon tea at 4pm will be held to enableyou to talk to the staff for a final time before you hand in your selections.

• By no later than Friday March 7 th 1pm, you should email our departmental

manager, Dishani Jayasuriya [email protected] the projectnumbers of your top 5 choices in order of preference (most preferred on

the left to least preferred on the right).

The body of your email should use the following format including the commas:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, First Name, Surname, ID Number

Eg 4, 15, 26, 13, 3, Alfred, Black, 5683950

Titles

The first 5 projects are open to Biomedical Engineering students only

#1 Human Body Surface Scanning and Shape Analysis

#2 How Useful are Lookup Tables for Representing Small-Scale

Variables within a Multiscale Skeletal Muscle Model

mailto:[email protected]





#3 Micro-CT Imaging in the Ocular Lens

#4 Imaging and Modeling Nerves of the Skin

#5 Mechanics of membranes using measurements and

modelling

The next set of projects, 6 – 38, is open to both Biomedical Engineering

students and Engineering Science students

#6 Patterns Generated by Swimming Micro-Organisms

#7 Blood Flow Through Constricted Vessels

#8 Fluid-Structure Interactions in the Atomic-Force Microscope

#9 Modelling Chaos in the Brain with Chaotic Neural Networks

#10 Classifying the Variability of Blood Glucose Level in Newborn &

Preterm Babies with Nonlinear Chaotic Invariant Measures.

#11 Using Mathematical Models to Investigate the Effects of Clenching

and Grinding on Tooth Wear

#12 Examining the Effects of Torso Geometry on Simulated

Magnetogastrograms.

#13 Gasping for breath: Modelling irregular breathing patterns

#14 A Kiwi arm wrestling robot actuated using artificial muscles #15 Analysis of human ventricular fibrillation

#16 3D surface measurement using multiple cameras

#17 Model of layered soft tissue

#18 3D indentation of soft tissue

#19 Simulating breast deformations during clinical imaging:

assessing the importance of detail

#20 Software to analyse work performed in a MRI ergometer

#21 Modelling head/neck injury in motor vehicle accidents

#22 The mechanics of vascularised tissue

#23 Muscle: Slow-twitch = Fatigue-Resistant, Fast-twitch = Fatigue-

Prone. Why?

#24 Image stitching of in-vivo corneal nerve images



#25 Investigating a method for estimating the shape of the human eye

lens

#26 The contribution of lens accommodation to overall vision

#27 Truck Scheduling for Forestry

#28 Micromechanical Modelling of Fibrous Materials

#29Investigating the Nesting of Fabrics

#30Modelling the RTM-Light Process

#31 A new artificial muscle material based on liquid crystal elastomers

#32 Ultrasound- a tool for rapid and safe patient-specific model

production

#33 Minimising Treatment Time in Radiotherapy

#34 The Number of Intensity Levels, Accuracy and Duration of

Radiotherapy Treatment

#35 Using image analysis to quantify in vitro models of capillary

networks

#36 Modelling the response of lung cells to mechanical stretch

#37 Computing shortest paths in large road networks

#38 Mathematical models of kidney function

The final set of projects, 39 – 69 is open to Engineering Science students

only

#39 An Algorithm for the Bi-objective Transportation Problem

#40 Referee Assignment in Sports Leagues

#41 Optimisation of the Northern Busway System

#42 Order Picking in a Warehouse

#43 Experiments with Storage Area Networks

#44 Emergency Hotspots – Predicting High Accident Locations for

Ambulance Moveup

#45 Using GPS Vehicle Tracking Data to Estimate Road Travel Times

#46 Efficient solution strategies for the Siren Live Move-up Integer

Programming Problem



#47 Staffing for Fullers Ferries

#48 Large scale convection in a geothermal field

#49 Modelling carbon dioxide in a geothermal field

#50 Wind farm layout optimization

#51 Optimizing fault-response dispatch

#52 A priori optimization of robust supply boat routes

#53 Solving minimax problems without auxiliary variables

#54 A Cyclic Staffing Model incorporating Fatigue

#55 Analysis of spinner data from a geothermal well

#56 Benchmarking PEDRO

#57 Setting optimal line tariffs for a distribution company

#58 Loading Goods intro Trailers for Trucking Companies

#59 Generating optimal draws for a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu tournament

#60 Equilibrium Modelling of Auckland’s Transportation network

#61 Equilibrium Modelling of Auckland’s Water Network

#62 Spilt Tapping at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters (NZAS)

#63 Simulating Massive Storage Networks using OPNET Modeler

#64 Production response of stress sensitive oil reservoirs

#65 Measuring and calibrating acceleration#66 Modelling the ICM Composite Materials Manufacturing Process

#67 Comparsion of radial basis functions and multipoint geostatistics for

mapping rock properties in a quarry

#68 Arterial Spin Labelling Magnetic Resonance Imaging

#69 Computing minzone in the presence of wind



Full Descriptions:

The first 5 projects are open to Biomedical Engineering students only

#1 Title: Human Body Surface Scanning and Shape Analysis

A number of new initiatives (both commercial and scientific) within the AucklandBiomedical Institute will use the data from a soon to be installed (End March2008) structured light body surface scanner. This instrument can obtain bodysurface “measurements” from an individual within seconds. The output of thisscanning device is a “cloud of 3-D data points” which represents the physicalposition of the skin surface. This data must then be converted into a more usefulskin surface model. This process will involve selecting key landmark scanneddata points which will then be used to customise the existing detailed skinsurface model. For a diverse range of body shaped individuals detailed skinmodels need to be developed. From these models key physical measurements

are to be extracted (i.e. girth, height, waist, upper forearm etc). A principlecomponent analysis of the key physical measurements will then be performed todetermine the minimum number of parameters required to transform betweenindividuals body shapes.

The aims of this project are:

• help obtain body surface scans (being a people person and adapting newtechnology)

• use CMISS/CMGUI to create skin models from clouds of data points;

• determine the body shape transformation parameters usingmaths.

1. Main Supervisors: Dr Robert Kirton, Ass. Prof. Poul Nielsen, Sarah Cox2. Open to Biomedical Engineering students only

#2 Title: How Useful are Lookup Tables for Representing Small-ScaleVariables within a Multiscale Skeletal Muscle Model



Multiscale modelling aims to link important features occurring on different scales.For a skeletal muscle model, for example, it is important to link electro-physiological processes on the cellular level (single fibre) with biomechanicalaspects of muscle contraction on the whole muscle level. The differences inscales often relates to differences in available/necessary data and computational

time. Our recently developed electro-mechanical skeletal muscle model attemptsto reduce the amount of computational cost on the cellular level by pre-computing template fibres and storing them within a lookup table. The choice of using a lookup table is a trade-off between accuracy, computational time, andstorage.


• To understand the linking between stimulation protocols of a single musclefibres and whole muscle deformations.

• To analyse and quantify the loss of accuracy (with respect the

deformations on the whole muscle) of using a lookup table instead anexact solution.

• To investigate potential reductions with respect to temporalscales.

1. Main Supervisors: Dr Oliver Rohrle, Prof. Andrew Pullan2. Open to Biomedical Engineering students only

#3 Title: Micro-CT Imaging in the Ocular Lens

The ability of the ocular lens to focus light on the retina is the result of a unique

cellular physiology and tissue architecture, which eliminate light scattering andconfer the optical properties of the lens. The ocular lens is one of the largestavascular (blood-free) tissues in the human body. Maintenance of lenshomeostasisrequires special mechanisms, not only to supply the lens fiber cells with nutrients,

but also to control the volume and shape of these cells, thus maintaining lenstransparency. It has been proposed (Mathias et al. 1997) that the lens operatesanavascular, ionically-generated, cell-to-cell ‘micro-circulation’ system that deliversnutrients to, and removes wastes from, the lens cells, thereby maintaining

homeostasis and appropriate cell volume. Failure of this micro-circulation systemover time has been cited as a primary cause of lens cataracts, a multi-billiondollar healthcare problem annually in Western countries alone.

To develop a better understanding of circulatory features of the lens, aseries of imaging techniques have been used to quantitatively assess the hypothesizedmicro-circulation system. These techniques (two-photon microscopy, MRI, andmicro-computed tomography (mCT)) each have their own advantages and



disadvantages. mCT imaging can currently achieve microscopic resolution (~10-20 micrometers) while still being able to image and build up a 3-D volumereconstruction over the whole lens in a single experiment.Candidates are invited to apply for a fourth-year project to image the avascular micro-circulation of the ocular lens, using molecular tracers and mCT. This will

involve optimizing the mCT scanning parameters and performing a set of imaging

experiments trialing different high-contrast tracer reagents (gadolinium,lanthanum,etc.) to image the lens circulation through time using lenses from an animalmodel,in a controlled environment. Creative approaches to experiment design andquantitative image processing in some widely-used packages (MATLAB, 3Dslicer,Scirun, etc.) will be encouraged in order to optimize the protocols for mCTimaging

of the ocular lens.


