Notes - Springer978-0-230-36903-0/1.pdf · 200 Notes A note on archival sources All archival...

62
200 Notes A note on archival sources All archival examples are taken from files stored at the Federal Archive, Berlin, and the archive of the Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the Former German Democratic Republic, also in Berlin, and were collected between May 2006 and December 2009 by the authors. ‘SAPMO- BArchiv’ is the abbreviation used to denote the former. The full title of these archival documents is ‘The Foundation for the Archives of the Parties and Mass Organizations of the GDR’, and they are kept at the Berlin branch of the Federal Archives of Germany. The standard archival signature is used throughout and, where available, we also cite the archive’s pagination. All translations are our own. Introduction 1. See Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development: Policy Learning and Political Priorities; Stewart et al. (2005) Australian Sport: Better by Design? The Evolution of Australian Sport Policy. This convergence is less true of football, of course, with the English Premier League, the most successful in the world, exhibiting great independence from successive governments. 2. Houlihan (1997) Sport, Policy, and Politics: A Comparative Analysis, p. 6. 3. See, for an official example of why states invest in elite sport, the key UK sport policy document, Game Plan; DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002), p. 117. 4. See Fulbrook (2002) Historical Theory, for an excellent view on this. 5. See Goodwin and Klingemann (2000) A New Handbook of Political Science. 6. Cashmore (1996) Making Sense of Sport, p. 194. 7. Friedrich and Brzezinski (1956) Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy; Schroeder and Staadt (1994) ‘Der diskrete Charme des Status Quo. DDR- Forschung in der Ära der Entspannungspolitik’, p. 315; Staab (1998) National Identity in Eastern Germany, Inner Unification or Continued Separation. For a review of these approaches, see Ross and Grix (2002) ‘Approaches to the German Democratic Republic’. 8. Grix and Jeffery (2000) ‘The Social Dynamics of Dictatorship: Re-evaluating the Third Reich and the GDR “From the Bottom Up”’, p. 3. 9. See Fulbrook (2004) ‘Approaches to German Contemporary History since 1945: Politics and Paradigms’; Kott (2004) ‘Everyday Communism: New Social History of the German Democratic Republic’; Grix (2000) The Role of the Masses in the Collapse of the GDR; Lindenberger (1999) Herrschaft und Eigensinn in der Diktatur; Lüdtke (1995) The History of Everyday Life. 10. For examples applied to the Nazi dictatorship, see Kershaw (1993) The Nazi Dictatorship; Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; Broszat et al. (1977–1983) Bayern in der NS-Zeit.

Transcript of Notes - Springer978-0-230-36903-0/1.pdf · 200 Notes A note on archival sources All archival...

200

Notes

A note on archival sources

All archival examples are taken from files stored at the Federal Archive, Berlin, and the archive of the Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the Former German Democratic Republic, also in Berlin, and were collected between May 2006 and December 2009 by the authors. ‘SAPMO-BArchiv’ is the abbreviation used to denote the former. The full title of these archival documents is ‘The Foundation for the Archives of the Parties and Mass Organizations of the GDR’, and they are kept at the Berlin branch of the Federal Archives of Germany. The standard archival signature is used throughout and, where available, we also cite the archive’s pagination. All translations are our own.

Introduction

1. See Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development: Policy Learning and Political Priorities; Stewart et al. (2005) Australian Sport: Better by Design? The Evolution of Australian Sport Policy. This convergence is less true of football, of course, with the English Premier League, the most successful in the world, exhibiting great independence from successive governments.

2. Houlihan (1997) Sport, Policy, and Politics: A Comparative Analysis, p. 6. 3. See, for an official example of why states invest in elite sport, the key UK

sport policy document, Game Plan; DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002), p. 117. 4. See Fulbrook (2002) Historical Theory, for an excellent view on this. 5. See Goodwin and Klingemann (2000) A New Handbook of Political Science. 6. Cashmore (1996) Making Sense of Sport, p. 194. 7. Friedrich and Brzezinski (1956) Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy;

Schroeder and Staadt (1994) ‘Der diskrete Charme des Status Quo. DDR-Forschung in der Ära der Entspannungspolitik’, p. 315; Staab (1998) National Identity in Eastern Germany, Inner Unification or Continued Separation. For a review of these approaches, see Ross and Grix (2002) ‘Approaches to the German Democratic Republic’.

8. Grix and Jeffery (2000) ‘The Social Dynamics of Dictatorship: Re-evaluating the Third Reich and the GDR “From the Bottom Up”’, p. 3.

9. See Fulbrook (2004) ‘Approaches to German Contemporary History since 1945: Politics and Paradigms’; Kott (2004) ‘Everyday Communism: New Social History of the German Democratic Republic’; Grix (2000) The Role of the Masses in the Collapse of the GDR; Lindenberger (1999) Herrschaft und Eigensinn in der Diktatur; Lüdtke (1995) The History of Everyday Life.

10. For examples applied to the Nazi dictatorship, see Kershaw (1993) The Nazi Dictatorship; Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; Broszat et al. (1977–1983) Bayern in der NS-Zeit.

Notes 201

11. See Fulbrook (2006) The People’s State. East German Society from Hitler to Honecker.

12. See Kershaw (1993) The Nazi Dictatorship.13. Steiner (1991) Real Presences, p. 39.14. Grix (2010) ‘Introducing “Hard Interpretivism” and “Q” Methodology’.15. Bevir and Rhodes (2006) Governance Stories; Bevir and Rhodes (2008) ‘The

Differentiated Polity as Narrative’.16. See Goodwin and Grix (2011) ‘Bringing Structures back in: The “Governance

Narrative”, the “Decentred Approach” and “Asymmetrical Network Governance” in the Education and Sport Policy Communities’; Grix (2010) ‘The Governance Debate and the Study of Sport Policy’.

17. See Gilbert (1980) The Miracle Machine.18. See Hoberman (2002) ‘Sport Physicians and the Doping Crisis in Elite

Sport’.19. Geertz (1973) ‘Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of

Culture’.20. See Holloway (1997) Basic Concepts for Qualitative Research.21. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder. Der Einfluß des

Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR; Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Trialthlon. Sportentwicklung in der DDR.

22. Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport. Ein sporthistorischer Überblick in Originalquellen; Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros. Eine Studie zum Verhältnis von SED und Sport mit einem Gesamtverzeichnis und einer Dokumentation ausgewählter Beschlüsse.

23. Pleil (2001) Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft. Die “Bearbeitung” der Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden durch das MfS 1978–1989; Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport: Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit und der DDR-Spitzensport.

24. See, for a good example, Spitzer (2007) Wunden und Verwundungen. Sportler als Opfer. DDR-Dopingsystem. Ein Dokumentation.

25. Horn and Weise (2004) Das große Lexikon des DDR-Fußballs; Leske (2007) Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs.

26. Fulbrook (2000) Interpretations of the Two Germanies, 1945–1990, p. 4.27. For example, Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport. Wahrheiten und Legende aus dem

Wunderland der Sieger. Manfred Ewald interviewt von Reinhold Andert; Erbach (1994) ‘“Sportwunder DDR”: Warum und auf welcher Weise die SED und die Staatsorgane den Sport förderten’.

28. Grix (2008) ‘The Decline of Mass Sport Provision in the German Democratic Republic’.

29. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport; Erbach (1994) ‘“Sportwunder DDR”, pp. 232–53; Rohrberg (2001) ‘Gedanken zu Buggels Überlegungen’.

30. Luther and Willmann (2000) Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union!; Luther and Willmann (2003) BFC Dynamo. Der Meisterclub; Genschmar and Pätzug (2008) Der Dirigent Hans Jürgen ‘Dixie’ Dörner. Eine deutsche Fußballkarriere; Mallwitz (2004) Trainer zwischen den Welten. Bernd Stange; see also Horst Röder’s website: www.sport-ddr-roeder.de (accessed 11 May 2011). Röder was a Vice President of the DTSB (German Gymnastics and Sport Federation) and one of the most prolific writers and speech-givers within top-level GDR sport.

202 Notes

31. Farin and Hauswald (1998) Die dritte Halbzeit. Hooligans in Berlin-Ost; Franke and Pätzug (2006) Von Athen nach Althen. Die Fanszene von Lok Leipzig zwischen Europacup und Kreisklasse; Willmann (2007) Stadionpartisanen. Fußballfans und Hooligans in der DDR.

32. Willman (2004) Stadionpartisanen. Fußballfans und Hooligans in der DDR.33. Franke and Berendonck (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of

Athletes: A Secret Program of the German Democratic Republic Government’. 34. Ibid., p. 1264.35. Holzweißig (2005) ‘Sport – Gesellschaftliche Rolle und politische Funktion’,

p. 1.36. Spitzer (1998b) ‘IM Schattenreich. Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter im Sport: Fallstudie

Leipzig’; Dennis and Laporte (2003) The Stasi: Myth and Reality.37. Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport, p. 18.38. Ibid., pp. 255–60; Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Triathlon, pp. 70–3; Leske (2007)

Enzyklopädie, pp. 15–30. 39. See Beamish and Richie (2006) Fastest, Highest, Strongest. A Critique of High-

Performance Sport, for one of the few books in English to deal with the GDR sports system.

40. Dennis and Laporte (2003) The Stasi: Myth and Reality, pp. 216–19; Fulbrook (2006) The People’s State.

41. See Herbstritt (2011) ‘The East German Stasi Files: What’s So Special about Them?’.

42. BStU, MfS, AIM 16572/89, Band 1, ‘Treffbericht’, 11.11.79, pp. 284–8. MfS. Personal file of ‘Philatelist’; 15191/60 (16572/89), Band 1, 284–288, 11.11.76.

43. See Dennis and Laporte (2003) The Stasi: Myth and Reality, pp. 6–11 on the errors and inaccuracies of some of these files.

44. Grix (2000) The Role of the Masses, p. 120.45. See Newman (2001) Modernising Governance: New Labour, Policy and Society.46. See file SAPMO-BArchiv DR506/190 for an example of a football training

manual, especially, pp. 67–71.47. Stewart et al. (2005) Australian Sport: Better by Design?, p. 53.48. Green (2009) ‘Podium or Participation? Analysing Policy Priorities under

Changing Modes of Sport Governance in the United Kingdom’, p. 134.

Chapter 1

1. Grix (2010a) ‘From “Hobbyhorse” to Mainstream: Using Sport to Understand British Politics’.

2. Guttmann (2003) ‘Sport, Politics and the Engaged Historian’.3. Levermore (2004) ‘Sport’s Role in Constructing the “Inter-State” Worldview’.4. International Olympic Committee (1968) The Speeches of President Avery

Brundage, p. 10.5. See Strenk (1979) ‘What Price Victory? The World of International Sports

and Politics’, p. 129; this article is an excellent overview of political events in sport.

6. Taylor (1986) ‘Sport and International Relations. A Case of Mutual Neglect’. For one of the few treatments of sport and international relations see Houlihan (1994) Sport and International Relations.

