Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. Platt, 1968, Introduction, p. xiv. 2. Chamberlain, 1988, p. 123. 3. The situation is not clarified by rather general works such as Bailey, 1940;

Imlah, 1958. 4. Court, 1954, Chapter 12, pp. 301-2. 5. See Hilton, 1988; Howe, 1992. 6. Brown, 1958. 7. Bowring, John, Report on the Prussian Commercial Union, PP, Reports

Commissioners, 1840, xxi. 8. Krawehl, 1977, pp. 90-8. 9. Another study of the 1830s and 1840s worth mentioning is Palmer, 1990.

10. Iliasu, 1965; lliasu, 1971, pp. 67-98. 11. Ratcliffe, 1975. 12. The most renowned being Gallagher and Robinson, 1953. 13. Matis and Stiefel, in Roth, 1978. 14. See, for example, Nye, 1991. 15. Buchheim, 1981. 16. Kennedy, 1980. 17. The period of foundation of the Empire. 18. Heinrich von Treitschke (1854-96). 19. Quoted in Dove, 1900, p. xviii. 20. Treitschke, 1927. 21. Friedrich List (1789-1846). 22. Treitschke, 1927, pp. 472-4. 23. That is, German unity with the inclusion of Austria. 24. Treitschke, 1927, p. 449. 25. Ibid., p. 449. 26. Ibid., p. 439. 27. See, for example, Marcks, 1900; Precht, 1925; Scharff, 1941. The works

of Kantorowicz and Valentin are notable exceptions to this. Due to their anti-nationalist standpoints, important details are unearthed - such as wide­spread belief among southern courts and conservatives that Prussia and Britain were actually working in tandem, rather than in opposition to each other. Neither, however, disputes the idea of British foreign policy being influenced by commercial interests: Kantorowicz, 1929; Valentin, 1937.

28. Diener, 1951, p. 32. 29. Ibid., p. 20. 30. Doering-Manteuffel, for example, talks of 'die Unvereinbarkeit der Interessen'

between Britain and Austria. He portrays a Britain intent on dominating Europe, in which political goals are directly linked to commercial inter­ests, and concentrates, as Treitschke did, on Palmerston, the Don Pacifico

176

Notes 177

affair, and so on: see 'Anxiety and Palmerstonianism', Doering-Manteuffel, 1991, p. 94. Bohme, meanwhile, maintains that 'Deutschland mu.Bte mit den englischen Qualitiitserzeugnissen und der englischen Geldfliissigkeit in Konkurrenz treten. Urn sich neben England behaupten zu konnen, suchten die Deutschen ihr Heil in Schleuderexporten. Hierzu war aber ein nationaler zollgeschiitzter Produktions- und Absatzraum notwendig ... ' Bohme, Deutschlands Weg, 1966, p. 69.

31. Fischer, 1960, pp. 65-89. 32. As Fischer noted, the Zollverein was formed not for Germany but in

Germany: Fischer, 1972, p. 131. 33. Hahn, 1982. 34. Hahn, 1984. Also Hahn, 1990. 35. Hahn, 1982, p. 15. 36. Ibid., p. 152. 37. Hahn, 1984, pp. 148-52. 38. Hahn, 1982, p. 89. 39. Hahn, 1984, p. 126. 40. Ibid., p. 148. 41. Tilly, 1990. 42. Ibid., p. 41. 43. Ibid., p. 45. 44. First written 1968, reprinted in Tilly, 1980, pp. 197-206. 45. Ihde, 1939. Note that Los von England translates as 'free of England'

with connotations of 'rid of England'. 45. Ibid., Introduction. 47. The idea that Britain had intentionally sought to destroy German industry

shortly after 1815 by dumping its cheap goods on the continental market. 48. Printed in Tilly, 1980. 49. Ibid., pp. 199-200. 50. Ibid., p. 202. 51. Ibid., pp. 202-5. 52. Ibid., p. 206. 53. Kutz, 1969. 54. Kutz's references are to Schlote, Imlah and Rostow. 55. Dumke, 1979. 56. Here he mentions Bondi, Hoffmann and Fujise. 57. Pollard, 1973.

I FREE TRADE AND THE ZOLLVEREIN: THE PARAMETERS OF COMMERCIAL POLICY -MAKING

I. List, 'Die englische Kornbill und das deutsche Schutzsystem', Beckerath, 1928, p. 118.

2. Ratcliffe, 1975, p. 128. 3. List, 'Die englische Parlamentsuntersuchungen von 1840 und die deutsche

Nationalindustrie', Beckerath, 1928, p. 412. 4. Platt, 1968, p. 86. 5. Ibid., p. 314.

178 Notes

6. Hilton, 1988. 7. Barnett, 1972, p. 49. 8. Ibid., p. 24. 9. Ibid., p. 23.

10. Hilton, 1988, p. 7. 11. Ibid., p. 6. 12. Times, 24 January 1848. 13. Henderson, 1937, p. 316. 14. Ibid., p. 85. 15. Court, 1954, p. 300. 16. Hilton, 1988, p. 69. 17. Gladstone's guarded acceptance of free trade, and suspiciOn of non­

reciprocalism was what made him so useful to Peel as a bridge to its introduction. Cobden commented, 'Gladstone makes a very clever aide­de-camp to Peel, but is nothing without him.' Shannon, 1982, Vol. 1.

18. See below. 19. See below. 20. Economist, 11 September 1852. 21. Llewellyn Smith, 1928; Sainty, 1974. 22. The Board of Trade (undated); Report from the Select Committee on

Trade with Foreign Nations, 1864, VII. 23. Thomas Henry Farrer (1819-99). 24. These acts which in effect did away with the restrictions arising from

the security of investors were regarded in some ways as the pinnacle of free trade achievement in the domestic realm. It has also been noted, however, that their introduction already denoted the rising influence of the new, more assertive and expansionist free trade of Cobden and the industrialists. Hilton, 1988, pp. 255-61.

25. 8 June 1857, Memorandum on Board of Trade business by Mr Farrer, BT61293 PRO.

26. Brown, 1978, Chapter 2. 27. Ibid., pp. 21-8. 28. Sir John Bowring (1792-1872). MP for Clyde and Bolton, and author of

the definitive Report on the Prussian Commercial Union, 1840 (see below). 29. George Richardson Porter (1792-1852). Porter was Joint Secretary in

the wake of MacGregor. He was a free trader and statistician, and mar­ried to the sister of David Ricardo.

30. John MacGregor, 1797-1857. Joint Secretary of the Board of Trade, stat­istician and historian. MacGregor was an ardent utilitarian, and a close friend of John Deacon Hume. He prompted the Select Committee on Import Duties of 1840 which was to state its 'strong conviction of the necessity of an immediate change in the import duties of the kingdom' in the direction of free trade. Report from the Select Committee on Im­port Duties, 1840, v.

31. Even more interesting is the fact that the Handelsministerium was based upon the Prussian (mis)conception of the British system- revealing strik­ingly the Prussian belief that the Board of Trade was a political body. See below.

32. Chamberlain, 1988, p. 16.

Notes 179

33. See below. 34. One notable exception being Lord Clarendon, who made several efforts

to improve the system of information-gathering on matters of commerce as well as the coordination of political and commercial reports. On this see also Platt, 1968, p. xi v.

35. See below. Platt, 1968, p. xviii. 36. See below. 37. The Bradford and Manchester Chambers of Commerce later complained

that they did not know whether to lobby the Foreign Office or the Board of Trade. See below.

38. l 0 September 1856, Address to the International Congress for the Re-form of Customs Duties, M8/2/5, MCC.

39. Henderson, 1958, p. xiv. 40. Ibid., p. xiv. 41. Economist, ll September 1852. 42. See below. 43. See below. 44. 24 February 1857, Circular Memorandum by Lord Clarendon, Reports

of Secretaries of Embassies and Legations, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1857-58, I. See below.

45. 16 June 1849, Palmerston to Westmorland, F0244/97, PRO. 46. For many of the thoughts on the relation of the consular system to the

changing Anglo-German trade relationship I am indebted to Krawehl, 1977. pp. 70-5.

47. Lord Augustus William Frederick Loftus (1817-1904). Secretary of Le­gation Berlin (1853-8), Minister to Austria (1858-60), Prussia (1860-2), Bavaria (1863-6), Prussia (1866-8), North German Confederation (1868-71).

48. Enclosed in 12 November 1856, Loftus to Bloomfield, F097 /328, PRO. 49. 30 March 1860, Frederick Hamilton, Frankfurt, General Report for 1859,

Reports of Her Majesty's Secretaries Embassies and Legations, PP. Ac­counts and Papers, 1860, LXVI.

50. A fiat-rate tariff allowed by the Rhine Commission established by the Vienna Treaty and raised according to the length of coastline. Attempts at reforming the Commission carried on throughout the l 850s. A full account of developments is given by Gothein, 1903, Chapter ll.

51. See Chapter 3. 52. 29 September 1859, Koch, Germanic Confederation, Abstract of Reports

on the Trades of Various Countries and Places for the years 1857-8-9 received by the Board of Trade through the Foreign Office from Her Majesty's Ministers and Consuls, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1859, XXX.

53. John Ward (1805-90). Consul General at Leipzig with special commis­sion for the Zollverein (1845-60), Charge-d'affaires at Hansa Towns (1860).

54. 31 May 1858, Report of Mr Ward, Consul General at Leipzig on the Leipzig Easter or Jubilate Fair of 1858, 25 October 1858, Report of Mr Ward ... on the Michaelmas Fair, 1856, Abstract of Reports on the Trades of Various Countries and Places for the years 1857-8-9 received by the Board of Trade through the Foreign Office from Her Majesty's Ministers and Consuls, PP. Accounts and Papers, 1859, XXX.

180 Notes

55. Ibid., 25 October 1858. 56. Brown, 1958, p. 112. 57. See 25 October 1858, Report of Mr Ward ... on the Michaelmas Fair,

1856. 58. See below. 59. Ironically, from the 1820s onwards Prussia tried to convince Britain of

her importance in order to extract concessions. See Krawehl, 1977, pp. 69-70.

60. See below. 61. In 1880 the Imperial Statistical Office printed for the first time a full

detailed survey of trade between the German customs area and foreign countries. Buchheim, 1981, p. 285.

62. Mr Blackwell at Stettin gathered his information from the 'Annual Re­port of the Corporation of Merchants on the Trade of Stettin'. PP, Ac­counts and Papers, 1859, XXX.

63. 21 March 1859, Report of Mr Ward on the trade in Leipzig 1858, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1859, XXX.

64. The point was mentioned by Augustus Luftus's report that 'no reports beyond those quarterly transmitted to Her Majesty's Government appear to have been furnished either by the Consul General [in Danzig] or the agents under his orders on the general state of trade and industry ... ', 12 November 1856, Augustus Loftus to Bloomfield, F097/328 PRO.

65. The point is made by Martin Kutz that British trade statistics were com­piled according to seventeenth-century prices, down-playing the role of German industry. Kutz, 1969, p. 181. John Ward used just such an ex­change rate of 6 Thaler 19 Silbergroschen to the pound in his reports to convert the value of goods sold into British figures.

66. From its inception in 1847 edited by Delbrtick (see below), and J. Hegel, later by Ober-Finanzrath Viehbahn and Regierungs-Assessor Saint-Pierre. The Handelsarchiv is important evidence of the interest taken by the Prussian government and bureaucracy in the dissemination of informa­tion regarding commerce. It also included much important information regarding new laws and developments which could affect trade inside Prussia and the German states. It far outstripped the manner of publish­ing details of trade practised by the British Board of Trade.

67. HUbner, Jahrbuch fur Volkswirtschaft und Statistik: Centralbureau des Zollvereins; [ ... ].

68. The ninth conference of the Zollverein concluded that the system of consulates at trade fairs and Hanseatic ports did not show country of origin or destination - leading to confusion among the states themselves as to the true nature of their trading relations: Verhandlungen der Neunten General-Konferenz in Zollvereinsangelegenheiten, 1951, p. 151.

69. See below. The lack of information about British goods on the Rhine has also been pointed out by Rolf Horst Dumke (Dumke, 1979, pp. 184-5).

70. George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon (1800-70). Minister to Spain (1833-9), President of the Board of Trade (1846-7), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1853-8), (1865-6), (1868-70). D.C.M. Platt notes Walter Bagehot's biographical sketch of Clarendon as a man 'peculiarly suited to the transition age in which he lived, pos-

Notes 181

sessing both the aristocratic graces of the past and the commercial tastes and business knowledge of the future'. Platt, I 968, Introduction, p. xiv.

71. 31 October 1856, Clarendon to Bloomfield, F0244/139, PRO. 72. See below. 73. 12 November 1856, Loftus to Bloomfield, F097/328, PRO. 74. Ward was a witness at the Select Committee on the Consular Service

and Appointments, PP, Reports Committees, I 857-8, VIII. 75. 10 February 1857, Clarendon to Crossthwaite, F02441143, PRO. 76. See below on the special value of Loftus's reportage on commercial

matters and suggestions regarding new markets. 77. 18 February 1857, Clarendon to Bloomfield, F02441143, PRO. Loftus

received a commendation for his report on the consular service. 78. See below on Ward's visit to the chambers of commerce in the north of

England. 79. 3 February 1857, Board of Trade to Foreign Office, BT3/51, PRO. 80. See below. 81. This then became a weekly, and was edited by the Commercial Intelli­

gence Branch of the Board of Trade after its creation in 1899. See Board of Trade, undated.

82. Joseph Archer Crowe (1825-96). Journalist, art historian and consular agent, Leipzig (1860), Consul General to Westphalia and the Rhenish Provinces (1872), Commercial Attache to embassies at Berlin and Vi­enna (1880), Commercial Attache to whole of Europe based at Paris (I 882).

83. Manuscript of unpublished Reminiscences, p. 90, British Museum, Add. MS.41309.

84. 4 July I 862. Clarendon, Parliamentary Debates, I 862. 85. As Crowe recounted, 'Lord John Russell had laid down the rule that it

was necessary to accredit this class of envoys at despotic courts because they alone had access to the sovereigns and were in a position to keep their ministers in check.' British Library, Add. MS.61309.

86. 6 January I 86 I, Gordon to Russell, Report on the Constitution and Effi­ciency of the Present Diplomatic Service of this Country, PP, Reports Committees, 1861, VI. ·

87. Platt, I 97 I, p. 54. 88. 24 January I 86 I, Ward to Russell, Report on the Constitution and Effi­

ciency of the Present Diplomatic Service of this Country, PP, Reports Committees, I 86 I, VI.

89. 6 January 1861, Gordon to Russell, Report on the Constitution and Effi­ciency of the Present Diplomatic Service of this Country, PP, Reports Committees, 1861, VI.

90. Krawehl, I 977, p. 108. 91. Ward, Select Committee on the Consular Service and Appointments. PP,

Reports Committees, 1857-8, VIII. 92. Ward, 1872. 93. Report on the Mines of Saxony, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1859, XXX. 94. Ibid., p. 339. 95. 2 January I 850, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/4, PRO. 96. Ward was involved in I 844 in a project to review MacGregor's statistical

182 Notes

publication on British trade. 29 October 1844, Napier (editor of Edinburgh Review) to Ward, CUL Add. 6157.

97. Tooke was also one of the most important statisticians of British trade. 98. 15 July 1831, Whately (Secretary of Society) to Ward, CUL Add. 6157. 99. Clarendon referred to Ward's particular value at the Select Committee.

Report on the Constitution and Efficiency of the Present Diplomatic Service of this Country, PP, Reports Committees, 1861, VI.

100. Sir George Lloyd Hodges. Consul General to the Hansa Towns (1841-60). Hodges was an ex-military man with a manner felt to be abrasive in Hamburg and widely seen as anti-German during the Schleswig-Holstein crises. He also spoke little German.

101. Ward had written a detailed report on the state of affairs in Schleswig and Holstein which received great praise from Albert. On 2 July 1860 Hutt wrote to Ward that the appointment to Hamburg was with help 'from the hands of our political friends', with the name of one person in particular scored out. 2 June 1860, Hutt to Ward, CUL Add. 6157. By 1860 Lord John Russell seemed to be interested in finding out more about the nature of the German national movement.

102. Robert Morier ( 1826-93). Unpaid Attache Vienna (1853), Paid Attache Berlin (1858), accompanied Henry Elliot to Naples (June 1859), second Secretary Berlin (1862). Gustav Freytag (1816-95). Liberal nationalist author and publicist. Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1826-93). Liberal, anti-particularist sovereign, brother of Prince Albert. For details of this group's activities see Crowe, 1895, pp. 92-3. For more unpublished details see the manuscript of Crowe's Reminiscences, British Library, Add. MS.41309.

103. Crowe was also acquainted with Russell through Crowe's father, and was a member of the pro-Russell Reform Club.

104. British Library, Add. MS.61309. 105. The Hesse-Kassel dispute involved an on-going confrontation between

the Grand Duke and his Minister on the one hand, and the people and parliament on the other. Crowe remarks in his unpublished manuscript on Morier that 'it was he who witnessed or heard with interest that [Prince Albert] and Lord John had read and studied some recent dispatches of mine on the subject of Prussian home policy and public feeling - he may or may not have been pleased to learn that Lord John had done me the honour to place in my hands for information and report the affairs of the electorate of Hesse'. British Library, Add. MS.41309, p. 85. Both Crowe's published and unpublished reminiscences claim (perhaps a lit­tle too arrogantly) that Crowe was a crucial part of a change in policy on the part of Lord John Russell towards the German national question.

106. British Library, Add. MS.41309, p. 90. 107. See below. 108. British Library, Add. MS.41309, p. 91. 109. See above. For more information on Morier see Murray; Ramm, 1973;

Wemyss, 1911. 110. 28 June 1864, Morier, Report from the Select Committee on Trade with

Foreign Nations, PP, Reports Committees, 1864, VII. 111. Dictionary of National Biography. 112. See below.

Notes 183

113. At aristocratic capitals, it would be in some sense professional suicide to mix outside aristocratic circles. The force of loyalty tacitly supported particularism and shunned German nationalism.

114. Sir Alexander Malet (1800-86). Unpaid Attache St Petersburg, Secre­tary of Legation at Lisbon (1824), Hague, Secretary of Embassy Vienna, Minister to Wiirttemberg, Minister Plenipotentiary to the Germanic Con­federation (1849-66).

115. The term 'Germanic' was used at the time and avoids the contemporary political connotations of its alternative, 'German'.

116. Minister Plenipotentiary as opposed to Ambassador Extraordinary. The attitude of the Foreign Office was that Ambassadors were more suitable at larger courts. Frankfurt was not a court.

117. Malet described Palmerston's reluctance to give him a new post. 26 January 1852, Malet to Granville, PR030/29, 20/ll, PRO. Granville replied 'I am so glad to have been able to do something agreeable to you and Lady Malet.' 31 January 1852, Granville to Malet, PR030/29, 20/11, PRO.

118. The 'middle states' refers to a political status, those states ranked below Austria and Prussia, as well as recognizing a historical tendency to col­laborate with each other. See below.

119. 24 February 1857, Clarendon, Circular, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1857-8, LV. Also in F0208/6 PRO.

120. These measures include the instruction in 1850 for annual reports by diplomats on changes in the German tariff. 5 February 1850, Circular to Cowley, F0208/47, PRO. Also new instructions for consuls desiring more frequent reports and the coordination by one consul in each country of the reports made there. 23 November 1855, Board of Trade to Foreign Office, BT3/49, PRO.

121. 24 October 1857, Malet to Clarendon, F0208/66, PRO. 122. 20 January 1858, Report of Loftus, Prussia, Reports of Secretaries of

Embassies and Legations, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1857-8, LV. 123. 30 January 1859, Report of Mr Bonar, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1859,

XXX. 124. 21 March 1860, Russell, Circular, F0244/l64, PRO. 125. Of these the reports of Mr Bonar at Munich and Mr Lowther at Berlin

are notable; the former for his portrayal of Bavarian life, the latter for the extents of his reports to Zollverein level.

126. 21 January 1858, Loftus, Reports of Secretaries of Embassies and Lega-tions, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1857-8, LV.

127. Ward, 1872, pp. 130-7. 128. Mitchell, 1962, p. 100. 129. Ibid., pp. 315-27. 130. Borries, 1970, p. 196. 131. Steitz, 1980, p. 412. 132. Ibid., p. 418. 133. Ibid., p. 281. 134. Tipton, 1976. 135. Mitchell, 1962, pp. 282-3. 136. Borries, 1970, p. 196. 137. A term taken from Krawehl's study and derived from British classifications.

184 Notes

It means all non-Prussian ports, including the Hanseatic ports, Hanover, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Harburg and Altona.

138. Krawehl, 1977, p. 213. 139. Ibid., pp. 213-14. 140. See above. 141. Return of Imports, Report on Sound Dues, PP, Reports Committees, 1856,

XVI. 142. Mitchell, 1962, p. 100. 143. Krawehl, 1977, p. 277. 144. Ibid., p. 277. 145. Steitz, 1980, pp. 411-12. 146. Krawehl, 1977, p. 277. 147. The Stade Toll, PP, Reports Committees, 1857-8, XVII. 148. See below. 149. Krawehl, 1977, p. 277. 150. Ibid., p. 198. 151. Ibid., p. 277; Mitchell, 1962, p. 121. 152. Mitchell, 1962, p. 121. 153. Kraweh1, 1977, p. 280. 154. Ibid., p. 283. 155. Fremdling, 1986, p. 387. 156. Ibid., p. 308. 157. Ibid., p. 313. 158. Ibid., p. 387. 159. See below. 160. Fremdling, 1986, p. 383-7. 161. Ibid., p. 373-402. 162. Krawehl, 1977, p. 202. 163. Ibid. 164. Ibid., p. 229. 165. Ibid., p. 202. 166. Ibid., p. 228. 167. Ibid., p. 242. 168. Ibid., pp. 243-55. 169. Brown, 1953. 170. Bowring, 1840, V. 171. Ibid. 172. Ibid. 173. Barnett, 1972, p. 50.

2 1848: BRITAIN AND GERMAN COMMERCIAL UNIFICATION

1. Bergmann, 1976; Bergmann, Die Revolution, 1986; Bergmann, Wirtschaftskrise, 1986.

2. Kiesewetter, 1988. 3. The Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung was one of the most popular daily

newspapers in the southern German states, being moderate liberal, grofldeutsch and protectionist/Listian.