• image the ocular lens, using molecular tracers and micro-CT

• image the endogenous, avascular lens micro-circulation through time,using lenses from an animal model

• optimize the mCT scanning parameters and perform a set of imagingexperiments trialing different high-contrast tracer reagents

• analyze image data using quantitative image processing in some widely-used scripting packages e.g. Python, Matlab etc.

1. Main Supervisors: Marc Jacobs, Iain Anderson2. Open to Biomedical Engineering students only

#4 Title: Imaging and Modeling Nerves of the Skin

Students interested in confocal imaging and structure-function modeling areinvited to participate in a Part IV project to characterize the 3D spatialconfiguration of nerve cells in skin.Current research at the Bioengineering Institute seeks to create a family of biophysical models representing different aspects of human skin. Work to datehas begun to address the structure-function relationships of dermal collagen,

epithelial cells, and the vascular (blood capillary) system.A new initiative is needed to launch a model of the neural system of the skin.Such a model would initially find practical application in the treatment of chronic-trauma wounds. For example, a significant proportion of diabetic patients presentto clinicians with chronic, non-healing ulcers (open wounds) of the feet. Thiscomes about usually because of neuropathy leading to a loss of sensation in thefoot followed by inappropriate, chronic loading and mechanical trauma to the softtissue. Many such cases end with amputation of the limb.



To mitigate this outcome we want to experimentally image the innervation of skin;use image processing and analysis in a scripting environment (e.g. Python) toextract the neural geometry from the image data; and (time permitting) constructa finite element representation of neural topology and density in the dermis andepidermis, focusing initially on general sensory neuron layout and modeling

selective regional neurodegeneration.


• experimentally image the innervation of skin (by confocal microscopy)

• focus initially on general sensory neuron layout

• use image processing and analysis in a scripting environment (e.g.Python) to extract neural geometry from the image data

• construct a finite element representation of neural topology

• model selective regional neurodegeneration

1. Main Supervisor: Marc Jacobs, Poul Nielsen2. Open to Biomedical Engineering students only

#5 Title: Mechanics of membranes using measurements and modelling

The skin modelling group at the Auckland Bioengineering Institute are developingan integrative bio-computational model in order to investigate the structure-function properties of skin. Part of this work has involved the development of a2D multiaxial testing device to record the deformations experienced by, andforces applied to samples of membraneous materials. The aim of this project is touse finite element modelling to analyse the mechanics of membranes based on

data obtained using the multiaxial rig. This work will initially involveexperimentation and modelling on rubber sheets in order to develop and validatethe analysis techniques. The analysis techniques will then be applied to samplesof pig skin in order to characterise their nonlinear, anisotropic and possiblyheterogeneous mechanical function. This research has potential applications in awide variety of areas including wound healing, tissue engineering, cosmetics andfacial animation.

1 Main Supervisors: A/Prof. Poul Nielsen; A/Prof. Martyn Nash; Jessica Jor.2 Open to Biomedical Engineering students only

The next set of projects is open to both Biomedical Engineering students

and Engineering Science students

#6 Title: Patterns Generated by Swimming Micro-Organisms

It is of common experience that large shoals of fish or flocks of birds canperform the most mesmerizing displays of collective behaviour. These



spectacles, as impressive as they are, pale in comparison with the intricatepatterns generated by some of the smallest organisms, namely algae andbacteria. At such small scales, hydrodynamic effects dominate, and fluid-mediated interactions between cells can produce an array of complex patterns,ranging from cascading plumes to swirls and jets that are reminiscent of two-

dimensional turbulence.

The goal of this project is to better understand and reproduce these phenomenathrough modification of the Lattice-Boltzmann Method. Implementing thisapproach will involve incorporating recently determined rules which predict howseveral individual micro-organisms interact, into a large-scale scheme which cansimulate thousands of cells.This will provide important insights into how suchlarge scale patterns can enhance transport of nutrients, for instance, in a high-density suspension of micro-organisms, which has important biotechnologicalapplications, for instance in the design of bioreactors.

1. Main Supervisors: Richard Clarke and Rosalind Archer 2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#7 Title: Blood Flow Through Constricted Vessels

Conditions such as atherosclerosis, where plaques form within the blood vesselsof the body, have been linked to regions of low shear stress on the vessel walls,and this has driven much theoretical interest in the fluid dynamics of arterialblood flow. Due to the fact that many blood vessels are curved, with a non-uniform cross-section, computing such flows presents a challenging problem.

This project will aim to extend a current computational (ADI) code developed inMatlab to treat curved pipes with constant cross-sectional area, to tackle curvedpipes where the cross-sectional area varies. The resulting code wil then be usedto examine some fundamental fluid-dynamical aspects of arterial blood flow andit is anticipated that the outcomes of this work will greatly benefit thecardiovascular community.

1. Main Supervisors: Richard Clarke and Rosalind Archer 2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#8 Title: Fluid-Structure Interactions in the Atomic-Force Microscope

The atomic force microscope (AFM) arguably leads the way in the high-resolutionimaging of biological specimens, such as DNA and proteins in their nativeaqueous environments. The AFM also plays a hugely important role in analysingthe folded structure of proteins, and understanding how misfolding can lead tosome serious diseases. The AFM consists of microscopic components whichmove, often rapidly, in a fluid environment. As such, calibration of this device and



• To develop a correlation dimension tool in Matlab fromscratch.

• To analysis blood glucose level data sets using the correlation dimensionand compare and contrast results to the child’s condition.

1. Main Supervisor: Dr Charles Unsworth2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#11 Title: Using Mathematical Models to Investigate the Effects of Clenching and Grinding on Tooth Wear

There are about 30 to 40 million Americans who grind their teeth during sleep.The technical term for clenching the jaw and grinding the teeth is bruxism.Bruxism is an important factor related to a rapid and destructive loss of tooth

surface. It is believed that one of the possible causes for bruxism is reflexchewing activity, in which the muscles of mastication (the muscles, which areresponsible for chewing) are contracting in an uncontrolled (subconscious) wayand cause the lower jaw to move and the teeth to grind.

Mathematical models provide a powerful tool to analyse how uncontrolled muscleactivity changes the forces acting on the teeth during clenching. Based on thedirection and magnitude of the muscle forces during clenching, one can use theequations for force and moment equilibrium to calculate reaction and bitingforces. Key inputs to such a model are the direction and magnitude of the muscleforce.


• To determine the direction of the force exerted by the masseter muscle(one of the muscles of mastication) using an existing three-dimensionalmuscle model developed at the BI

• To use quadratic-programming techniques to solve the equilibriumequations of force and momentum to determine the forces acting on teeth.

• To investigate the effect of different constitutive parameters, e.g. the levelof activity, different fibre geometries of the masseter muscle, or macroscopic constitutive parameters, on the direction of the muscle forces

and hence the forces acting on the teeth.

1. Main Supervisors: Dr Oliver Rohrle, Prof. Andrew Pullan2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#12 Title: Examining the Effects of Torso Geometry on SimulatedMagnetogastrograms.



Gastrointestinal disorders are difficult to diagnose without invasivemeasurements. This is in contrast to cardiac disorders which can be easilyassessed via a standard 12-lead ECG. Recording and interpreting of electrogastrograms can be unreliable. The accurate interpretation of magneticactivity (magnetogastrograms) provides new opportunities to address this clincal

problem.

The aims of this project are to:

• Calculate magnetic fields due to a dipole source in free-space usingMatlab or equivalent.

• Calculate magnetic fields due to a dipole source with a simplified torsomodel and compare with those calculated an anatomically realistic torsomodel using CMISS

• Investigate the effect of parameters (such as the distribution and number of magnetic sensors) on simple inverse algorithms that reconstruct the

dipole location and direction given magnetic field information.

This project will suit a student comfortable with strong mathematics andprogramming skill.

1. Main Supervisors: Leo Cheng, Rie Komuro, Andrew Pullan2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#13 Title: Gasping for breath: Modelling irregular breathing patterns

Respiration in humans is regulated by a feedback control system. The breathing

rate and volume are influenced by a number of factors such as the amount of O 2

and CO2 in blood and tissue, acid-base balance in blood, transport time of bloodfrom the lungs to the brain, and stimulation of receptors in the brainstem.Perturbation of these factors can lead to irregular breathing patterns such asCheyne-Stokes respiration (long periods without breathing followed by rapidbreathing) or Kussmaul breathing (very deep and laboured breathing). The aimof this project is to develop a mathematical model of the respiratory controlsystem in order to determine the conditions that lead to different breathingpatterns.

This project will suit a person interested in mathematical modelling and

respiratory physiology. The project will involve programming numerical solutionsof ODEs.

1. Main Supervisor: Dr. Vinod Suresh2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#14 Title: A Kiwi arm wrestling robot actuated using artificial muscles



In 1999, Dr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab, posed a grandchallenge to the worldwide research and engineering community to developartificial muscles based on electro-active polymers (EAP) that would enable arobot to win a wrestling match against a human opponent. Since 2005 there havebeen several contests but so far nobody has produced a system capable of

matching a human, though considerable progress has being made.

