Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question
description
Transcript of Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question
![Page 1: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Notes:
- SyllabusPrereqs – Psych 260 OR 351
Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T THClass Question
Website: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/pavek/
- Questionnaires
- Class Pictures
![Page 2: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
22
“The Development of Neuropsychology”
Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686)Lecture Chapter 1
.
![Page 3: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
33
Overview
- What is Neuropsychology?- Human Brain- Divisions of the Nervous System- The Brain Hypothesis- The Neuron Hypothesis
![Page 4: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
44
What is Neuropsychology?Neuropsychology
- Scientific study of the relationship between behavior and the brain
- Draws from many disciplines, including anatomy, biology, pharmacology, and philosophy
- Experimental results from neuropsychological investigations can be used to identify traumatic brain injury impairments and vice versa
![Page 5: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
What is Neuropsychology?
Two ideas that influence experimental and theoretical investigations of brain function
The Brain Hypothesis:-The brain is the source of
behaviorThe Neuron Hypothesis:
- The unit of brain structure and function is the neuron
![Page 6: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
The Human BrainWhat is the brain?
Brain = Old English word for tissue inside the skull
Inner hollow tube filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Outer layer of wrinkled tissue known as cerebral cortex
Composed of two symmetrical hemispheres, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere
![Page 7: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
The Human Brain Three Major Divisions of CNS
Forebrain Cerebral CortexPerforms higher functions like thinking, perception and
planning
BrainstemUnderlying tube Performs regulatory and movement producing functions
Spinal CordConnected to brainstem and descends down the backPerforms regulatory and movement producing functions
![Page 8: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Features of the Cortex
![Page 9: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Features of the Cortex Gyri
Folds of the cortex Sucli
Creases between the folds
* Large sulci = fissuresExamples: Longitudinal
Fissure and Lateral Fissure
Four Lobes:- Frontal- Temporal- Parietal- Occipital
![Page 10: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Divisions of the Human Nervous System
![Page 11: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
The Brain HypothesisWhat is behavior?
“Patterns in time”Movement of an organism
- cause & function (purposeful?)- complexity & flexibility
How is behavior produced? Brain vs Heart Brain Hypothesis - Alcmaeon of Croton Cardiac Hypothesis - Empedocles of Acragas
Current neuropsychology accepts the brain
hypothesis
![Page 12: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior
Aristotle* and Mind Descartes* and
Dualism Descartes’s Legacy Darwin* and
Materialism Darwin’s Legacy
Natural selection Linking Brain
Function to Brain Disease
![Page 13: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Donald Hebb: “Modern psychology takes completely for granted that behavior and neural function are completely correlated, that one is completely caused by the other. There is no separate soul or life force to stick a finger into the brain now and then and make neural cells do what they would not otherwise. It is quite conceivable that some day the assumption will have to be rejected. But it is important also to see that we have not reached that day yet: the working assumption is a necessary one, and there is no real evidence to oppose it. One cannot logically be a determinist in physics and chemistry and biology, and a mystic in psychology.”
![Page 14: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Experimental Approaches to Brain Function
Localization of Function - different parts of the brain perform different functions- Franz Josef Gall and Johann Casper
Spurzheim• Phrenology
![Page 15: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
PhrenologyProblems
Impossible to define and quantify objectivelyFeatures of the skull reveal little about the brain
Historical ImportanceLaid foundation for modern localization of
functionPhrenological map was the precursor for many
maps of the brain
![Page 16: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Localization and Lateralization of Language
Paul Broca*- Broca’s Area: anterior speech region of the brain- Lateralization: Functions can be localized to one side
of the brainTan’s Lesion
![Page 17: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Sequential Programming
and Disconnection
Carl Wernicke*- Aphasic patients
different from Broca’s
- Wernicke’s Area - Posterior speech region, located in the temporal lobe
![Page 18: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Sequential Programming and Disconnection
Importance of Wernicke’s modelIdentified disconnection syndromes
Regions of the brain have different functions but still must interact to work correctly
Identified the left hemisphere as dominant for language
![Page 19: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Loss and Recovery of FunctionPierre Flourens
Removed areas of the cortex of animal brains and studied resulting changes in behavior
FindingsNo specialization for areas of the cortexSpecialization for the brainstemFindings refuted localization of function
![Page 20: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Hierarchical Organization and Distributed Systems in the Brain
Hierarchical OrganizationJohn Hughlings-Jackson*
Each successively higher level of the nervous system controls more complex aspects of behavior
DissolutionReverse of evolutionOccurs after damage to a higher levelBehavior becomes more simple
![Page 21: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
The Binding Problem H.M. (Henry Molaison)
The brain analyzes sensory events through multiple channels, yet we have a unified perception of our experiences
![Page 22: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
The Split Brain1960s
Neurosurgeons began cutting the corpus callosum to prevent the spread of seizures
Roger Sperry Conducted neuropsychological evaluations on
“split brain” patients to discover how the right and left hemispheres function
Nobel prize in 1981
![Page 23: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Conscious and Unconscious Neural Streams
The case of D.F. Visual form agnosia
Inability to recognize objects by their shapes or see the shape of an object
Able to accurately reach for an objectOptic Ataxia
Can identify the shape of an object Cannot accurately reach for an object
![Page 24: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Neural Streams
![Page 25: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
The Neuron Hypothesis
• The unit of brain structure and function is the neuron
- Neurons are discrete- Neurons send an electrical signal - Neurons communicate with each other
via a chemical signal, or a neurotransmitter
![Page 26: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Identifying the NeuronCamillo Golgi*
Proposed the Nerve Net Hypothesis
Santiago Ramón y Cajal* Proposed that
neurons were discrete
![Page 27: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Nervous System Cells
NeuronsAcquire information, process
information, and act on information
Major parts include the cell body, dendrites, and axons
Glia Help neurons, hold them
togetherCarry out supportive
functions
![Page 28: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Relating Electrical Activity in Neurons to Behavior
Luigi GalvaniDiscovered electrical
stimulation caused muscular contraction
Gustav Theodor Fristch and Eduard Hitzig Electrical stimulation of the
cortex in the rabbit and dog to induce movement
Discovered topographic organization in the cortex
![Page 29: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Relating Electrical Activity in Neurons to Behavior
Roberts BartholowFirst to report electrical
stimulation of human cortex in a conscious person
Modern ApproachTranscranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS)
![Page 30: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Connections Between Neurons As the Basis of Learning
Alan Hodgkin and Andrew HuxleyNobel prize in 1963 for discovery of the
electrical signals generated by neuronsCharles Scott Sherrington
First description of the synapseOtto Loewi
Discovered that chemicals carry the message across the synapse
![Page 31: Notes: Syllabus Prereqs – Psych 260 OR 351 Office Hours – 11:00 to 12:00 T TH Class Question](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815cc6550346895dcaca75/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Connections Between Neurons As the Basis of Learning
Donald Hebb*When cells are activated at the
same time they establish or strengthen the synapse
Hebb or plastic synapses
The brain is plastic and constantly changing
There is ongoing reorganization