Notes 185

4. Best, 1980. 5. Ibid., p. 131. 6. Ibid., pp. 127-8. For a recent study of the petitions, see Conze, 1992. 7. Best, 1980, p. 16. 8. Haller, 1976; Lambi, 1963. 9. Tipton, 1976.

10. Beckenrath, 1931, Vol. VII, p. 255. 11. See, for example, Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 August 1848. 12. Petition an die Hohe deutsche Nationalversammlung zu Frankfurt ...

Schtitzzolle auf Eisen betreffend. Von den obererzgebergischen und voigtHindischen Eisenhtitten-Werksbesitzem, Bundesarchiv Frankfurt, DB 58/61.

13. Petition der beim schlesischen Eisenhtittenbetriebe und Bergbau beteiligten Arbeiter urn Schlitz der vaterlandischen lndustrie, 4 September 1848, Oberschlesien, and 17 September 1848, Jakobswalde, Bundesarchiv Frank­furt, DB 58/61.

14. See below. 15. 26 May 1848, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/3, PRO. 16. The Zollverein, the Steuerverein, the Austrian Empire and the three

Hanseatic states. 17. 26 May 1848, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/3, PRO. 18. As stipulated in his General Instructions dated 6 May 1845. 26 May

1848, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/3, PRO. 19. 3 July 1848, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/3, PRO. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. 5 August 1848, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/3, PRO. 23. Times, 20 July 1848. 24. 29 July 1848, Walker (Bradford Chamber of Commerce) to Board of

Trade, F030/119, PRO. 25. 29 July 1848, Palmerston to Cowley, F030/107, PRO. 26. 31 August 1848, Palmerston to Cowley, F030/107, PRO. 27. Duckwitz was an activist for German transatlantic steam connections

and inter-German transport improvements, as well as a personal friend of List. Beckenrath, 1931, Vol. VII, p. 25; Treitschke, 1927, Vol. V, pp. 477-8.

28. 3 September 1848, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/3, PRO; Duckwitz, 1877. 29. See below. 30. This answered the long-standing complaints about British ignorance of

the value of the German market for British goods. See above. 31. 3 September 1848, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/3, PRO. 32. Ibid. 33. Times, 6 September 1848. 34. Bericht des volkwirtschaftlichen AusschuBes tiber die in der Sitzung von

23. Sept. gemachte Vorlage des Reichs-Handelsministers Duckwitz, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, 4, Nr 67, Vol. I.

35. 11 October 1848, Cowley to Palmerston, F030/111, PRO. 36. Ibid. 37. 30 August 1848, Mevissen Familienbrief. Printed in Hansen, 1906, Vol. II.

186 Notes

38. 2 October 1848, Pa1merston to Cowley, F0244/91, PRO. Palmerston notes in answer to a request of Heinrich Gagern to give the Assembly full accreditation 'that Assembly is not as yet a really national representa­tion ... the Parliament and Government of Frankfurt may be said to govern opinion rather than territory, and to be founded upon ideas rather than facts.' Also: 24 July 1848, Banks to Schmerling, Bundesarchiv Frank­furt, DB 53171. Palmerston tells Banks that Britain will wait to see what rank the Emissary of the National Assembly to Britain will have before Britain will appoint one to the National Assembly.

39. As Hamburg's Syndic Banks remarked to the National Assembly's For­eign Minister Schmerling: 'die Sorge, die mich hauptsachlich beschliftigt ist, daB ein Regentschaft des Herrn Reichsverwesers, als des Vertreters der Gesamtmacht Deutschlands sofort und unumwunden vom Auslande anerkannt werde. Gelingt dies in GroBbritannien so ist kaum eine Unterbrechung unserer auswartigen Verbindungen zu behaupten.' 20 July 1848, Banks to Schmerling, Bundesarchiv Frankfurt, DB 53171.

40. 26 October 1848, Porter to Addington, F0301119, PRO and BT3/38, PRO. 41. 17 October 1848, Mellish to Cowley, private, F0519/157, PRO. 42. 2 October 1848, Le Marchant (Joint Secretary of the Board of Trade) to

Addington (Foreign Office), BT3/38, PRO. 43. 2 October 1848, Camphausen (Prussian Representative in Frankfurt) to

Donhoff (Prussian Minister of Foreign Affairs), GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, 4, Nr 67, Vol. I.

44. In order to counter Duckwitz's increasingly protectionist proposals, Ham­burg had released a circular calling for a liberal commercial alternative.

45. 6 October 1848, Lloyd Hodges to Palmerston. Enclosed in: 13 October 1848, Palmerston to Westmorland, F0244/91, PRO.

46. 23 October 1848, Westmorland to Palmerston, F0244/94, PRO. 47. Ibid. 48. 4 October 1848, Biilow to Camphausen, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII,

4, Nr 67, Vol. I. 49. 10 October 1848, von Reden to Camphausen, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120,

CXIII, 4, Nr 67, Vol. I. 50. 9 December 1848, Biilow to von der Heydt, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120,

CXIII, 4, Nr 67, Vol. I. 51. Bergengriin, 1908, p. 150. 52. Precht, 1925, p. 74. Later historians have accepted that politically the

National Assembly was bound to self-destruct: Langewiesche, 1992. 53. 31 October 1848, Palmerston to Cowley, F0301108 PRO. 54. 10 November 1848, Cowley to Palmerston, F030/113. PRO, and 20 No­

vember 1848, Palmerston to Cowley, F0208/36, PRO. The British govern­ment supported a publication, Freie Verkehr, which had a small circulation, and considered supporting a writer to publish articles on the benefits of free trade elsewhere.

55. Denkschrift tiber die Notwendigkeit der Gewahrleistung eines ausreichenden Schiitzes der nationalen Arbeit. 4 January 1849, Bundesarchiv Frank­furt, DB 58/62.

56. Fielden, 1994; Morley, 1903; Taylor, 1994. 57. Schwiibische Merkur, 22 August 1848.

Notes 187

58. Sandiford, 1975, Chapter 2. 59. Bunsen almost resigned over the prospect of signing the Treaty of Lon­

don. 60. Cowley reported that it was commonly assumed in Frankfurt that Brit­

ain supported Denmark, based above all on the opposition of the British press! 20 August 1848, Cowley to Palmerston, F030/109, PRO.

61. Precht, 1925, p. 30. 62. See p. 44 above. 63. Sandiford, 1975, p. 20. 64. 12 April 1848, Palmerston to Hodges, F033/112, PRO. 65. 12 May 1848, Palmerston to Strangeways, F0244/89, PRO. 66. 4 May 1848, M8/2/4 MCC. 67. Ibid. 68. 18 May 1848, M8/2/4 MCC. 69. Sandiford, 1975, p. 25. 70. 12 May 1848, Palmerston to Strangeways, F0244/89, PRO. 71. 17 June 1848, Bunsen to Arnim, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1., Abt. II., Nr 4268;

Precht, 1925, p. 39. 72. Palmer, 1990, p. 40. 73. Krawehl, 1977, pp. 110-13. 74. Palmer, 1990, pp. 3-4. 75. Duppler, 1985. 76. 'Die Flagge ist die Seekrone auf dem Haupte der Nationen. Man setze

der deutschen Nation diese Krone auf, und das i.ibrige wird sich finden ... ohne dieses Zeichen werden sie ewig Englands Kammerknechte bleiben.' From List's 'Die Deutsche Flagge'. Beckenrath, 1931, Vol. VII, p. 57.

77. Syndic Banks (1795-1850). Director of Foreign Affairs in Hamburg. 78. Instruktionen und Erlasse Banks, Seperatprotokoll, 39 Bundestagssitzung,

22 April 1848, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Cl, I Lit S/a, Vol. 20b, Mappe A, Fasc. I.

79. The representative of the Committee was Gustavus Godeffroy, who ar­rived in London at the beginning of May: 9 May 1848, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, I Band VIII.

80. 25 April 1848, Dr Kaufmann (Member of Senate) to Banks, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Senat, Cl I Sa, Vol. 20b, Mappe. A, Fasc. 4.

81. Representing Hamburg's case for British help in removing the Danish blockades Syndic Merck pointed out that 'Such measures are of course ruinous to the extreme of our shipowners and I therefore take leave to turn your fullest attention to them. As we have kept up till now the most perfect neutrality there is no reason at all to believe that the Dan­ish government will intrude upon our navigation, by blockading the river Elbe or by issuing letters of marque against us.' 7 April 1848, Merck to Colquhoun, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, I, Band VIII.

82. DrJur. James Colquhoun. Resident and Consul General for the Hansa Towns. One of the Colquhoun dynasty to occupy this post, apart from his father and son.

83. Ernst, Freiherr von Merck (1811-63). 84. 9 June 1848, Merck to Colquhoun, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, I

Band VIII.

188 Notes

85. 24 October 1848, Merck to Colquhoun, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, I Band VIII.

86. See, for example, 'Die deutsche Seeunmacht', Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, 22 August 1848.

87. Beckenrath, 1931, Vol. VII, pp. 145 and 574. 88. Bericht in Marine-Sachen Nr I. Memorandum tiber temporiire Vertei­

digungsmittel unserer Seekiisten und eine spiiter zu bildende Kriegsflotte fiir Deutschland, 28 April 1848, Hederich, Deutsche Marine Apr.-Aug. 1848, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Senat Cl, I Sa Vol. 20b, Mappe A, Fasc. 4. Also, 23 May 1848, Godeffroy to Banks, Deutsche Marine Apr.-Aug. 1848, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Senat Cl, I Sa Vol. 20b, Mappe A, Fasc. 4.

89. 23 May 1848, Banks to Grafs Colloredo and Wallsee, Deutsche Marine Apr.-Aug. 1848, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Senat Cl, I Sa Vol. 20b, Mappe A, Fasc. 4.

90. Ibid. 91. 9 June 1848, Banks to Schmerling, Deutsche Marine Apr.-Aug. 1848,

Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Senat Cl, I Sa Vol. 20b, Mappe A, Fasc. 4. 92. 20 June 1848, Banks to Schmerling, Deutsche Marine Apr.-Aug. 1848,

Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Senat CI, I Sa Vol. 20b, Mappe A, Fasc. 4. 93. Ibid. 94. Hans Precht bases his argument that Britain would not recognize the

German flag on an incident when a German steamer pursued a Danish vessel into the waters of Heligoland. Hodges, Consul General at Ham­burg, was instructed to say that if no German power could be identified as responsible, the German flag would in future be treated as indicating 'pirates'. This does not prove a policy towards a flotilla, but rests on typically Palmerstonian bluster and the real frustration felt at the inabil­ity to decide just who took overall responsibility for the German cause in Schleswig. The same theme is to be found in the confusion over Bunsen's role as both Prussian and German emissary in London. The confusion was suspected as a tactic to avoid coming to the negotiating table.

95. Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 July 1848. 96. Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, 16 July 1848. Note that another popu­

lar belief was that the demise of the glorious days of the Hanseatic League was caused by growth of English competition.

97. Precht, 1925, p. 116; Treitschke, 1927, p. 477. 98. Henderson, 1968, p. 174. 99. The Steuerverein had been an alternative customs union formed by Hanover,

Oldenburg and Brunswick. Though Brunswick joined the Zollverein in 1840, Hanover and Oldenburg remained outside until 1853.

I 00. In a Cabinet Order of December 1846, Frederick William IV mooted the idea of uniting with the other coastal states for the encouragement of direct transatlantic (colonial) trade. He also noted, however, 'wenn damit unmittelbar der Zweck erreicht werden konne, die Lander des Hannover­Oldenburgischen Steuervereins und die Hansastiidte ganz in den Zollverein zu ziehen .. .' and that this would be 'sehr wiinschenswert, wenn auf diesem Wege der Zollverein his an die Nordsee ausgedehnt und damit die kommerzielle Einigung ganz Deutschlands mit Ausnahme Osterreichs angebahnt werden konnte': 26.12.46, Cabinet Protokoll, Friedrich Wilhelm

Notes 189

IV to Rothes, von Thile, von Bodelschwingh et al., GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fach. 10, Nr I, Vol. 14.

101. 16 May 1848, Strangeways to Palmerston, F030/106, PRO. 102. 8 July 1848, Bunsen to Arnim, GStPK Merseburg, 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr

4268, 1848-9. 103. Palmer, 1990, p. I. 104. Banks, indeed, reporting to the National Assembly, reported 'die offentlichc

Meinung hat sie verdammt' and believed the measure would not be in­troduced at all: 21 July 1848, Banks to Schmerling, Bundesarchiv Frankfurt, DB53!71.

I 05. 22 November 1848, Merck to Colquhoun, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-5/ 7, I Band, VIII.

106. Palmer, 1990, p. 139. 107. 26 October 1848, BT to FO, Palmer, p. 139. 108. Palmer, p. 139. 109. 22 December 1848, Palmerston to Westmorland, F0244/94, PRO. I 10. 12 February 1849, Biilow to Minister of Foreign Affairs, GStPK Merse.,

Rep. 120, CXIII. Fasc. I 0, Nr i, Vol. 15. Ill. 7 January 1849, Biilow (Prussian Under-Secretary at the Foreign Minis­

try) to von der Heydt (Minister of Commerce), GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fasc. 10, Nr I, Vol. 15.

3 BRITAIN AND THE ZOLLVEREIN, 1849-54

I. Quarterly Review, LXXXIII, June-September 1849, p. 149. 2. Disraeli, 'Speech to the Electors of Buckinghamshire. 2.6.52.', Edin­

burgh Review, XCVI, October 1852, p. 530. 3. 2 April 1850, M8/2/5 MCC. 4. 9 March 1852, Special AGM to petition against the reimposition of the

Corn Laws, M8/2/5 MCC. 5. Temperley and Penson, 1938, pp. 183-5. 6. See above. 7. Karl Ludwig von Bruck (1798-1860). 8. Translates as: the empire of seventy million. 9. Friedjung, 1919, p. 66.

10. Charmatz, 1916, p. 58-9. This is backed up by Friedjung, 1919, p. 74. II. Friedjung, 1919, p. 73. 12. Ibid., p. 72. 13. Translates as: middle/central Europe, and denotes the somewhat amor­

phous entity which would have resulted from a groj3deutsch unification. 14. Charmatz, 1916, p. 45. 15. General Josef Maria von Radowitz (1797-1853). Minister for German

affairs 25 April 1849-2 November 1850. 16. 13 July 1849, Palmerston to Westmorland, confidential, F0208/41 PRO. 17. 13 July 1849. Palmerston to Westmorland, confidential, F0208/41 PRO. 18. Chamberlain, 1988, p. 96. 19. Mellish was, however, underestimating both Palmerston's powers of intellect

and his resistance to pressures from court.

190 Notes

20. 31 July 1849, Mellish to Cowley, F0519/161 PRO. 21. 'As for myself I am very Austrian north of the Alps, but very anti­

Austrian south of the Alps ... the Austrians have no business in Italy and they are a public nuisance there. They govern their own provinces ill and are the props and encouragers of bad government in all the other states of the peninsula.' 30 June 1859, Palmerston to Granville, PRO 30129 18/6 PRO.

22. 13 July 1849, Palmerston to Westmorland, confidential, F0208/41 PRO. 23. Printed fully in Temperley and Penson, 1938, pp. 172-7. 24. 1 October 1849, Cowley to Palmerston, F030/130 PRO. 25. Hahn, 1990, p. 202-3. 26. Ibid., p. 203. 27. For example, Britain's opposition to Hamburg's inclusion in the Bruck

plan. See Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, 1991, p. 161-3. 28. 10 July 1849, Ward to Palmerston, F068171 PRO. 29. 'It is the anxious desire of H.M.G. to be upon the most friendly terms

with the government of Austria and your Lordship will also say that undoubtedly any material relaxation of the prohibitive and highly pro­tective tariff of Austria would contribute greatly to improve the relations between the two countries to the manifest advantage of both.' 11 Octo­ber 1849, Palmerston to Cowley, F030/122 PRO.

30. Times, 10 November 1849. 31. 15 April 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/4 PRO. 32. 16 May 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F0299/4 PRO. Particularly heavy

were the duties proposed on linen, cotton and woollen yarns, and certain manufactured stuffs of linen, cotton and silk; in other words, on goods predominantly supplied by British manufacturers.

33. See below. 34. 'I think therefore that the proposed Commercial Union between Austria

and the Zollverein except in some minor matters, is reserved for accom­plishment to a more distant day than the Vienna officials appear to an­ticipate.' 26 November 1849, Ward to Palmerston, F068171 PRO.

35. 26 June 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068/77 PRO. Also enclosed in 14 August 1850, Palmerston to Howard, F02441105 PRO.

36. 14 August 1850, Palmerston to Ward, F068/77 PRO. 37. 21 August 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO. 38. 8 August 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO. See below. 39. Ward's dispatches on the subject of the Kassel Conference and the Pros­

sian project of a raised tariff describe in detail the various interests and groups conflicting over this question, and the dissatisfaction of the free traders in Germany. See 25 May 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO.

40. 23 September 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO. 41. Ward, 1872, p. 98. 42. Due to the constitutional dispute between the elector and parliament there. 43. 23 September 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO. 44. Ward's activities during the 1862-4 Zollverein crisis were another dem­

onstration of this. See below. 45. 25 September 1850, Cowley to Ward, F0519/186 PRO.

Notes 191

46. 28 September 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO. 47. 'Der koniglichen Regierung konnte das Erwachen und die Verbreitung

solcher Sympathien nicht gleichgiiltig sein und durch ... teils wesentliche ErmaBigungen, teils maBige Erhohungen der Zolle ... die Stimmung der Regierungen, der offentlichen Meinung in Siiddeutschland von dem ZollanschluB an Osterreich ab, und dem Zollverein wiederzuzuwenden.' 15 November 1850, Delbriick to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fasc. 10, Nr I, Vol. 15.

48. 18 November 1850, von der Heydt to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fasc. 10, Nr I, Vol. 15.

49. 3 January 1850, Philipsbom to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1., Abt. II, Nr 4269.

50. 15 November 1850, Delbriick to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fasc. 10, Nr 1, Vol. 15.

51. Ward, 1872, p. 104. 52. Ibid. 53. 30 November 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO. 54. 13 January 1851, Cowley to Pa1merston, F030/148 PRO. 55. 3 January 1851, Philipsborn to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1., Abt.

II, Nr 4269. 56. Besonders Protokoll den Vereinstariff betreffend. Printed in: Verhandlungen

der Neunten General-Konferenz in ZollvereinsAngelegenheiten, Wiesbaden, 1851, pp. 47-8.

57. 'I have more than once apprized your Lordship of the difficulty I have experienced in obtaining accurate information relative to the proceed­ings of this congress.' 9 July 1851, Cowley to Palmerston, F030/151 PRO.

58. See above. 59. Hansen, 1906, Vol.l, p. 694. 60. 'Also blieb das deutsche Welfenkonigreich auch nachdem es sich von

der englischen Krone getrennt hatte, noch immer ein Briickenkopf der deutschen Handelspolitik auf dem Festlande.' Treitschke, 1927, Part 5, p. 439. Even Frederick William IV, sending Radowitz to London in late 1850 to procure support for the Prussian German policy hoped (in vain) to be able to work on Hanover through the London cabinet. See Moring, 1922, p. 357.

61. Kindleberger, 1972, p. 195. 62. 22 September 1851, Ward to Palmerston, F068/80 PRO. 63. 1 October 1851, Ward to Palmerston, F068/80 PRO. 64. 28 July 1851, Nostitz (in Hanover to negotiate the treaty) to Pommeresche,

GStPK Merse., Rep. 92, von der Heydt 11-23, Acta betr. den Zoll. Vertr. zwischen PreuBen und Hannover von 7.9.51.

65. Bergengriin, 1908, pp. 156-7. 66. 16 August 1851, Manteuffel to Miinchhausen, GStPK Merse., Rep. 92,

von der Heydt 11-23, Acta betr. den Zoll. Vertr. zwischen PreuBen und Hannover von 7.9.51.

67. 4 February 1851, Cowley to Palmerston, confidential, F030/148 PRO. 68. 1 October 1851, Ward to Palmerston, F068/80 PRO. 69. Possibly here the Economist, which on 20 September 1851 greeted the

192 Notes

treaty in a very lukewarm fashion, seeing it as 'a sign, indeed, of the necessity of governments to do something - they hardly know what - to adapt their own regulations to the necessities of the times, and enlarge and promote a communication they can no longer stop, even such a treaty is valuable.'

70. Times, 16 September 1851. 71. Ibid. 72. 26 December 1851, Ward to Palmerston, F068/80 PRO. 73. See above. 74. 13 January 1852, Porter to Addington, BT3/4l PRO. 75. Ibid. 76. 20 April 1852, Ward to Malmesbury, F068/85 PRO. 77. 25 June 1852, Ward to Malmesbury, F068/85 PRO. 78. 15 March 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F0208/57 PRO. 79. 29 June 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F030/l57 PRO. 80. lO January 1852, Edwardes to Granville, confidential, F030/l56 PRO. 81. 20 April 1852, Ward to Malmesbury, F068/85 PRO. 82. 25 June 1852, Ward to Malmesbury, F068/85 PRO. 83. 30 March 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F030/l56 PRO. 84. 15 June 1852, Malet to Stanley, private, F030/l57 PRO. 85. See above and below. 86. 19 July 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F0244/ll4 PRO. 87. 13 July 1852, Malmesbury to Augustus Loftus, FOl63175 PRO. 88. (Undated) August 1852, Augustus Loftus to Malmesbury, F082/7l PRO. 89. Foreign Secretary (February 1852 - February 1853). 90. 29 July 1852, Stanley to Malet, draft and confidential, F030/l55 PRO. 91. 3 July 1852, Memorial to Earl Malmesbury, M8/2/5 MCC. 92. 13 July 1852, Stanley to Bazley (President of Manchester Chamber of

Commerce), M8/2/5 MCC. 93. 18 September 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F030/l58 PRO. 94. 21 September 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F030/l58 PRO. 95. 18 September 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F030/l58 PRO. 96. 7 September 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F0208/56 PRO. 97. Dispatch of 7 September 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, thus reworded

and dated 18 September 1852, Malet to Malmesbury, F030/l58 PRO. The second version reveals the personalities involved.

98. 23 September 1852, Forbes to Malmesbury, F0244/ll5 PRO. 99. 19 October 1852, Malmesbury to Bligh, F0208/56 PRO.