The ABI's Biomimetics Lab is working to meet this challenge and we hope toshowcase our arm at the annual competition in San Diego in 2009. We need astudent to

• Model the mechanics of the system and optimize it with a view tomaximizing the force produced

• Assemble some of the elements we have already developed (muscles,frames, etc.) into a working system,

• Measure its performance, and establish the reasons for any differencesbetween actual and predicted performance

•

Identify paths to improvement of the Kiwi arm.

The project will involve the student in:1. Lumped-parameter modeling for design calculations2. Some design drawing and use of state-of-the-art rapid prototyping

equipment3. Fabrication of EAP actuators4. Experimental measurement of forces and displacements

No CAD or prototyping experience is required and full training will be provided.Intellectual and emotional support to the student will be provided by thesupervisors and four clever PhD students.

1. Main Supervisors: Dr. Iain Anderson (DES) and Dr. Emilio Calius (IRL)2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students3. Sponsor: Biomimetics laboratory of the Auckland Bioengineering Institute

#15 Title: Analysis of human ventricular fibrillation

Heart disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and the lethal event istypically ventricular fibrillation (VF). The onset and maintenance of VF remainpoorly understood in clinical cardiac electrophysiology research. Collaborators atLondon’s Heart Hospital routinely record dense arrays of electrograms from thesurface of fibrillating human hearts during open-chest surgery. Such data canprovide insight into the mechanisms underpinning the maintenance of VF. Arange of protocols are explored, including sinus rhythm, ventricular pacing andprogressive ischaemia. In some cases, continuous recordings of up to threeminutes are available.



The primary objective of this project will be to analyse the spatio-temporalcharacteristics of VF using the available heart mapping data. Existing softwaretools (written in C and Matlab) will be used to extract and visualise the cardiacwavefronts and re-entrant sources (cardiac “phase singularities”). Quantificationand spatio-temporal interpretation of the results with regard to the limitations of

the experiments, data and analysis will be a key aspect of this project. There isalso wide scope for the development of further analysis tools. The experimentaldata are the first of their kind across the world, and the results of this study willbe of high impact in the cardiac electrophysiology community.

1) Main Supervisor: A/Prof. Martyn Nash2) Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#16 Title: 3D surface measurement using multiple cameras

The human brain is capable of qualitatively estimating the position and

orientation of surfaces based on different views of the same scene with two eyes,as well as cues offered by cross-correlating surface patterns or textures. Beingable to quantitatively estimate the position and orientation of surfaces is of greatinterest in a number of applications. A good deal of information can be obtainedfrom multiple camera systems. If two or more cameras can be aimed at a surfacepatterned with identifiable marker points, it is relatively easy to use projectivegeometry to estimate the 3D position of each point. In this case, however, eachpoint must be clearly distinguishable from neighbouring points or the reliability of the method will suffer markedly. This usually means that markers must berelatively widely spaced so that only a small number of 3D points can beidentified. Much more information can be obtained if the surface is patterned with

random dots having average size of approximately 2 pixels in each 2D cameraview. In this case every position has a unique pattern in its neighbourhood thatcan be readily identified.

The aim of this project is to determine the 3D position and orientation of theneighbourhood of a point on a surface based on information available frommultiple 2D views of a randomly textured surface. This process will make use of a novel cross-correlation technique, developed as part of a research project inthe Bioengineering Institute, to obtain very accurate measures (<0.05 pixel) of relative displacement. The resulting measurements of displacement andorientation will then be used to characterise the 3D geometry of the entiresurface. Immediate applications of this technique include developing accurate 3Dmodels of the face and facial expressions, development of customised models of the breast, and measurement of surface deformation for identifying themechanical behaviour of soft tissue.

1. Main Supervisors: A/Prof. Poul Nielsen; A/Prof. Martyn Nash.2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students



#17 Title: Model of layered soft tissue

Modelling soft bodies, where the materials are homogeneous, is reasonably wellunderstood. What happens, however, when the body is made of layers softmaterial of different stiffness? Recent work by members of the breast modelling

group has indicated that there are significant differences between finite elementmodel predictions and experimental measurements of deformations of verysimple layered bodies. One possible reason for this anomaly is that the continuityof stress and strain at the interface between layers is not being modelledcorrectly. It appears that the naive approach of forcing continuity of both stressand strain across the boundary is too restrictive, resulting in a model that is stiffer than reality.

The aim of this project is to use finite element models of simple two-layered softmaterials to investigate how they behave when appropriate boundary conditionsare applied at the interface of two soft, but dissimilar, materials. The model

predictions will then be compared with measurements made on silicon gelphantoms. The ability to reliably account for the effects of materialheterogeneities such as these will be directly applicable to a wide range of situations, such as modelling the various tissue components that make up thebreast (i.e. skin, fibroglandular and adipose tissues).

1 Main Supervisors: A/Prof. Martyn Nash; A/Prof. Poul Nielsen.2 Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#18 Title: 3D indentation of soft tissue

There are very few data available on the mechanical properties of soft tissue.The main reason for this is that such data must be obtained in-vivo (i.e. while thetissue is still in the living body) making the required measurements difficult toperform and the analysis of data complicated. We have developed severalsolutions to this problem. Firstly, we have built and tested a novel 3-axis force-sensitive probe that can provide controlled deformations to the surface of softtissues. Secondly, we have developed analysis techniques, based on finiteelement modelling and nonlinear optimisation, to identify the parameters thatcharacterise soft tissue constitutive properties. This approach has already beenused to identify the material properties of soft membranes. We now need toextend this approach to characterise the mechanics of 3D soft tissues, such as

muscle, fat, and skin.

The aim of this project is use a 3-axis force sensitive probe to induce controlledindentations in soft tissue. The measured 3D forces and displacements will beused in a nonlinear optimisation loop to identify the best set of parameters thatmatch the predictions of a finite element model with the experimental results.

1 Main Supervisors: A/Prof. Poul Nielsen; A/Prof. Martyn Nash.



2 Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#19 Title: Simulating breast deformations during clinicalimaging: assessing the importance of detail

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women; itsearly detection being critical to successful treatment and removal of the disease.

While x-ray mammography is the gold-standard for early detection, clinicians are

increasingly using additional imaging technologies such as MRI, ultrasound, and

CT to make more informed decisions on the state of the breast. However, the

breast tissues deform significantly during these imaging procedures, thus no two

images show the same picture. We are developing anatomically realistic

computer models of the breast that are customized to individuals and can

simulate the tissue deformations during the different imaging procedures. These

simulations may potentially assist clinicians by mapping tissue locations from one

image to another, based on the loading conditions during the imaging procedures

and the theory of finite elasticity. Our pilot studies have shown promise in the use

of our modeling techniques, but there are important modelling issues and

questions that remain unanswered.

This project will take the research to the next level by investigating techniques to

segment and model the different tissues in the breast. The student will

investigate the effect of modeling the heterogeneity in the breast and assess the

degree of detail that is required for reliable model predictions. The project will

expose the student to the full breath of biomechanical modelling, from image

acquisition and model creation to simulation and validation of the computer

model.

1 Main Supervisors: Dr Vijay Rajagopal; A/Prof. Martyn Nash; A/Prof. Poul

Nielsen.2 Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#20 Title: Software to analyse work performed in a MRI ergometer

In adults there is clear evidence that Type 1 diabetes (T1D) changes cardiacstructure and function, making the heart less capable of emptying and filling. Theevidence is less clear in adolescents. A study, currently underway at the LigginsInstitute, aims to: evaluate the cardiovascular function and structure of T1Dadolescents at rest and in response to exercise compared to healthyadolescents; and determine whether exercise training improves thecardiovascular function at rest and in response to exercise in T1D and healthyadolescents. We have built a MRI-compatible ergometer that enables subjects toexercise while being imaged within the MR device. However, there is currently nosoftware available to analyse the ergometer measurements and providefeedback to control the level of exercise required of the subject.



The aim of this project is to design a LabView application to record forces anddisplacements from transducers built in an MRI-based ergometer. Thisinformation will be processed to enable continuous measurement of power outputand ECG during experiments, enabling feedback to the subject to maintain atarget heart rate. This will involve liaising with researchers at the Liggins Institute.

1 Main Supervisors: Dr Andrew Taberner; A/Prof. Poul Nielsen.2 Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#21 Title: Modelling head/neck injury in motor vehicle accidents

Motor vehicle accidents often impose considerable accelerations on the head,leading to rapid distortions of the vertebrae, neck muscles and other soft tissues.Such distortions can cause muscle-strain, tearing of soft tissue, nerve damage,disc damage, and occasionally rupture of neck ligaments and vertebral fractures.Rear-end crash head/neck injury can be minimized with appropriately designed

head constraints.

This project will involve

• Completing a finite-element model of the head neck and upper shoulders,comprising bone, muscle and other soft-tissue information

• Using the finite-element model to compute the deformation, stress andstrain experienced by the head and connective tissue when subjected totypical accelerations experienced in motor vehicle accidents.

• Supplementing the model to explore the effect of head restraints onhead/neck deformation.