Notes 203

7. See Hilvoorde et al. (2010) ‘How To Influence National Pride? The Olympic Medal Index as a Unifying Narrative’.

8. See www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/604196.aspx (accessed 31 January 2011), for an assessment of India’s chances of staging an Olympic Games prior to the Commonwealth Games.

9. No one is absolutely sure of the exact costs but see Jason Burke, ‘Delhi Battling Human and Financial Cost of Hosting Commonwealth Games’, The Guardian, 4 August 2010, for the estimate of £2-4bn, at: www.guard-ian.co.uk/sport/2010/aug/04/commonwealth-games-delhi-preparations (accessed 19 October 2011).

10. Coalter (2007) A Wider Social Role for Sport. Who’s Keeping the Score?. See also Grix (2010) ‘From “Hobbyhorse” to Mainstream’.

11. For exceptions, see Allison (1998) ‘Sport and Civil Society’; Houlihan and Green (2009) ‘Modernization and Sport: The Reform of Sport England and UK Sport’; Goodwin and Grix (2011) ‘Bringing Structures Back In’.

12. Gilchrist and Holden (2011) ‘Introduction’, p. 151.13. Strenk (1979) ‘What Price Victory?, p. 129.14. DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002) Game Plan.15. Riordan (1999) ‘The Impact of Communism on Sport’, pp. 49–50.16. Anderson (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of

Nationalism,; Nye (1990) ‘Soft Power’.17. DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002); for a further discussion of elite sport invest-

ment see Grix and Carmichael (2011) ‘Why Do Governments Invest in Elite Sport?’; see also chapters 7 and 8 of this volume.

18. DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002), p. 117. It was a ‘landmark’ document in the sense of its unequivocal support for pursuing an elite-sport driven policy.

19. Leni Riefenstahl (dir.) (1936) Olympia, Art Haus DVD.20. Hilton (2008) Hitler’s Olympics. The 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, p. 25. Carl Diem,

the well-known German sports administrator, is generally credited with the idea of the torch relay; Goebbels was in charge of the propaganda aspects of the 1936 Olympics. See also Senn (1999) Power, Politics and the Olympic Games, p. 60.

21. A. Hitler (1926) Mein Kampf, Volume 2, Chapter 2, at: www.crusader.net/texts/mk/mkv2ch02.html (accessed 12 April 2011).

22. ‘Jeder Mann, an jedem Ort, einmal in der Woche Sport’. This was later modified to ‘several times a week’. See www.ddr-wissen.de/wiki/ddr.pl?Sport (accessed 12 April 2011).

23. Holzweißig (1995) ‘Sport – Gesellschaftliche Rolle und politische Funktion’, p. 1.

24. Stewart, et. al. (2005) Australian Sport: Better by Design?, p. 9.25. Lowe et al. (1978) Sport and. International Relations, pp. 348–9.26. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/JIV/2/3/1509, ‘Grundlinie der Entwicklung des

Leistungssports der DDR bis 1990’, 19.3.69.27. See www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamesyear.htm?g=22 (accessed 12

April 2011).28. See SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IVB2/18/36, ‘Informationen zu den Olympischen

Spielen 1972 in München’, no date; p. 1; see also Riordan (1999) ‘The Impact of Communism on Sport’, p. 60.

29. Stiehler et al. (2004) ‘Sports Coverage on the GDR Television’, p. 416.30. See Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn: Der Deutsch-Deutsche Sport

1950–1972.

204 Notes

31. Holzweißig (1981) Diplomatie im Trainingsanzug. Sport als politisches Instrument der DDR in den innerdeutschen und internationalen Beziehungen.

32. Dennis (1988) The German Democratic Republic, p. 71.33. See SAPMO-BArchiv DY 12 3330, ‘. . . Lenkung des Sports mit der Absicht,

die politischen Ziele des westdeutschen Imperialismus mit sportlichen Leistungen zu untermauern’. 11.5.70, p. 10

34. Hoberman (1984) Sport and Political Ideology, p. 6.35. See www.nordkurier.de/wende/stichwort/25.php for a report of Ulbricht’s

original call to overtake West Germany (accessed 12 April 2011).36. Kulturpolitisches Wörterbuch (1978), p. 362; ‘Regelmässige sportliche

Betätigung ist mit der Ausprägung der sozialistichen Lebenweise untrennbar verbunden’.

37. Witt (1984) ‘Mass Participation and Top Performance in One: Physical Culture and Sport in the German Democratic Republic’, p. 171.

38. See, for an example of elite sport, the document produced by DFV on the reasons why football had not reached its potential; SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV B2/18/13, ‘Referat des DFV der DDR auf dem Lehrgang leitender Kader des Leistungssports in Kleinmachnow am 17.03.77’, pp. 7, 10–11.

39. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/5039, ‘Standpunkt zur aktuellen Situation im SC Einheit Dresden in Vorbereitung der Parteiaktivtagung’, 4.3.82, p. 19.

40. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/5041, p. 64. No exact date, but 1984. 41. ‘Der Sport in der DDR dient der Bildung und Erziehung sozialistischer

Persoenlichkeiten’; 11.5.70, DY12/3330, p. 13. Hinweise für die politisch- ideologische Arbeit in Vorbereitung der Olympischen Spiele 1972 in München.

42. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Leipzig, BV Leipzig, Abteilung XX, no. 00005/05, ‘Auswertung Olympia 1976’, p. 61; no date, but clearly 1976.

43. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036 24; ‘Vorlage für das Politbüro des ZK der SED’, 21.11.80, p. 188.

44. See Chapter 8 for a further discussion of this. See Collins and Green (2007) ‘The Australian Institute of Sport’, p. 9; De Bosscher et al. (2008) The Global Sporting Arms Race.

45. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV/2/2.039/250, ‘Grundlinie für die perspektivische Entwicklung des Leistungssports der DDR bis zum Jahre 2000’; from Krenz to Günter Mittag, Central Committee Secretary for the Economy; 15.7.87, p. 175.

46. For example, prior to a championship, medal ‘targets’ were set and allocated to each governing body – a system now in place in the UK and used to dis-tribute or withdraw funding. See SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/5038, ‘Abteilung Sommersport’, 25.8.81, p. 8. Targets for the men in the up-coming world athletics championships are listed. It appears from a handwritten remark on the document that only one of the two target ‘bronze’ medals were achieved, but the team overall exceeded their points target of 40 by 1.

47. Fulbrook (1995) Anatomy of a Dictatorship.48. Newman (2001) Modernising Governance.49. Deem and Brehony (2005) ‘Management as Ideology: The Case of “New

Managerialism” in Higher Education’, p. 220; Deem (2001) ‘Globalisation, New Managerialism, Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurialism in Universities: Is the Local Dimension Still Important?’, p. 11; McEldowney (2003) ‘Public Management Reform and Administrative Law in Local Public Service in the UK’, p. 80; Farrell and Morris (2003) ‘The “Neo-Bureaucratic”

Notes 205

State: Professionals, Managers and Professional Managers in Schools, General Practices and Social Work’, p. 136.

50. Green (2007a) ‘Governing under Advanced Liberalism: Sport Policy and the Social Investment State’, p. 60.

51. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Leipzig BV Lpz Abt. XX no. 00003/04, 23.1.80 p. 56. 52. See BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26701, p. 258, for an example of a list of

Dynamo sports that had not met their targets over a number of European and World Championships; 30.11.70.

53. SAPMO-BArchiv DR/5/1980, for an example of a ‘contract’ between the Army sports club ‘Forwards’ and the German Boxing Association, 4.11.15. Other ‘contracts’ in this file include those for canoeing, shooting, biathlon, skiing and weightlifting.

54. See Bergsgard et. al. (2007) Sport Policy. A Comparative Analysis of Stability and Change, pp. 185–6, who also see the resemblance between the GDR’s ‘tech-nocratic-instrumental’ sport policy and that of the UK, in particular in the sports strategy document, Game Plan (DCMS/Strategy Unit 2002).

55. For examples, see SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/5039; in particular, see the report on the GDR Skating Association from 28.4.82.

56. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV B 2/18/13, p. 14. ‘Zu einigen grundsätzlichen Fragen der Gestaltung des Trainingprozesses im Olympiazyklus 1977–1980’, 16.3.77, no page numbers.

57. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/5037, 24.5.88, pp. 131–143.58. Grix and Parker (2011) ‘Towards an Explanation for the Decline in UK

Athletics: a Case Study of Male Distance Running’; for an example of the ‘technical’ approach to distance running in the GDR see the proposed research project for the years 1988–1992 in SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/5037, 24.5.88.

59. See SAPMO-BArchiv DR506/190, pp. 67–70, no date, for an almost comical explanation of technical football training.

60. Fulbrook (1995) Anatomy of a Dictatorship, p. 273.61. Hancock and Welsh (1994) German Unification. Processes and Outcomes, p. 22.

The phrase ‘Anpassung’ was coined by Gerd Meyer, ‘Der versorgte Mensch’, in Wehling (1989) Politische Kultur in der DDR, p. 160.

62. For a brief yet interesting discussion on the nature of the ‘socialist social contract’ see Verdery (1995) ‘What Was Socialism, and Why Did It Fall?’.

63. de Bruyn (1994) Jubelschreie, Trauergesänge, Deutsche Befindlichkeiten, pp. 35–6.

Chapter 2

1. Dennis (2000) The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic, 1945–1990, pp. 7–9.

2. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport. Die politische Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der SBZ und DDR 1945–1957, p. 19.

3. Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR zwischen Anspruch und Realität, p. 18.

4. Cited in Dennis (2000) The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic, p. 16.

206 Notes

5. Keiderling (1999) ‘Von Kommunal- zum Volkssport: Entwicklung in der Ost-Zone Deutschlands’, pp. 160–1.

6. Ibid., pp. 164–5. 7. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führung der Partei – Die frühen sportpolitschen

Weichenstellungen der SED’, p. 26. 8. Hardman and Naul (2002) ‘Sport and Physical Education in the Two

Germanies, 1945–90’, pp. 33–4. 9. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führung der Partei’, p. 24.10. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter. Wie und warum Walter Ulbricht den

Spitzensport formte’, p. 10.11. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, p. 21.12. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter der Führung der Partei’, pp. 21–2.13. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, p. 20.14. Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros. Eine Studie zum Verhältnis

von SED und Sport mit einem Gesamtverzeichnis und einer Dokumentation aus-gewählter Beschlüsse, pp. 19–22. The Sektor was upgraded to an Arbeitsgruppe Sport in 1959 and later to an Abteilung (Department). A small group, its many tasks – such as regular meetings concerning sport with various bodies, discus-sions with SED officials, dealing with letters and complaints from the general public and so forth – made it virtually impossible for it to exert full control over sport and to have a realistic view of everyday sport at ground level. The head of the Group/Department since 1959 was Rudi Hellmann (1926–2005), a member of the DTSB Federal Executive (1961–1990) and Vice-President of the NOK (1973–1989). He had gathered experience in sport as an official in the SV Lokomotive, the GST and the SED Halle Regional Executive.

15. Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, pp. 26, 33.16. Ibid., p. 32.17. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, p. 2718. There are many terms for sports clubs, associations and bodies in the GDR.

In general, we have attempted to simplify the translation of these terms when rendering them into English. Sports Associations (Sportvereinigungen) were umbrella organisations under which many Sports Clubs found them-selves; the sport disciplines in these clubs were governed by particular national sports bodies or Federations (Verbände).

19. Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, p. 35; Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR, p. 11.

20. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, pp. 31–2.21. Keiderling (1999) ‘Von Kommunal- zum Volkssport: Entwicklung in der Ost-

Zone Deutschlands’, pp. 164–5.22. Teichler (1999b) ‘Die Rolle der SED bei der Etablierung des Leistungssportsystems

der DDR’, p. 33; Teichler (2010) ‘Die turbulenten Anfangsjahre des DDR-Sports’, pp. 91–2, 94.

23. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, pp. 27, 29.24. Buss (2001) ‘(Sport)politisch-historischer Handlungsrahmen’, p. 595.25. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, p. 12; Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg

auf der Aschenbahn. Der deutsch-deutsche Sport 1950–1972. Eine politische Geschichte, p. 39; Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR, p. 11.

26. Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, p. 41; Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, p. 30.

Notes 207

27. Teichler (1999b) ‘Die Rolle der SED bei der Etablierung des Leistungs-sportsystems der DDR’, pp. 32–4; Teichler (2010) ‘Die turbulenten Anfangsjahre des DDR-Sports’, p. 95; Childs (1978) ‘The German Democratic Republic’, p. 76.

28. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führung der Partei’, pp. 45–6, 49.29. Ibid, pp. 50–1.30. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, pp. 14–15; Teichler (2002) Die

Sportbschlüsse des Politbüros, p. 48; Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, p. 58.

31. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, pp. 15–16.32. Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, p. 59.33. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, p. 18; Teichler (2002) Die Sportbschlüsse

des Politbüros, p. 50.34. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, p. 20.35. Ibid., pp. 20–1.36. Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR, p. 24.37. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führung der Partei’, p. 56; Kühnst (1982)

Der mißbrauchte Sport, pp. 59–60; Krüger (2001) ‘Hochleistungssport. Der Hochleistungssport in der frühen DDR’.

38. Krüger (2001) ‘Hochleistungssport’, pp. 542–7. 39. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, pp. 65–8.40. The Politbüro directive is printed in Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Pol-

it büros, pp. 296–7, 302–3; see also Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, p. 59.41. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport, pp. 59–60.42. Ibid., p. 85.43. Michaelis (1996) ‘Der Leistungssport der DDR im Spannungsfeld der

Systemauseinandersetzung in den 50er und 60er Jahren’, p. 425.44. Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, pp. 45–6, 55–6; Balbier

(2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, pp. 42–3, 47.45. The document, ‘Bericht der Kommission zur Überprüfung der Arbeit der

Demokratischen Sportbewegung’, 12 March 1954, is reprinted in Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, pp. 259–94.

46. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führung der Partei’, pp. 55–6; Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, pp. 280, 288.

47. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, pp. 24–5.48. Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, especially pp. 262, 265–76,

282–3.49. Ibid., pp. 282–3.50. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führing der Partei’, pp. 59–64; Spitzer et al.

(1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport. Ein sporthistorischer Überblick in Originalquellen; Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, pp. 43–4.

51. Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, p. 43.52. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, p. 24; Teichler (2002) Sportbeschlüsse

des Politbüros, pp. 54–5.53. Wonneberger (2001) ‘Studie zur Struktur und Leitung der Sportbewegung

in der SBZ/DDR (1945–1961)’, pp. 217–20; Childs (1978) ‘The German Democratic Republic’, p. 81; Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik, p. 15; Spitzer et al. (1998), Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport, p. 101.

54. Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport, pp. 101–2.

208 Notes

55. Holzweißig (1988) Sport und Politik in der DDR, pp. 35–6.56. Teichler (2010) ‘Die turbulanten Anfangsjahre des DDR-Sports’, p. 98.57. Holzweißig (1988) Sport und Politik in der DDR, pp. 35–8.58. See Weise (2006) Sport and Sportpolitik in der DDR, p. 17 for the 1989

figures.59. Teichler (2010) ‘Die turbulanten Anfangsjahre des DDR-Sports’, p. 99 for the

latter figures.60. Teichler (2005b) ‘Sportentwicklung in Ostdeutschland nach der Wende’,

pp. 40–1.61. Teichler (1999c) ‘Der DTSB und die Organisation der sportlichen Leistung’,

pp. 94–6. 62. Teichler (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führung der Partei’, p. 64; Hartmann (1998b)

‘Vorturner Walter’, p. 24.63. Spitzer (1999) ‘Auftrag Politbüro: Spitzensport – Spritzensport – Spitzelsport’.

Die Drahtzieher des systematischen Dopings’, pp. 98–9; Gilbert (1980) The Miracle Machine, pp. 37–40; Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport. Manfred Ewald interviewt von Reinhold Andert, pp. 14–25; Reinartz, (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, p. 74.

64. Hartmann (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter’, p. 25.65. Wonneberger (2001) ‘Studie zur Struktur und Leitung der Sportbewegung’,

p. 221; Balbier, (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, p. 45.66. Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, pp. 69–71.67. Ibid., pp. 97–8.68. The contest between Stako and the DTSB can be followed in ibid., especially

pp. 97–8, 110–11, 153, 155. See also Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport, pp. 138–9; and Reinartz (1999) ‘Die flankierende Rolle des Staates – Das Staatssekretariat für Körperkultur und Sport, 1–3’, pp. 315, 319.

69. Krebs (1995) ‘Die politische Instrumentaliserung des Sports in der DDR’, p. 1323.

70. Reinartz (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, pp. 78–9.71. Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in den

1960er und 1970er Jahren, pp. 90–1, 101; Reinartz (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, pp. 72–3.

72. Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, pp. 71–2, 99, 140–1.73. Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports,

pp. 104, 124-5.74. Spitzer (1998a) ‘Anfang und Ende des Lex Ewald 1955–1989’, p. 265; Spitzer

et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport, pp. 140–2; Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, p. 142; Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports, pp. 101-4.

75. Spitzer (1998a) ‘Anfang und Ende des Lex Ewald’, pp. 268–70; Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steurung des DDR-Hochleistungssports, pp. 154–7.

76. Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steurung des DDR-Hochleistungssports, p. 126, Spitzer (1998a) ‘Anfang und Ende des Lex Ewald’, p. 269.

77. Spitzer (1998a) ‘Anfang und Ende des Lex Ewald’, p. 266; Ritter (2003) Wamndlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports, pp. 92–7, 103–4.

78. Spitzer (1998a) ‘Anfang und Ende des Lex Ewald’, pp. 267–8.

Notes 209

79. Ibid., pp. 271–7; Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport, pp. 208–11; Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steurung des DDR-Hochleistungs-sports, p. 159.

80. Balbier (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn, pp. 143–5. 81. The main sources are Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport,

pp. 134–7, and the Central Committee Secretariat and Politbüro docu-ments on pp. 151–74; Reinartz (1999) ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports auf Beschluß der SED’, pp. 58–64; Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports, pp. 185–9, 195–6.

82. Reinartz (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, p. 75 83. See Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport, p. 147, for

Ulbricht’s approval at a meeting at Oberdorf in December 1967 of Ewald’s wish to focus resources even more strictly on a limited number of Olympic sports.

84. See Hellmann’s observations in Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumnte zum DDR-Sport, p. 151.

85. 1976 Leistungssportbeschluß, in Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros, pp. 655–6; Reinartz (1999) ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports’, p. 63.

86. Reinartz (1999) ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports’, pp. 64–5. 87. Ibid., p. 77. 88. Ibid., p. 73. 89. ‘Die Wahrheit über “Sport II”’. Interview mit Siegfried Geilsdorf’ (2002)

Beiträge zur Sportgeschichte, no. 15, pp. 33, 35–6. 90. Reinartz (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, pp. 76–7, 78;

Reinartz (1999) ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports’, pp. 64–5. 91. April 1969 Politbüro directive in Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum

DDR-Sport, pp. 155–6. 92. Green and Houlihan (2006) Elite Sport Development. Policy Learning and

Political Priorities, pp. 11–12, 23–5, 29. 93. Reinartz (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, pp. 79–80. 94. The directive is reprinted in Spitzer et al. (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum

DDR-Sport, pp. 155–74. 95. Houlihan and Green (2008) ‘Comparative Elite Sport Development’,

pp. 3–9. 96. Teichler (1999c) ‘Der DTSB und die Organisation der sportlichen Leistung’,

pp. 88–93, 98–104. 97. Ibid., p. 87 98. Ibid., p. 103. 99. Ibid., pp. 89, 103.100. Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR, pp. 37–40; Teichler (1999d)

‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, pp. 116–20, 124–7; Pfister (2002) Frauen und Sport in der DDR, pp. 90–1.

101. Pfister (2002) Frauen und Sport in der DDR, pp. 88, 95–9.102. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4335, ‘Hinweise für das Schlußwort auf der erwei-

terten Tagung der Zentralen Leitung der SV Dynamo am 23.11.1972’, p. 88103. Forumchecks were a form of hard currency that could be used to buy West

German goods in Intershops, effectively capitalist oases in a relatively barren socialist consumer landscape.

104. Teichler (1999e) ‘Die Sportclubs: Überblick’, pp. 186–90.

210 Notes

105. See the section on trainers on the website of Horst Röder, 2008, at: www.sport-ddr-roeder.de/trainer_02.html (accessed 15 April 2011).

106. Reinartz (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, p. 80.107. Teichler (1999e) ‘Die Sportclubs: Überblick’, p. 189.108. Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR, p. 21; Röder (2008) at:

www.sport-ddr-roeder.de/sportwissenschaft_02.html (accessed on 15 April 2011).

109. Weise (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR, p. 22; Krebs (1995) ‘Die poli-tische Instrumentaliserung des Sports in der DDR’, pp. 1357–8.

110. Ibid., pp. 1358–60; Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR: Pharmakologische Manipulationen (Doping) und die Rolle der Wissenschaft’, pp. 934–5.

111. Spitzer (1998a) Doping in der DDR. Ein historischer Überblick zu einer konspirativen Praxis, pp. 411–12.

112. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A-637/79/II, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMB “Technik” [December 1985], p. 409.

113. Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport. Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit und der DDR-Spitzensport, p. 195.

114. BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, Reihe A. Dokumente, no. 1, p. 10.115. Spitzer (1998c) ‘IM Schattenberreich. Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter im Sport:

Fallstudie Leipzig’, pp. 190–2.116. Teichler and Reinartz (eds) (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den

80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende, p. 595, footnote 2.117. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics#Women

(accessed 21 April 11).