100. Bohme, 1966, p. 17.

4 BRITAIN AND THE IRON TARIFFS

I. See above. 2. Bericht iiber die Ausstellung siichsischer Gewerb-Erzeugnisse, im Jahre

1831. Dresden/Leipzig. 1832, Kiesewetter, 1988, p. 417. 3. 31 January 1849, Die Maschinen-Fabrikanten Berlins an die hohe Na­

tional-Versammlung. GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fach. 4, Nr 67, Vol. I.

Notes 193

4. The new Minister for Trade, Biersack, had worked out a plan for tariffs on iron and steel, intending to build up the German metal industry around the British market. 27 August 1849, Pommeresche to von der Heydt, GStPK Merse., CXIII, Fach. 4, Nr 67, Vol. 2.

5. See above. 6. See above. 7. 27 May 1851, Nostitz. Notatum. GStPK Merse., Rep. 92, Von der Heydt,

11-23. 8. See above. 9. 7 July 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068/77 PRO.

10. Ibid. 11. 8 August 1850, Ward to Palmerston, F068177 PRO. 12. See above. 13. 5 January 1852, Ward to Granville, F068/83 PRO. 14. 25 June 1852, Ward to Malmesbury, F068/85 PRO. 15. 25 August 1853, Ward to Malmesbury, F068/85 PRO. 16. Ward's role in the success of commercial negotiations became the subject of

an investigation in the early 1860s, as frustration began to mount in Britain over failure to conclude successfully a treaty with Prussia. See below.

17. 26 February 1853, Manteuffel to Bunsen, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

18. 14 February 1853, Bunsen to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fach. 10, Nr I, Vol. 16.

19. The Pruss ian government was trying to resolve this matter early in 1848. The details of this disagreement can be found in GStPK Merse., 2.4.1., Abt. II, Nr 4268.

20. Manteuffel foresaw a reduction of 25 per cent on pig iron and 33 per cent on wrought iron tariffs. 26 February 1853, Manteuffel to Bunsen, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

21. 22 March 1853, Manteuffel to Bunsen, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1., Abt. II, Nr 4269.

22. 15 March 1853, Bunsen to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

23. 26 February 1853, Manteuffel to von der Heydt, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, Fach. 10, Nr I, Vol. 16.

24. 22 March 1853, von der Heydt to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

25. 31 March 1853, Bunsen to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

26. 8 April 1853, Gladstone to Bunsen, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

27. 30 March 1853, Bunsen to Manteuffel, GStPK, Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

28. 6 April 1853, Gladstone to Bunsen, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

29. 17 April 1853, von der Heydt and Bodelschwingh to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1., Abt. II, Nr 4269.

30. 23 April 1853, von der Heydt to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. II, Nr 4269.

194 Notes

31. Fifteen per cent rather than the I 0 per cent (ad valorem) normal on other commodities still taxed.

32. On the document concerned are the words, probably in the hand of von der Heydt: 'Wer glaubt das?' and 'Wahrend man Geld zuviel hat.'

33. 30 April 1853, Clarendon to Bloomfield, F0244/!18 PRO. 34. Verhandlungen der zehnten General-Konferenz in Zollvereins­

Angelegenheiten, Berlin, 1854. This was, of course, partly explained by the onset of the Crimean War.

35. 29 September 1853, Clarendon to Loftus, F0244/120 PRO. 36. The protectionist Schwiibische Merkur was particularly jubilant that the

Prussian government seemed to have returned to the fold and dropped its demands for a lowering of the iron duties: 'Angenommen, daB eine solche Herabsetzung finanziell richtig ware, so wird uns kein Englander einreden wollen, es ware fiir Deutschland ein staatswirtschaftlicher Gewinn, die einheimische Eisenindustrie durch die Konkurrenz mit der britischen zu Grunde zu richten .. .' Schwiibische Merkur, 12 April 1853.

5 REVOLUTIONARY ON THE CONTINENT

1. Times, 4 May 1849. 2. Times, 5 November 1849. 3. The Times called the Prussian scheme 'perfectly innocent. The annexa­

tion of a few principalities, discontented with inglorious independence and alarmed by an insecure liberty may strengthen Prussia without divid­ing Prussia or threatening Europe.' Times, 22 October 1849.

4. Times, 7 March 1850. 5. Times, 8 May 1850. 6. Times, 14 February 1850. 7. Times, 29 August 1850. 8. Times, 3 September 1850. 9. Times, II September 1850.

10. Times, 28 July 1851. 11. The Economist, the Observer and the Morning Post were all eager oppo­

nents of absolutism in central Europe. 12. Times, II September 1851. 13. Greville, in his coverage of the period, noted with reference to anti-Aus­

trian sentiments and their connection with a broad band of sympathy for national causes of certain peoples, that 'there is something romantic and imposing in the Hungarian war, which was pretty sure to take in people so profoundly ignorant as the British public'. Quoted in Henderson, 1937, p. 325.

14. See, for example, the article 'The Unholy Alliance', Economist, 13 Sep­tember 1852.

15. Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72) was one of the most prominent figures in the Italian revolutionary movement.

16. Lajos Kossuth (1802-94) led Hungary's campaign for independence in 1848.

17. General Haynau, on a visit to Britain in 1850, was attacked by crowds

Notes 195

during a tour of a brewery. The Austrian government, suspicious that many of his assailants were in fact democrats, reacted furiously when the Brit­ish government failed to take any legal action over the matter.

18. Clarke, 1989, p. 233; Steele, 1985. 19. Bourne, 1982, p. 369. 20. Henderson, 1937, pp. 326-7. 21. 23 October 1849, Koller (Austrian Envoy in London) to Schwarzenberg,

Politisches Archiv VIII/England, 27, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv Vienna. 22. 31 November 1851, Buol (Austrian Ambassador in London) to

Schwarzenberg, Politisches Archiv VIII/England. 32, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna.

23. A note from Austria to Britain, and read before the Confederation, was as follows: 'A us diesem sicheren Verstecke schleudern sie ihre brandstiftenden Proclamationen und ihre Aufrufe zur Emporung auf den Continent; von dort gehen ihre Emissare aus; dort eroffnen sie endlich ihre Anlehen und Subscriptionen zu dem unverhohlen ausgesprochenen Zwecke, Waffen und SchieBbedarf anzukaufen, und den Vernichtungskampf zu erneuern. den sie der Gesellschaft geschworen haben ... ' 20 January 1851, Fliichtlinge, politische in England, Bundesarchiv Frankfurt, DB 1/120. Some of the force of Austria's campaign in this regard was possibly derived from its desire to prove its reactionary credentials to the smaller states at this time.

24. 20 January 1850, Malet to Cowley, F0519/162 PRO. 25. Malet wished to leave the court of Wiirttemberg and acquire a better post

- here Minister at Turin. Ironically the post went to Hudson, Malet com­menting: 'Yes I should have liked Turin very well - I won't say the grapes are sour - but I know full well I have but small chance of any­thing [sic] at L[ord] Palmerston's hands. I am not surprised at Hudson's move. P[almerston] kills two birds with one stone, and serves "God and Mammon," he sticks a thorn in the side of Austria, and he serves the Tory party or the Peelites, whichever it may be that Hudson belongs to.' 3 December 1851, Malet to Cowley, F0519/163 PRO.

26. Gustav von Stuve (1805-70), German democratic leader. 27. 3 December 1851, Malet to Cowley, F0519!163 PRO. 28. Leopold Ranke, 1873, 9 January 1854, p. 321. See also Chapter 6:

'Neuenburger Verwickelung' [sic]. pp. 154-9. 29. 25 February 1850, Palmers ton to Westmorland. Printed in Valentin, 1937,

pp. 506-8. 30. This refers to Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen on the State Prosecu­

tions of the Neapolitan government by the Rt Hon Wm Gladstone, 1851. 31. 20 September 1851, Sitzung, Bundesarchiv Frankfurt, DB 1/155; 8.8.51.

Schwarzenberg to Buol, Politisches Archiv, VIII/England, 33, Haus-, Hof­und Staatsarchiv, Vienna.

32. Temperley and Penson, 1938, pp. 111-13. 33. Ibid., p. 107. 34. In 1850 a British naval force entered the port of Piraeus and seized Greek

ships in order to force Otto to compensate Don Pacifico, purportedly a British citizen, for attacks on his property.

35. Bavarian Minister President and Foreign Minister. 36. 5 February 1850, Milbanke to Palmerston, F0244/103 PRO.

196 Notes

37. 'So verbinden sich heute Frankreich und England urn ihr Zerstorungswerk gemeinschaftlich fortzusetzen', Augsburger Allegemeine Zeitung. 21 May 1854.

38. 16. Sitzung. 17 July 1851, Einschreitens GroBbritanniens und Frankreichs gegen Gesamteintritt PreuBens und Osterreichs, Bundesarchiv Frankfurt, DB 1/39.

39. Ibid. 40. This was an on-going question until January 1852 when Malet was ac­

credited, replacing Cowley's provisional status. On the other hand, Palmerston certainly recognized the knock-on benefit that by withholding recognition, the Confederation might be held back from intervening in Hessen (see above): 18 November 1850, Palmerston to Magenis, F0208/ 50 PRO. The Austrian government also suspected, probably correctly, that Palmerston was also attempting to undermine the Confederation's actions in Schleswig-Holstein: 2 August 1850, Schwarzenberg to Koller, Politisches Archiv, VIII/England, 28, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna.

41. The Neue PreujJische Zeitung, or Kreuzzeitung, the staunchly monarchist Prussian newspaper asked, 'ist es nicht die Hauptkrankheit des heutigen Englands, daB die alte parlamentarische Verfassung je Hinger desto mehr in das moderne constitutionelle Wesen iibergeht?' 4 March 1852.

42. I January 1853, Malet to Lord John Russell, F0208/58 PRO. Interest­ingly here Malet was sending details of an article which had revived the calls for an alliance between Prussia and Britain - strengthening yet again this imaginary Prusso-British political axis.

43. 'Should any political commotion take place in this part of Germany, its consequences might fall most severely upon those who are the promoters of such a line of conduct and prove very injurious to the commercial interests of this city.' 19 September 1851, Hodges to Palmerston. En­closed in 7 October 1851, Palmerston to Howard, F0244/111 PRO.

44. 16 October 1851, Cowley to Hodges, F0519/292 PRO. 45. 31 May 1851, Finanzminister, Bericht an den Konig, Hauptstaatsarchiv

Stuttgart, EI0/104. 46. 18 July 1851, Finanzminister, Bericht an den Konig, Hauptstaatsarchiv

Stuttgart, EI0/104. 47. 26 July 1851, Malet to Palmerston, F0244/111 PRO. 48. 19 March 1853, Clarendon to Bloomfield, F02441117 PRO. 49. 29 March 1853, Bloomfield to Christie. Enclosed in 19 March 1853,

Clarendon to Bloomfield, F02441117 PRO. 50. 14 June 1853, Clarendon to Milbanke, F0163177 PRO. 51. 2 June 1853, Clarendon to Magenis, F0163177 PRO. 52. One of the main British companies in charge of several important railway

developments at this time was the Quest Suisse. Details of the circum­stances of the Sardinian/Swiss railway project taken from Gerlach, 1986, pp. lxx-lxxiii.

53. 21 March 1851, Abercromby to Palmerston, F0244/110 PRO. 54. 24 June 1851, Palmerston to Westmorland, F0244/110 PRO. 55. 11 July 1851, Christie to Palmers ton, F0244/lll PRO. 56. Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, 10 July 1851. 57. 19 July 1851, Christie to Palmerston. Enclosed in 30 June 1851, Palmerston

to Bloomfield, F0244/111 PRO.

Notes 197

58. 2 September 1851, Cowley to Palmerston, F030/151 PRO. 59. 28 February 1854, Ward to Clarendon, F068/93 PRO. In answer to what

was simply the latest of Ward's attempts to get the British government to exploit this situation to its own advantage, Clarendon significantly replied that this was a matter for the Germans to sort out, and that 'it may be important for you to know that no arrangements of any kind with respect to Germany are under the consideration of Her Majesty's Government nor have any proposals on the subject been made by Austria or Prussia'. 22 March 1854, Clarendon to Ward, F068/93 PRO.

60. 21 January 1854, Milbanke to Clarendon, F09/l2l PRO. 61. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1853-8), (1865-66), (1868-70). 62. 30 October 1854, Malet to Clarendon, F0208/6l PRO. 63. 23 March 1854, Ward to Clarendon, F068/93 PRO. 64. 3 April 1854, Ward to Clarendon, F068/93 PRO. 65. 7 March 1855, Ward to Clarendon, F068/94 PRO. 66. 12 March 1854, Merck to Colquhoun, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Hanseatische

Residentur London. 132-517, 6. 67. Vincent R. Rumpff (1789-1867). Minister Resident for the Free Cities in

Paris. 68. 2 May 1854, Rumpff (Hamburg Representative in Paris) to Colquhoun,

Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Hanseatische Residentur London, 132-517, 6. 69. 9 May 1854. Merck to Colquhoun, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Hanseatische

Residentur London, 132-517, 6. 70. 20 April 1854, Merck to Hodges, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Hanseatische

Residentur London, 132-517, 6. 71. 26 May 1855. Merck to Colquhoun, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Hanseatische

Residentur London, 132-517, 6.

6 BRITISH COMMERCIAL POLICY TOWARDS THE ZOLLVEREIN, 1855-60: THE TRANSITION OF FREE TRADE

I. Gall, 1984, p. 160. 2. Barnett, 1972, p. 49. 3. Doering-Manteuffel, 1991, pp. 202-5. 4. Kennedy, 1980, pp. 6-7. 5. See above. 6. Lord Clancarty (1767-1837), Britain's chief negotiator at Vienna after

Castlereagh's departure, was widely blamed for failing to effect any lib­eralization of commercial barriers.

7. 5 February 1856, Petition of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce to Lord Clarendon, M/8/2/5 MCC.

8. 7 February 1856, Hammond to Manchester Chamber of Commerce, M8/ 2/5 MCC.

9. 14 February 1856, Bazley to Hammond, MS/2/5 MCC. I 0. See above. 11. Bourne, 1970, p. 81. 12. See below. 13. See below.

198 Notes

14. Bourne, 1970, p. 81. 15. Edinburgh Review, CV, January 1857, p. 553. 16. Morley, 1903, p. 799. 17. Sir William Hutt (1801-82). Hutt was MP for Hull (1832-41) and Gates­

head (1841-74), a free trader and Vice President of the Board of Trade (1860-5).

18. Thomas Milnes Gibson (1806-84). Initially a conservative, Gibson went over to the liberals, persuaded above all by his commitment to free trade doctrines. He was one of Cobden's closest allies which won him the seat in Manchester. He was also Vice President of the Board of Trade in 1841.

19. Edinburgh Review, CV, January 1857, p. 557. 20. See below. 21. See below. 22. See below. 23. See above. 24. Report of Mr Blackwell, Consul at Stettin. Printed in PP, Accounts and

Papers, 1859, XXX. 25. Sec above. 26. 12 November 1856, Report on the Consular Establishment ... Enclosed

in 26 November 1856, Bloomfield to Clarendon, F097/328 PRO. 27. Report of Mr Ward, Leipzig Easter/Jubilate Fair, 1855. Printed in PP,

Accounts and Papers, 1856, LV. 28. Report of Mr Ward, Leipzig Michaelmas Fair, 1857. Printed in PP, Ac­

counts and Papers, 1857-8, LV. 29. Report of Mr Elliot, Secretary of Legation, Vienna, 1858. Printed in PP,

Accounts and Papers, 1857-8, LV. 30. 14 July 1858, Loftus to Malmesbury. Enclosed in 29 January 1859,

Hammond to Ward, F0299!10 PRO. 31. The system of free warehousing and use of the running accounts which

was so beneficial to the dissemination of goods before improved long­distance land transportation.

32. Report of Mr Blackwell, Stettin, 1857. Printed in PP, Accounts and Pa-pers, 1859, XXX.

33. 27 March 1858, Malet to Malmesbury, F0208/67 PRO. 34. 10 August 1859, Ward to Russell, F068/110 PRO. 35. 24 February 1856, Riicker to Merck, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7,

Bd I. 36. 17 June 1856, Clarendon to Bloomfield, F0244/137 PRO. 37. According to the Report on the Sound Dues (see below) in 1852 1009

cargoes of coal passed Elsinore, compared with 156 of herring, 146 of salt, and 125 of cotton - the three next most frequent loads.

38. For information on this see Report on the Sound Dues, PP, Reports Com­mittees, 1856, XVI and Henderson, 1968, pp. 256-60.

39. 'Stettin's Handel im Jahre 1849', Handelsarchiv, II Statistik, 1850. 40. 24 February 1856, Riicker to Merck, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7,

Bd I. 41. Report on the Danish Transit Dues, PP, Reports Committees, 1857, XXXVIII. 42. 20 February 1856, Merck to Riicker, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7,

Bd I.

Notes 199

43. 29 February 1856, Merck to Riicker, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7, Bd I. MacGregor had by this time become MP for Glasgow. See above.

44. 10 March 1856, Merck to Riicker, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7, Bd.l. The figures are reprinted in the Report on the Danish Transit Dues, PP, Reports Committees, 1857, XXXVIII.

45. 25 March 1856, Merck to Riicker, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7, Bd I.

46. 10 July 1856, Riicker to Merck, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7, Bd I. 47. Report on Sound Dues, PP, 1856, XVI. 48. 10 December 1856, Andrew Buchanan to Lord Clarendon, Report on the

Danish Transit Dues, PP, 1857, XXXVIII. 49. 10 July 1856, Riicker to Merck, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7, Bd I. 50. John Wodehouse, First Earl of Kimberley (1826-1906). Wodehouse was

a Whig member of Palmerston's government (1852-6), then sent to St Petersburg until 1858. He returned as Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

51. 24 February 1856, Riicker to Merck, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7, Bd I.

52. Britain's main negotiator and advisor on this question at the time was none other than John Ward- whose reputation as an expert on the details of inner-German trade regulations was thus founded and whose future career in the German states was assured.

53. The Elbe Commission consisted of the riverine states, and had been set up in Dresden in 1821.

54. Information on this point is contained in Colonel Hodges's Report on the Traffic and Navigation of Hamburg During the Ten Years 1845-1854, PP, Accounts and Papers, 1856, LVII.

55. Ibid. 56. Hodges, in his Report, gives figures showing that between 1853 and 1854

the number of British ships (according to port of origin) into Harburg grew on the following scale: 1853: Fraserburgh 9; Grangemouth 15; Liver­pool 0; London 27; Middlesborough 41; Newcastle 12. 1854: Fraserburgh 13; Grangemouth 42; Liverpool 14; London 97; Middlesborough 102; Newcastle 23. PP, 1856, LVII.

57. Report on the Trade of Hamburg, 1855, PP, 1856, LVII. 58. 29 April 1856, Merck to Riicker, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7,

Bd I. 59. Ibid. 60. 1 May 1856, Riicker to Merck, Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 132-517, 7, Bd I. 61. Ibid. 62. 16 March 1857, Porter to Hammond. Found both in BT3/51 PRO and

F0244/146 PRO. 63. 'When it is remembered that Hanover was until the year 1837 an append­

age of the British Crown it is not surprising that the government of Eng­land should have formerly viewed without much disfavour, a state of things which had a direct tendency to enhance the political and commercial im­portance of Hanover and to add to her sources of revenue.' Ibid. This demonstrates vividly the changes which free trade had effected in Brit­ain's attitude towards the Zollverein.

64. Ibid.

200 Notes

65. 9 April 1857, Ward to Clarendon, John Ward Papers, Peterhouse, Cambridge. 66. The Board agreed with Clarendon's referral of Ward's suggestion to them:

23 May 1857, BT3/51 PRO. 67. Report of the Select Committee on the Stade Toll, PP, Reports Commit­

tees, 1857-8, XVII. 68. Ibid. 69. The treaty expired on 1 January 1854, but had been annually extended.

Its cancellation would allow reprisals against Hanover: 20 April 1859, Malmesbury to Gordon, F0159/30 PRO.

70. 6 July 1857, Petition of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce to Lord Clarendon, M8/2/5 MCC.

71. 20 July 1858, Tennent to Fitzgerald, BT3/53 PRO. 72. 4 April 1859, Malmesbury to Gordon, F0159/30 PRO. 73. 7 December 1858, Tennent to Hammond, BT3/54 PRO. 74. 19 July 1859, Russell to Gordon, F0159/30 PRO. 75. 2 April 1859, Tennent to Seymour Fitzgerald, BT3/55 PRO. 76. ' ... da es keinen Zweifel unter1iegt, daB die Fortsetzung des jetzt

bestehenden Zustandes der Begtinstigung Harburgs ein machtiges Compelle fiir den AnschluB Hamburgs an den Zollverein bildet'. 2 February 1857, Kamptz (Prussian Minister in Hamburg) to Manteuffel, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, 4, Nr 49, Vol. 5.

77. 12 February 1860, von der Heydt to Patow (Finance Minister), GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, 4, Nr 49, Vol. 5.

78. 26 March 1861, Schleinitz (Foreign Minister) to von der Heydt, GStPK Merse., Rep. 120, CXIII, 4, Nr 49, Vol. 5.

79. 20 March 1861, Russell to Augustus Loftus, F02441169 PRO. 80. Bouman, 1933, p. 261. 81. 11 February 1856, Ward to Clarendon, F068/IOO PRO. 82. Gothein, 1903. 83. The German states failed to come up with a solution of the Rhine dues

problem until unification in 1871. 84. 28 January 1858, Tennent to Shelburne, BT3/53 PRO. 85. Ibid. 86. 23 December 1859, Russell to Malet, F0208/69 PRO. 87. 27 September 1862, Board of Trade to Foreign Office, BT3/62 PRO.

7 BRITISH COMMERCIAL POLICY TOWARDS THE ZOLLVEREIN, 1860-6: THE ANGLO-FRENCH AND ANGLO-ZOLLVEREIN TREATIES OF COMMERCE

I. Michel Chevalier (1806-79). French Minister of Commerce. 2. Iliasu, 1971, p. 67. 3. Quoted in Morley, 1903, p. 799. 4. Hamerow, 1983, p. 273. 5. Morley, 1903, p. 809. 6. Iliasu, 1971, p. 67. 7. Ibid., pp. 75-7. 8. Ibid., p. 74.

Notes 201

9. 28 May 1856, Malet to Clarendon, F0208/64 PRO; 20 January 1858, Com­mercial Report of ... Loftus on the Trade of Prussia, PP, Accounts and Papers. 1857-8, LV.