1 Main Supervisors: Dr Andrew Taberner; Dr Kumar Mithraratne; Dr DavidBudgett; A/Prof. Poul Nielsen.

2 Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#22 Title: The mechanics of vascularised tissue

It is well know that internal fluid pressure of vascularised tissue can dramaticallyaffect its mechanical stiffness. Soft tissue, such as heart muscle and brain,become noticeably stiffer when blood is pumped through it. This phenomenon isknown as the ‘garden hose effect’. However, little is understood about the

relationship between tissue and vessel stiffness and how these propertiesinteract to increase overall stiffness with increased fluid pressure.

This project will investigate the garden hose effect by constructing a finiteelement model of a simple vascularised soft tissue block. The model will then beused to predict overall tissue stiffness as a function of internal fluid pressure.These results will be compared to an homogenisation approach that promises tooffer a much simpler and more efficient solution.



1 Main Supervisors: A/Prof. Poul Nielsen; A/Prof. Martyn Nash2 Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#23 Title: Muscle: Slow-twitch = Fatigue-Resistant, Fast-twitch = Fatigue-Prone. Why?

Two broad classes of skeletal muscle exist - slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Thesetwo types of muscle fibres are very similar in many respects, but differ markedlyin fatiguability, i.e. the progressive decline of force over a period of sustainedactivity. The Aim of this project is to gain insight into the cellular processes thatmake one type of fibre fatigue so much more easily than the other. The Methodof choice is mathematical modelling. The candidate will: (i) implement themathematical model recently published by Shorten et al. (2008), (ii) incorporatethe much-improved action potential model of Cursons et al. (manuscript in

preparation), (iii) with a view to achieving a realistic time-course for the fast-twitchextensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of the mouse, using experimental dataprovided by Dr Simeon Cairns, before (iv) optimising parameters to simulatepublished fatigue profiles.

Shorten, PR, O’Callaghan, P, Davidson, HB, Soboleva, TK (2008) A mathematical model of fatigue in skeletal muscle force contraction. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. (DOI10.1007/s10974-007-9125-6)

1. Main Supervisors: Dr Edmund Crampin Dr Simeon Cairns (AUT) Dr DenisLoiselle

2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#24 Title: Image stitching of in-vivo corneal nerve images

Recent work has been done (by the department of Ophthalmology) to map thecorneal sub basal nerve plexus (a branching of nerves in the cornea) by in-vivolaser scanning confocal microscopy. This approach is limited by the field of viewcaptured in a single image. As a result, a multitude of images are taken; thatneed to be arranged into a large mosaic. This process can become a timeconsuming process for a human operator.

Some work has been done (using MATLAB) in an effort to automate the stitchingprocess. This project will look to develop that process further. More specifically,this project will involve: (i) an investigation of image classifcation: ways of deciding whether two images over-lap or not, (ii) collection of image statistics (for the purpose of tuning the process), and (iii) developing an interface that could beused for further research.



It is envisaged that this tool would support further investigation of thesestructures in the future.

Main Supervisors: Dr Jason Turuwhenua, Dr Marc Jacobs, A/Prof Poul NielsenOpen to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#25 Title: Investigating a method for estimating the shape of the humaneye lens.

Knowledge of lens geometry is critical for a total understanding of the role of thelens to the optical aberrations of the eye. One way to measure the lens is via thePurkinje-Sanson images; which arise by reflection at the internal surfaces of theeye. Typically, a few such images (of suitably placed source points) arerecorded by video camera, from which gross details (such as radius of curvature,tilt) of the lens can be determined.

There are instances where standard techniques may fail, for example whensource points are placed too close to the eye. A promising approach is beingdeveloped that addresses issues with standard methods by combiningoptimization techniques with exact ray-tracing.

The aim of this project then, is to: (i) implement a new algorithm for retrievinglens shape (in MATLAB), and (ii) to assess its performance in a variety of scenarios. It is envisaged that such a method could become a useful tool for theresearcher and clinician.

1. Main Supervisors: Dr Jason Turuwhenua, Dr Marc Jacobs, A/Prof Poul

Nielsen2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#26 Title: The contribution of lens accommodation to overall vision.

The ability of the eye to focus on both near and far objects is facilitiated bychanges in the shape of the lens (accommodation). The power to accommodategradually diminishes with age, leading to presbyopia; so that optical correction,e.g. “reading glasses” are often needed.

It is therefore, important to know how the mechanical state of the lens influences

imaging at the retina. Therefore, a way of simulating the contribution of the lensto total visual acuity is required. This project seeks to simulate changes inimaging caused by changes in accommodation. A toolbox for ray-tracing hasbeen developed (in MATLAB). These codes will be integrated \with geometricmodels of the lens (CMGUI/CMISS) that have been developed within theInstitute.

This project is part of general efforts to model the optical function of the eye.



1. Main Supervisors: Dr Jason Turuwhenua, Dr Marc Jacobs, A/Prof Poul Nielsen2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#

27 Title: Truck Scheduling for Forestry

When a section of forest is cut down for timber, the logs are taken by truck fromthe harvest unit to the customer that will process the logs. These trips alloriginate at a base and then go from forest to customer throughout the daybefore returning back to their base. A forestry company in The South Island iscurrently using an optimisation model to plan the truck trips. Simon Papps fromFeasible Solutions wishes to see if a different optimisation model will produce abetter solution in less time.

The aims of this project are to:1) Develop an optimisation model that will solve this problem;2) Determine if this model represents the actual problem faced by the forestrycompany;3) Determine which of a number of possible formulations is the easiest to solve;

The student should be interested in Optimisation, Vehicle Routing.

1. Main supervisors: Dr S. A. Mitchell, Dr Hamish Waterer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#28 Title: Micromechanical Modelling of Fibrous Materials

Fibrous materials consist of a large number of very fine fibres bound together insome way. They have a great many applications, from use as reinforcement for advanced composite materials to use in the textile industry (carpets, clothing,

1.5mm



etc.), and their complex response to load is an ongoing topic of interest to manyresearchers.

A number of approaches can be used to predict the response of these materialsto load. First, there are the macro-mechanical continuum models, involving

elasticity and viscoplasticity theories, and which discount the precise details of the microstructure. Then there are the micro-mechanical models, which attemptto model deformation of the individual fibres. Shown to the right is a cross-section of composite material, revealing the thousands of fibres which can be inin any mm2 sample (the dark patches are polymeric resin which binds the fibrestogether). Micro-models often use “unit cells” – a small volume of fibrousmaterial with a pattern which is repeated to make up the complete structure. Anattempt to predict the response of a unit cell is made and this information is thenextrapolated to predict the response of the complete structure (some possiblefibre deformation modes are shown below).

It is often assumed in micro-models that there is an evenly distributed repeatingloading pattern through the material. However, this might not be the case. Oneof the aims of this project is to investigate whether preferred force-paths arisethrough loaded material, which would have important consequences for continuum modeling.

Aim of the ProjectTo develop a micromechanical model of deforming fibrous materials. This is tobe achieved by(i) using the elementary beam theory with point-force loads to construct simple

models and then using the more complex Hertzian theory(ii) investigating the possibility of incorporating frictional effects(iii) developing models involving tows/bundles of fibres

. Main Supervisor: Piaras Kelly2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#29Title: Investigating the Nesting of Fabrics

Advanced reinforced plastic composites consist of two components; a polymer resin and a fibrous reinforcement. The latter provides the composite’s strengthand stiffness and typically consists of carbon or glass fibres (diameter in the



range 5-15μm ). The fibrous materials are arranged in many differentarchitectures, for example a continuous filament mat has more or less randomlydistributed tows, or bundles of fibres, whereas plain weave (shown below left )has fibres bundled in very large tows, which are then woven together.

A sample of material will consist of a stack of individual layers, each a fewmillimeters thick. Different numbers of layers are used depending on theapplication. For example, extra layers can be placed in regions where extrastrength is required. During manufacture, the stack is compacted under highstress before infiltration with the polymer resin. The performance of themanufactured composite material depends critically on the type of material used,on its compressibility, permeability, homogeneity, etc. One of the factorsinfluencing the final product is the “nesting effect’, where the tows of one layer tend to nest, or settle, in between the tows of adjacent layers. The aim of thisproject is to investigate and quantify this effect.

The project involves both experimentation and modeling. Experiments will be

performed on Instron universal testing machines, investigating the response of fibrous materials to load/unload cycles of straining. Different materials anddifferent layering patterns will be studied. The Tekscan pressure measurementsystem will also be used to measure the distribution of compaction stress on themould plates. Initial measurements are presented above for a plain weavereinforcement.