Chapter 3

1. Voigt, ‘Körperkultur und Sport’ (1988), cited in Teichler and Reinartz (1999) Das Leistungssystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozess der Wende, p. 116.

2. See Wolstencroft (2004) Talent Identification and Development Programme. An Academic Review.

3. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde. Auslese, Ausbildung, Erziehung’, p. 117.

4. Ibid., p. 116.5. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/24, DTSB, Abteilung Sport des ZK. Vorlage

für das Politbüro des ZK der SED, ‘Beschluss zur weiteren Entwicklung des Leistungssports in der DDR im Zeitraum 1981–1985’, p. 186.

6. Note that this had been reduced from 28,600 previously because of financial reasons.

7. Knecht (1999) ‘Die schwierige Wandlung der KJS zu Eliteschulen des Sports’, p. 76, cites 23,000. More reliable, however, is Teichler’s figure of 28,600 for the years previous to the example of 1989 given here, see: Teichler (1999d), ‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, p. 117. Back in 1980, however, it was 26,000 – see: SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/24, DTSB, Abteilung Sport des ZK. Vorlage für das Politbüro des ZK der SED, ‘Beschluss zur weiteren Entwicklung des Leistungssports in der DDR im Zeitraum 1981–1985’, p. 186.

8. Teichler (1999d) ‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, p. 126.

Notes 211

9. See SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/24, DTSB, Abteilung Sport des ZK, p. 186 for a slightly higher figure of ‘around 70,000’ who belong to Level 1.

10. Fetzer (2003) ‘Die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz des Leistungssportsystems’, p. 317. Other privileges included reduced waiting lists for flats and cars.

11. See Röder’s website: www.sport-ddr-roeder.de/nachwuchsleistungssport_1.html. In an almost postmodern twist, Röder – at the time of writing 75 years old – who was central to the sports machine in East Germany, includ-ing doping, now sees his role as an elderly sage distributing the ‘truth’ about East German sport, helping and advising a range of schoolchildren and stu-dents with their assignments via his website. The majority of the vast mate-rial written by Röder – he has not lost his penchant for verbosity – appears accurate, with his discussion around doping being the only exception. In secret Stasi files, for example on researching ‘supportive means’ in elite sport, Röder appears as the first name on the distribution list, see: BStU, MfS, ZA, BV Leipzig, Abteilung XX 00001/01, no date, but 1978.

12. Teichler (1999d) ‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, p. 125. Teichler rightly points out the lacunae in the literature and that the history of the the TZs has yet to be written.

13. On the frequency of training see: SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/JIV 2/2/1440, p. 14; the number of TZs fluctuates between 1,700 and 1,800 – the higher figure is for 1986, see: Teichler (1999d) ‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, p. 125.

14. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 117.15. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/24, 21.11.80, p. 186.16. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/JIV 2/2/1440, 27.3.73, p. 17. This was the case higher

up the pyramid too, so if athletes were deemed not to have great ‘develop-mental perspectives’ in their chosen sport even at Level 2, they were to be shifted ‘to another, suitable sport discipline’, see: SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/24, 21.11.80, p. 185; see also: BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, 26293, 12.10.77, p. 17.

17. SAPMO-BArchiv DY12 3358, Eingaben an Ewald. No exact date, but 1983.18. See, for example, SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/IV 2/2.039/167, letter from July

1988.19. SAPMO-BArchiv DO101/09/497, 8.3.77, p.1. ‘Instruktion des Stellvertreters

des Leiters der zentralen Leitung der SV Dynamo für Leistungssport’.20. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4336. ‘Referat auf der VII. Zentralen

Delegiertenkonferenz der SV Dynamo’, 26-27.4.74, p. 81.21. Teichler (1999d) ‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, pp. 126–7.22. Ibid., p. 129.23. Dreger (1995) Contribution to the debate on ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’,

p. 721.24. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 118.25. Ibid., p. 118; Teichler, (1999d) ‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, p. 128; see also

Dreger (1995) ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’.26. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 120.27. Ibid.; and Dreger (1995) ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’, p. 722.28. Krebs (1999) ‘Die Politische Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’,

p. 1347.29. Knecht (1999b) ‘Die schwierige Wandlung der KJS zu Eliteschulen des

Sports’, p. 74.

212 Notes

30. BStU, MfS, ZA, no. 26293, ZK Beschluss ‘Richtlinie für die Arbeit der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen der DDR’, 12.10.77, p. 10.

31. For a comprehensive account of the KJSs see Hoffmann (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikt um einen “humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport” zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB’.

32. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26293, 12.10.77, p. 12.33. See Hoffmann (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen’, p. 93.34. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26293, 12.10.77, p. 12; see also Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie

das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 122. 35. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 122. 36. Ibid., p. 122.37. Childs (1978) ‘The German Democratic Republic’, p. 88.38. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26293, 12.10.77, p. 14.39. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26293, 12.10.77, p. 18.40. SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/J IV 2/3/1509, p. 21; 41. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/JIV 2/2/1440, 27.3.73, p. 16.42. On the ‘ESA’ see Deutscher Bundestag (1995) ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’,

p. 708; for figures of sports clubs and athletes see Teichler and Reinartz (eds) (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende, p. 163; for information on KJS see Hoffmann (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen’, p. 72 and Beuker (1984) ‘Breitensport in der DDR’, p. 1317.

43. Knecht (1999) ‘Die Schwierige Wandlung der KJS zu Eliteschulen des Sports’, p. 75.

44. On ‘niches’ in the dictatorship see: Gaus (1983) Wo Deutschland liegt. 45. SAPMO-BArchiv D0101/09/497, 18.6.77, p. 3–4.46. SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/J IV 2/3/1509, 19.3.69, ‘Grundlinie der Entwicklung

des Leistungssportes’.47. Reinartz (1999b) ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports auf Beschluss der SED’,

pp. 59–60; Becker and Buss (2004) ‘Das “Wunder von Bern” und die DDR’, p. 398. Football was, of course, an exceptional case and was generously sup-ported despite limited success at international level.

48. On Ewald, see Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder. Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR, p. 76; on Ewald’s thinking prior to the 1969 document, see Ritter (2003) Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren; for an interesting example explaining the fate of karate in the late 1980s, see Krenz Büro, Eingaben, SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 30/IV 2/2.039/163.

49. SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/J IV 2/3/1509. ‘Grundlinie der Entwicklung des Leistungssports in der DDR bis 1980’, 19.3.69, p. 13.

50. Coubertin is credited with resurrecting the Olympic Games, starting with the first modern Games in Athens in 1896 – see Llewellyn Smith (2004) Olympics in Athens 1896. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games.

51. In debates with citizens complaining that ‘their’ sport was no longer sup-ported, the state often pointed to this 1969 decree as central to elite sport’s subsequent success. For example, in material produced during a long correspondence between various organs of the authorities and members of the national chess association, the ‘official’ line is ‘This change (in 1969)

Notes 213

has contributed considerably to making the GDR one of the leading sports nations in the world’. They go on to say that East Germany will only be participating in 170 out of a potential 237 competitions at the up-coming Seoul Olympics. See: SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IV/2/2.039/153, p. 140.

52. SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/J IV 2/3/1509, p. 12.53. SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/J IV 2/3/1509, p. 15.54. Reinartz (1999b) ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports auf Beschluss der SED’,

p. 58.55. See Holzweißig (1995) in Deutscher Bundestag (ed.), ‘Die Funktion des

Sports für das Herrschaftssystem der DDR’, p. 650.56. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/JIV 2/2/1440, ‘Die Weiterentwicklung des

Leistungssport der DDR bis 1980 und die Vorbereitung der Olympischen Sommer- und Winterspiele 1976’, 27.3.1973, p. 15.

57. SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/J IV 2/3/1509, 19.3.69, ‘Grundlinie der Entwicklung des Leistungssports in der DDR bis 1980’, p. 18.

58. Hummel (1999) in Deutscher Bundestag (ed.), p. 708. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/JIV 2/2/1440; Krebs, ‘Politische Instrumentalisierung des Sports’, p. 1346.

59. Krebs (1995) ‘Politische Instrumentalisierung des Sports’, p. 1346.60. Ministry of Education; SAPMO-BArchiv DR2 8112, ‘Protokoll der

Dienstbesprechung am 10.7.1973’, ‘Richtlinie zur einheitlichen Sichtung und Auswahl sportlich geeigneter Schüler für die Trainingszentren bzw. Trainingsstützpunkte des DTSB’, p. 4.

61. SAPMO-BArchiv DR2 8112, 10.7.1973, p. 4.62. SAPMO-BArchiv DR2 8112, 10.7.1973, appendix 1, p. 2.63. Hoffmann (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen’, p. 19.64. Ibid.65. Ministry of Education; SAPMO-BArchiv DR2 8173, ‘Ministerdienstbespr-

echung am 13 Mai 1975’, ‘Informationen über Ergebnisse und Probleme bei der Einführung der ESA sportlich geeigneter Schüler für TZs and Trainingsstützpunkte des DTSB der DDR’, p. 2.

66. SAPMO-BArchiv DR2 8173, ‘Ministerdienstbesprechung am 13 Mai 1975’, p. 2.67. Ibid., p. 2.68. Ibid., p. 3.69. Ibid.70. Ibid., p. 4.71. Ibid., p. 5.72. Ibid., p. 6.73. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV B2/18/13, 18.3.77, ‘Erfahrungen bei der Sichtung

und Auswahl von sportlich befähigten Kindern für die 1. Förderstufe’, p. 8.74. Philip Hersh, Chicago Tribune Olympic Sports Writer, 13 September 2000, at:

www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg05613.html (accessed 21 October 2011).

75. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26778, 30.11.88, p. 16.76. Röder, at: www.sport-ddr-roeder.de/nachwuchsleistungssport_1.html

( accessed 5 September 2011).77. Teichler and Reinartz (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR, p. 187.78. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/JIV 2/2/1440, p. 18.79. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/5040, 21.9.83, pp. 38–41.80. Teichler and Reinartz (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR, p. 127.

214 Notes

81. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4351, 30/31.3.84, p. 139. 82. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4345, ‘Schlusswort des 1. Vorsitzenden auf der 6.

Tagung der ZL der SV Dynamo’, 29. September 1980’, draft, p. 69. 83. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4345, ‘Bericht des Büros der ZL an die 6. Tagung

der ZL der SV Dynamo am 25.9.1980’, p. 97. 84. See BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26599, ‘Ablaufplan für die 4-Jahreanalyse

der 2./3. Foerderstufe der SV Dynamo für den Olympiazyklus’ 1977–80’, 24.11.80, p. 79; see also BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4345 ‘Bericht des Büros der ZL an die 6. Tagung der ZL der SV Dynamo am 25.9.1980’, p. 94, for slightly different figures.

85. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4345, ‘Bericht des Büros der ZL an die 6. Tagung der ZL der SV Dynamo am 25.9.1980’, p. 101.

86. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4351, 30/31.3.84, p. 133. 87. From BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4345 ‘Bericht des Büros der ZL an die 6.

Tagung der ZL der SV Dynamo am 25.9.1980’, p. 103. 88. Ibid., p. 111. 89. Ibid., p. 112. 90. Ibid., p. 113. 91. Johnson (2008) Training Socialist Citizens. 92. This figure is quoted by Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’,

p. 111; we found a figure of 1,424,000 for the 1965 Spartakiad, see: SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IVA 2/18/39.

93. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 110. 94. Röder, at: www.sport-ddr-roeder.de (accessed 30 November 2010). 95. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 111. 96. Figures from ibid. 97. Knecht (1969) ‘Die Basis der sozialistischen Körperkultur’, p. 250. 98. Ibid. 99. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 112.100. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30 5052, ‘SED Hausmitteilung’, 31.10.86, p. 61. See also

SAPMO-BArchiv DY30 5051 for examples of the military precision behind the organisation of these events.

101. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30 5052, ‘SED Hausmitteilung’, 5.11.86, pp. 62–4.102. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30 5052, Letter from the State Planning Commission,

12.01.1987, p. 121.103. Röder, www.sport-ddr-roeder.de (accessed 30 November 2010).104. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26321, ‘Entwicklungsprobleme im Eishockey- und

Wasserballsport in der Sportvereinigung Dynamo’, 8.10.1971, p. 163.105. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26599, ‘Ablaufplan fuer die 4-Jahreanalyse der

2./3. Förderstufe der SV Dynamo fuer den Olympiazyklus’ 1977–80’, 24.11.80, p. 79.

106. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26701, Hauptabteilung XX/3, ‘Einschätzung der Berichte des Büros der ZL der SV Dynamo über die Ergebnisse der Kinder und Jugendspartakiad 1970’, p. 253.

107. Reinartz (1999b), ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports auf Beschluss der SED’ p. 64.

108. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IV 2/.039/163, Krenz Büro Eingaben. Eingabe from 29.12.87.

109. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IV 2/.039/163, Krenz Büro Eingaben, 19.2.88.

Notes 215

110. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IV 2/.039/163, Krenz Büro Eingaben. Letter from 9.5.88.

111. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4339, December 1976, pp. 115–16.112. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26322, discussion between Manfred Ewald and

Colonel Eggebrecht, 10.5.72.113. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4339, ‘Hinweise für Gespräch des Genossen

Minister mit den Genossen Ewald and XXX’, December 1976, pp. 115–16.114. See Hummel (1999), pp. 728–9.115. SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/IV 2/2.039/167; for other would-be Olympians

see: SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/IV 2/2.039/166 and SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/IV 2/2.039/155.

116. See J. Schult, in Deutscher Bundestag (1995) ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’, p. 747.

117. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’, p. 125.118. SAPMO-BArchiv D0101/09/567, 16.2.82, p. 3.119. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26599, ‘Ablaufplan für die 4-Jahreanalyse der 2./3.

Förderstufe der SV Dynamo fuer den Olympiazyklus’ 1977–80’, 24.11.80, pp. 79–89.

120. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4351 ‘Hinweise für das Schlusswort auf der 24. Tagung des Praesidiums der ZL der SV Dynamo’, gehalten vom Gen. Mittig, 15.12.83, p. 83.

121. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4351, 1983, p. 143.122. BStU, MfS, ZA, Außenstelle, Leipzig, Abt. XX 00012, 30.1.1987, ‘Bericht zu

einigen Aspekten der gegenwärtigen Situation und den Problemen im DDR-Leistungssport’, p. 31.

123. SAPMO-BArchiv D0101/09/567, Anweisung Nr. 1/82, 16.2.82, des Leiters des Büros der ZL der SV Dynamo, p. 3.

124. Teichler and Reinartz (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR, pp. 146, 184.125. See, for a typical example, SAPMO-BArchiv DY 30/JIV2/2/2197 re-printed in

Teichler (2002), Die Sportbeschluesse des Politbüros, p. 812.126. Teichler and Reinartz (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR, pp. 139–148;

see also Hoffmann (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR’, p. 99.

127. Ewald cites ‘international competition’ and not losing touch with ‘world class’ a number of times as justification for bringing forward the age of starting a KJS; see: SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IV/ B2/18/19, letter to Paul Verner, 20.6.79; and the appendix to this letter.

128. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV/2-2/.039/250, ‘Zu Problemen der Weiterentwicklung des Nachwuchsleistungssports im Schulalter in der DDR’, 27.3.1987, p. 105.

129. Ibid., p. 108.130. Teichler and Reinartz (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR, pp. 142–3.131. Hoffmann (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS)

der DDR’, p. 110.132. For apprentices and students learning was tailored around training on

an individual basis according to an ‘Individual Study Plan’ (an ISP); see: SAPMO-BArchiv DR 509/3873, 4.12.86, Appendix.

133. See, for example, BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4337, ‘Hinweise für die Sitzung der Leistungssportkommission der DDR am 23.10.1974’, p. 2; ‘Hinweise

216 Notes

für die Tagung des Bereiches Leistungsport am 3. und 4.12.1974 in Biesenthal’, p. 12.

134. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4337. ‘Hinweise für die Tagung des Bereiches Leistungsport am 3. und 4.12.1974 in Biesenthal’, p. 13.

135. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/23. ‘Information über eine Sitzung des Sekretariats des DTSB im Sportclub Neubrandenburg’, 11.6.79, p. 131.

136. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle, BVfS Leipzig Abt. XX, 00012, 30.1.1987, ‘Bericht zu einigen Aspekten der gegenwärtigen Situation und den Problemen im DDR-Leistungssport’, pp. 29–30.

137. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/4966, 5.2.87. Letter to Egon Krenz from Hellmann, p. 21.

138. M. Ewald, ‘A Lifetime of Sport for All’, Olympic Review, No. 194, 1983, p. 826. See www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1983/ore194/ORE194r.pdf (accessed 9 December 2010).

Chapter 4

1. Körperkultur und Sport in der DDR (1978), p. 31. 2. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport. Wahrheiten und Legenden aus dem Wunderland

der Sieger. Manfred Ewald interviewt von Reinhold Andert, pp. 101–6, 111–12. 3. BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport. Ein Recherchebericht, Reihe A: Dokumente,

no. 1, Berlin: BStU, p. 151. 4. Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of

Athletes: A Secret Program of the German Democratic Republic Government’; Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 48–51, 70–80; Spitzer (1998a) ‘Anfang und Ende der Lex Ewald 1955–1989’.

5. See Wuschech (1998) Hexenküche DDR? Ein DDR-Sportarzt packt aus, pp. 4, 35; Cole (2000) ‘The East German Sports System: Image and Reality’.

6. Singler and Treutlein (2008) ‘Doping in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Historische und soziologische Aspekte abweichenden Verhaltens im Spitzensport’, p. 52.

7. Braun (2007) ‘“Very Nice, the Enemies Are Gone!” – Coming to Terms with GDR Sports Since 1989/90’, pp. 172–85.

8. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, p. 53. 9. Ibid., pp. 85–8.10. Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of

Athletes’, pp. 1262–79.11. IM equates to an ‘unofficial collaborator’. Among the sub-categories and

key agents are IMB (Inoffizieller Mitarbeiter zur unmittelbaren Bearbeitung im Verdacht der Feindtätigkeit stehender Personen) and IMV (Inoffizieller Mitarbeiter mit vertraulichen Beziehungen zu im Vorgang bearbeiteten Personen). These can be translated respectively as ‘unofficial collaborator for dealing with persons under suspicion of hostile activity’ and ‘unofficial collaborator with close contact to persons under investigation’.

12. Many BStU documents are reproduced in Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR. Ein historischer Überblick zu einer konspirativen Praxis. Genese – Verantwortung – Gefahren; Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport. Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit und der Spitzensport; and BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport.

Notes 217

Many of the files of IM “Technik” are reproduced in the last-named publication.

13. See Latzel (2009) Staatsdoping. Der VEB Jenapharm im Sportsystem der DDR, pp. 28–30.

14. Above all Seppelt and Schück (1999) Anklage: Kinderdoping. Das Erbe des DDR-Sports; Spitzer (2007) Wunden und Verwundungen, Sportler als Opfer des DDR-Dopingsystems. Eine Dokumentation.

15. Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht. Dokumentation. Band 7: Gefangenenmisshandlung, Doping und sonstiges DDR-Unrecht.

16. See Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR. Pharmakolgische Manipulationen (Doping) und die Rolle der Wissenschaft’; Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug; Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR; Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport; Latzel (2009) Staatsdoping; and BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport.

17. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport; Wuschech (1998) Hexenküche; Erbach (1994) ‘“Sportwunder DDR”. Warum und auf welche Weise die SED und die Staatsorgane den Sport förderten’.

18. Quoted in Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’, p. 1264.

19. For a full list of performance-enhancing substances and doping techniques used in GDR elite sport, see ibid., p. 1366.

20. Voy (1991) Drugs, Sport, and Politics, p. 13; Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold. Inside the East German Doping Machine, p. 36.

21. Voy (1991) Drugs, Sport and Politics, pp. 17–19.22. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 12, 21–2, 409.23. Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, pp. 36–7; Franke and Berendonk (1997)

‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’, pp. 1264–6.24. Clear surveys of the benefits of amphetamines and anabolic-androgenic

steroids are found in Houlihan (2002) Dying to Win. Doping in Sport and the Development of Anti-Doping Policy, pp. 62–3, 71–2, 77–8, and Verroken (1996) ‘Drug Use and Abuse in Sport’, pp. 28–9, 31–2.

25. George (1996) ‘The Anabolic Steroids and Peptide Hormones’, pp. 182–3, 188–9; Houlihan (2002) Dying to Win, p. 73.

26. Spitzer (2006) ‘Sport and the Systematic Infliction of Pain. A Case Study of State-sponsored Mandatory Doping in East Germany’, p. 109.

27. Houlihan (2002) Dying to Win, pp. 65, 75–7, 88; British Medical Association (2002) Drugs in Sport: The Pressure to Perform, pp. 16–17, 27, 29, 31; Gilberg et al. (2007) ‘Anti-Doping in Sport’, p. 165; George (1996) ‘The Anabolic Steroids and Peptide Hormones’, pp. 179, 198–200.

28. The methodological problems are discussed in Reents (2002) ‘Determining the Efficacy of Performance-Enhancing Substances’, pp. 21–9; Houlihan (2002) Dying to Win, pp. 63–4, 72–4, 77–8, 95; Verroken (1996) ‘Drug Use and Abuse in Sport’, p. 20.

29. For further discussion see Verroken (1996) ‘Drug Use and Abuse in Sport’, pp. 19–20; Waddington (2000) Sport, Health and Drugs. A Critical Sociological Perspective, pp. 98–9; Yesalis and Bahrke (2002) ‘History of Doping in Sport’, pp. 1–2, 5, 7; Houlihan (2002) Dying to Win, p. 155.