10. Including, for example, Lord Bloomfield's reports on conversations with Manteuffel, in which the latter assured him of Prussia's intention not to give way to Austria as early as 1857. 21 March 1857, Bloomfield to Clarendon, F0208/65 PRO.

II. For example, Ward noted that by the 1st article of the Anglo-French treaty there might be a loophole by which the Zollverein could avoid having to make any real concessions. This involved the circuitous practice of send­ing goods to France via Britain. 19 April 1860, Ward to Russell, F068/ 113 PRO.

12. 11 January 1861, Tennent to Foreign Office, BT3/59 PRO. 13. Ibid. 14. 5 February 1861, Board of Trade to Foreign Office, BT3/59 PRO. 15. This had been cancelled ostensibly on the grounds that it did not offer

Prussia the benefits it had desired, and as a protest at Britain's Naviga­tion Laws. The real aim had been to facilitate the setting up of a union of coastal states for the purpose of taking common reprisals against the Navigation Laws.

16. 5 February 1861, Board of Trade to Foreign Office, BT3/59 PRO. 17. 16 March 1861, Augustus Loftus to Russell, F0244/172 PRO. 18. The treaty between France and Prussia was signed on 29 March 1861 and

ratified on 2 August 1862. 19. 16 March 1861, Augustus Loftus to Russell, F02441172 PRO. 20. 10 August 1861, Augustus Loftus to Russell, F0244/172 PRO. 21. Reflected later in the fact that the treaty was to become the basis for a

renewed Zollverein. See below. 22. 4 May 1861, Augustus Loftus to Russell, F02441172 PRO; 6 September

1861, Ward to Russell, F033/172, PRO. 23. Delbriick laid this at the door of the French, whom he accused of prevari­

cating in order to pressurize the Prussians, who quite obviously wanted access to the French market. See Delbriick, 1905, p. 207.

24. 23 February 1861, Loftus to Russell, F0244/172 PRO. 25. Loftus commented that 'there is an uncertainty and a mystery attaching to

them which renders it difficult to ascertain how far these negotiations have advanced or are likely to lead to any satisfactory issue'. 4 May 1861, Loftus to Russell, F02441172 PRO.

26. Draft Treaty enclosed in 3 August 1861, Russell to Loftus, F0244/171 PRO.

27. 17 August 1861, Ward to Russell, F033/172 PRO. 28. 31 August 1861, Ward to Russell, F033/172 PRO. 29. 18 September 1861, Ward to Russell, F033/172 PRO. 30. 6 September 1861, Ward to Russell, F0331172 PRO. 3 1. 16 November 1861, Loftus to Russell, F02441172 PRO. 32. 26 November 1861, Tennent to Foreign Office, BT3/59 PRO. 33. 16 November 1861, Loftus to Russell, F0244/172 PRO. 34. 30 November 1861, Ward to Russell, F033/172 PRO. 35. Ibid.

202 Notes

36. 26 November 1861, Tennent to Foreign Office, BT3/59 PRO. 37. 18 December 1861, Tennent to Foreign Office, BT3/59 PRO. Also in F0244/

171 PRO. 38. 8 April 1861, Tennent to Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, BT3/59; 3

July 1861, Tennent to Russell. Enclosed in 17 July 1861, Russell to Loftus, F0244/171 PRO.

39. 13 February 1862, Memorial from Manchester Chamber of Commerce to Emerson Tennent, F064/534 PRO.

40. 18 February 1862, Board of Trade to Foreign Office. Enclosed in 19 May !862, Board of Trade to Foreign Office, BT3/61 PRO.

41. 27 February 1862, Russell to Augustus Loftus, F0244/176 PRO. 42. Sir Louis Mallet ( 1823-90). 43. 26 February 1862, Russell to Loftus, F0244/176 PRO. 44. 5 March 1862, Russell to Loftus, F0244/176 PRO. 45. 15 April 1862, Gordon to Russell, F082/104. 46. 28 April 1862, Tennent to Foreign Office, F064/534 PRO. Also in: BT3/

61 PRO. 47. Saxony and Baden declared their support for the treaty as early as May

and June 1862 respectively. 48. By which the tariff of the Zollverein had been renewed for 12 years, and

Austria and Prussia committed themselves to come to an understanding on commercial issues at the next renewal.

49. Beust, 1887, Vol. 1, p. 303. 50. 23 July 1862 and 24 July 1862, Stenographische Berichte, Haus der

Abgeordneten, 1862. 51. 23 July 1862, Stenographische Berichte, Haus der Abgeordneten, 1862. 52. The Nationalverein, or National Society, was formed after the celebration

of Schiller's one hundredth birthday in 1859. Under the guardianship of Prince Albert's brother, Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg in Gotha, it repre­sented a renewed optimism amongst liberals regarding unity, and pinned its hopes on the Prussian government.

53. 'Bericht des Ministers des GroBherzoglichen Hauses und der auswiirtigen Angelegenheiten, Franz von Roggenbach . . . "den Handelsvertrag mit Frankreich betretfend"' (21 June 1862), Bohme, 1966, p. 69.

54. 18 March 1862, Bonar to Russell, F09/150 PRO. 55. Max von Gagern (1810-89). 56. Julius Faucher (1820-78). Journalist and free trader. 57. Delbriick, 1905, p. 224. 58. 6 August 1862, Russell to Loftus, F0244/177 PRO. 59. 23 August 1862, Russell to Loftus, F0244/177 PRO. 60. 12 December 1862, Loftus to Russell, F0244/179 PRO. 61. II November 1862, Crowe to Russell, F068/123 PRO. 62. 22 December 1862, Loftus to Russell, F0244/181 PRO. 63. I December 1862, Loftus to Russell, F09/l54 PRO. 64. 12 July 1862, Loftus to Russell, F02441179 PRO. 65. 25 October 1862, Loftus to Russell, F0149/53 and F0244/161 PRO. 66. 26 November 1862, Russell to Loftus, F0244/177 PRO. 67. 22 December 1862, Morier to Russell. Enclosed in 2 January 1862, Buchanan

to Russell, F064/538 PRO.

Notes 203

68. Earlier over-optimistic plans to conclude a treaty with Austria had had to be shelved in 1861, 'the attention of that government being engrossed by important domestic questions'. (Austria was involved in constitutional reform in reaction to the debacle in Italy.) 25 July !861, Board of Trade to For­eign Office, BT3/60 PRO.

69. Johann Bernhard, Count von Rechberg und Rothenlowen (1806-99). Aus­trian Foreign Minister (1859-64 ).

70. 22 December 1862, Morier (see above). 71. 30 December 1862, Morier to Russell. Enclosed in 2 January 1863, Buchanan

to Russell, F064/538 PRO. 72. 28 December 1862. Morier to Russell. Enclosed in 2 January 1863, Buchanan

to Russell, F064/538 PRO. 73. 17 August 1863, Board of Trade to Foreign Office, BT3/63 PRO. 74. Ibid. 75. I 0 February 1864, Joint Meeting of the Manchester and Bradford Cham­

bers of Commerce, M8/2/6 MCC. 76. 8 March 1864, Report on the Deputation to Lord Palmerston, 22 February

1864, M8/2/6 MCC. 77. Ibid. 78. Ibid. 79. 28 June 1864, Morier, Report of the Select Committee on Trade with

Foreign Nations, PP. Reports Committees, 1864, VII. 80. 5 October 1864, Hammond (Under Secretary at the Foreign Office) to

Ward, F033/!86 PRO. 81. 26 September 1864. Ward to Russell, F033/186 PRO. 82. 27 September 1864, Ward to Hammond, F033/186 PRO. 83. 8 November 1864, Report of John Ward on the Chambers of Commerce,

F033/186 PRO. 84. 25 October 1864, Special Meeting of the Manchester Chamber of Com­

merce for John Ward. M8/2/6 MCC. 85. 8 November 1864. Report of John Ward on the Chambers of Commerce,

F033/186 PRO. 86. 22 January 1864, Hutt to Ward, CUL Add. MS.6157. 87. 26 November 1864, Napier to Russell, F064/566 PRO. 88. 15 December 1864, Napier to Russell, F064/566 PRO. 89. 24 March 1865, Napier to Russell, GStPK Merse., 2.4.1, Abt. Il, 4271. 90. Ibid. 91. Ibid. 92. F0208/65 PRO and Ward, 1872, p. 212.

Bibliography

I. PRIMARY SOURCES

1. Unpublished Sources

(i) Public Record Office, Kew PR030/22 Russell Papers. PR030/29 Granville Papers. F0391 Hammond Papers. F0519 Cowley Papers. BT3 Board of Trade Letters. BT6 Board of Trade Letters. BT4 Board of Trade Registers and Indexes. F07 Austria General Correspondence. F0120 Austria Embassy Archives. F030 Germanic Confederation General Correspondence. F033 Hanseatic Towns General Correspondence. F0208 Germanic Confederation Embassy and Consular Archives. F0244 Prussia Legation Archives. F097 Prussia. F064 Prussia General Correspondence. F0163 Baden and Wurttemberg Embassy Archives. F082 Wurttemberg General Correspondence. F09 Bavaria General Correspondence. F0149 Bavaria Embassy Archives. F0159 Hanover Embassy Archives. F034 Hanover General Correspondence. F068 Leipzig. F0299 Leipzig.

(ii) British Museum Add. MS.41309 Sir J.A. Crowe, Manuscript of Reminiscences.

(iii) Manchester Central Library M812/4-6 Proceedings of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce 1848-66.

(iv) Peterhouse, Cambridge John Ward Papers.

(v) Cambridge University Library CUL Add. MS.6157 John Ward Papers.

(vi) Geheimes Staatsarchiv PreujJischer Kulturbesitz. Abteilung Merseburg Rep. 92 NachlaB Delbruck. Rep. 92 NachlaB von der Heydt.

204

Bibliography

Rep. 120 Ministerium fi.ir Handel und Gewerbe. 2.4.1. AuBenministerium.

(vii) Hamburg Staatsarchiv Hestand 132-517 Hanseatische Residentur London. Hestand III-I Senat. Hestand 132-6 Hanseatische Generalkonsulat in London.

(viii) Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg (Wurttemberg) El70 Zentralstelle fi.ir Gewerbe und Handel. E 191 Zentralleitung des Wohltatigkeitsvereins.

(ix) Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart EIO Konigliches Kabinett. El4 Konigliches Kabinett. E222 Finanzministerium.

(x) Bundesarchiv. AujJenstelle Frankfurt 0853 Reichsministerium fiir Auswartige Angelegenheiten. 0858 Reichsministerium fi.ir Handel. DB I Bundesversammlung.

(xi) Staatsarchiv Dresden Sachsische Gesandschaft London. Ministerium der Auswartige Angelegenheiten. Wirtschaftsministerium. Finanzministerium.

(xii) Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv Wien Politisches Archiv VIII/England.

2. Biographies/Autobiographies/Memoirs

205

Ashley, Evelyn. The Life of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston 1846-65. 2 volumes. London: Bentley and Son; 1877.

Bergengriin, Alexander. Staatsminister August Freiherr von der Heydt. Leip­zig: S. Hirzel; 1908.

Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von. A us Drei Viertel-Jahrhunderten. 2 vol­umes. Stuttgart: Verlag der J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung; 1887.

Biedermann, Karl. DreijJig Jahre deutscher Geschichte. 2 volumes. Breslau: S. Schottlaender; 1881/2.

Bourne, Kenneth. Palmerston: The Early Years 1784-1841. London: Allen Lane; 1982.

Bunsen, Christian Carl Josias von. A Memoir of Baron Bunsen. Drawn chiefly from family papers by his widow Frances Baroness Bunsen. 2 volumes. London: Longmans, Green and Co.; 1868.

Crowe, Joseph Archer. Reminiscences of Thirty-Five Years of My Life. Lon­don: John Murray: 1895.

Delbriick, Rudolph von. Lebenserinnerungen 1817-1867. 2 volumes. Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot; 1905.

206 Bibliography

Dove, Alfred, ed. Gustav Freytag und Heinrich von Treitschke im Briefwechsel. Leipzig: S. Hirzel; 1900.

Duckwitz, A. Denkwiirdigkeiten aus meinem offentlichen Leben von 1841-/866. Bremen: C. Schiinemann; 1877.

Duncker, Max and Schulze, Johannes, eds. Politischer Briefwechsel aus seinem NachlajJ, Geschichtsquellen des 19. Jahrhunderts. Volume 12. Osnabrock: Biblio; 1967.

Ernst II, Herzog von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha. Aus meinem Leben und aus meiner Zeit. Sixth edition. Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz; 1889.

Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig von. Aufzeichnungen aus seinem Leben und Wirken 1795-1877. 2 volumes. Schwerin: F. Bahn; 1903.

Gladstone, W.E., Foot, M.R.D. and Matthew H.C.G., eds. The Gladstone Diaries. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1974.

Gu.edella, Philip, ed. Gladstone and Palmerston. Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr Gladstone 1851-65. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd; 1928.

Lane Poole, Stanley. The Life of the Right Hon. Stratford Canning. London: Longmans Green and Co.; 1988.

Malet, Sir Alexander. The Overthrow of the Germanic Confederation by Prussia in 1866. London: Longmans Green and Co.; 1870.

Malmesbury, Earl of. Memoirs of an Ex-Minister. 2 volumes. London: Longmans Green and Co.; 1884.

Manteuffel, Otto and Poschinger, Heinrich von, eds. Unter Friedrich Wilhelm IV: Denkwiirdigkeiten des Ministers Otto Freiherrn von Manteuffel. 3 volumes. Berlin: E.S. Mittler und Sohn; 1901.

Manteutfel, Otto and Poschinger, Heinrich von, eds. Preuftens auswiirtige Politik, 1850 bis 1858: unveroffentlichte Dokumente aus dem Nachlasse des Ministerprasidenten Otto Freiherrn von Manteuffel. 3 volumes. Berlin: E.S. Mittler und Sohn; 1902.

Meinecke, Friedrich. Radowitz und die deutsche Revolution. Berlin: Mittler und Sohn; 1913.

Moring, Walter. Josef von Radowitz. Nachgelassene Briefe und Aufzeichnungen zur Geschichte der Jahre 1848-53. Stuttgart and Berlin: Deutsche Verlags­Anstalt; 1922.

Morley, John. The Life of Richard Cobden. London: T. Fisher Unwin; 1903. Petersdortf, Herman von. Konig Friedrich Wilhelm der Vierte. Stuttgart: Cott'sche

Buchhandlung; 1900. Radowitz, Josef Maria Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig von. Nachgelassene Briefe

und Aufzeichnungen zur Geschichte der Jahre 1848-53. Osnabrock: Biblio; 1967.

Ramm, A. Sir Robert Morier. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1973. Ramm, A. William Ewart Gladstone: Political Portraits. Avon: The Bath Press;

1989. Ranke, Leopold. Aus dem Briefwechsel Friedrich Wilhelms IV mit Bunsen.

Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot; 1873. Russell, Lord John and Gooch, G.P., eds. The Later Correspondence of Lord

John Russell. London: Longmans, Green and Co.; 1925. Schaffie, A.E.F.G. Aus meinem Leben. Volume 1. Berlin: Ernst Hoffmann;

' 1905.

Bibliography 207

Shannon, Richard. Gladstone. London: Hamish Hamilton; 1982. Ward, John. Experiences of a Diplomatist. Being Recollections of Germany,

Founded on Diaries Kept during the Years 1840-70. London: Macmillan; 1872.

Wemyss, Mrs Rosslyn. Memoirs and Letters of the Right Hon. Sir Robert Morier G.C.B. from 1826-1876. Volume l. London: Edward Arnold; 1911.

3. Newspapers/Journals (1848-66)

(i) British Daily News. Economist. Edinburgh Review. Quarterly Review. Times.

(ii) German Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung. Grenzboten. Neue Preuflische Zeitung (Kreuzzeitung). Schwiibische Kronik. Schwiibische Merkur. Staatsanzeiger for Wurttemberg.

4. Primary Printed Sources

Aegidi, Ludwig Karl and Klauhold, Alfred. Die Krisis des Zollvereins urkundlich dargestellt. Beilage zu dem Staatsarchiv. Hamburg: Otto Meissner; 1862.

Anon. Die englische Zollreform. Ein Spiegelbild for Deutschland. : ; 1848. Bericht der Centralstelle for Gewerbe und Handel an das kiinigliche Ministerium

des lnnern vom 23. Mai 1862. Betreffend den Handelsvertrag zwischen dem Zollverein und Frankreieh. Stuttgart: Metzler'schen Buchdruckerei; 1862.

Branfield, Thomas. The Principles of Tariffs. London: Richard and John Taylor; 1843.

HUbner, 0. Jahrbuch fur Volkswirtschaft und Statistik: Centralbureau des Zollvereins; [ ... ]

Jahresbericht der Handels- und Gewerbekammer zu Leipzig 1863. Leipzig: S. Hirzel; 1863.

Jahresbericht der Handelskammer in Wurttemberg fur das Jahr [ ... ]: Blum und Vogel; 1858, 1859, 1861, 1862, 1864.

Jahresbericht der Stuttgarter Handelskammer. : ; 1864. Konigliches Wurttembergisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch. : ; 1850. Landtagsakten Sachsens. Dresden: C.C. Meinhold und Sohne; 1848-66. Oechelhaeuser, Wilhelm. Der Zollverein. Seine Verfassung, sein handels-

politisches System und die Entwicklung der Tarifsiitze seit 1818. Nebst einen tabellarischen Anhang. Frankfurt am Main: Bronner; 1851.

Paez, Alexander. Sieben handelspolitische Briefe aus England. Leipzig: Liebeskind; 1863.

208 Bibliography

Parliamentary Papers (Reports Commissioners, Reports Committees and Ac­counts and Papers). London: Clowe and Son; 1848-66.

Poschinger, Heinrich von. PreujJen im Bundestag 1851-9. Leipzig: S. Hirzel; 1882.

Schaflle, A.E.F.G. Der preuBisch-franzosische Handelsvertrag volkswirtschaftlich und politisch betrachtet. Deutsche Vierteljahrs-Schrift. 1862; 3: pp. 254-378.

Stenographische Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen des Preuflischen Hauses der Abgeordneten. : ; 1852-82.

Uebersicht des Waarendurchganges in siimmtlichen Staaten des Zollvereins nach den Grenzstrecken des Einganges und des Ausganges fur das Jahr [ ... ] : ; .

Vergleichung der gemeinschaftlichen Zolleinnahmen an Ein- und Ausgangsab­gaben 1857-61. : ; .

Verhandlungen der Kammer Wiirttembergischer Abgeordneten. Verhandlungen der in den Jahren 1848 und 1849 in Frankfurt am Main

agbehaltenen aujJer-ordentlichen Konferenz in Zollvereinsangelegenheiten. Frankfurt am Main: Carl Horstmann; 1849.

Verhandlungen der 9. General-Konferenz in Zollvereinsangelegenheiten. Wiesbaden: Schellenbergsche Hofdruckerei; 1851.

Verhandlungen der 10. General-Konferenz in Zollvereinsangelegenheiten. Berlin: Deckerschers Geheime Hofdruckerei; 1854.

Verhandlungen der 11. General-Konferenz in Zollvereinsangelegenheiten. Darmstadt: Ludwig Carl Wittich'schen Hofbuchdruckerei; 1854.

Verhandlungen der 15. General-Konferenz in Zollvereinsangelegenheiten. Munich: C.R. Schurich; 1863.

II. SECONDARY SOURCES

Abrams, Lynn. Bismarck and the German Empire 1871-1918. Lancaster Pam­phlets: Routledge; 1995.

Acterberg, Erich and Miiller-Jabausch, Maximilian. Lebensbilder deutscher Bankiers aus fiinf Jahrhunderten. Frankfurt am Main: Fritz Knapp Verlag; 1963.

Adelman, Paul. Gladstone, Disraeli and Later Victorian Politics. London: Longman; 1970.

Aegidi, Ludwig Karl and Klauhold, Alfred. Die Krisis des Zollvereins urkundlich dargestellt. Hamburg: Otto Meissner; 1862.

Agnew, John and Corbridge, Stuart. Mastering Space. Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. London and New York: Routledge; 1995.

Aitken, Hugh G.J. The State and Economic Growth. New York: Social Sci­ence Research Council; 1959.

Aldcroft, Derek H., ed. The Development of British Industry and Foreign Competition 1875-1914. Studies in Industrial Enterprise. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1968.

Aldcroft, Derek H. McCloskey on Victorian Growth: a Comment. McCloskey, D., ed. Enterprise and Trade; 1993.

Bibliography 209

Alter, Peter. Science and the Anglo-German Antagonism. Gourvish, T. R. and O'Day, A. Later Victorian Britain, I867-I900. Macmillan: Basingstoke; 1988.

Altick, Richard D. Victorian People and Ideas. London: Dent and Sons; 1973. Artz, Frederick B. European Civilisation 1815-1850: Some Unfinished Busi­

ness. Journal of Modern History. 1937 Mar; 9: pp. 304-13. Ashton, Rosemary. The Germany Idea: Four English Writers and the Recep­

tion of German Thought I800-I860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1980.

Ashworth, William. An Economic History of England I870-I939. London: Methuen; 1972.

Aubin, Hermann, ed. Handbuch der deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett; 1976.

Baack, Lawrence J. Christian Bernstorff and Prussia. Diplomacy and Reform Conservatism I8I8-I832. Princeton, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 1980.

Baasch, Ernst. Der Verein fiir Handelsfreiheit in Hamburg 1848-1868. Zeitschrift fur Hamburgische Geshichte. 24.

Bachteler, Kurt. Die offentliche Meinung in der italienischen Krisis und die Anfiinge des Nationalvereins in Wurttemberg I859. Tiibingen: Eberhard­Karls-Uni versitlit; 1934.

Bailey, Frank E. The Economics of British Foreign Policy 1815-1850. The Journal of Modern History. 1940; 12: pp. 449-64.

Bairoch, Paul. The Cambridge European Economic History. Volume 8: The Industrial Economies: the Development of Economic and Social Politics. Pollard, S. and Mathias, P., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1989.

Barbary, James. The Crimean War. Victor Gollancz: London; 1970. Barnett, Correlli. The Collapse of British Power. London: Methuen; 1972. Bartlett, C.J. Defence and Diplomacy. Britain and the Great Powers I8I5-

I914. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press; 1993. Bartlett, Christopher. Britain and the European Balance 1835-48. Sked, Alan.