Aim of the Project(ii) to determine relationships between the stress/strain experienced by a

material and the number of layers(iii) to determine where in a loading cycle most of the nesting occurs

(iv) to determine the variability in the results(v) to develop mechanical models of material deformation which accounts for

the layer/nesting effect

. Main Supervisor: Piaras Kelly and Simon Bickerton (Mech.)2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

plain weave fabric

distribution of

stress over a

sample of plainweave



#30Title: Modelling the RTM-Light Process

Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) is a composite materials manufacturing processused to manufacture components for aircraft, spacecraft, land vehicles and windturbines, amongst other applications. In New Zealand specific examples include

marine components, bus parts and helmets. The process involves placing afibrous material (the “preform”) inside a mold, closing the mold to compact thematerial, injecting a polymeric resin under pressure to infiltrate the material (asillustrated below left) and then allowing the resin to harden to obtain the finalfibre-reinforced product. The process is well understood, involving a Darcy-typefluid flow; typical results from the UoA developed RTM simulation (SimLCM)being shown below right.

Very large forces are required to compact fibrous materials down to the smallthicknesses required. One of the draw-backs of RTM is the expense of the near-rigid moulds required to transmit these large forces through to the compactingpreform. For this reason, a variant of the process called RTM-Light has beendeveloped. This involves using more flexible moulds, for example mouldsconstructed from fibre reinforced plastics, and thus has low investmentrequirements.

The aim of this project is to develop a model of the RTM-Light process which can

predict, amongst other things, the manufacturing time and fluid pressure fields.This is a more challenging task than standard RTM modelling, since the fluid-flowis now coupled with elastic deformation of the mould.

Aim of the ProjectTo develop a model of the RTM-Light process. This is to be achieved by1. using beam/plate theory in conjunction with Darcy fluid-flow to develop

analytic models of the RTM-Light process

hardmould

flow of

resin

through preform

Flow Front Progression:

Resin Pressure: Normal Stress on

Mould:



2. to investigate the capability of the COMSOL Finite Element / Fluid-flowsoftware in modelling the RTM-Light process

1. Main Supervisor: Piaras Kelly2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#31 Title: A new artificial muscle material based on liquid crystalelastomers

The Biomimetics lab of the Bioengineering Institute is evaluating liquid crystalelastomers (LCE’s), produced at the Cavendish Lab Cambridge, for use inartificial muscle applications. Like conventional rubber, a LCE is composed of long chains of molecules that can slide past each other easily and so allow thematerial to be stretched with little effort. An LCE has attached to these chainssmaller rod-like molecules that are usually found in liquid crystals. The elastomer can be processed so that the side chains are aligned parallel to one direction.

The resulting material can undergo large length changes when heated. Heatingis slow and difficult to control. We are investigating the use of electric fields inplace of heating as an actuation initiator.

The project will involve the student in:1) Developing a finite element model of our test specimen that enables us to

predict electro-active behaviour. The model will provide a much neededability to predict how the specimens will behave in an electric field.

2) Experimental measurement of elastomer specimens normally used for artificial muscles and novel LCE’s from the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University.

Intellectual/emotional support and training (finite element software and testequipment) will be provided by 4 bright PhD’s and other Biomimetic lab co-workers.

It is envisaged that the experimental and modeling results in this project willprovide a big step towards the development of a new artificial muscle material.

1. Main Supervisor: Dr. Iain Anderson (DES); External collaboratingsupervisors Prof. Eugene Terentjev and Prof. Mark Warner, Cavendish Lab,Cambridge.

2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students3. Sponsor: Biomimetics laboratory of the Auckland Bioengineering Institute

#32 Title: Ultrasound- a tool for rapid and safe patient-specific modelproduction

Ultrasound imaging is a rapidly developing platform for patient health monitoringand diagnostics. It is safe, as there is no ionizing radiation involved. Portable



ultrasound units are becoming generally available in clinical practice. If a way canbe found to get good geometric data from ultrasound it will be possible for aclinician to produce his or her own models of a patient’s limb or joint. Such a toolwill pave the way to much improved patient-health management of locomotor system disease or dysfunction.

A pilot study by workers at the Bioengineering Institute has shown that there aregood prospects for getting high fidelity geometric data from ultrasound. But thereare some specific challenges that need exploring.

The project will involve the student in:1) Assembling a proof-of –concept system for data collection.2) Investigating ways of getting point geometric data from a scan.3) Using data obtained from the ultrasound system to generate patient-specific

models of one or more body structures/organs.Support and training (finite element software and ultrasound instruction) will be

provided.It is envisaged that the proof-of-concept system will pave the way to thedevelopment of a system for patient-specific modeling in the clinic.

1. Main Supervisors: Dr. Iain Anderson (DES) and Dr. Phil Blyth (Anatomywith Radiology); External collaborating supervisor: Assoc. Prof. WayneHing (Head of Research - School of Rehabilitation & Occupation StudiesHealth & Rehabilitation Research Centre, Discipline of Physiotherapy,AUT).

2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students3. Sponsor: Biomimetics laboratory of the Auckland Bioengineering Institute

#33 Title: Minimising Treatment Time in Radiotherapy

About every third person is expected to develop some form of cancer during her life. Among all cancer patients about 60% undergo radiation therapy. Today, asophisticated form of radiotherapy called intensity modulated radiotherapyenables high quality treatments to be delivered. This form of radiotherapy uses adevice called multileaf collimator (MLC) to control the intensity of the radiation towhich the patient is exposed.It is desirable to keep the time the patient is exposed to radiation to a minimum inorder to avoid the risk of movements during radiation and to use the equipmentmore efficiently so that more patients can be treated.


• To understand the working of radiotherapy treatment equipment, inparticular the role of multileaf collimators.



• To develop an algorithm to find a collimator schedule that allows thedelivery of a treatment plan in the shortest possible time.

• To compare the method with existing algorithms.

Requirements: Good Programming Skills (C, Matlab)

1. Main Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Matthias Ehrgott2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#34 Title: The Number of Intensity Levels, Accuracy and Duration of Radiotherapy Treatment

About every third person is expected to develop some form of cancer during her life. Among all cancer patients about 60% undergo radiation therapy. Today, asophisticated form of radiotherapy called intensity modulated radiotherapyenables high quality treatments to be delivered. This form of radiotherapy uses a

device called multileaf collimator (MLC) to control the intensity of the radiation towhich the patient is exposed.The optimal intensity to be used for treatment varies over a cross-section of thebeam. It is common practice to discretise the continuous intensities into apredetermined number of levels. It is expected that reducing the number of intensity levels reduces the accuracy of treatment and reduces the time neededto deliver the treatment.The aims of this project are:

• To investigate the tradeoffs between number of intensity levels, accuracyof treatment and treatment duration;

• To run experiments on various test problems;• To develop a method of recommending an appropriate

number of intensity levels.

Requirements: Good Programming Skills (Matlab, C)

1. Main Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Matthias Ehrgott2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#35 Title: Using image analysis to quantify in vitro models of capillary networks

This project involves analysing images of capillary-sized blood vessel networksgrown in the lab. The structure of such in vitro networks is influenced by anumber of factors such as the availability of oxygen and nutrients, the propertiesof the surrounding matrix, and the presence of secondary cell types that secretegrowth factors. Varying these conditions results in the formation of networks thathave striking visual differences. The aim of this project is to obtain quantitativeinformation about different structural aspects of the network, such as its size,



spatial uniformity, and distribution of branching points and branch lengths. Theproject will use CMGUI and ITK to enhance and segment images and Matlab for calculations.

1. Main supervisor: Dr. Vinod Suresh

2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#36 Title: Modelling the response of lung cells to mechanical stretch

The epithelial lining of human alveoli consists of a mixed population of type I andtype II cells. Type I cells are large, less numerous, and provide 90% of thesurface area involved in gas exchange. Type II cells are small, more numerous,and secrete surfactant necessary for normal alveolar function. Experiments haveshown that type I cells respond to mechanical stretch during breathing byreleasing chemicals that are transported to type II cells, eventually leading tosurfactant secretion. The aim of this project is to use CMISS software to

simulate the reaction and diffusion processes involved in the cell response tomechanical stretch. This project is suitable for someone interested inmathematical modelling and numerical solution of partial differential equations.

1. Main supervisor: Dr. Vinod Suresh, Co-supervisor: Merryn Tawhai2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

#37 Title: Computing shortest paths in large road networks

Road networks are an example of massive data sets. Computing shortest pathsin such networks can be computationally expensive in both time and memory.

Computing all shortest paths a priori addresses the time problem but greatlyincreases the memory requirements. This approach is allegedly used by a largeonline mapping site, but is not practical for those with less available storage.

Various preprocessing techniques have been suggested in the literature as ameans of balancing time and memory requirements. These techniques effectivelyprovide approximations to the results of the all shortest paths problem byassigning additional attributes to the road segments and/or intersections.

Preliminary experiments by Geoff Leyland (Incremental Ltd) investigating the useof a new precalculated measure of importance of each a road segment incalculating shortest paths have been very positive. The storage requirements aresmall and a considerable speed up has been observed. This project will requirethe student to efficiently implement the approach and identify areas of further improvement, particularly with respect to the preprocessing, but also the shortestpath algorithms used.