30. Quoted in Verroken (1996) ‘Drug Use and Abuse in Sport’, p. 22.31. Ibid., pp. 21, 23–5, 27, 39–40.

218 Notes

32. Ibid., pp. 20–3.33. Discussions of testing procedures are to be found in Kammerer (2002) ‘Drug

Testing in Sport and Exercise’, pp. 324, 328–9; Houlihan (2002) Dying to Win, p. 164; Voy (1991) Drugs, Sport, and Politics, p. 191; Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 42, 218–19; Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, pp. 89, 95.

34. Singler and Treutlein (2008) ‘Doping in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland’, pp. 44–5.

35. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, p. 30; BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, pp. 136, 140. The seriousness of the situation accounts for Ewald’s appear-ance at the training camp in Kienbaum before the championships. He stressed to the athletes and trainers the need to administer banned sub-stances. As it was planned to use testosterone, a drug with significant health risks, in order to ensure a high level of success, those athletes willing to take it were required to swear an oath of secrecy. Some refused to continue with injections after negative effects became noticeable during the training process: see Höppner’s reports on 1 August and 11 September 1974 in BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, pp. 136–7, 139–41; also Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 30–1. While Professor Brooks had given advance warning at a meeting in Frankfurt of the development of a method to trace anabolic steroids, he had admitted that testosterone was as yet not identifiable.

36. Her married name was Marlies Göhr. For further details of the case, see BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, pp. 153–4; Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’, p. 1267, f. 5.

37. Professor Raymond Brooks and colleagues at St Thomas’s Hospital in London developed, in the early 1970s, radioimmunoassay for testing for anabolic-androgenic steroids. This was supplement by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at the 1976 Olympics and adopted at Los Angeles in 1980 for screening and confirmatory analysis. While this method was useful for the identification of endogenous testosterone, which had been added to the banned list in 1983, the application of exogenous testosterone was difficult to determine. Professor Donike and his colleagues at the West German IOC-approved doping control laboratory in Cologne devised a solution to this problem. In 1981, they established that exogenous testosterone was slower to change than that produced naturally and that the ratio between testos-terone and the biologically inactive epitestosterone, found naturally in all humans, increased significantly. Their tests indicated that the ratio of tes-tosterone to epitestosterone in the urine (T:E) should not exceed 6:1, a level that was accepted for international drug testing procedures as an indicator of illegal supplementation and reason for banning after 1983. For details, see Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 42, 218–19; Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, p. 95; Kammerer (2002) ‘Drug Testing in Sport and Exercise’, pp. 328–9; and Voy (1991) Drugs, Sport and Politics, p. 182. As one of its countermeasures, the GDR invested heavily in a mass spectrometry device for the Kreischa laboratory in 1978: Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, p. 89.

38. Among the other doping preparations was the use in swimming of the synthetic hormone mestanalone, also called STS 646, a high-risk substance: Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, p. 39. VEB Jenapharm had been producing STS

Notes 219

646, as well as STS 648, STS 482 and Substance XIII, since the mid-1970s: Latzel (2009) Staatsdoping, p. 14. Also: Verroken (1996) ‘Drug Use and Abuse in Sport’, pp. 41, 45; Armstrong (1996) ‘Sympathomimetic Amines and Their Antagonists’, p. 60.

39. Verroken and Mottram (1996) ‘Doping Control in Sport’, pp. 237–44.40. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, p. 147.41. Donohue and Johnson (1986) Foul Play. Drug Abuse in Sports, p. 160.42. Spitzer (1998) Doping in der DDR, pp. 10–11.43. Ibid., pp. 18–23; Spitzer (2008) ‘Entstehung und Funktionsweise des DDR-

Zwangdopings. Doping in einem geschlossenen System und die Grenzen der biologischen Leistungsfähigkeit’, pp. 71–2.

44. The full report can be found in Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instru-mentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’, pp. 920–2, and Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’.

45. Franke ‘Funktion und Instru mentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’ pp. 920–1; Franke and Berendonk, ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’ pp. 1264–5.

46. Franke and Berendonk, ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’ p. 1264.

47. Latzel (2009) Staatsdoping, pp. 66–7.48. See the document in Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, p. 254.49. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Leipzig, Abteilung XX, no. 00001/01, ‘Grobprojekt

zum Forschungsvorhaben “ZL” 35”’, [1974], pp. 36–40. Also Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 57, 63–4.

50. The document is reprinted in Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, pp. 125–30.

51. Ibid., pp. 130–1.52. For details of State Plan Theme 14.25, see Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der

DDR, pp. 126–8, 239–41; Berendonk (1991) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, p. 108; Seppelt (1999) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21. Goldmedaillen, Staatsdoping und die Stasi-Connection’, pp. 35–6; Engel (2010) Doping in der DDR. Eine rechtshistorische und strafrechtliche Aufarbeitung, pp. 65–6; Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, pp. 124–34; Ulmen (2000) Pharmakologische Manipulationen (Doping) im Leistungssport der DDR. Eine juristische Untersuchung, pp. 38–42.

53. Beamish and Ritchie (2006) Fastest, Highest, Strongest. A Critique of High-Performance Sport, pp. 103–4.

54. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 59, 64, 261.55. Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’,

pp. 929, 1061. 56. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport, pp. 101–13, 118.57. Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of

Athletes’, pp. 926–7.58. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 106–7; Latzel (2009) Staatsdoping,

p. 68; Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’, pp. 925, 928.

59. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 118, 120.60. Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’,

p. 1269; Latzel (2008) ‘Doping und die pharmazeutische Industrie in der

220 Notes

DDR. Vorläufige Ergebnisse und Forschungsprobleme’, pp. 126–31; Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 17, 133–5.

61. Schönherr (2008) ‘Pharmabetriebe in der Planwirtschaft’, pp. 98–9, 108–9.62. Reinartz (1999a) ‘Die flankierende Rolle des Staates – Das Staatssekretariat für

Körperkultur und Sport’, p. 335.63. Spitzer (1999) ‘Auftrag Politbüro: Spitzensport – Spritzensport – Spitzelsport.

Die Drahtzieher des systematischen Staatsdopings’, p. 104; Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 239–40.

64. Krebs (1995) ‘Politische Intsrumentalisierung des Sports’, p. 1359.65. Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’,

pp. 934–5. 66. The SVD had its own sports medical advisory centre at the Sportforum

in East Berlin as well as a separate sports medicine system at Regional level. Vorwärts had sports medical departments at the army Sports Clubs in Rostock, Frankfurt/Oder, Potsdam, Leipzig and Oberhof: Arndt (2004) ‘Entwicklung, Wirken und Ende des Sportmedizinischen Dienstes der ehe-maligen DDR’, pp. 325–9.

67. Reinartz (1999) ‘Die flankierende Rolle des Staates’, pp. 339–42; Arndt (2004) ‘Entwicklung, Wirken und Ende’, pp. 322–9.

68. Seppelt (1999) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21’, pp. 29–35.69. For details of the distribution of doping substances, see Franke (1995)

‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’, pp. 931–3; Seppelt (1999) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21’, pp. 29–32, 40–5; Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 410–13, 416; Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, pp. 133–4.

70. Quoted in Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’, p. 1268.

71. Spitzer (2007) Wunden und Verwundungen, p. 395.72. Ibid., pp. 571–2.73. Ibid., pp. 573–8, 586.74. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, p. 298; Franke and Berendonk (1997)

‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’, pp. 1268–9.75. Spitzer (2006a) ‘Sport and the Systematic Infliction of Pain’, p. 109.76. Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of

Athletes’, pp. 1269, 1275.77. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 152, 155, 209.78. Ibid., pp. 210–11. 79. On Kreischa, see Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des

Sports in der DDR’, pp. 932–3; Seppelt (1999) ‘Letzte Ausfahrt: Schönefeld. Die Vertuscher im Dopingkontrollabor der DDR in Kreischa’, pp. 81–93; Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, pp. 89–92.

80. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A637/79/II, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMV “Technik” vom 6.3.1979’, pp. 61–2.

81. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A637/71/II, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMV “Technik” vom 28.10.1981’, p. 268.

82. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A637/79/II, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMB “Technik” vom 26.8.1985’, p. 391.

83. BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, pp. 175–6.84. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A637/71/II, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMV

“Technik” vom 6.11.1979’, p. 117.

Notes 221

85. BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, p. 161.86. Ibid., p. 165.87. BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, pp. 190–1.88. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A637/79, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMV

“Technik”’ [November 1983], p. 300.89. Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’,

p. 947.90. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, p. 103. 91. Ibid., pp. 213, 381.92. Seppelt (1999) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21’, pp. 52–3.

Chapter 5

1. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR. Ein historischer Überblick zu einer kon-spirativen Praxis. Genese – Verantwortung – Gefahren, p. 411; Spitzer (2006a) ‘Sport and the Systematic Infliction of Pain. A Case Study of State-Sponsored Mandatory Doping in East Germany’, p. 110.

2. Seppelt (1999b) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21. Goldmedaillen, Staatsdoping und die Stasi-Connection’, p. 70; Ulmen (2000) Pharmakologische Mani pulationen (Doping) im Leistungssport der DDR. Eine juristische Untersuchung, p. 42.

3. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 142, 153. 4. BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, Ein Recherchebericht, p. 146. 5. The figures can be found in Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 149–57,

411–12. Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport. Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit und der Spitzensport, pp. 151–2, 157.

6. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 153, 156–7 (p. 153 on the core group)

7. In June 1975, Höppner reported to his controller that about 2,000 athletes were receiving anabolic steroids, mainly those in Leistungsstufe III, but also some from the second tier: BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, p. 146.

8. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, p. 157. 9. Seppelt (1999b) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21’, p. 50; Franke and Berendonk

(1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes: a Secret Program of the German Democratic Republic Government’, p. 1268.

10. Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR. Pharmakologische Manipulationen (Doping) und die Rolle der Wissenschaft’, p. 941.

11. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, p. 214. 12. Franke (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’,

p. 946.13. Ibid., p. 941.14. Seppelt (1999b) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21’, pp. 61–2; Franke (1995)

‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR’, pp. 941–2.15. For Höppner’s comments on parents’ disquiet, see BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage

A-637/79/II, vol. 3, ‘Treffbericht’, 25 July 1977, p. 267.16. West German physicians and officials also resorted to euphemism: Professor

Wildor Hollmann, President of the International Federation of Sports Medicine, employed the term ‘unterstützende Therapie’ (‘supportive ther-apy’) and Hans Liesen referred to the ‘development of personality’ and

222 Notes

‘performance-enhancing means’. See Singler and Treutlein (2008) ‘Doping in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Historische und soziologische Aspekte abweichenden Verhaltens im Spitzensport’, pp. 46, 54–5.

17. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 140–4.18. Ibid., pp. 134–9, 211–12; Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping

and Androgenization of Athletes’, pp. 1264–5.19. Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of

Athletes’, pp. 1264–5.20. Our translation: ‘durch die Effektivität des Trainings als Wirkungskomplex

einschließlich der gezielten Integration unterstützender Mittel’, in Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, p. 385.