Europe's Balance of Power. London: Macmillan; 1979. Bazillion, Richard J. Modernising Germany. Karl Biedermann's Career in the

Kingdom of Saxony I835-I90I. New York: P. Lang; 1990. Behagg, Clive. Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century. Lon­

don: Routledge; 1990. Benson, Arthur Christopher, ed. The Letters of Queen Victoria. London: John

Murray; 1907. Bentley, Michael. Politics without Democracy I8I5-I9I4. Perception and

Preoccupation in British Government. London: Fontana; 1984. Berdahl, Robert M. The Politics of the Prussian Nobility. The Development of

a Conservative Ideology 1770-1848. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1988.

Berding, Helmut. Die Entstehung des deutschen Zollvereins als Problem historischer Forschung. Gall, Lothar, ed. Vom Staat des Ancien Regime zum modernen Parteienstaat. Munich: Oldenbourg; 1978.

Berg, Werner. Zwei Typen industrie-gesellschaftlicher Modernisierung: die Bergarbeiter im Ruhrgebiet und in Siidwales im 19. und friihen 20.

210 Bibliography

Jahrhundert. Schmidt, Gustav, ed. Bergbau in Groj3britannien und im Ruhrgebiet. Studien zur vergleichenden Geschichte des Bergbaues 1850-1930. Bochum: Brockmeyer; 1985.

Berghahn, V. Modern Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988. Bergmann, J. Das Handwerk in der Revolution von 1848. Zum Zusammenhang

von materieller Lage und Revolutionsverhalten der Handwerker 1848/49. Engelhardt, Ulrich, ed. Handwerker in der 1ndustrialisierung; 1984.

Bergmann, Jiirgen. Die Revolution von 1848 als Modernisierungskrise. Zur Vorgeschichte der Revolution aus modernisierungstheoretischer Sicht. Bermann, Jiirgen et a!, eds. Arbeit, Mobilitiit, Partizipation, Protest. Gesellschaftlicher Wandel in Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag; 1986: pp. 13-36.

Bergmann, Jiirgen. Okonomische Voraussetzungen der Revolution von 1848: Zur Krise von 1845 bis 1848 in Deutschland. Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, ed. 200 Jahre amerikanischer Revolution und moderne Revolutionsforschung. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1976: pp. 254-88.

Bergmann, Jiirgen and Volkmann, Heinrich, eds. Sozialer Protest. Studien zur traditioneller Resistenz und kollektiver Gewalt in Deutschland vom Vormiirz his zur Reichsgriindung. Berlin: Westdeutscher Verlag; 1984; Schriften des Zentralinstituts fiir sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung der Freien Universitat Berlin Volume 44.

Bergmann, Jiirgen. Wirtschaftskrise und Revolution. Handwerker und Arbeiter 1848149. Schriftenreihe des Arbeistkreises fiir moderne Sozialgeschichte Volume 42 ed. Conze, Werner, ed. Stuttgart: Klett Cotta; 1986.

Best, Heinrich. 1nteressenpolitik und nationale Integration. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1980.

Biagini, Eugenio. Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform. Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone 1860-1880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.

Biefang, Andreas. Politisches Burgertum in Deutschland 1857-1868. Nationale Organisationen und Eliten. DUsseldorf: Droste; 1994.

Billy, George. Palmerston's Foreign Policy 1848. New York: Peter Lang; 1993. Birke, Adolf M. Britain and Germany. Historical Patterns of a Relationship.

London: German Historical Institute; 1987. Birke, Adolf M. and Recker, Marie-Luise, eds. Das gestdrte Gleichgewicht:

Deutschland als Problem britischer Sicherheit im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert [Prinz Albert Studien, Volume 8]. Munich, New York, London, Paris: Saur; 1990.

Birke, Adolf M. Die Revolution von 1848 und England. Birke, Adolf M. and Kluxen, Kurt, eds. Viktorianisches England in deutscher Perspektive; 1983.

Birke, Adolf M. and K1uxen, Kurt, eds. Victorianisches England in deutscher Perspektive. Munich, New York, London, Paris: Sauer; 1983.

Black, Eugene C. British Politics in the Nineteenth Century. London: Macmillan; 1970.

Black, Jeremy. Convergence or Divergence? Britain and the Continent. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1994.

Blackbourn, D. and Evans, R., eds. The German Bourgeoisie. Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century. London and New York: Routledge; 1991.

Bibliography 211

Blake, Robert. Prince Albert and the Crimean War. Birke, Adolf M. and Kluxen, Kurt, eds. Viktorianisches England in deutscher Perspektive; 1983.

Blanning, T.C. Paul W. Schroeder's Concert of Europe. International History Review. 1994 Nov; 16(4): pp. 701-15.

Boelcke, Willi A. Handbuch Baden- Wurttemberg. Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur von der Urgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer; 1982.

Boelcke, Willi A. Wege und Probleme des industriellen Wachstums im Konigreich Wtirttemberg. Zeitschrift fur wurttembergische Landesgeschichte. 1973; 32: pp. 436-520.

Bohme, Helmut. Deutschlands Weg zur Groj]macht: Studien zum Verhiiltnis von Wirtschaft und Staat wiihrend der Reichsgrundungszeit 1848-1881. Cologne, Berlin: Kiepenhauer und Witsch; 1966.

Bohme, Helmut. The Foundation of the German Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1971.

Bohme, Helmut, ed. Probleme der Reichsgrundungszeit 1848-1879. Cologne, Berlin: Kiepenhauer und Witsch; 1968.

Bohme, Helmut. Vor 1866. Aktensrucke zur Wirtschaftspolitik der deutschen Mittelstaaten [Hamburger Studien zur neueren Geschichte]. Hamburg: Europiiische Verlagsanstalt; 1966.

Bongaerts, Jan C. Financing Railways in the German States 1840--1860. Journal of European Economic History. 1985; 14(2): pp. 331-45.

Borries, Bodo von. Deutschlands Auj]enhandel 1836 bis 1856. Eine statistsiche Untersuchung zur Fruhindustrialisierung. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer; 1970.

Borries, Kurt. Preuj]en im Krimkrieg. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer; 1930. Borst, Otto, ed. Aufruhr und Entsagung. Vormiirz 1851-1848 in Baden und

Wurttemberg. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss; 1992. Bosl, Karl. Das 'dritte Deutschland' und die Losung der deutschen Frage im

19. Jahrhundert: Souveriinitiit - Defensivsystem - Aggressivitiit. Das bayerische Beispiel. Bohemia Jahrbuch. 1970; II: pp. 20--33.

Botzenhart, Manfred. Werner Conze/Wolfgang Zorn, die Protokolle des Volkswirtschaftlichen Ausschusses der deutschen Nationalversammlung 1848/49. Historische Zeitschrift. 1994; 259: pp. 244-7.

Bouman, P.J. Der Untergang des holliindischen Handels- und Schiffahrtsmonopols auf dem Niederrhein 1831-1851. Vierteljahresschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 1933; 26.

Bourne, Kenneth. The Foreign Policy of Victorian England. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1970.

Bourne, Kenneth. Palmerston: the Early Years 1784-1841. London: Allen Lane; 1982.

Branfield, Thomas. The Principles of Tariffs. British and Foreign Review. 1843; 28.

Brebner, J.B. Laisser-Faire and State Intervention in Nineteenth Century Brit­ain. Cams-Wilson, E. M. Essays in Economic History. Volume 3. Lon­don: Edward Arnold; 1966: pp. 252-63.

Breuilly, John. Labour and Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Essays in Comparative History. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1992.

Breuilly, John. Liberalism and the Bourgeoisie. Germany in Comparative Per­spective. Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte. 1992; 32: pp. 384-404.

Breuilly, John. The State of Germany. The National Idea in the Making,

212 Bibliography

Unmaking and Remaking of a Modern Nation-State. London: Longman; 1992.

Bridge, F.R. The Habsburg Monarchy among the Great Powers 1815-19I8. Oxford: Berg; 1990.

Briggs, Asa. The Age of Improvement. London: Whitefriars; 1959. Brown, Lucy. The Board of Trade and the Tariff Problem, 1840-2. English

Historical Review. 1953 Jul; 63(268): pp. 394-421. Brown, Lucy. The Board of Trade and the Free Trade Movement I830-I842.

Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1958. Buchheim, Christopher. Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Anglo-German Trade

Rivalry Reconsidered. Journal of European Economic History. 1981; 10(2): pp. 273-89.

Buchner, Rudolf, ed. Quellen zum politischen Denken der Deutschen im I9. und 20. Jahrhundert. Volume 4; 199 I.

Buddruss, Eckhard. Handelsspielriiume mittelstaatlicher Politik vor Koniggriitz. Varnbiiler, Dalwigk und der Handelsvertrag mit ltalien 1865/6. Zeitschrift fiir wiirttembergische Landesgeschichte. 1989; 48.

Burg, Peter. Die deutsche Trias in Idee und Wirklichkeit. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner; 1989; Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fiir europaische Geschichte Vol­ume 136.

Burg, Peter. Die Triaspolitik im deutschem Bund. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage I815-1866. Wiener Beitriige zur Geschichte der Neuzeit Volume 16117 Munich: Oldenbourg; 1990.

Burg, Peter. State and Nation in the German Confederation (1815-1866). His­tory of European Ideas. 1992; 15(1-3): pp. 31-7.

Burn, W.L. The Age of Equipoise. A Study of the Mid- Victorian Generation. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1964.

Biisch, Otto and Neugebauer-Wolk, Monika. Preuj3en und die revolutioniire Herausforderung seit I789. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1991; Veroffent­lichungen der historischen Kommission zu Berlin Volume 78.

BuBmann, Walther. Zwischen Preussen und Deutschland. Konig Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Eine Biographie. Berlin: Siedler; 1990.

Cain, P.J. and Hopkins, A.G. Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas. I. The Old Colonial System, 1688-1850. Economic History Review. 1986; 39(4): pp. 501-25.

Calkins, W.N.A Victorian Free Trade Lobby. Economic History Review. 1960 Jan; 13: pp. 90-104.

Capie, Forrest H. Tariffs and Growth. Some Illustrations from the World Economy I850-I940. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1994.

Carr, William. A History of Germany I815-90. London: Edward Arnold; 1991. Carr, William. The Unification of Germany. Breuilly, John, ed. The State of

Germany. The National Idea in the Making, Unmaking and Remaking of a Modern Nation-State; 1992.

Carsten, F.L. Essays in German History. London: Hambledon; 1985. Catterall, Peter. Distress and Reform. Great Britain 1815-67. Modern History

Review. 1994; 6(2): pp. 2-5. Chamberlain, Muriel E. British Foreign Policy in the Age of Palmerston. London:

Longman; 1980. Chamberlain, Muriel E. Lord Palmerston. Cardiff: G.P.C. Books; 1987.

Bibliography 213

Chamberlain, Muriel E. 'Pax Britannica'? British Foreign Policy 1789-1914. London: Longman; 1988.

Chapman, Richard and Greenaway, J. R. The Dynamics of Administrative Reform. London: Croom Helm; 1980.

Charmatz, Richard. Minister Freiherr von Bruck. Der Vorkiimpfer Mitteleuropas. Leipzig: S. Hirzel; 1916.

Church, Roy, ed. The Dynamics of Victorian Business. Problems and Per­spectives to the 1870s. London: Allen and Unwin; 1980.

Clapham, J.H. An Economic History of Modern Britain. The Early Railway Age 1820-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1926.

Clarke, John. British Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 1782-1865. The National Interest. London: Unwin Hyman; 1989.

Cockshut, A.O.J. Religious Controversies of the Nineteenth Century: Selected Documents. London: Methuen; 1966.

Conacher, J.B. Britain and the Crimea. Problems of War and Peace. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1987.

Conze, Werner and Zorn, Wolfgang. Die Protokolle des Volksirtschaftlichen Aussschusses der deutschen Nationalversammlung 1848/49. Mit ausge­wiihlten Petitionen. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt; 1992; Historische Kommission bei der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Volume 6.

Costin, W.C. Great Britain and China 1833-60. Oxford: Clarendon; 1937. Court, W.H.B. A Concise Economic History of Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press; 1954. Crafts, N.F.R. Victorian Britain Did Fail. McCloskey, D., ed. Enterprise and

Trade; 1993. Crouzet, Fran"ois. Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in Franco-British

Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. Crouzet, Fran"ois. Trade and Empire: the British Experience from the Estab­

lishment of Free Trade until the First World War. Ratcliffe, Barrie M., ed. Great Britain and Her World 1750-1914; 1975.

Cullen, M.J. The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain. The Foun­dations of Empirical Social Research. London: Harvester; 1975.

Cunliffe, Marcus. The Age of Expansion 1848-1917. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; 1974.

Curtiss, George B. The Industrial Development of Nations and a History of the Tariff Policies of the United States, and of Great Britain, Germany, France, Russia and other European Countries. London: B.F. Stevens; 1912.

Dacey, Raymond. Inducing Fair Trade out of Free Trade. Synthese. 1994; I 00: pp. 497-504.

Dann, Otto. Nation und Nationalismus 1770-1990. Munich: C.H. Beck; 1993. Daunton, M.J. 'Gentlemanly Capitalism' and British Industry 1820-1914. Past

and Present. 1989; 122: pp. 119-58. Davis, Lance E. and Huttenback, Robert A. Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire.

The Political Economy of British Imperialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1986.

Dawson, W.H. Richard Cobden and Foreign Policy. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1926.

214 Bibliography

Dawson, William Harbutt. Protection in Germany. London: P.S. King and Son; 1904.

Dell, Edmund. The Political History of the Board of Trade. Foreman, Susan, ed. Striking a Balance. The Role of the Board of Trade I786-I986; 1986: pp. 22-36.

Dendarsky, Michael. Habsburg zwischen PreuBen und Deutschland. Osterreichs politisches und wirtschaftliches Interesse am Deutschen Bund. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage; 1990.

Diederiks, Herman, Hohenberg, Paul and Wagennaar, Michael. Economic Policy in Europe since the Late Middle Ages. The Visible Hand and the Fortune of Cities. Leicester: Leicester University Press; 1992.

Diener, Gertraud. Die preujJische und die deutsche Politik im Verhiiltnis zu England und zu Ruflland in der zweiten Hiilfte des I9. Jahrhunderts. Munich: University of Munich; 1951.

Doering-Manteuffel, Anselm. Vom Wiener Kongrefl zur Pariser Konferenz: England, die deutsche Frage und das Miichtesystem I8I5-I856. Gottingen and Zurich: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1991.

Doem, G. Bruce and Tomlin, Brian W. The Free Trade Story. Faith and Fear. Toronto: Stoddart; 1991.

Dorsch, Volker. Die Handelskammern der Rheinprovinz in der zweiten Hiilfte des I9. Jahrhunderts. Wiesbaden: Steiner; 1982.

Dumke, Rolf H. Anglo-deutscher Handel und Friihindustrialisierung in Deutschland 1822-1860. Geschichte und Gesellschaft. 1979; 5: pp. 175-200.

Dumke, Rolf H. and SchrOder, Wilhelm Heinz. Economic Inequality and In­dustrialisation on the Continent: Introductory Comments. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung. 1983; 27: pp. 3-7.

Dunham, Arthur Louis. The Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of I860 and the Progress of the Industrial Revolution in France. Ann Arbor: Univer­sity of Michigan Press; 1930.

Duppler, Jorg. Der Juniorpartner England und die Entwicklung der deutschen Marine I848-1890. Deutsche Marine Institut: Mittler; 1985; Schriftenreihe des deutschen Marineinstituts Volume 7.

Eccleshall, Robert. British Liberalism. Liberal Thought from the 1640s to the I980s. London: Longman; 1986.

Eccleshall, Robert et al., eds. Political Ideologies. An Introduction. London: Routledge; 1994.

Eckhart, Franz. Die deutsche Frage und der Krimkrieg. Berlin: Ost-Europa Verlag; 1931; Osteuropiiische Forschungen Volume 9.

Eckstiidt, Carl Friedrich Graf Vitzthum von. St. Petersburg und London in den Jahren 1852-64 aus den Denkwiirdigkeiten des damaligen k. siichsischen auflerordentlichen Gesandten und bevollmiichtigten Ministers am k. Groflbritannischen Hofe. Stuttgart: Cotta; 1886.

Edsall, Nicholas. Richard Cobden. Independent Radical. London: Harvard University Press; 1986. .

Ehrman, John. The British Government and Commercial Negotiations with Europe 1783-1793. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1962.

Eisenhart Rothe, W. von and Ritthalter, A. Vorgeschichte und Begriindung des deutschen Zollvereins 1815-1834. Akten der Staaten des deutschen

Bibliography 215

Bundes und der europiiischen Miichte. Berlin: Reimar Robbing; 1934. Engelhardt, Ulrich. Handwerker in der lndustrialisierung. Lage, Kultur und

Politik vom spiiten 18. his ins fruhe 20. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: Klett­Cotta; 1984; Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises fiir modeme Sozialgeschichte Volume 37.

Engelhardt, Ulrich et al. Soziale Bewegung und politische Verfassung. Beitriige zur Geschichte der modernen Welt. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett; 1976.

Engermann, Stanley. The American Tariffs, British Exports and American Iron Production. McCloskey, Donald N., ed. Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain after 1840. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1971: pp. 13-33.

Evans, Eric J. Sir Robert Peel. Statesmanship, Power and Party. London: Routledge; 1991.

Faber, Karl Georg. Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert. Restauration und Revolution. Vor 1815 his 1851. Wiesbaden: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Atheniaon; 1979; Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte Volume 3/I, Part 2.

Farnsworth, Susan H. The Evolution of British Imperial Policy During the Mid-Nineteenth Century. London: Garland; 1992.

Fay, C. R. The Corn Laws and Social England. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni­versity Press; 1932.

Fellner, Fritz. Politischer Stellenwert und Forschungsstand. Perspektiven fiir eine historiographische Neubewertung des Deutschen Bundes. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage; 1990.

Fenska, Hans, ed. Vormlirz und Revolution 1840-49. Buchner, Rudolf, ed. Quellen zum politischen Denken der Deutschen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Volume 4; 1991.

Feuchtwanger, E.J. Gladstone. London: Macmillan; 1989. Fielden, Kenneth. Mid-Victorian Radical. Cobden after Repeal. Modern His­

tory Review. 1994; 6(2): pp. 17-20. Fielden, Kenneth. The Rise and Fall of Free Trade. Bartlett, C.J. Britain Preemi­

nent. Studies of British World Influence in the Nineteenth Century. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1969.

Finer, S.E. The Transmission of Benthamite Ideas 1820-1850. Sutherland, Gillian, ed. Studies in the Growth of Nineteenth-Century Government; 1972.

Fischer, Wolfram. Die Industrialisierung und ihre Probleme. Borst, Otto, ed. Aufruhr und Entsagung. Stuttgart; 1992: pp. 128-47.

Fischer, Wolfram. The German Zollverein. A Case Study in Customs Union. Kyklos. 1960; 13: pp. 65-89.

Fischer, Wolfram. Germany in the World Economy during the 19th Century. Annual Lecture of the German Historical Institute. London: German His­torical Institute; 1983.

Fischer, Wolfram et al., eds. Handbuch der europiiischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta; 1985.

Fischer, Wolfram. Staat und Wirtschaft im 19. Jahrhundert. Borst, Otto. Wege in die Welt. Die Industrie im deutschen Sudwesten seit Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts. Deutsche Verlags Anstalt; 1989: pp. 89-107.

Fischer, Wolfram. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Zeitalter der lndustrialisierung. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1972.

216 Bibliography

Flockerzie, Lawrence J. State-Building and Nation-Building in the 'Third Germany': Saxony after the Congress of Vienna. Central European His­tory. 1991; 24(2-3): pp. 268-92.

Foot, M.R.D. and Matthew, H.C.G., eds. The Gladstone Diaries. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1974.

Forberger, Rudolf. Die industrielle Revolution in Sachsen 1800-1861. Akadamie Verlag: Berlin; 1982.

Forberger, Rudolf. Sachsen als Pioneerland der industriellen Revolution in Deutschland im Spiegel der Fachliteratur. Jahrbuchfiir Regionalgeschichte. 1987; 14: pp. 248-53.

Foreman, Susan. Shoes and Ships and Sealing Wax. An Illustrated History of the Board of Trade 1786-1986. London: HMSO; 1986.

Foreman, Susan, ed. Striking a Balance. The Role of the Board of Trade 1786-1986. London: HMSO; 1986.

Fox Bourne, H. R. English Merchants. Memoirs in Illustration of the Progress of British Commerce. London: Richard Bentley; 1866.

Franz, Eugen. Die Entstehungsgeschichte des preuBisch-franzosischen Handelsvertrags vom 29. Mlirz 1862. Vierteljahresschrift fiir Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 1932; 5: pp. 105-29.

Fremdling, Rainer. Technologischer Wandel und internationaler Handel im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Die Eisenindustrien in GrojJbritannien, Belgien, Frankreich und Deutschland. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot; 1986.

Friedjung, Heinrich. Historische Aufsiitze. Stuttgart, Berlin: Cotta; 1919. Fuchs, Carl Johannes. Die Handelspolitik Englands und seiner Kolonien in

den letzten Jahrzehnten. Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot; 1893. Fuchs, Walther Peter. Die deutschen Mittelstaaten und die Bundesreform 1853-

1860. Berlin: Emil Ebering; 1934. Fujise, Hiroshi. Deutschlands Entwicklung zum lndustrie- und Welthandelsstaat.

Die Struktur des deutschen AuBenhandels wlihrend der lndustrial­isierungsphase von 1850 bis 1878. Scripta Mercaturae. 1970; 1: pp. 1-24.

Fulbrook, Mary. A Concise History of Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni­versity Press; 1990.

Gailus, Manfred. StrajJe und Brat. Sozialer Protest in den deutschen Staaten unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung PreujJens, 1847-1849. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1990.

Gall, Lothar. Europa auf dem Weg in die Moderne 1850-1890. Munich, Vienna: Oldenbourg; 1984.

Gall, Lothar. Liberalismus und 'biirgerliche Gesellschaft'. Zu Charakter und Entwicklung der liberalen Bewegung in Deutschland. Historische Zeitschrift. 1975; 220: pp. 324-56.

Gall, Lothar, ed. Vom Staat des Ancien Regime zum modernen Parteienstaat. Festschrift fiir Theodor Schieder. Munich: Oldenbourg; 1978.