1. Main Supervisor: Hamish Waterer and Geoff Leyland (Incremental Ltd)2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students



3. Sponsor: Incremental Ltd

#38 Title: Mathematical models of kidney function

Several researchers have proposed mathematical models of kidney function and

some have been implemented using either finite difference or finite elementmethods. Such models are useful for improving dialysis devices and possiblydiagnosing kidney disease. The models involve complex reaction- diffusionprocesses in flow through a porous medium. These are somewhat similar to theprocesses we model in geothermal reservoirs and it may be possible to adapt our geothermal simulator (TOUGH2) for modelling kidney function.


• To review past research on mathematical models of kidneyfunction

•To set up simple mathematical models of kidney function

• To modify the TOUGH2 software package to include processes of importance in kidney function..

1. Main supervisor Professor Mike O’Sullivan2. Open to Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Science students

The next set of projects, 39 – 69 is open to Engineering Science studentsonly

#39 Title: An Algorithm for the Bi-objective Transportation Problem

Many real world problems can be formulated as network optimization models andoften such models need to consider more than one objective function. Oneparticular case of the minimum cost network flow problem is the transportationproblem. Despite being an important and fundamental problem in OperationsResearch there is no algorithm to solve transportation problems with twoobjectives (such as the cost and time of transportation).


• To understand minimum cost network flow and transportation problems

with two objective functions;• To use the special properties of the transportation problem to simplify

algorithms for the bi-objective minimum cost network flow problem;

• To implement and test an algorithm to solve the bi-objective transportationproblem.

Requirements: At least B+ in ENGSCI 391. C Programming Skills.



1. Main Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Matthias Ehrgott2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#40 Title: Referee Assignment in Sports Leagues

A common problem is sports management is to assign referees to scheduledgames in amateur sports leagues such as soccer, rugby or netball. The problemcan be formulated as an integer programme but because it is claimed that theseproblems cannot be solved efficiently, various heuristic methods have beenproposed in the literature to solve the referee assignment problem. However, theinteger programming model turns out to be a specially structured model that is

very similar to the rostering models that have been developed for rostering airlinecrews. Very large instances of these airline rostering models can be solved usingoptimisation methods and in this project we will investigate the use of theserostering optimisation methods to solve the referee assignment problem. Datahas been obtained from Professor Celso Ribeirio in Brazil who recently visitedAuckland and spoke about the heuristic methods had had developed.


• To formulate the referee assignment problem using the rostering modelform

•

Find the optimised assignment solution.• Compare the results with the heuristic approaches that have been

developed.

1. Main supervisors Professor David Ryan and A/P Matthias Ehrgott2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#41 Title: Optimisation of the Northern Busway System

Recently the Northern Busway was opened on the North Shore. The buswayallows buses to travel without congestion (parallel to the Northern Motorway) and

so provides much faster travel times to and from the city. The bus routescurrently operating on the North Shore were not designed to take advantage of the busway and it is now clear that there now exists a significant opportunity toredesign bus routes to take advantage of the busway. The redesigned routesare likely to provide feeder services of various forms to stations on the buswaywhere passengers could transfer to buses travelling on the busway. Besides theobvious opportunities for the optimisation of services on the North Shore there is



simulation AND we can reconfigure the network, simulate and validate again. Byallowing us to experiment with their network, ITS are enabling us to experimentwith optimisation methods for (re)designing SANs.


• To build a simulation model of the ITS test SAN usingOPNET Modeler;

• To monitor actual traffic on the ITS test SAN using ACE(from OPNET);

• To add the actual traffic to the simulation and validateagainst the actual network;

• To use optimisation to redesign the network;

• To simulate, monitor and validate the new network.

1. Main supervisors Dr Cameron Walker, Dr Michael O’Sullivan

2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: ITS, University of Auckland

#44 Title: Emergency Hotspots – Predicting High Accident Locations for Ambulance Moveup

Optima is a university spin-off company that is currently developing a softwaresystem known as Siren Live. This software is being used in Melbourne andToronto to move idle ambulances in real time so that they are better able torespond to future calls. Planning these ‘move-ups’ requires a good understandingof where calls are likely to occur in the near future, i.e. identifying so-called hot-

spots for the next hour. This process requires careful statistical analysis of callarrival rates and consideration of their associated confidence intervals.

In this project, new statistical models will be developed for call analysis. Thesenew approaches will be tailored to the specific requirements of the move-upoptimisation system in Siren Live. Prototype systems will be developed using R.

An important area of this work is the visualisation of hotspots to assist users inunderstanding their data. A number of different methods for this visualization willbe experimented with using the GIS (geographic information system) capabilitieswithin R and/or Siren.

This work is of great interest to Optima. Optima has a track record of employinggood students from Engineering Science.

1. Main supervisors: Andrew Mason, Cameron Walker 2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Optima, www.TheOptimaCorporation.com,



#45 Title: Using GPS Vehicle Tracking Data to Estimate Road TravelTimes

We have developed a simulation system Siren that is used to model ambulanceoperations. This simulation system includes an underlying transport network that

is used to predict the routes taken by ambulance vehicles, and hence the traveltimes required these trips.

Modern ambulance fleets include GPS satellite systems that drop ‘electronicbreadcrumbs’ as the vehicles drive around. We wish to use this data todetermine typical road speeds. However, these recordings do not include speedor heading information, and so speeds need to be estimated indirectly from thehistoric trip data. This involves solving a large optimisation problem to best fitspeeds to each road. The problem is complicated by the need to handlevariations in the arc travel speeds across the day, the different speedsassociated with lights and sirens travel, and the wish to also estimate travel time

variability.

Role of the Student: Formulate this problem as a least squares optimisationproblem. Implement code (either inside Siren, or in a small test environment thatuses output from Siren) to solve the least squares optimisation problem. Test thisnew procedure using various objective functions such as those using absolute or relative errors etc, as well as simple averaging. Solve this problem for differenttimes of the day. Extend the objective function to incorporate desirable solutionproperties such as smoothness of road speeds across connected links,smoothness of road speeds through time etc. Provide comparisions with existingapproaches. Programming will be required in C++ (although experience in C

alone would probably be sufficient).

This work is of interest to Optima, the university spin-off company responsible for the commercial development of Siren, and a key employer for EngineeringScience students.

1. Main supervisor: Andrew Mason2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Sponsor: Optima, www.TheOptimaCorporation.com,

#46 Title: Efficient solution strategies for the Siren Live Move-up Integer Programming Problem

Optima is a university spin-off company that is currently developing a softwaresystem known as Siren Live. This software is being used in Melbourne andToronto to move idle ambulances in real time so that they are better able torespond to future calls.



The Siren Live system solves an Integer Programming (IP) model to determinethe best set of moves for the ambulances. This system runs in real time, with anIP typically being solved every 5 minutes. Each successive IP is closely relatedto the previous in that the model has the same rows, but a set of different costson the columns. Column costs are chosen to give similar solutions on each solve

so that ambulances are not continuously changing their destinations.

For good real time performance, we need to limit the time taken to solve this IP.This project will explore strategies for achieving this. These will include looking atthe structure of the model (eg should we add a constraint or reduce column coststo encourage successive solutions to be similar?), looking at how solutions canbe (re-)used from previous solves, and (perhaps) looking at how we can re-usebranch and bound trees. This work falls under the area of IP Sensitivity, animportant new area of research.

This work is of interest to Optima, a key employer of Engineering Science

students.

1. Main supervisors: Andrew Mason, Hamish Waterer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Optima, Auckland

#47 Title: Staffing for Fullers Ferries

Fullers operate many of the Auckland ferries. Their operations vary substantiallyfrom day to day. For example, they recently scheduled extra services to handlethe increased passenger volumes for the Devonport Food and Wine festival.

In this project, we will develop rostering software to help manage the staffing for these extra events. This software will automatically determine which full timeand/or part time staff members should be allocated to these one-offs serviceswhile ensuring that roster quality is maintained.

Note: This project is provisional until confirmation is received from Fullers.

1. Main supervisor: Andrew Mason2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Fullers Ferries, Auckland

#48 Title: Large scale convection in a geothermal field

Our current models of Wairakei geothermal field extend to a depth of about 3kmsbut the whole of the convective system probably goes much deeper – say to 6 or 7kms. We wish to extend our models of Wairakei deeper but first we need tounderstand for idealised models with simple geological structures what kind of flow patterns exist.




• To understand the pattern of flow in a large convective plume in anidealised geothermal field.

• To use the knowledge gained from this investigation to help calibrate a

large-scale model of Wairakei• To produce a tool for NZAS they can use to determine the number of

trucks NZAS should hire.

1. Main supervisor: Professor Mike O’Sullivan2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Contact Energy

#49 Title: Modelling carbon dioxide in a geothermal field

Our current models of Ohaaki and Ngawha geothermal field use an equation of

state module that allows for a mixture of water and CO2 depth to move aroundunderground. This means that the shallow zone of the fields cannot be includedin our models because they contain water, air and CO2. We wish to be able topredict how the deep production from these fields affects the surface flow of CO2and therefore our models need to be improved.


• To understand the TOUGH2 geothermal simulator (written in old andpoorly constructed FORTRAN)

• To set up an equation of state module for water-air-CO2.

• To run modified models of Ngawha or Ohaaki including the shallowunsaturated zone.