Gallagher, John and Robinson, Ronald. The Imperialism of Free Trade. Econ­omic History Review. 1953; 6(1): pp. 1-15.

Gash, Norman. Sir Robert Peel. The Life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830. Lon­don: Longman; 1986.

Gaston, J.W.T. Trade and the Late Victorian Foreign Office. International History Review. 1982 Aug; 4(3): pp. 317-39.

Gaston, J.W.T. The Free Trade Diplomacy Debate and the Victorian Euro-

Bibliography 217

pean Common Market Initiative. Canadian Journal of History. 1987 Apr; 22: pp. 59-82.

Geheimes Staatsarchiv PreuBischer Ku1turbesitz. Als die Schranken fie len. Der deutsche Zollverein. Entwicklung vom Wiener Kongreft bis zur Vollendung der deutschen Zolleinheit von 1890. Berlin-Dah1em: GSPK; 1984.

Gehring, Paul. Das Wirtschaftsleben in Wiirttemberg unter Konig Wilhelm I, 1816-1864. Zeitschrift der wurtembergischen Landesgeschichte. 1949; 9.

Gerlach, Hans-Henning. Atlas zur Eisenbahngeschichte. Deutschland, Osterreich, Schweiz. Wiesbaden: Orell Fiissli; 1986.

Gillessen, Giinther. Lord Palmerston und die Einigung Deutschlands. Die englische Politik von der Paulskirche bis zu den Dresdner Konferenzen (1848-1851 ). Liibeck, Hamburg: Matthiesen; 1961.

Gillis, John R. The Prussian Bureaucracy in Crisis 1840-1860. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press; 1971.

Gomes, Leonard. Foreign Trade and the National Economy. Mercantilist and Classical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1987.

Gooch, G.P. and Ward, Sir A. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1923.

Gooch, G.P., ed. The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell. London: Longmans; 1925.

Good, David. The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire 1750-1914. Lon­don: University of California Press; 1984.

Gopfert, Herbert G. and Weyrauch, Erdmann. 'Unmoralisch an sich ... ' Zensur im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz; 1988; Wolfenbiitteler Schriften zur Geschichte des Buchwesens Volume 13.

Gordon, Nancy M. Britain and the Zollverein Iron Duties 1842-5. Economic History Review. 1969; 22: pp. 75-87.

Gothein, Eberhard. Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Rheinschiffahrt im 19. Jahrhundert. Schriften des Vereins fiir Sozialpolitik Volume 2. Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot; 1903.

Grampp, William P. The Manchester School of Economics. London: Oxford University Press; 1960.

Greenleaf, W.H. The British Political Tradition. London: Methuen; 1983. Grenner, Karl Heinz. Wirtschaftsliberalismus und katholisches Denken. 1hre

Begegnung und Auseinandersetzung im Deutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts. Cologne: J.P. Bachem; 1967.

GroB, Klaus D. Die deutsch-englischen Beziehungen im Wirken Christian Carl Josias von Bunsens ( 1791-1866). Wiirzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Univer­sity; 1965.

Gruner, Wolf D. Der deutsche Bund und europaische Friedensordnung. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage; 1990.

Gruner, Wolf D. Die deutsche Frage. Ein Problem der europiiischen Geschichte seit 1800. Munich: C.H. Beck; 1985.

Gruner, Wolf D. Die Interaktion von britischer Deutschland- und Europapolitik zur Zeit des Wiener KongreBes und in der Anfangsphase des deutschen Bundes. Kuhn, Ortwin, ed. Groftbritannien und Deutschland. Europiiische Aspekte der politisch-kulturellen Beziehungen beider Lander in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Festschrift fur John W.P. Bourke. Munich: Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag; 1974.

218 Bibliography

Gruner, Wolf D. Die Wurzburger Konferenzen der Mittelstaaten in den Jahren 1859-1861 und die Bestrebungen zur Reform des deutschen Bundes. Zeitschrift fur bayrischen Geschichte. 1973; 36: pp. 181-253.

Gruner, Wolf D. Europa, Deutschland und die internationale Ordnung im 19. Jahrhundert. Politik und Kultur. 1984; 11: pp. 24-53.

Gruner, Wolf D. Europiiischer Friede als nationales Interesse. Die Rolle des Deutschen Bundes in der britischen Politik 1814-1832. Bohemia Jahrbuch des Collegium Carolinum. 1977; 18: pp. 96-128.

Grunthal, Gunther. Gesellschaft, Parlament und Regierung. Zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus in Deutschland. Dusseldorf: Droste; 1974.

Grunthal, Gunther. Parlamentarismus in PreujJen 184819-185718. Dusseldorf: Droste; 1982.

Guillaume, A. L'hegemonie financiere de Ia cite de Londres (181511914). Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens. 1992; 35: pp. 113-29.

Gustaffsson, Bo. Power and Economic Institutions. Reinterpretations in Econ­omic History. Aldershot: Edward Elgar; 1991.

Gysin, Jurgen. 'Fabriken und Manufakturen' in Wurttemberg wahrend des 19. Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag; 1989.

Hahn, Hans-Werner. Geschichte des deutschen Zollvereins. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1984.

Hahn, Hans-Werner. Hegemonie und Integration. Voraussetzungen und Folgen der preuBischen Fuhrungsrolle im deutschen Zollverein. Herding, Helmut, ed. Wirtschaftliche und politische Integration in Europa im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift fur Sozialwissenschaft. Sonderheft 10 ed. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1984.

Hahn, Hans-Werner. Mitteleuropiiische oder kleindeutsche Wirtschaftsordnung in der Epoche des deutschen Bundes. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage 1815-1866; 1990.

Hahn, Hans-Werner. Wirtschaftliche Integration im 19 Jahrhundert. Die hessischen Staaten und der deutsche Zollverein. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1982.

Haller, Wolfram M. Regional and National Free Trade Associations in Ger­many 1859-79. European Studies Review. 1976; 6(3): pp. 275-97.

Hamerow, Theodore S. The Birth of a New Europe. State and Society in the Nineteenth Century. London: University of North Carolina Press; 1983.

Hansen, Joseph. Gustav von Mevissen. Ein rheinisches Lebensbild 1815-99. Berlin: Georg Reimer; 1906.

Hardach, K.W. Anglomanie und Anglophobie wiihrend der industriellen Rev­olution in Deutschland. Sonderdruck aus Schmollers Jahrbuch fur Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften ed. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot; 1971.

Harley, C.K. and McCloskey, D.N. Foreign Trade: Competition and the Ex­panding International Economy. Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald, eds. The Economic History of Britain since 1700. Volume 2: 1860 to the 1970s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1981.

Hawke, G.R. The United States Tariff and Industrial Protection in the Late Nineteenth Century. Economic History Review. 1975; 28: pp. 84-99.

Hawkins, Angus B. A Forgotten Crisis: Gladstone and the Politics of Finance during the 1850s. Victorian Studies. 1982 Mar: 26: pp. 287-320.

Bibliography 219

Henderson, Gavin B. The Pacifists of the Fifties. Journal of Modern History. 1937 Mar; 9: pp. 314-41.

Henderson, W.O. Britain and Industrial Europe 1750-1870. Leicester: Leicester University Press; 1972.

Henderson, W.O. Charles Pelham Villiers and the Repeal of the Corn Laws. Gorebridge: Oxford and Cambridge Examination Boards; 1975.

Henderson, W.O. The Industrial Revolution on the Continent. Germany, France, Russia. London: Frank Cass; 1967.

Henderson, W.O. The Life of Friedrich Engels. London: Frank Cass; 1976. Henderson, W.O. Peter Beuth and the Rise of Prussian Industry, 1810-1845.

Economic History Review. 1955 Jun; 8. Henderson, W.O. Prince Smith and Free Trade in Germany. Economic His­

tory Review. 1950; 2: pp. 295-302. Henderson, W.O. The Rise of German Industrial Power 1834-1914. London:

Temple Smith; 1975. Henderson, W.O. The State and the Industrial Revolution in Prussia 1740-

1870. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; 1958. Henderson, W.O. The Zollverein. London: Frank Cass; 1968. Hentschel, Volker. Die deutschen Freihandler und das volkswirtschaftliche

KongrejJ 1858 bis 1885. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett; 1975. Herrmann, Paul. Die Entstehung des deutschen Nationalvereins und die Grundung

seiner Wochenschrift. Berlin: Friedrich Wilhelm University; 1932. Hertslet, Edward. The Map of Europe by Treaty. London: Butterworths; 1875. Heydemann, Gi.inther. The 'Crazy Year' 1848: The Revolution in Germany

and Palmerston's Policy. Schulze, Hagen, ed. Nation-Building in Central Europe. German Historical Perspectives Volume 3. Leamington Spa: Berg; 1987.

Heydemann, Gi.inther. Zwischen Restauration, Reform und Revolution: britische Deutschlandpolitik 1815-1848. Birke, Adolf M. and Recher, Marie Luise. eds. Das gestorte Gleichgewicht: Deutschland als Problem britischer Sicherheit im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Munich, London, New York, Paris: Saur; 1990.

Hildebrand, Klaus. 'British Interests' und Pax Britannica. Grundfragen englischer AuBenpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Historische Zeitschrift. 1975; 220: pp. 623-39.

Hillgruber, Andreas. Die Deutsche Frage im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert - zur Einfuhrung in die nationale und internationale Problematik. Munich: Ernst Vogel; 1983.

Hilton, Boyd. The Age of Atonement. The Influence of Evangelism on Social and Economic Thought 1795-1865. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1988.

Hilton, Boyd. Corn, Cash, Commerce. The Economic Policies of the Tory Governments 1815-1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1977.

Hippe!, Wolfgang. Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Staat. Borst, Otto, ed. Aufruhr und Entsagung; 1992: pp. 170-87.

Hippler, Jochen. Pax Americana? Hegemony or Decline. London: Pluto; 1994. Hirst, Francis W. Gladstone as Financier and Economist. London: Ernest Benn;

1931. Hirst, Francis W. The Repeal of the Corn Laws. Midhurst: The Cobden Club;

1946.

220 Bibliography

Hobsbawm, E.J. Industry and Empire. An Economic History of Britain since 1750. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; 1968.

Hobsbawm, Eric J. The Age of Empire. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; 1987.

Hoffmann, R.J.S. Great Britain and the German Trade Rivalry 1875-1914. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1933.

Hoffmann, Walter G. Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1965.

Hollenberg, Gunter. Englisches Interesse am Kaiserreich. Die Attraktivitiit Preujlen-Deutschlands fur konservative und liberate Kreise in GrojJ­britannien 1860-1914. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fiir europiiische Geschichte Volume 70 ed. Mainz: Franz Steiner; 1974.

Holsti, K.J. The Dividing Discipline. Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory. Boston: Allen and Unwin; 1985.

Holsti, Ole, Siverson, Randolph M. and George, Alexander L., eds. Change in the International System. Boulder, Colorado: Westview; 1980.

Howard, Earl Dean. The Cause and Extent of the Recent Industrial Progress of Germany. London: Archibald Constable; 1907.

Howe, A.C. Free Trade and the City of London c1820-1870. History. 1992 Oct; 77.

Howe, Anthony. The Cotton Masters 1830-1860. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1984. Huber, E.R. Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Stuttgart, Berlin, Cologne,

Mainz: Kohlhammer; 1963. Huber, E.R. Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte. Stuttgart, Ber­

lin, Cologne, Mainz: Koh1hammer; 1978. Ihde, Wilhelm. Los von England. Der deutsche Abwehrkampf gegen Eng lands

wirtschaftliche Weltmachstellung in der ersten Hiilfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig, Berlin: Liihe; 1939.

Ilersic, A.R. and Liddle, P. F. B. Parliament of Commerce. The Story of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce 1860-1960. London: Newman Neane; 1960.

Iliasu, A.A. The Cobden-Chevalier Commercial Treaty of 1860. The Histori­cal Journal. 1971; 14: pp. 67-98.

Iliasu, Asaana. The Role of Free Trade Treaties in British Foreign Policy 1859-1871. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. University of London; 1965.

Imlah, Albert H. Economic Elements in the Pax Britannica. Cambridge, Mas­sachusetts: Harvard University Press; 1958.

Institute of Contemporary British History. Britain 1815-1867. London: Heine­mann; 1994.

Irwin, Douglas A. Free Trade and Protection in Nineteenth Century Britain and France Revisited: a Comment on Nye. Journal of Economic History. 1993 Mar; 53(1): pp. 146-152.

Jagger, Peter J. Gladstone. The Making of a Christian Politician. the Per­sonal Religious Life and Development of William Ewart Gladstone 1809-1832. Pennsylvania: Pickwick; 1991.

Jenkins, T.A. Gladstone, Whiggery and the Liberal Party 1874-1886. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1988.

Jenkins, T.A. The Liberal Ascendancy 1830-1886. London: Macmillan; 1994.

Bibliography 221

Jeremy, David J. Business and Religion in Britain. Aldershot: Gower; 1988. Judd, Denis. British Prime Ministers: Palmerston. London: Weidenfeld and

Nicolson; 1975. Just, Leo, ed. Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte. Konstanz: Akademische

Verlagsgesellschaft; 1956. Kantorowicz, Hermann. Der Geist der englischen Politik und das Gespenst

der Einkreisung Deutschlands. Berlin: Ernst Rowohlt; 1929. Kaufhold, K. Oskar Simon. Die Fachbildung des preu6ischen Gewerbe- und

Handelsstandes im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte. 1992; 32: pp. 609-11.

Kellenbenz, Hermann. Verkehrs- und Nachrichtenwesen, Handel, Geld-, Kredit­und Versicherungswesen 1800-1850. Aubin, Hermann, ed. Handbuch der deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett; 1976; Volume 2.

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. London: Fontana; 1988.

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914. Lon­don: Allen and Unwin; 1980.

Keohane, Robert 0. After Hegemony. Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1984.

Kiesewetter, Hubert. Der Wandel der sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmen­bedingungen. Region und Nation in der europiiischen lndustrialisierung 1815-1871. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage; 1990.

Kiesewetter, Hubert. Economic Preconditions for Germany's Nation-Building in the Nineteenth Century. Schulze, Hagen, ed. Nation-Building in Cen­tral Europe. German Historical Perspectives Volume 3. Leamington Spa: Berg; 1987.

Kiesewetter, Hubert. The Growing Rivalry between Industrial Britain and In­dustrial Germany 1815-1914. Journal of European History. 1991; 20: pp. 271-99.

Kiesewetter, Hubert. lndustrialisierung und Landwirtschaft Sachsens im regionalen lndustrialisierungsproze.P Deutschlands im 19. Jahrhundert. Cologne, Vienna: Bohlau; 1988.

Kiesewetter, Hubert. Staat, Region und lndustrialisierung. Stuttgart: Scripta Mercaturae; 1985.

Kimmich, Hartmut. Die Entwicklung der Mainschijfahrt unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Zollverhiiltnisse ( 19. Jahrhundert). Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Niirnberg; 1965.

Kindleberger, Charles. Economic Response. Comparative Studies in Trade, Finance and Growth. London: Harvard University Press; 1978.

Kistler, Franz. Die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Verhiiltnisse in Baden 1849-1870. Freiburg i. Br.: Eberhard Albert; 1954.

Kitchen, Martin. The Political Economy of Germany 1815-1914. London: Croom Helm; 1978.

Kitston Clark, G. The Making of Victorian England. London: Methuen; 1962. Klein, Michael et al .• eds. Handbuch der Baden-Wurttembergischen Geschichte.

Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta; 1992. Kluke, Paul and Alter, Peter, eds. Aspekte der deutsch-britischen Beziehungen

222 Bibliography

im Laufe der Jahrhunderte: Aspects of Anglo-German Relations through the Centuries. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta; 1978.

Kluxen, Kurt. Prince Albert. Wegbereiter moderner Kultur- und Sozialpolitik. Birke, Adolf M. and Kluxen, Kurt, eds. Viktorianisches England in deutscher Perspektive. Munich, New York. London, Paris: Saur; 1983.

Knorr, Klaus. Power and Wealth. The Political Economy of International Power. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1973.

Knutsen, Torbjorn L. Hegemony in the Modern International System. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute; 1987; PRIO Report 16/86.

Koch, Rainer. Die Agrarrevolution in Deutschland 1848. Ursachen - Verlauf -Ergebnisse. Langewiesche, D., ed. Die Deutsche Revolution von 18481 49; 1983: pp. 362-94.

Kollmer, Gert. Quellen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte in Baden-Wtirttemberg. Ein Oberblick. Zeitschrift fur wurttembergische Landesgeschichte. 1991: pp. 206-31.

Kosch, Wilhelm. Biographisches Staatshandbuch. Lexikon der Politik, Presse und Publizistik. Bern, Munich: Francke; 1963.

Kraemer, Hans. Das XIX Jahrhundert in Wort und Bild. Politische und Kulturgeschichte. Berlin: Bong; 1898.

Krawehl, Otto-Ernst. Hamburgs Schiffs- und Warenverkehr mit England und den englischen Kolonien 1814-60. Forschungen zur internationalen Sozial­und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Volume 11. Cologne, Vienna: Bohlau; 1977.

Kuhn, Ortwin. Englische Deutschlandideologie. Kuhn, Ortwin, ed. GrojJbritannien und Deutschland. Europiiische Aspekte der politisch-kulturellen Beziehungen beider Lander in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Festschrift ftir John W.P. Bourke. Munich: Wilhelm Goldmann; 1974: pp. 41-73.

Kutz, Martin. Die deutsch-britischen Handelsbeziehungen von 1790 his zur Grtindung des Zollvereins. Ein statistischer Beitrag zu einer Neuorientierung. Vierteljahresschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 1969; 56: pp. 178-214.

Lambert, Andrew. The Crimean War. British Grand Strategy 1853-56. Man­chester: Manchester University Press; 1990.

Lambert, Andrew. The Crimean War 1854-56. An Historical Illusion? Mod­ern History Review. 1991; 3(2): pp. 11-14.

Lambi, Ivo. Free Trade and Protection in Germany 1868-1879. Vierteljah­resschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 1963; 44.

Langewiesche, Dieter, ed. Die Deutsche Revolution von 1848149. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; 1983.

Langewiesche, Dieter. Germany and the National Question. Breuilly, John, ed. The State of Germany. The National Idea in the Making, Unmaking and Remaking of a Modern Nation-State. London: Longman; 1992.

Langewiesche, Dieter. Liberalismus und Demokratie in Wurttemberg zwischen Revolution und Reichsgrundung. Beitrage zur Geschichte des Par1amen­tarismus und der politischen Parteien. Dusseldorf: Droste; 197 4.

Langewiesche, Dieter, ed. Liberalismus im 19. Jahrhundert. Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft Volume 77. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1988.

Lattek, Christiane. Emigration der deutschen Achtundvierziger in England: Eine reine 'school of scandal and meanness'? Niedhart, Gottfried, ed. Groft-

Bibliography 223

britannien als Gast- und Exilland im I9. und 20. Jahrhundert. Bochum: Brockmeyer; 1985.

Lee, Sir Frank. The Board of Trade. London: The Athlone Press; 1958. Lee, W.R. Economic Development and the State in Nineteenth-century Ger­

many. Economic History Review. 1988; 41: pp. 346-67. Lees, Andrew. Revolution and Reflection. Intellectual Change in Germany during

the I850s. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff; 1974. Levy, Hermann. England and Germany. Affinity and Contrast. Essex: Thames

Bank; 1949. Lipp, Carola and Kaschuba, Wolfgang. Wasser und Brot. Politische Kultur im

Alltag der Vormiirz und Revolutionsjahre. Geschichte und Gesellschaft. 1984; I 0: pp. 320-51.

Lipp, Carola. Wiirttembergische Handwerker und Handwerkvereine im Vormiirz und in der Revolution 1848/49. Engelhardt, Ulrich, ed. Handwerker in der Industrialisierung; 1984.

List, Friedrich. The National System of Political Economy. Translated by Sampson S. Lloyd MP: London: Longmans, Green and Co.; 1885.

List, Friedrich. The Natural System of Political Economy I837. Et La patrie, et l'humanite. Translated by W.O. Henderson. London: Frank Cass; 1983.

List, Friedrich. Schriften/Reden/Briefe. Beckenrath, Erwin, ed. Berlin: Reimar Robbing; 1928.

Llewellyn Smith, Hubert. The Board of Trade. London: G.P. Putnam's; 1928. Long, Dwight C. Efforts to Secure an Austro-German Customs Union in the

Nineteenth Century. Boak, A. E. R., ed. University of Michigan Histori­cal Essays. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1937: pp. 45-75.

Lowe, John. The Great Powers, Imperialism and the German Question I865-I925. London: Routledge; 1994.

Lubenow, William C. The Politics of Government Growth. Early Victorian Attitudes Towards State Intervention I833-1848. Newton Abbott: Archon Books; 1971.

Liihrs, Wilhelm. Die freie Handestadt Bremen und England in der Zeit des deutschen Bundes. Veroffentlichungen aus dem Staatsarchiv der freien Hansestadt Bremen Volume 26. Bremen: Walter Dorn; 1958.

Malchow, Howard LeRoy. Agitators and Promoters in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli. A Biographical Dictionary of the Leaders of British Pressure Groups Founded between I865 and 1886. London: Garland; 1983.

Malet, Alexander. The Overthrow of the Germanic Confederation by Prussia in 1866. London: Longmans, Green and Co.; 1870.

Malleson, G. B. The Refounding of the German Empire I848-7I. London: Seeley; 1893.

Mallet, Bernard. Sir Louis Mallet. A Record of Public Service and Political Ideals. London: James Nisbet; 1905.

Mallmann, Wilhelm E. GroBbritanniens Beziehungen zu Osterreich in den Tagebiichern Lord Stanleys. Etudes Danubiennes. 1988; 4: pp. 73-80.

Mann, Golo. The History of Germany since 1789. London: Chatto and Windus; 1972.

Manteuffel, Otto von and Poschinger, Heinrich von, eds. Preuftens auswiirtige Politik, 1850 bis 1858: unveroffentlichte Dokumente aus dem Nachlaft des Ministerpriisidenten Otto Freiherm von Manteuffel. Berlin: Mittler und Sohn; 1902.

224 Bibliography

Manteuffel, Otto von and Poschinger, Heinrich von, eds. Unter Friedrich Wilhelm IV: Denkwurdigkeiten des Ministers Otto Freiherrn von Manteuffel. Ber­lin; 1901.