1. Main supervisor: Professor Mike O’Sullivan2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Contact Energy

#50 Title: Wind farm layout optimization

There is significant potential for optimizing the design of a wind farm in NewZealand. The complex nature of the wind resource and the larger size of the wind

farms being built increase the complexity of the decisions that need to be made,while tight economic margins create a drive for greater efficiency. Currentindustry practice utilises commercial packages that are heuristic in nature andlimited in the types of constraints that can be modelled.

A mixed integer linear programming model for optimizing the layout of a windfarm has been developed by award winning Masters student Stuart Donovan thatis capable of determining the optimal locations of turbines subject to constraints



on the number of turbines, turbine proximity, and turbine wake. His results haveshown that this model produces layouts that are comparable to those from acommercial package.

In this project, the student would extend Stuart's wind farm layout model to

include more realistic constraints describing the interference between turbinescaused by turbine wake, capital budget constraints, noise and line of sightrestrictions, constraints relating to wind quality such as maximum gusts, inflowangles and turbulence, as well as reticulation and different mixes of turbines.

1. Main Supervisors: Rosalind Archer and Hamish Waterer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#51 Title: Optimizing fault-response dispatch

Fault-response companies receive calls from customers with service problems,and must respond to these faults by sending a technician to the fault within acertain time frame. There are several categories of faults, some of which need tobe responded to within a few hours, others which can wait for a day or more. Theproblem facing a dispatcher is to determine when to send which technician towhich fault. As high-priority faults arrive during the day, the dispatcher mustcontinually revise their planned dispatch.

Last year a model was developed that determined the order in which a list of existing faults should be serviced so as to minimize the total travel time in arobust manner. This project would investigate improvements to the model so asto make it tractable for larger problem instances as well as extending the modelto provide insight into questions such as the following. Which current faults wouldit be beneficial to try to service later? Which faults from the future would it bebeneficial to service earlier? Complicating factors that would need to beconsidered include time windows on when a fault can be serviced, multiple dayswork, multiple service vehicles, and uncertainty in the data.

1. Main Supervisors: Cameron Walker and Hamish Waterer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#52 Title: A priori optimization of robust supply boat routes

Statoil is a major oil producer, the world's third largest seller of crude oil. Theymarket two-thirds of all Norwegian gas to European customers, and are thelargest retailer of oil products in Scandinavia. This multinational company is thelargest operator on the Norwegian continental shelf, a world-class oil and gasprovince. Each year, Statoil ships over one million tonnes of supplies from supplybases to offshore installations, utilizing some fifty ships. Due to the immense



costs involved, supply bases seek to utilize their supply vessels as efficiently aspossible. A very important aspect of their utilization is how they are routed.

If the wave height at an offshore installation is too high due to bad weather, thensupply vessels cannot dock at the installation. In this case, the vessel must either

wait for the installation to open, or choose to not visit the installation at that time.This project will investigate the a priori optimization of robust routes for a singlesupply vessel in such an uncertain environment. The student will be required toimplement an integer stochastic program with complete recourse to solve aprobabilistic orienteering problem. The solution to this problem is a robust routefrom a given starting point that maximizes the expected reward to be collectedfrom open installations. The characteristics of robust routes in deterioratingweather conditions will be investigated.

1. Main Supervisors: Cameron Walker and Hamish Waterer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#53 Title: Solving minimax problems without auxiliary variables

When solving minimax problems we are interested in minimising the maximumcontribution of any variable in the solution for a given objective function. For example, suppose that the allocation of Part IV students to projects wheremodelled as an assignment problem and you have been asked to rank your preferred projects from 1 (most preferred) to 5 (least preferred). If we were tolook for an allocation that minimised the sum of the student preferences, it ispossible that the gap between the most preferred allocations and the leastpreferred allocations could be quite large. That is, some students may beallocated to their preferred projects, at the expense of other students who areallocated to their less desirable projects, so that an allocation with a minimumsum of preferences could be obtained. Alternatively, we could look for anallocation that minimised the maximum student preference. The gap between themost preferred allocations and the least preferred allocations would likely besmaller, and the allocation would be viewed as being more equitable.

Typically the solution of minimax problems using linear programming basedapproaches requires the addition of at least one auxiliary variable and often asmany additional constraints as there are variables in the original problem. Theseadditional constraints typically make the problem intractable. This project willinvestigate an alternative approach to solving these problems in which auxiliaryvariables (and, consequently, the additional constraints) are not introduced. Thestudent will be required to implement and benchmark the approach.

1. Supervisor Hamish Waterer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only



#54 Title: A Cyclic Staffing Model incorporating Fatigue

Many staff work cyclic rosters in which all staff cycle through a single roster pattern with various offsets that ensure the same staffing levels are maintainedfrom week to week. These patterns can be built using an integer programming

(IP) model which combines columns representing sequences of days on anddays off to form a complete roster.

A new feature in rostering is the development of mathematically-based fatiguemodels. These systems provide indicative fatigue measurements based on thehours the staff member is working. For an example, see www.faidsafe.com.

In this work, we will extend our integer program for cyclic rosters to form a newmodel that includes fatigue measurements. This will allow us to build qualityrosters that give low fatigue scores. This work will involve developing a fatiguemodel suitable for integer programming, comparing this with existing models,

writing a program to produce an integer program incorporating the fatigue model,and then solving this using standard IP software. Modelling will be required todetermine the best form of linear program for this new problem. Experiments willbe needed to determine the size of problem we can solve using this approach.

1. Main supervisor Andrew Mason2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#55 Title: Analysis of spinner data from a geothermal well

A spinner is a device that is lowered down a geothermal well to measure the flow

rate in the well. From the data generated the major feed-zones in the well can beidentified and problems with the well such as blockages from silica or calcitedeposition can be diagnosed


• To understand spinner tests

• To set up mathematical models of flow in a geothermal well

• To produce a software package for analysing spinner tests..

1. Main supervisor Professor Mike O’Sullivan

2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Contact Energy

#56 Title: Benchmarking PEDRO

The Electric Power Optimization Centre (EPOC) has developed 2 versions of theScheduling, Pricing and Dispatch software (SPD) that is used by Transpower, thegrid operator, to schedule the dispatch of electricity generation for each period.



One version is the full blown software (PEDRO)containing the complete NZ grid'snodes and links and the

other version is the cut down version (PEDRO-light) where nodes are aggregatedso that we deal with an 18 node approximation of the grid. PEDRO-light is used

frequently for computationally intensive tasks (such as repeated calls to constructequilibria or with a view to use for stochastic programming in the future). It wouldbe particularly useful to benchmark the performance of PEDRO-light againstresults from PEDRO to assess if it could be reliably used for any particular set of periods. This project will do a simulation and statistical analysis of the reliability of PEDRO-light in terms of prices, generator dispatches and perhaps line flows.

. Main supervisors Golbon Zakeri Andy Philpott2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#57 Title: Setting optimal line tariffs for a distribution company

Consumers of electricity are charged not only for electricity but also for incurringline charges. These line charges consist of a fixed rate, a variable rate thatapplies to the total volume of electricity consumed and a peak rate that is appliedto the amount of electricity consumed at peak periods. The revenue that thedistribution company makes is dependent on the consumer's usage of electricityand is regulated to be no more than a fixed amount. The cost of the distributioncompany comes from having to expand the capacity of the lines and this isdirectly a result of increase of consumption during peak periods. To date we havemodelled a consumer of electricity who is assumed to respond to prices and cut

down on their consumption if the total price that they are faced with is too high. Inthis project we will consider a consumer who will shift their consumption pattern(to avoid heavy peak charges), and look at the impact of this consumtionbehaviour on the optimal line tariffs.

1. Main supervisor Golbon Zakeri2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#58 Title: Loading Goods intro Trailers for Trucking Companies

This OR projects addresses a problem faced by the OR consultancy ORBIT

Systems Ltd of loading goods into trailers as part of a goods distribution problem.The project will consider two interlinked problems:

1. Loading a set of items onto a single trailer in a way that is legal, andmaximises some set of quality preferences.

2. Loading a set of prioritised items onto an undefined number of trailers,possibly not sending some of the items.



Issues to consider include the stacking of items of different size, grouping of items together, maximum axle weights and waiting for items to appear for loadingto fill up a trailer.Realistic data from a trucking company will be available. The project will explorea mix of heuristic and/or optimisation approaches to these problems. Good

programming skills will be required for this project

1. Main supervisors Andrew Mason, Hamish Waterer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Orbit Systems Limited, http://www.orbitsystems.co.nz/

#59 Title: Generating optimal draws for a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu tournement

Every 6 months the New Zealand National Brazilian Jiu-jitsu tournament is held.Dr Stuart Mitchell is always given the job of organising the draw (probablybecause he is a lecturer in Operations Research). Stuart is tired of big sheets of

paper with peoples’ names written on them, and angry coaches complainingabout the draws. To make his life easier he wrote a computer program toorganise the data for the tournament (shown below).

Unfortunately due to time constraints he never wrote thesoftware that would optimise the draws.