Marcks, Erich. Deutschland und England in den grojJen Krisen seit der Ref­ormation. Stuttgart: Cotta; 1900.

Marsden, Gordon. Victorian Values. Personalities and Perspectives in Nine­teenth Century Society. London: Longman; 1990.

Marsh, Peter T. E.D. Steele's Palmerston and Liberalism 1855-65. Victorian Studies. 1992; 36(1).

Martenson, Sten. Wurttemberg und RujJland im Zeitalter der deutschen Einigung 1850-1870. Die diplomatischen und dynastischen Beziehungen eines deutschen Mittelstaates. MUller, Erich, ed. Goppinger akademische Beitrage. Goppingen: Alfred Ktimmerle; 1970.

Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich. Werke. Berlin: Dietz; 1953. Mastle, Theodor. Wurttemberg und die GrofJmiichte. Vom Wiener KongrejJ

bis zum Tode Konig Wilhelms 1815-1864. Ttibingen; 1951. Mathias, Peter. British Trade and Industry 1786-1986. Foreman, Susan, ed.

Striking a Balance. The role of the Board of Trade 1786-1986; 1986. Mathias, Peter and Pollard, Sidney. Cambridge Economic History of Europe.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1989. Matis, Herbert and Stiefel, Dieter. Protektionismus und 'free trade imperial­

ism' - der englisch-osterreichische Handelsvertrag von 1865. Roth, Paul W., ed. Beitriige zur Handels- und Verkehrsgeschichte. Graz: Grazer Forschungen zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte; 1978: pp. 157-75.

Maurer, Hans Martin. Das Haus Wtirttemberg und RuBiand. Zeitschrift fur wurttembergische Landesgeschichte. 1989; 48.

Maxwell, Hubert. The Life and Letters of George William Frederick, 4th Earl of Clarendon. London: Edward Arnold; 1913. ·

Mayer, Anneliese. England als politisches Vorbild und sein EinflujJ auf die politische Entwicklung in Deutschland bis 1830. Freiburg i. Br.: Albert­Ludwigs-University; 1931.

McClelland, Charles E. The German Historians and England. A Study in 19th­Century Views. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1971.

McCloskey, D. Did Victorian Britain Fail? McCloskey, D., ed. Enterprise and Trade; 1993.

McCloskey, D., ed. Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain. Essay in His­torical Economics. London: Routledge; 1993.

McCloskey, D. Magnanimous Albion: Free Trade and British National In­come 1841-1881. Explorations in Economic History. 1980; 17.

McCloskey, D. Victorian Growth: a Rejoinder to Derek Aldcroft. McCloskey, D., ed. Enterprise and Trade; 1993.

McCord, Norman. The Anti-Corn Law League 1838-1846. London: Unwin; 1968. McCord, Norman. British History 1815-1906. Oxford: Oxford University Press;

1991. McCord, Norman. Free Trade Theory and Practice. From Adam Smith to Keynes.

Newton Abbott: David and Charles; 1970. McKeown, Timothy. Hegemonic Stability Theory and 19th Century Tariff Levels

in Europe. International Organisation. 1983; 37(1 ): pp. 73-91. Megerle, Klaus. Okonomische Integration und politische Orientierung deutscher

Bibliography 225

Mittel- und Kleinstaaten im Vorfeld der Reichsgrtindung. Herding, Helmut, ed. Wirtschaftliche und politische Integration in Europa im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift fur historische Sozialwissenschaft. Sonderheft I 0. Gtittingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1984.

Meiboom, Siegmund. Studien zur deutschen Politik Bayerns in den Jahren 1851-59. Munich: Kommission Schriftenreihe zur bayerischen Landes­geschichte; 1931.

Meinecke, Friedrich. Die Tagebticher des Generals von Gerlach und Briefwechsel Gerlachs und Bismarcks. Historische Zeitschrift. 1891; 70.

Meinecke, Friedrich. Die Tagebticher des Generals von Gerlach. Historische Zeitschrift. 1893; 72.

Meinecke, Friedrich. Radowitz und die deutsche Revolution. Berlin: Mittler und Sohn; 1913.

Meisner, Heinrich Otto. Die Protokolle des deutschen Bundestags von 1816-66. Eine quellenkundliche Untersuchung. Archivalische Zeitschrift. 1951; 47.

Messerschmidt, Manfred. Deutschland in englischer Sicht. Die Wandlung des Deutschlandbildes in der englischen Geschichtschreibung. Dusseldorf: Michael Triltsch; 1955.

Meyer zu Gelhausen, Hermann. Die Schiffahrt auf der Weser und ihren Nebenfiussen. Stuttgart: Stuttgart University; 1911.

Miller, Max. GroBbritannien und Stidwestdeutschland. Zeugnisse ihrer Beziehung. Ruperta Carola. 1966 Jun; 18(39): pp. 61-104.

Mitchell, B.R. European Historical Statistics 1750-1970. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1975.

Mitford, Nancy. The Stanleys of Alderly. Their Letters Between the Years 1851-1865. London: Hamish Hamilton; 1968.

Mjoset, Lars. The Turn of Two Centuries: a Comparison of British and US Hegemonies. Rapkin, D., ed. World Leadership and Hegemony. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner; 1990: pp. 21-49.

Mommsen, Wolfgang. Britain and Germany 1800-1914. Two Developmental Paths Towards Industrial Society. German Historical Institute Annual Lecture ed. London: German Historical Institute; 1985.

Mommsen, Wolfgang J. Einfiihrung: deutscher und britischer Liberalismus. Versuch einer Bilanz. Langewiesche, D., ed. Liberalismus im 19. Jahrhundert. Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft Volume 79. Stuttgart: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1988: pp. 211-22.

Moring, Walter. Josef von Radowitz. Nachgelassene Briefe und Aufzeichnungen zur Geschichte der Jahre 1848-53. Stuttgart, Berlin: Deutsche Verlags­Anstalt; 1922.

Mosse, Werner E. The European Powers and the German Question 1848-71. With Special Reference to England and Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1958.

Muhs, Rudolf. Deutscher und britischer Liberalismus im Vergleich. Trager­schichten. Zielvorstellungen und Rahmenbedingungen (ca. 1830- 1870). Langewiesche, D., ed. Liberalismus im 19. Jahrhundert. Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft Volume 79. Stuttgart: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1988.

226 Bibliography

Miiller, H. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Nationalbewegung. Historische Zeitscrift. 1989; 248.

Murray, Scott W. The Origins of an Illusion: British Policy and Opinion and the Development of Prussian Liberalism. Dissertation. Calgary: Univer­sity of Calgary; 1990.

Mutius, Albert von. Graf Albert Pourtales. Ein preuj3isch-deutscher Staatsmann. Berlin: Propylaen Verlag; 1933.

Neff, Stephen C. Friends but No Allies. Economic Liberalism and the Law of Nations. New York: Columbia; 1990.

Nicholls, David. Richard Cobden and the International Peace Congress Move­ment 1848-1853. Journal of British Studies. 1991; 30(4): pp. 351-77.

Niedhart, Gottfried. Groj3britannien als Gast- und Exilland fur Deutsche im I9. und 20. Jahrhundert. Bochum: Brockmeyer; 1985.

Nipperdey, T. Deutsche Geschichte I800-66. Munich: Beck'sche Verlags­buchhandlung; 1983.

Nye, John Vincent. The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tar­iffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century. Journal of Economic History. 1991 Mar; 51(1): pp. 23-46.

Nye, John Vincent. Reply to Irwin on Free Trade. Journal of Economic His­tory. 1993 Mar; 53(1): pp. 153-8.

O'Brien, Patrick K. and Keyder, Cag1ar. Economic Growth in Britain and France I780-I9I4. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1978.

O'Brien, Patrick K. and Pigman, Geoffrey Alan. Free Trade, British Hegemony and the International Economic Order in the Nineteenth Century. Review of International Studies. 1992; 18: pp. 89-113.

O'Brien, Patrick K. and Quinault, Roland, eds. The Industrial Revolution and British Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.

O'Day, Alan. Government and Institutions in the Post-I832 United Kingdom. Studies in British History Volume 34 ed. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen; 1995.

Oechelhaeuser, Wilhelm. Der Zollverein. Seine Verfassung, sein handels­politisches System und die Entwicklung der Tarifsiitze seit 1818. Nebst einen tabellarischen Anhang. Frankfurt am Main: Bronner; 1851.

Palmer, Alan. Twilight of the Habsburgs. The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. London: Weidenfe1d and Nicolson; 1994.

Palmer, Sarah. Politics, Shipping and the Repeal of the Navigation Laws. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1990.

Parry, J.P. Democracy and Religion. Gladstone and the Liberal Party 1867-I875. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1986.

Parry, Jonathan. The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Brit­ain. London: Yale University Press; 1993.

Peez, Alexander. Sieben handelspolitische Briefe aus England. Leipzig: Liebeskind; 1863.

Perkins, John. John Breuilly's German Nationalism in the Unmaking, Remak­ing. European Quarterly. 1994; 24.

Petersdorff, Herman von. Konig Friedrich Wilhelm der Vierte. Stuttgart: Cotta; 1900.

Pfordten, Ludwig Karl Heinrich Freiherr von der. Staatpolitische Gesinnungen. Nuremberg: Lotzbeck; 1857.

Bibliography 227

Platt, D.C.M. The Cinderella Service. British Consuls since 1825. London: Longmans; 1971.

Platt, D.C.M. Finance, Trade and Politics in British Foreign Policy 1815-1914. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1968.

Plumpe, Gottfried. Die wtirttembergische Eisenindustrie im 19. Jahrhundert. Eine Fallstudie zur Geschichte der industriellen Revolution in Deutschland. Zeitschrift fur Unternehmungsgeschichte. 1982; Beiheft 26.

Pollard, Sidney. Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline. The British Economy 1870-1914. London: Edward Arnold; 1989.

Pollard, Sydney. Industrialisation and Integration of the European Economy. BUsch, Otto and Fischer, Wolfram, eds. lndustrialisierung und europiiische Wirtschaft im 19. Jahrhundert. Ein Tagungsbericht. Vertiffentlichungen der historischen Kommission zu Berlin Volume 46, Publication zur Geschichte der Industrialisierung Volume 5. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1976.

Porter, Bernard. Britain, Europe and the World 1850-1986. Delusions of Gran­deur. London: Allen and Unwin; 1987.

Porter, Bernard. Britannia's Burden. The Political Evolution of Modern Brit­ain 1851-1950. London: Edward Arnold; 1994.

Poschinger, H. Ritter von. Preuj3en im Bundestag 1851-9. Leipzig: S. Hirzel; 1882.

Power, E.G. Robert Peel, Free Trade and the Corn Laws. London: Longman; 1975.

Precht, Hans. Englands Stellung zur deutschen Einheit 1848-50. Munich and Berlin: Oldenbourg; 1925.

Prouty, Roger. The Transformation of the Board of Trade 1830-1855. A Study of Administrative Reorganisation in the Heyday of Laissez-faire. London: William Heinemann; 1957.

Pugh, Martin. The Making of Modern British Politics 1867-1939. Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 1982.

Radowitz, Josef Maria Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig von. Nachgelassene Briefe und Aufzeichnungen zur Geschichte der Jahre 1848-53. OsnabrOck: Biblio; 1967.

Ramm, Agatha. Germany 1789-1918. London: Barnes and Noble, Butler and Tanner; 1967.

Ramm, Agatha. Gladstone as Politician. Jagger, Peter J. Gladstone, Politics and Religion. A Collection of Founder's Day Lectures Delivered at St Deiniol's Library Hawarden 1967-83. London: Macmillan; 1985: pp. 104-16.

Ranke, Leopold. Aus dem Briefwechsel Friedrich Wilhelms 1V mit Bunsen. Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot; 1873.

Rapkin, David P. The Contested Concept of Hegemonic Leadership. Rapkin, David P., ed. World Leadership and Hegemony. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner; 1990: pp. 1-21.

Rapkin, David and Avery, William P., eds. National Competitiveness in a Global Economy. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner; 1995.

Ratcliffe, Barrie M. Great Britain and Her World 1750-1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1975.

Ratcliffe, Barrie M. The Origins of the Anglo-French Commercial Treaty of

228 Bibliography

1860: a Reassessment. Ratcliffe, Barrie M., ed. Great Britain and Her World 1750-1914. Essays in Honour of W.O. Henderson. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1975.

Redford, Arthur. Manchester Merchants and Foreign Trade 1794-1858. Man­chester: Manchester University Press; 1934.

Reinhardt, Karl Heinz. Der deutsche Binnengiiterverkehr 1820 bis 1850, insbesondere im Stromgebiet des Rheins. Eine historisch-statistische Studie uber die Entwicklung des Giiterverkehr auf Rhein, Neckar, Main, Mosel, Saar, Lahn, Ruhr und Lippe unter Beriicksichtigung des entsprechenden Landstraj3en- und Eisenbahngiiterverkehrs. Bonn: Friedrich-Wilhelms­University; 1969.

Rich, David Z. The Economics of International Trade. An Independent View. London: Quorum; 1992.

Rogers, James E. Thorold. Cobden and Modern Political Opinion. London: Macmillan; 1873.

Rohloff, Heider!. Great Britain und Hannover 1714-1834. Frankfurt am Main: R.G. Fischer; 1989.

Rubinstein, W.O. Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain 1750-1990. London and New York: Routledge; 1993.

Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage 1815-66. Wiener Beitrage zur Geschichte der Neuzeit Volume 16117. Munich: Oldenbourg; 1990.

Rumpler, Helmut. FOderalismus als Problem der deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts (1815-1871). Der Staat. 1977; 16: pp. 215-28.

Ruskin, John. Unto this Last. Four Essays on the First Principles of Political Economy. Sunnyside, Orpington: George Allen; 1895.

Sandiford, Keith A.P. Great Britain and the Schleswig Holstein Question. Canada: University of Toronto Press; 1975.

Sasse, Heinz Gunther. 100 Jahre Botschaft in London. Sonderdruck aus dem Mitteilungsblatt der Vereinigung der Angestellten des auswartigen Dienstes. Bonn; 1963.

Sasse, Heinz Gunther. England/Deutschlands Widerpart. Die deutsch-englischen Beziehungen von 1815-1940. Berlin/Wilmersdorf: August GroB; 1941.

Sawers, Larry. The Navigation Acts Revisited. Economic History Review. 1992; 45(2): pp. 262-84.

Schaffie, A.E.F.G. Der preuBisch-franzosiche Handelsvertrag volkswirtschaftlich und politisch betrachtet. Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift. 1862; 3: pp. 254-378.

Scharff, Alexander. Die europiiischen Gro.f3miichte und die deutsche Revolu­tion. Deutsche Einheit und europiiische Ordnung 1848-51. Leipzig: Koehler und Amelang; 1942.

Schmitz, Elisabeth. Edwin von Manteuffel als Quelle zur Geschichte Friedrich Wilhelms IV. Munich, Berlin: R. Oldenbourg; 1921.

Schoeps, Hans Joachim. Briefwechsel zwischen Ernst von Bodelschwingh und Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Berlin: Haude und Spener'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1968.

Schoeps, Hans Joachim. Das andere Preuj3en. Konservative Gestalten und Probleme im Zeitalter Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Berlin; 1981.

Schramm, Percy Ernst. Englands Verhiiltnis zur deutschen Kultur zwischen der Reichsgriindung und der Jahrhundertwende. Deutschland und Europa.

Bibliography 229

Historische Studie zur Volker- und Staatsordnung des Abendlandes. Festschrift fiir Hans Rothfels. DUsseldorf: Droste; 1951.

Schremmer, Eckhart. Foderativer Staatverband, offentliche Finanzen und lndustrialisierung in Deutschland. Kiesewetter, H., ed. Staat, Region und lndustrialisierung. Stuttgart: Scripta Mercaturae; 1985.

Schroeder, Paul W. Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War. The De­struction of the European Concert. London: Cornell University; 1972.

Schroeder, Paul. Balance of Power and Political Equilibrium. A Response. International History Review. 1994 Nov; 16(4): pp. 745-55.

Schroeder, Paul W. Did the Vienna System Rest on a Balance of Power? · American Historical Review. 1992; 97(3).

Schroeder, Paul W. Europe and the German Confederation in the 1860s. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage 1815-66; 1990.

Schroeder, Paul W. Metternich 's Diplomacy at its Zenith 1820-1823. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1962.

Schroeder, Paul. The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848. Ox­ford: Clarendon Press; 1994.

Schulze, Hagen. The Course of German Nationalism from Frederick the Great to Bismarck 1763-1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1985.

Schulze, Hagen. Europe and the German Question in Historical Perspective. Schulze, Hagen, ed. Nation-Building in Central Europe. Leamington Spa: Berg; 1987.

Schulze, Johannes, ed. Max Duncker. Politischer Briefwechsel aus seinem Nachlaj3. Geschichtsquelle des 19. Jahrhunderts Volume 12. Osnabriick: Biblio Verlag; 1967.

Schumacher, Martin. Auslandsreisen deutscher Unternehmer 1750-1851 unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung von Rheinland und Westphalen. Schriften zur Rheinisch-Westphalischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte Volume 17. Cologne: Rheinisch-Westphalischen Wirtschaftsarchiv; 1968.

Searle, G.R. Entrepreneurial Politics in Mid- Victorian Britain. Oxford: Ox­ford University Press; 1993.

Searle, G.R. The Quest for National Efficiency. A Study in British Politics and Political Thought, 1899-1914. Oxford: Blackwell; 1971.

Seier, Hellmut. Der Deutscher Bund als Forschungsproblem 1815 bis 1960. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage; 1990.

Semmel. Bernard. The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism. Classical Political Economy of Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism 1750-1850. Cam­bridge: Cambridge University Press; 1970.

Sheehan, James J. German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1977.

Sheehan, James J. German History. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1989. Siberston, Aubrey. Free Trade versus Protection. Foreman, Susan, ed. Striking

a Balance. The Role of the Board of Trade 1786-1986; 1986: pp. 48-67. Siebertz, Paul. Ferdinand von Steinbeis. Ein Wegbereiter der Wirtschaft. Stuttgart:

Reclam; 1952. Siemann, Wolfram. Die deutsche Revolution von 1848149. Frankfurt am Main:

Suhrkamp; 1985. Siemann, Wolfram. Gesellschaft im Aujbruch. Deutschland 1849-1871. Frankfurt

am Main: Suhrkamp; 1990.

230 Bibliography

Siemann, Wolfram. Probleme der Bundesverfassung. Wandel der Politik- Wandel der Staatsgewalt. Der Deutsche Bund in der Spannung zwischen 'Gesammt­Macht' und 'volkerrechtlichem Verein'. Rumpler, Helmut, ed. Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage; 1990.

Simon, Manfred. Handwerk in Krise und Umbruch. Cologne and Vienna: Bohlau; 1983; Neue Wirtschaftsgeschichte Volume 16.

Simon, W.M. Germany in the Age of Bismarck. London: Allen and Unwin; 1968.

Sked, Alan. Britain and the German Question 1848-1890. Birke, Adolf and Recker, Marie-Luise, eds. Das gestarte Gleichgewicht: Deutschland als Problem britischer Sicherheit im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Prinz Albert Studien Volume 3. Munich, London, New York, Paris: Saur; 1990.

Smith, Michael Stephen. Tariff Reform in France 1860-1900. London: Croom Helm; 1980.

Smith, Paul. Ginger Beer or Champagne? Palmers ton as Prime Minister. Catterall, Peter. Britain 1815-1867. Oxford: Heinemann; 1994.

Somervell, D.C. English Thought in the Nineteenth Century. London: Methuen; 1950.

Sontag, Raymond James. Germany and England: Background of Conflict 1846-1894. New York: W.W. Norton; 1938.

Stafford, David. A Moral Tale. Anglo-German Relations, 1860-1914. Inter­national History Review. 1982; 4(2): pp. 249-63.

Stansky, Peter. The Victorian Revolution. Government and Society in Victo­ria's Britain. New York: Franklin Watt; 1978.

Steele, D. Gladstone and Palmerston, 1855-1865. Jagger, Peter J., ed. Gladstone, Politics and Religion. A Collection of Founder's Day Lectures Delivered at St Deiniol's Library Hawarden 1967-83. London: Macmillan; 1985.

Steitz, Walter, ed. Quellen zur deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte im 19. Jahrhundert his zur Reichsgriindung. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; 1980.

Stockmar, Ernst Freiherr von. Denkwiirdigkeiten aus den Papieren des F.C.F. von Stockmar. Braunschweig: Vieweg und Sohn; 1872.

Stolbert-Wemigerode, Otto zu. Anton Grafzu Stolberg-Wernigerode: ein Freund und Ratgeber Konig Friedrich Wilhelms IV. Berlin, Munich: R. Oldenbourg; 1926.

Sutherland, Gillian, ed. Studies in the Growth of Nineteenth-Century Govern­ment. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1972.

Tant, A.P. British Government: the Triumph of Elitism. A Study of the British Political Tradition and its Major Challenges. Aldershot: Dartmouth; 1993.

Taylor, A.J.P. The Course of German History. A Survey of the Development of Germany since 1815. London: Hamish Hamilton; 1945.

Taylor, Arthur J. Laisser-faire and State 1ntervention in Nineteenth-century Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1972.

Taylor, Miles. The European Diaries of Richard Cobden. Aldershot: Scolar; 1994.

The Office of the Times, ed. The History of the Times: The Tradition Estab­lished 1841-1884. London: The Office of the Times; 1939.

Thomson, Captain Halford. The Effects of Free Trade without Reciprocity. Exeter: Henry S. Eland; 1877.

Bibliography 231

Thomson, David. England in the Nineteenth Century 1815-1914. Harmondsworth: Penguin; 1978.

Tilly, Richard. Kapital, Staat und sozialer Protest in der deutschen 1ndustrial­isierung. Gottingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht; 1980.

Tilly, Richard. Verkehrs- und Nachrichtenwesen, Handel, Geld-, Kredit- und Versicherungswesen 1850-1914. Aubin, H. Handbuch der deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte. Stuttgart: Klett; 1976.

Tilly, Richard. Vom Zollverein zum 1ndustriestaat. Die wirtschaftlich-soziale Entwicklung Deutschlands 1834 his I914. Munich: D.T.V.; 1990.

Tipton, Frank B. Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Ger­many During the Nineteenth Century. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press; 1976.