1) A good draw will try to implement the following:2) Competitors from the same club should not fight

each other;3) In the early rounds competitors should be of similar weight;

4) Fighters should have time to recover from their last fight before fighting again.

5) If two competitors have already fought in another division they should not fight again


• Optimise a single elimination tournament draw;

• Determine how to show this information to the user;

• Implement this system at the BJJ Nationals;

• Investigate the effects of different models on the success of largeand small clubs.

1. Main supervisors Dr Stuart Mitchell, Dr Hamish Waterer



2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: New Zealand BJJ Federation

#60 Title: Equilibrium Modelling of Auckland’s Transportation network

Auckland’s transportation network is modelled by various agencies ARC, ARTAetc, as an equilibrium model. These equilibrium models describe thetransportation network at various resolutions from the very coarse resolution ARTmodel to a finer resolution APT model.

These models require passenger origin-destination data, road capacity data, anda formal description of the road network. An equilibrium model is used to predictnetwork flows when the network is congested. Currently EMME2 software isused to generate traffic flows. This project aims to solve the equilibrium problem

using free software.


1) Create a simple model of Auckland’s transportation network2) Use a Python framework to state the model as a equilibrium problem;3) Investigate different aspects of this network including critical links,

robustness estimate the effects of different improvements.

Student should be interested in Transportation Modelling, Network Analysis andComputer programming (Python experience is not required).

1. Main supervisors Dr S. A. Mitchell, Dr Judith Wang (Civil andEnvironmental Engineering)

2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#61 Title: Equilibrium Modelling of Auckland’s Water Network

Auckland’s Water Network takes water from 6 sources and delivers it 160demand points on local demand networks. In conjunction with Watercare, andOpus this project seeks to build a hydraulic model of the network then find flowsby using a equilibrium model. This model will then be compared against the

industry standard EPANET software.


1) Create a hydraulic model from Watercare data;2) Use a Python framework to state the model as a equilibrium problem;3) Investigate different aspects of this network including critical links,

robustness and behaviour as it degrades.



Student should be interested in Network Modelling, Network Analysis andComputer programming (Python experience is not required).

1. Main supervisors Dr Stuart Mitchell2. Open to Engineering Science students only

3. Sponsor: Watercare, Opus

#62 Title: Spilt Tapping at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters (NZAS)

Aluminium ranks seventh in New Zealand as a commodity export earner, butNZAS ranks first as a single operating site. Independent analysis of theeconomic benefit of NZAS to the New Zealand economy is NZ$3.65 billion.

To make Aluminium the smelter must combine the contents of 3 Cells into a

Batch that is then made into a commercial grade of Aluminium. The impurities ineach of the 3 Cells will contribute to the final impurities in the Batch and thereforethe price obtained for the final metal grade. Previous projects for NZAS haveassumed that all the Aluminium from a cell will be tapped into a batch, in thisproject we will look at the effects of splitting a cell between two batches.


1) Adapt an existing Set Partitioning Model of the Cell batching problem touse spilt tapping;

2) Determine if there are any changes to the solution method to solve split

tapping more quickly;3) Determine whether spilt tapping does make economic sense for NZAS.

Student should be interested in Integer Programming, , and Optimisation for industry.

1. Main supervisors Dr Stuart Mitchell, Professor David Ryan2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Rio Tinto New Zealand Aluminium Smelters

#63 Title: Simulating Massive Storage Networks using OPNET Modeler

Many organisations, such as Google, handle enormous amounts of data in their everyday operations. These organisations rely on massive storage networks to



enable data management. One possible configuration for these massive storagenetworks is a ring of switches.


•

To build a simulation model of the ring of switches usingOPNET Modeler, a cutting edge network simulation softwarepackage;

• To generate traffic loads through the network that representthe typical operation of the network;

• To use the simulation model and traffic loads to analyse theperformance of the network.

1. Main supervisors Dr Cameron Walker, Dr Michael O’Sullivan2. Open to Engineering Science students only3. Sponsor: Storage Systems Research Centre, University of California-

Santa Cruz

#64 Title: Production response of stress sensitive oil reservoirs

This project would suit a student who is interested in fluid mechanics, solidmechanics and partial differential equations. The production aims to developtools to help engineers diagnose when an oil reservoir is "stress-sensitive", i.e. itspermeability and porosity depends on the fluid pressure in the reservoir. Thegoal of this project is to find characteristic signatures in well flow rate andpressure data that signal that this behaviour is happening. Some of the work willbe done using a commercial reservoir modelling code, however the student may

need to write a small amount of code in Matlab (or the language of their choice).

1. Main Supervisor: Rosalind Archer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#65 Title: Measuring and calibrating acceleration

Accelerometers are available in semiconductor packages that offer the prospectsof miniature devices capable of deriving information on animal movement. Thisproject will integrate an accelerometer to a wireless circuit and provide a systemfor calibrating the accuracy of the device. ‘C’ programming for an embedded

microcontroller and bioinstrumentation experience is required. This project willinclude assessment of rodent activity and sleep patterns.


• To integrate the accelerometer with a telemetry circuit

• To interface the accelerometer with a microprocessor usingthe SPI bus



The modeling will involve analysis of flow through porous media and fluid/solidinteractions.

Aim of the Project

To develop a working model of the ICM process, i.e. given geometry, materials,etc., one can predict fill-time, preform stresses, etc. This is to be achieved by(i) developing some elementary analytic models of the ICM process(ii) creating more realistic models and writing code (MATLAB or FORTRAN) to

numerically solve these models(iii) creating and solving more complex models using the COMSOL Finite

Element / Fluid-flow software and comparing results with those of (i,ii)

. Main Supervisor: Piaras Kelly2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#67 Title: Comparsion of radial basis functions and multipointgeostatistics for mapping rock properties in a quarry

Efficient development of NZ's quarries is currently very important, sinceinfrastructure projects create a large demand for aggregate materials. Mappingthe spatial location of these materials within a quarry is a interpolation problemwhich must honour both known data from boreholes etc. and geologicalinterpretation. This project will explore the advantages and disadvantages of performing this interpolation using multiple-point geostatistics and radial basisfunctions. Multiple-point geostatistics are an alternative to traditional variogrambased modelling. This technique is gaining popularity in the oil industry becauseof its ability to incorporate geological structure into rock property modelling work.Radial basis functions are an interpolation approach which uses global (not local)information. Fast radial basis function tools have been commercialised in NZ byApplied Research Associates NZ. A student interested in this project shouldhave some basic statistics knowledge and linear algebra knowledge. SomeMATLAB programming will be required.

1. Main supervisor : Rosalind Archer 2. Open to Engineering Science students only

#68 Title: Arterial Spin Labelling Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a commonly used medical diagnostictechnique that was originally developed from nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). A powerful magnetic field is applied to the tissue which causes certainatomic nuclei, such as 1H, to align with the field. When a pulse of



electromagnetic radiation is applied at a carefully selected frequency, thesenuclei are excited into a higher energy state. The nuclei emit radio waves asthey ‘relax’ back to their ground state and these are detected by a wire coil andprocessed to form an image.

While MRI provides excellent intrinsic soft tissue contrast, researchers andclinicians who perform angiograms often need to inject contrast agents toenhance their results. A recent development, Arterial spin labelling (ASL) is anon-invasive technique that relies on intrinsic MRI contrast to produceangiographic images without the need for contrast agents.

The aims of this project are to:1. Understand the physics behind ASL and use an existing ASL imaging

sequence – observing the relatively poor contrast2. Optimise the sequence by experimental imaging of normal volunteers3. Make recommendations on how the sequence can be used or improved in

further research

This project would suit a student with a strong background in physics, goodexperimental skills and the ability to work and think independently. An interest inneuroscience and/or brain imaging is encouraged but not essential.

1. Supervisors: A/Prof Martyn Nash, A/Prof Brett Cowan (Centre for Advanced MRI)

2. Open to/proposed by Matt Barrett

#69 Title: Computing minzone in the presence of wind

The government has an undertaking that the supply of electricity in New Zealandshould be secure enough that shortage (such as sustained blackouts) would not happen any more frequently than once every 60 years. Toassess the risk of shortage in any particular year, the Electricity Commission hasproduced a tool called minzone. This tool computes the hydro-lake levels for aparticular year under different (historical) sequences of inflow and assesses howclose we may be getting to a shortage situation. The basic methodology used inthe minzone analysis is to set all thermal plants as baseload, such that it runsbefore all hydro, then dispatch run-of-river hydro, and then use storage to meetdemand where required.With the penetration of wind energy into the market, it is important to incorporateenergy produced from wind into the computation of minzone. In this project wepropose to develop a tool that will not only consider traditional electricitygeneration from thermal and hydro resources but also intermittent generation(e.g. wind) to compute the minzone.For futher information of the minzone refer to



http://www.electricitycommission.govt.nz/old_news/minzone24april06

. Main supervisors Golbon Zakeri Andy Philpott2. Open to (proposed by Kailin Lee)



Notes to Students_list of Projects

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