Trebilcock, Clive. The Industrialisation of the Continental Powers 1780-1914. London: Longman; 1981.

Treitschke, Heinrich von. Deutsche Geschichte im Neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Leipzig: F.W. Hendel; 1927.

Treue, Wilhelm. Adam Smith in Deutschland. Zum Problem des 'Politischen Professors' zwischen 1776 und 1810. Conze, Werner, ed. Deutschland und Europa. Historische Studien zur Volker- und Staatsordnung des Abendlandes. Dusseldorf: Droste; 1951.

Treue, Wilhelm. Wirtschafts- und Technikgeschichte Preuflens. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1984.

Valentin, Veit. Bismarcks Reichsgrundung im urteil englischer Diplomaten. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1937.

Vincent, John. John the Baptist of Gladstonian Liberalism. Modern History Review. 1991 Nov; 3(2): pp. 7-10.

Viner, Jacob. Studies in the Theory of International Trade. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1937.

Vollmer, Franz. Die Revolution von 1848/49 in Baden und Wiirttemberg. Rinker, Reiner and Setzler, Wilfried, eds. Die Geschichte Baden-Wurttembergs; 1986.

Walch, Jean. Michel Chevalier. Economiste Saint-Simonien I806-1879. Librarie Philosophique: J. Vrin; 1975.

Ward, Sir A. and Gooch, G.P., eds. The Cambridge History of British For­eign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1923.

Watson, George. The English Ideology. Studies in the Language of Victorian Politics. London: Allen Lane; 1973.

Weber, W. Der deutsche Zollverein. Geschichte seiner Entstehung und Entwicklung. Leipzig: Veit; 1871.

Wendler, Eugen. Friedrich List. Politische Wirkungsgeschichte des Vordenkers der europiiischen Integration. Munich: Oldenbourg; 1989.

Wentker, Hermann. Mitteleuropa als Faktor britischer RuBlandpolitik 1854-1871. Birke, Adolf M. and Wentker, H., eds. Deutschland und Ruflland in der britischen Kontinentalpolitik seit I8I5. Munich: K.G. Sauer; 1994.

Wentker, Hermann. RuBiand vor dem Krimkrieg: Die russische AuBenpolitik 1853/54 im Urteil des britischen Gesandten George Hamilton Seymour. Jahrbiicher fur die Geschichte Osteuropas. 1992; 40(3): pp. 366-80.

Wentker, Hermann. Zerstorung der Grojlmacht Ru.flland? Die britische Kriegsziele im Krimkrieg. GOttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht; 1993;

232 Bibliography

Veroffentlichungen des deutschen historischen Instituts London Volume 30.

Wentker, John. John Clarke. British Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 1782-1865. Francia. Forschungen zur westeuropiiischen Geschichte 19/20. Jahrhundert. Herausgegeben von dem deutschen historischen Institut, Paris. Verlag Sigmanringen; 1992.

Wentzke, Paul. Englands Stellung zur deutschen Einheit 1848-50 von Hans Precht. Historische Zeitschrift. 1927; 135: p. 477.

Wiener, Martin J. English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit. Middlesex: Penguin; 1981.

Williams, Judith Blow. British Commercial Policy atid Trdde Expansion 1750-1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1972.

Williamson, D.G. Bismarck and Germany 1862-1890. London: Longmans; 1986. Wilson, R.G. Gentleman Merchants. The Merchant Community in Leeds 1700-

1830. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1971. Winstanley, Michael. Gladstone and the Liberal Party. London: Routledge;

1990. Woodard, Llewellyn. The Age of Reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1962. Wright, G. Henry. Chronicles of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce

AD1813-1913 and of the Birmingham Commercial Society AD1783-1812. Birmingham; 1913.

Zebel, Sydney H. Fair Trade: An English Reaction to the Breakdown of the Cobden Treaty System. Journal of Modern History. 1940 Mar; 12.

Ziese, Roland. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der politischen Konzeption der deutschen Handels-, lndustrie- und Bankbourgeoisie in der politischen Krisis von 1859 bis 1866. Jahrbuch fUr Geschichte. 1974; I 0.

Zimmermann, Alfred. Geschichte der preujJisch-deutschen Handelspolitik aktenmiijJig dargestellt. Oldenburg, Leipzig: Schulzesche Hof- und Buchhandlung; 1892.

Zorn, Wolfgang. Die wirtschaftliche Integration Kleindeutschlands in den l860er Jahren und die Reichsgriindung. Historische Zeitschrift. 1973; 216: pp. 304-34.

Zorn, Wolfgang and Aubin, Hermann, eds. Handbuch der deutschen Wirtschafts­und Sozialgeschichte. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett; 1976.

Index

Aberdeen, Lord, 102, 112 agriculture, 9, 22-3, 35-7, 46, 49,

80, 86, 122-3, 134 Albert, Prince, 5, 30-1 alliance

Anglo-German, 5, 56 Anglo-Prussian, 58-9, 77-9,

85-6, 112-13, 160, 163-4, 171, 173

Anglo-Chinese war 1857, 130 Anglo-French Commercial Treaty

1860, 16, 41, 130, 146-68 anglophobia/anglophilia, 50-1, 76,

83, 87, 102-3, 158 Anglo-Prussian Commercial Treaty

1865, 3, 17, 146-68 Anglo-Zollverein Commercial Treaty

1865, 146-68 antagonism see fear of Britain;

rivalry Association of Chambers of

Commerce, 21 Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, 48,

76, 120 Austrian Empire, 3, 4, 87, 88, 108

Britain and, 3, 31, 77-9, 81-2, 91, 108-24, 149

Prussia and, 4, 49, 75-9, 147-8, 156

trade with, 132-3, 149 Zollverein and, 7, 79-85, 88, 150,

155-68, 161-4

Baden, 118-20, 155, 158 Baltic trade, 23, 36, 49, 61-5, 96-7,

122, 128-45 Banks, Syndic, 65-8 Bavaria, 83, 118-21, 155, 158, 163

Britain and, 115-16, 118-20 trade with, 38

Bazley, Thomas, 63, 127 Belgium, 59, 81, 98, 100, 120,

147-8

competition with, 38, 40 market, 148-9 transit through, 24, 54, 98

Benthamism, 18, 45-6 Berlin, 26, 27, 31, 37-8 Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand von, 156 Bismarck, Otto von, 3, 61, 167-8 Black Sea, 128-45 Bloomfield, Lord, 101-2 Board of Trade, 2, 17-21, 23, 26,

28, 37, 44-6, 56-8, 70, 88-9, 101, 130, 154-5, 161

see commercial policy Bowring, John, 2, 18, 45-7

Report, 2, 45-7 Bremen, 2, 54, 144

consular representation, 22 Bruck, Karl Ludwig von, 75-9, 119 Brunswick, 82, 86 budget, 104 Biilow, Count von, 59, 71 Bunsen, Christian Carl Josias von,

69, 102-6

Cardwell, Edward, 104 Central Bureau for Business and

Trade, 96 Chamberlain, Joseph, 26 chambers of commerce

Bradford, 53, 93, 164 British, 19-21, 63, 93, 151, 155,

169 Manchester, 63-4, 69, 93, 127,

141, 152, 164 Prussian, 19 see Association of Chambers of

Commerce; Ward, John Chevalier, Michel, 146 China, 130, 148 Clarendon, Lord, 25, 27, 107, 122,

123, 127, 135, 139 Reforms 1857, 22, 25-6, 32-3

coal, 29, 36-9, 135

233

234 Index

Cobden, Richard, 14, 16-17, 60, 129, 146-7

see Anglo-French Commercial Treaty 1860

Cologne, 22, 26 colonial goods, 22, 50, 86 Colonial Office, 17 Colquhoun, James, 66, 69 commercial policy

comparison of principles, 21, 35, 46-7, 98-108, 162, 173

making of, 11-35, 44-7, 150-2, 159-68, 169, 173

see Board of Trade; Foreign Office; information-gathering

commercial treaties, policy of, 11, 16-17, 126-7, 146-9, 155-6

see reciprocity; unilateralism Committee for the National

Economy, 52-61 conferences

Dresden 1850, 83, 109 Karlsruhe 1851 Munich 1863, 162-3 Vienna 1852, 87-8 see Zollverein

Conservatives, British, 12, 73 conservatives, German, 108-24,

158-9 consular service, 22-35

relations with diplomatic service, 27-35

contraband, 25, 122-4 Corn Laws, abolition of, 2, 11, 12,

37, 45, 93, 146 Cowley, Lord, 53, 55, 57, 81-3, 86,

113-14, 117, 120 craftsmen see Handwerker Crimean War, 1, 23, 25, 38, 41,

116, 120-4, 125-8, 131, 135, 172

Crowe, Joseph Archer, 27, 30-2, 34, 148, 160-1

Danube, 133-4 Danzig, 22, 25 Darmstadt coalition, 88, 90 Delbriick, Rudolph von, 80, 82, 100,

150, 157, 167

Denmark, 122, 135-7 blockades 1848-9, 61-5 Britain and, 68 see Sound of Denmark

Derby, Lord, 113 diplomatic service

introduction of commercial reports, 32-3

system of appointment, 27-8, 34 treatment of trade, 27-35

Disraeli, Benjamin, 1, 65, 73 Don Pacifico, 6, 115 Dreieckshandel, 9

see mutuality of Anglo-German economic relations

Duckwitz, Arnold, 54-9, 75, 85

eastern Europe, 128-45, 131-5 see Baltic trade; foreign trade;

Hungary; Poland; Russia Elbe

Commission, 137-9 dues, 137-45 trade via, 37-8, 63, 136, 139 see select committee on the

abolition of the Stade Dues Elliot, Henry, 132 encirclement, 117-24 Erfurt, 37 Erfurt Union, 76-9 Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg­

Gotha, 31 evangelicalism, 13-16, 19, 47 exhibitions, 29, 34

fair trade, 46 Farrer, Lord, 17-18 Faucher, Julius, 159 fear of Britain, 48-50, 60 Forbes, Henry, 83 Foreign Office, 2, 12, 17-21, 32, 44,

70, 88-9, 92, 130 see commercial policy

foreign policy, Britain, 1, 12, 61, 130

see separate headings foreign trade

eastern Europe, 41, 88 global, 41, 44, 130

Index 235

France, 54, 61, 94, 116-17, 119, 130, 146-8, 150, 160, 172

Britain and, II, 112-13, 116-17, 125-7

competition with, 38 trade with, 41 , 127, 148 transit through, 22-4, 54 see Anglo-French Commercial

Treaty 1860; Franco-Prussian Treaty 1862

Franco-Prussian Treaty 1862, 107, 146-68

Frankfurt, 22, 32, 90, 163 Britain and, 60

Frederick William IV, 65, 76, 108-9, 147

free trade, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11-21, 53, 73-4, 80, 125-45, 146-7, 155, 169-71, 175

impact on British Zollverein policy, 44-7. 56-7, 93, 139-40, 146, 148-9, 163, 169-71, 173

impact on information-gathering, 34-5

Freytag, Gustav, 31

Gagern, Max von, 159 Galatz, 133-4 German fleet, 52, 65-72 Germanic Confederation, 32, 50-1,

65-8, 75, 83, 90, 94-5, 109-10, 113, 116-17, 118

Gladstone, William Ewart, I, 16, 70, 103-5, 126, 129, 146-7

Naples pamphlet, 115 Gordon, George, 27, 28. 142 Granville, Lord, 32, 74 Greece, 115-16 Groj3deutschland, 4, 75, 120, 159,

173

Hamburg, 2, 5, 7, 8. 38, 49-50, 58, 62, 117, 123-4. 136-41

Britain and, 8, 57-8, 60, 62, 66-7, 117, 136-41

British consulate, 22, 29-30 German fleet and, 65-8 trade with, 23, 40, 43, 50

Hammond, Edward, 127, 166 Handelsarchiv, 24, 26, 157 Handwerker, 49 Hanover, 5, 38, 58, 94-6, 100,

136-45, 162 Britain and, 8, 57-8, 85, 90,

136-45, 161 trade with, 40, 50 union with the Zollverein, 5, 7,

40, 79, 84-7. 100, 170 see select committee on the

abolition of the Stade Dues; Stade Dues; Steuerverein

Hansa states, 52, 69 see Bremen; Hamburg; Liibeck

Harburg, 138, 143 Haynau, General, Ill hegemony, 3, II, 76, 171, 174 Hesse states, 6, 163

Hesse-Kassel, 31, 81-3, 162 Hesse-Nassau, 94-5, 163

Heydt, August von der, 80, 10 I, 103-6

Hodges, Sir George Lloyd, 30, 38, 58, 117

Holland, 144 transit through, 24, 40, 54

Holy Alliance, 113, 117 Hungary, 88, Ill, 133 Hutt, William, 30, 129, 167

Ihde, Wilhelm, 8 imperialism, 3, 46 Indian mutiny, 130 industrialization, 7, 8, 9, 23, 35-44,

98, 131, 133, 135, 172 industry

British, 13, 16, 17, 20-1, 35-6, 63-4, 73, 82, 140, 148, 155, 166-7

German, 19, 23, 40, 49 Prussian, 34, 49

information-gathering, 21-44, 133-55

International Congress for the Reform of Customs Duties 1856, 20

Ireland, 12 iron, 36, 39-41, 50, 54, 86, 98-108

236 Index

Italy, Ill, 115-16, 119-20, 130, 147, 149

Kleindeutschland, 4, 6, 7, 72, 76, !58

Konigsberg, 22, 25 Kossuth, Lajos, lll-13

laisser faire, 15, 17, 26, 152 Lauenburg, 136 Leipzig, 22-3, 27, 29-31, 79, 101,

131 liberalism

British, 14, 128-30 German, 61

Liberals British, 12, 15-16

Limited Liability Acts, 17 List, Friedrich, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 48,

50, 54, 56, 75, 98 Loftus, Lord Augustus, 22, 33-4,

91, 131-5, 149, 151, 153, 160-1, 166

memorandum on entrepots 1858, 133-5

Report on the consular establishment 1856, 22, 25, 132

Lombardy, 88 Lubeck, 22, 136

MacGregor, John, 18, 30, 137 Magdeburg, 37-8, 122, 138 Main, 38 Malet, Alexander, 32-4, 90, 92, 94,

113-14, 117, 122 Mallet, Louis, 153 Malmesbury, Lord, 92, 133, 142 Manteuffel, Otto von, 101-6 markets, 6, 9, 21-3, 26, 35-44, 63,

96-9, 128-45, 131-5, 138, 148, 152, 154, 169, 172-3

Mazzini, Giuseppe, lll-15 Memel, 22 Merck, Syndic Ernst, 66, 70, 123-4,

137, 139 Mevissen, Gustav von, 56, 85 Milbanke, Sir John Ralph, 115, 121 Mill, John Stuart, 146

Milnes Gibson, Thomas, 129, 137 Mitteleuropa, 16

see Siebzigmillionenreich Mittelstaaten, 32, 75, 94-5, 106,

123, 155 see Baden; Bavaria; Darmstadt

Coalition; Hanover; Hesse states; Saxony; Wiirttemberg

Mohl, Moritz, 159 morality of free trade, 15, 45, 80,

126, 128, 141, 169-70 Morier, Robert, 31-2

Report 1862, 31, 161-4 Most Favoured Nation treaties, 130,

147, 151, 153, 160, 165, 167-8 mutuality of Anglo-German

economic relations, 7, 8, 9, 37-44, 169

Napier, Lord, 167 Naples, 113, 115 Napoleon, Louis, 113, 125, 147,

158 National Assembly, 48-61, 66-72,

75-6, 108 national economists, 4, 5, 9, 36,

48-50, 55, 65, 75, 98, 136, 158-9, 173

nationalism, 5, 61-5, 70, 111-13 Nationalverein, 158 Navigation Acts, 5, 11, 20, 65,

68-72 New Era, 147, 157

Palmerston, Lord, 5, 8, 19, 32, 47, 54, 62-3, 68-70, 74, 76-81, 111-16, 119-21, 125-6, 128-9, 135, 142-3, 164-5

Paris Peace 1856, 127, 131, 134-5, 139, 142, 144

Parliament, British, 20 particularism, 6, 96, 173 patents, 167 Peel, Sir Robert, 12 Peelites, 1, 73 Pfordten, Ludwig Karl Heinrich,

115 Philipsborn, Max von, 84, 151, 165,

167

Index 237

Pillau, 22, 25 Poland, trade with, 26, 131, 133 Porter, George, 18 press

British, 12, 108-13, 124 German, 48, 111-12

Prince Smith, John, 60, 157-8 propaganda, 45-7, 59-60, 80, 173 protectionism

British, 12 foreign, II, 45 German, 48-50. 75, 84, 106, 150,

158-9, 167 Prussia, 3, 6, 7, 9, 18, 25, 34, 51,

58-9, 79-85, 108-10, 122, 153 Austria and, 4, 49, 75-9, 147-8,

156 Britain and, 3, 5, 9, 58-9, 77-9,

82, 85-6, 91, 93, 98-110, 119-20, 149, 163-8, 170

coastal states and, 51, 53, 69, 143 Handelsministerium, 18-19 industry, 49, 50, 100 ports, 36-7, 43 shipping, 5, 67-72 trade with, 50 see Anglo-Prussian Commercial

Treaty 1865; alliance

Radowitz, Josef Maria von, 76-9, 108-10

railways, 23, 38, 40, 41, 98-100, 119-20, 133, 136, 138, 144

reaction, period of, 75, l 08-24 Rechberg und Rothen!Owen, Count

Johann Bernhard von, 161-2 reciprocity, 20, 54, 57, 98-108, 126,

128-30, 146-7, 155 regions, economic variation of, 9, 49 Reich, 3, 4, 5, 24 Reichsgrundungszeit, 4, 170 religion see evangelicalism revolution, I 08-24 revolutions of 1848, 14, 48-72 Rhine

dues, 22 · oktroi, 144 trade via, 24, 40

Rhineland, 37-8. 40, 99, 134

rivalry, Anglo-German, 3, 50, 174 commercial, 4, 45, 50, 69, 98-9,

132-4, 172, 174 river dues, 125-45

see Danube; Elbe; Rhine Royal Commission on the

Depression of Industry and Trade 1886, 6

Russell, Lord John, 31, 33, 69, 73, 102, 125-6, 129, 143

Russia, 61, 121-4 trade with, 26, 41, 123-4, 131,

133

Sardinia, 119-20 Saxony, 29-31, 81, 83, 87, 89, 155-6

trade with, 38, 138 see Mittelstaaten

Schleinitz, Alexander von, 150 Schleswig-Holstein, 5, 30, 61-8,

136 Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix zu, 75,

87-8, 95 select committee

on abolition of the Stade Dues, 38, 140-2

on Danish transit dues 1857, 137 .

on diplomatic service 1861, 28 on import duties 1840, 45-7 on Sound Dues 1856, 136-7 on trade with foreign nations

1864, 128, 165-6 September Treaty 1851, 85, 87 shipping, 5, 51-2, 80

British, 70 see German fleet

Siebzigmillionenreich, 75-80, 83, 119-20

Sieveking, Hermann, 65-8 Silesia, 38, 133 Smith, Adam, 8 Sound of Denmark, 122

Dues, 128, 135-8 southern German states, 22, 32, 84,

104, 106, 115, 117, 118-20, 148, 150-1, 160-1

trade with, 38 see Baden; Bavaria; Darmstadt

238 Index

Coalition; Mittelstaaten; Wiirttemberg

Stade Dues, 128, 136-45 Stanley, Lord, 135 statistics of trade

Anglo-German trade, 35-44 factors affecting interpretation, 9, 17,

21-35, 37-44, 131, 141, 171 status quo, 12, 61-5 Stettin, 22, 25, 37, 122, 131, 135 Steuerverein

union with Zollverein, 5, 69, 79, 83, 84-97, 138

see September Treaty Struve, Gustav von, 114 supremacy, British, 11-16 20, 36,

47, 125-6, 130, 134, 155, 169 Swinemiinde, 22, 25 Switzerland, 81, 118-20

Britain and, 117-20 Neuchiltel, 114-15 railways, 119-20

'take-off', economic, 3, 36 Tennent, Emerson, 141-2, 144-5 textiles, 22, 23, 35-6, 41-4, 63, 81 Times, 14, 53, 55, 65, 78, 87,

108-13 Tonning-Flensburg route, 136-7 Tooke, William, 30 Tories, 1 trade fairs, 22-3, 29, 43, 132, 135 transit, 21-3,40,43, 125-45, 167, 172

see country of transit Treasury, 12, 17-18, 104 Treitschk.e, Heinrich von, 4, 5, 7, 8, 143 Turkey, 112, 132-3

Uberschwemmung, 8 unification

German commercial, 4-8, 46-72 German political, 1, 4-5, 6

unilateralism, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 126, 128-30, 155, 169

universalism, 13, 146, 148, 155, 169 USA, 56, 130, 135, 141, 148

velveteens, 101-8 Venice, 88

Verein zum Schutz vaterliindischer Arbeit, 49, 60, 76, 100

Victoria, Queen, I 02 Vienna, Treaty of, 12, 62, 78, 127,

138, 140, 142 Villiers, Charles, 137 Volkswirtschaftlicher AusschujJ see

Committee for the National Economy; National Assembly

Ward, John, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29-32, 34, 35, 38, 41, 43, 51-5, 78-83, 88-90, 95, 100-1, 106, 121, 131-2, 140-1, 143-4, 148-9, 151, 160, 170

tour of British chambers of commerce, 165-7

Weser, 144 Westmorland, Lord, 59, 119 William I, 147 Wodehouse, John, 137 Wiirttemberg, 32, 84, 92, 96-7,

106-7, 118-20, 153, 155, 158-9, 163

Zollverein commercial treaty with Sardinia

1851, 119 conference at Berlin 1852-3, 88,

90, 106 conference at Berlin 1854, 122 conference at Brunswick 1859,

135 conference at Kassel 1850, 79-86,

100 conference at Wiesbaden 1851,

82-4 crisis 1851-3, 87-97 crisis 1861-5, 31, 153, 155-68 expansion of, 51-3, 69, 79, 83-7,

119, 143, 170 foundation, 2, 29 organization, 2, 29, 81, 150 tariff, 39-43, 45, 52, 79-85,

98-i08 transit dues, 135 see Anglo-Zollverein Commercial

Treaty; conferences; Franco-Prussian Treaty 1862