21. The source is ‘Analyse der Wechselbeziehungen von Training, u. M. und Leistungsentwicklung in den leichtathletischen Wurf-/Stoßdisziplinen im Olympischenzyklus 1980/84’, compiled by L. Hinz, H.-J. Kuppardt and V. Reumuth, FKS, Leizpig, 1986. Reumuth was the chief medical doctor to the Athletics Federation. For the names of the athletes, see Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 168, 171–2, 384, fn. 1.

22. Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’, p. 1270.

23. BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport, p. 135.24. Ibid., pp. 183–4.25. Ibid., p. 200.26. See Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and the Andro-

genization of Athletes’, p. 1266; Latzel (2009) Staatsdoping. Der VEB Jenapharm im Sportsystem der DDR, p. 14

27. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, p. 412; Spitzer (2007) Wunden und Verwundungen. Sportler als Opfer des DDR-Dopingsystems. Eine Dokumentation, pp. 16, 30.

28. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 206–7.29. Ibid., p. 207.30. Spitzer (1998b) Doping in der DDR, pp. 109–10.31. Latzel (2009) Staatsdoping, pp. 21–2. 32. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 102–3.33. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Dresden, BV Dresden, AIM 2528, vol. II/II,

‘Tonbandschrift: Kurzbericht über den derzeitigen Stand der Vorbereitung auf die Halbserie der Saison 1985/86 der SG Dynamo Dresden’, 27.2.86, p. 330.

34. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Dresden, BV Dresden, AIM 2528, vol. II/I, ‘Tonbandschrift’, 15.9.78, p. 53. Dr Schäker of the FKS was authorised by the DFV General Secretary to test the urine samples of the Dresden team for evidence of the long-term administration of anabolic steroids. The trigger was a European away game against Partizan Belgrade.

35. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage A-637/79/II, vol. 2, ‘Treffbericht’, 20.9.77, p. 26, and ibid., ‘Treffbericht’, 5.6.76, pp. 193–4.

36. ‘Interview mit Hans-Georg Aschenbach’, at: www.mdr.de/damals/archiv/7060440-hintergrund-7048127.html (accessed 25 May 2011); also Berendonk (1992) Doping Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 63–4.

37. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A-637/79/II, vol. 2, ‘Treffbericht’, 25.7.77, p. 267.38. See the interviews in Spitzer (2007) Wunden und Verwundungen, pp. 352, 358,

366, 378, 388–9 and the analysis on pp. 30–1.

Notes 223

39. Voy (1991) Drugs, Sport, and Politics, p. 174.40. See the report on West Germany’s World Cup winning football team in

1954: The Guardian, 27 October 2010, at: www.guardian.co.uk.football/2010/oct/27/west-germany-1954-drugs-study (accessed 11 May 2011).

41. Franke and Berendonk (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes’, pp. 1275–6. On more recent research, see ‘Chancengleichheit der Westathleten’, www.taz.de/178945/, pp. 1–2 (accessed 11 November 2011).

42. Doping in West Germany is discussed in the following texts: Singler and Treutlein (2000) Doping im Spitzensport, pp. 177–322; Singler and Treutlein (2006) ‘Doping in West Germany’, pp. 88–114; Singler and Treutlein (2008) ‘Doping in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland’, pp. 41–66; Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 246–83; and ‘Doping in der BRD’, at: www.zeit.de/sport/2011–09/doping-westdeutschland-studie-bisp (accessed 7 November 2011).

43. Singler and Treutlein (2006) ‘Doping in West Germany’, pp. 107–9.44. Ibid., pp. 89–95.45. Ibid., pp. 91–7, 102–3; Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum

Betrug, pp. 255–8.46. Berendonk (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug, pp. 44–5; Hoberman

(2001) ‘How Drug Testing Fails: The Politics of Doping Control’, p. 260.47. Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport, pp. 242–4, 406–9.48. Huhn (2007) Doping ohne Ende?, pp. 5, 38; Wuschech (1998) Hexenküche

DDR? Ein DDR-Sportarzt packt aus, pp. 4–6, 69.49. On the neglect of a judicial accounting for doping practices in West

Germany, see Buss (2010) ‘Wie steht es um das Erbe des erfolgreichen DDR-Sports?’, pp. 885, 888.

50. Wuschech (1998) Hexenküche DDR? pp. 76–80.51. Erbach’s assessment can be followed in Erbach (1994) ‘“Sportwunder DDR”.

Warum und auf welche Weise die SED und die Staatsorgane den Sport förderten’, pp. 249–53.

52. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport, pp. 101, 103–4, 118, 127.53. Röder (2001) ‘Einige Bemerkungen zu den Dopingprozessen gegen Trainer,

Sportärzte und Sportfunktionäre der DDR’, at: www.sport-ddr-roeder.de/ fragen_antworten_artikel.hmtl, pp. 3–7 (accessed 31 May 2011).

54. Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht. Dokumentation. Band 7: Gefangenmisshandlung, Doping und sonstiges DDR-Unrecht, pp. 140–2.

55. Engel (2010) Doping in der DDR, Eine rechtshistorische und strafrechtliche Aufarbeitung, pp. 102, 105; Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, pp. xviii–xix.

56. Erbach (2004) ‘Politische Strafverfolgung gegen den DDR-Leistungssport – Ein Überblick’.

57. Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, p. 317.58. Lord (2006) ‘Caught in Time: 1980 East German 4 x 100m Medley Relay

Team’, The Times, 5 November 2006, at: www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article625282.ece (accessed 10 November 2010).

59. Krebs (2000) ‘“Körperverletzung mit besonders niederträchtigen Charakter”. Kinder als Opfer des DDR-Dopingsystems’, pp. 172–4; Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold. Inside the East German Doping Machine, pp. 75–88, 123–4; Seppelt (1999b) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21’, pp. 48–52; see also: http://news.bbc.

224 Notes

co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/599971.stm for a report on Kipke’s trial (accessed 21 July 2011).

60. Delow (2000) Leistungssport und Biographie. DDR-Leistungssportler der letzten Generation und ihr schwieriger Weg in die Moderne, p. 26; Ungerleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, pp. 111–14.

61. Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, pp. 209–12. 62. Ibid., pp. 313–16.63. Krebs (2000), ‘“Körperverletzung mit besonders niederträchtigen Charakter”’,

p. 172.64. Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, p. 287.65. Engel (2010) Doping in der DDR, p. 260. 66. For details, see Untergleider (2001) Faust’s Gold, pp. 115–16, 118–20, 124,

139–40, 159–60. 67. Marxen and Werle (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht, p. 326.68. Knecht (1998) ‘DDR-Doping schrumpft zum Bagatelldelikt’, p. 881.69. Knecht (2003) ‘Seltsame Suche nach Nutznießern des Dopingopfer-

Hilfegesetzes’; Engel (2010) Doping in der DDR, pp. 266–7. 70. Engel (2010) Doping in der DDR, p. 268.

Chapter 6

1. Fuchs and Ullrich (1990) Lorbeer und Trauerflor, Aufstieg und ‘Untergang’ des Sportwunders DDR, p. 94.

2. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport. Wahrheiten und Legenden aus dem Wunderland der Sieger. Manfred Ewald interviewt von Reinhold Andert, pp. 55–65.

3. Schwan (2000) Tod dem Verräter! Der lange Arm der Stasi und der Fall Lutz Eigendorf, pp. 251–70.

4. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage A-637/79/II, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMB “Technik”’, 18 May 1986, p. 43.

5. Oswald (2008) ‘Fußball-Volksgemeinschaft’. Ideologie, Politik und Fanatismus im deutschen Fußball, pp. 151–3; Pyta (2006) ‘German Football: a Cultural History’, pp. 3–7.

6. Teichler (1999a) ‘Die Sportverbände und ihre Wissenschaftliche Zentren’, p. 271.

7. Horn and Weise (2004) Das große Lexicon des DDR-Fußballs, pp. 419–22. 8. Ibid., pp. 424–6. 9. Blees (1999) 90 Minuten Klassenkampf. Das Länderspiel BRD – DDR 1974, p. 53.10. Leske (2007) Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs, p. 24.11. BStU, MfS, ZA, BdL, no. 005701, ‘Referat’, 22.11.68, p. 18. 12. See ‘West Germany’s 1954 World Cup Win May Have Been Drug-Fuelled, Says

Study’, The Guardian, 27 October 2010, at: www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/oct/27/west-germany-1954-drugs-study (accessed 11 May 2011).

13. Becker and Buss (2006) ‘Das “Wunder von Bern” und die DDR’, pp. 393–5.14. Fetzer (2003) ‘Die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz des Leistungssportsystems’,

pp. 293–4.15. Brussig (2003) ‘Sich die ganze Welt vom Fußball her erklären. Thomas Brussig

im Gespräch mit Stefan Herrmann und Markus Hesselmann’, p. 171.16. Blees (1999) 90 Minuten Klassenkampf, p. 275.

Notes 225

17. Horn and Weise (2004) Das große Lexikon des DDR-Fußballs, pp. 171, 173.18. Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR

1945–1965’, p. 352.19. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, p. 107; Stegemann

(2001), ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsytem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, p. 352.20. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, p. 107; Stegemann

(2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, pp. 352–3; Autorenkollektov (1976) Fußball in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Geschichte des Fußballsports in der DDR bis 1974, vol. 2, pp. 19, 21; Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Triathlon. Sportentwicklung in der DDR, pp. 20–1.

21. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder. pp. 108–9.22. Wiese and Braun (2006) Doppelpässe. Wie die Deutschen die Mauer umspielten,

p. 17.23. See Horn and Weise (2004) Das große Lexicon des DDR-Fußballs, pp. 216, 258.

For accuracy’s sake, the term ‘Oberliga of the GDR’ replaced that of ‘Football Oberliga of the Democratic Sports Movement’ after the founding of the GDR in October 1949. The number of Staffel in the Bezirksliga varied between 15 and 18 as, until 1984, several Bezirke (Regions) had more than one Staffel: Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, pp. 353–4.

24. Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, pp. 359, 360–2, 382–3; Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Triathlon, pp. 21–2.

25. This process is examined in Leske (2007) Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs, p. 12; Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, pp. 351, 354; Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Triathlon. pp. 24–5; Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 113–14.

26. Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, pp. 354–5.

27. For details of the encounter, see Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 109–10; Leske (2007) Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs, pp. 7–11; Teichler (2005a) ‘Tumulte in Planitz’, pp. 10–14.

28. Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Triathlon. pp. 23–4; Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 109–11.

29. Leske (2007) Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs, p. 86; Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, pp. 353–4.

30. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 113–17.31. Genschmar and Pätzug (2007) Der Dirigent. Hans-Jürgen ‘Dixie’ Dörner. Eine

deutsche Fußballkarriere, p. 157.32. Karte and Zimmermann (1993) Dynamo Dresden. Das Buch zum Verein 1953–

1993, pp. 22–4.33. Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–

1965’, p. 364.34. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 118–20.35. Ibid., pp. 121–3.36. Leske (2009) Vorwärts – Armeefußball im DDR-Sozialismus. Aufstieg und Fall des

ASK/FC Vorwärts Leipzig/Berlin/Frankfurt, pp. 169–85.37. Leske (2007) Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs, pp. 18–19, 128.38. Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–

1965’, p. 385.

226 Notes

39. Ibid., pp. 357–8, 364–5.40. Ibid., pp. 366, 389.41. Ibid., p. 371.42. Oswald (2008) ‘Fußball-Volksgemeinschaft’, pp. 256, 261, 277–9, 295–9. 43. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 158–9, 161–4,

166–70.44. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 1310, ‘Information. Betr.: SC

Dynamo Berlin – Fußball’, 10.10.63, pp. 92–5; BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 1264, ‘Information der S.V. Dynamo’, 11.4.65, pp. 123–5.

45. Teichler (2006b) ‘Fußball in der DDR’, pp. 31–2; Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 166–8; Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, pp. 361–2, 367–72.

46. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 179–81.47. Loest (2006) Der elfte Mann. Roman, pp. 190–3, 267.48. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 180–1.49. See the documents dated November to December 1984 in BStU, MfS, ZA,

Sekretariat Neiber, no. 247, pp. 31, 36–42, 51–2. 50. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 30/4966, ‘Information über Verstöße gegen die sozia-

listische Gesetzlichkeit beim Einsatz betrieblicher Mittel und Fonds für die Finanzierung aus Betriebssportgemeinschaften’, 29.5.87, pp. 127–33.

51. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY30/4966, ‘Information’, June 1987, p. 138. 52. Klaedtke (2003) ‘Stahl feuer!!! – Die Fußballer des Stahl- und Walzwerkes

Brandenburg zwischen politischer Anpassung und betrieblichem Eigensinn’, pp. 237–70.

53. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat Mittig, no. 20, ‘Information’, 11 July 1986, pp. 26–8; ibid., ‘Information über eine Aussprache bei Genossen Egon Krenz mit den Schiedsrichtern der Oberliga am 11.7.1986’, 21.7.86, pp. 30–2.

54. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder. pp. 233–7.55. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 27057, ‘Hinweise für die Begrüßungsworte des

Präsidiums der Zentralen Leitung der SV Dynamo für den Fußballmeister der DDR 1989, SG Dynamo Dresden, 24. Juni 1989’, p. 39.

56. It should, however, be noted that the limited reach of the central authorities over the game is not peculiar to the GDR, as the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, and Romania exhibited similar tenden-cies. See Goldblatt (2006) The Ball is Round. A Global History of Football, pp. 316, 338–9, 589–90, 592–5.

57. Mallwitz (2004) Trainer zwischen den Welten. Bernd Stange, pp. 208, 210–13.58. Fuchs and Ulrich (1990) Lorbeer und Trauerflor. pp. 90–1.59. Gröschner (1999) Sieben Tränen muß ein Clubfan weinen. 1. FC Magdeburg –

Eine Fußballlegende, pp. 15–16, 47, 51–2, 87.60. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport, pp. 57, 64–5.61. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 30/4963, ‘Einschätzung zum Leistungsstand und zur

Leistungserfullung im DFV der DDR’, [1985], p. 206.62. Genschmar and Pätzug (2007) Der Dirigent, pp. 219, 253.63. Interview with Modrow in ibid., p. 137; also Pleil (2001) Mielke, Macht und

Meisterschaft. Die ‘Bearbeitung’ der Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden durch das MfS 1978–1989, pp. 31–2.

64. Interview with Dörner in Genschmar and Pätzug (2007) Der Dirigent, p. 133; also Pleil (2001) Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft, pp. 31–2.

Notes 227

65. Genschmar and Pätzug (2007) Der Dirigent, pp. 83–4, 148–9. 66. Pleil (2001) Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft, p. 226.67. See the documents in BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Dresden, BV Dresden, AOPK,

no. 3521/86 (“Latte”), vol. II, pp. 59, 155; BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Dresden, Dresden AGMS, no. 3193/90, vol. I, part I, p. 108; also Pleil (2001) Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft, pp. 31–2.

68. Pleil (2001) Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft, p. 227. Among those who were kept abreast of developments were Modrow and Stammnitz, who, as the SED Regional Executive’s Second Secretary, was responsible for sport.

69. See the documents covering the period April to June 1965 in BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 1264, pp. 107–20.

70. Among one of many examples, see Mielke’s address in BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4343, ‘Ansprache des 1. Vorsitzenden der SV Dynamo – Empfang des Präsidiums der Zentralen Leitung für den Berlinerfußballclub Dynamo – (29 Juni 1979)’, pp. 40, 43.

71. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4343, ‘Einschätzung der Kaderlage mit Gehältern und Honararen in der Sportart Fußball der SV Dynamo’, [1965], pp. 72, 75.

72. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 1431, ‘Bericht über die Ergebnisse durchgeführter Überprüfungen zu den Vorkommnissen am 12. Mai 1968’, 22 May 1968, pp. 114–23.

73. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 1431, ‘Stellungnahme des Büros der Zentralen Leitung des SV Dynamo’, 23.4.65, pp. 112–13.

74. Relations between BFC and the Sport Association’s Central Management Office are the subject of a 1988 report by the chairman of the Central Auditing Commission in BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat Mittig, no. 18, Colonel Weihmann to Mielke, December 1988, pp. 1–6.

75. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 100, ‘Information der SV Dynamo’, 18.2.64, pp. 87–8; BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 1310, ‘Einige Beobachtungen und Feststellungen’, 28.5.64, p. 73.

76. Luther and Wilmann (2003) BFC Dynamo. Der Meisterclub, pp. 70–1.77. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 180, ‘Bericht über negative

Erscheinungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Oberligaspiel Dynamo Dresden gegen Dynamo Berlin am 01.12.1978’, [1978], pp. 7–11.

78. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 30/4981, Letter to Hellmann, 30.4.82, pp. 46–7.79. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12/3341, Letter to Ewald, 27.9.82.80. An example is to be found in SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12/3339, 11.12.81. Another

good example of frustrated football fans is a letter from Dr I addressed to Erich Honecker on 28 October 1985 in which the letter writer explains that his students are angry about the favourable treatment of Dynamo Berlin football club. Hellmann replies (22 November 1985) and suggests that the problem is well known to the management of the DTSB and the East German Football Federation. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY30/4983, Büro Honecker, pp. 2–3.

81. Interview in Genschmar and Pätzug (2007) Der Dirigent, p. 235.82. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4346, ‘Entwurf: Schlußwort des 1. Vorsitzenden auf

der 7. Tagung der Zentralen Leitung der SV Dynamo’. 25.2.81, pp. 67–8, 70.83. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 30/4963, ‘Protokoll der Videoauswertung des Endspiels

im FDGB-Pokal vom 8. Juni 1985 zwischen dem BFC Dynamo und der SG Dynamo Dresden zur Beurteilung der Schiedsrichterleistung’, 3.7.85, pp. 193–7.

228 Notes

84. A critique of the game can be found in Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 518–29, and Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Triathlon, pp. 77–8. Luther and Willmann (2003) BFC Dynamo, p. 166, offer a more sympathetic interpretation of Stumpf’s decision-making.

85. Müller (2009) Ins linke obere Ecke. Ein Nationaltorhüter erzählt, p. 59. 86. A photocopy of the article, dated 24 March 1986, was kept by the Stasi

under the heading of ‘Example of one-sided, biased reporting’: BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 27057, pp. 12–13.

87. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 27057, ‘Hinweise für die Gesprächsführung mit dem Präsidenten des DTSB, Genossen Ewald, und dem Leiter der Abteilung Sport im ZK der SED, Genossen Hellmann’, [March 1986], pp. 2–4.

88. A Stasi record of the exchanges between Mielke, Ewald and Hellmann is printed in BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport. Ein Recherchebericht, pp. 101–5. Hellmann had attended the match between Lok Leipzig and BFC.

89. Leske (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder, pp. 530–3. 90. Remath and Schneider (1999) Haare auf Krawall, Jugendsubkultur in Leipzig

1980 bis 1991, pp. 68–9. 91. BStU, MfS, ZA, HA XX, no. 221, ‘Bericht zum Stand der Sicherheit und

Ordnung bei Fußballspielen im Spieljahr 1987/88’, 15.7.88, pp. 260–1. 92. BStU, MfS, ZA, JHS, no. 21493, Rainer Taraschonnek, ‘Erfordernisse

der Erziehung und Befähigung von inoffiziellen Mitarbeitern (IM) zur operativen Bearbeitung von rechtsextremistischen Erscheinungen unter Jugendlichen der Hauptstadt’, 1989, p. 14.

93. See the documents in BStU, MfS, ZA, HA XX, no. 221, pp. 37, 193, 259, 299, 327.

94. Details are to be found in ibid., pp. 218, 243–4, 261. 95. Wiese (2006) ‘Wie der Fußball Löcher in die Mauer schoss – Die Ost-West-

Alltagskultur des Fußballs in Berlin’. 96. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Frankfurt (O), BdL, no. 1684, ‘Zusammenfassende

Darstellung zur Problematik der Ausschreitungen bei Fußballspielen im In- und Ausland, insbesondere für den Zeitraum von 1978 bis 1981’, June 1981, pp. 15–16.

97. Wiese (2006) ‘Wie der Fußball Löcher in die Mauer schoss’, pp. 269–277; Kuper (1994) Football against the Enemy, pp. 18–26.

98. Stegemann (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, p. 369.

99. Ibid., pp. 368–70, 372.100. Spitzer (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport. Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit

und der DDR-Spitzensport, pp. 174–81.101. This section is based on the statements made by IMB “Technik” – Dr

Höppner – to his controlling officer at several meetings between December 1983 and April 1986; see BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage A-677/79/II, vol. 3, pp. 305–6, 310–13, 329, 396, 405, 427.

102. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport, pp. 55–6.103. Spitzer (2004) Fußball und Triathlon, p. 92.104. These problems are assessed in the following two documents, the first an

analysis by the SV Dynamo Central Management Office of the national team, BFC and other clubs: BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26293, ‘Bericht des Büros der Zentralen Leitung über die 1982 in den Olympischen

Notes 229

Sommerspielen erzielten Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen für die weitere Vorbereitung auf die Olympischen Spiele 1984’, [1982], pp. 115–16., and BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4346, ‘Ansprache des 1. Vorsitzenden der SV Dynamo auf dem Empfang des Präsidiums der Zentralen Leitung für den Berliner Fußballklub Dynamo (27. Juni 1981)’, p. 140.

105. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat des Ministers, no. 1310, ‘Einige Beobachtungen und Feststellungen, die ich während der fast 10 jährigen Zugehörigkeit zur Fußballmannschaft des SC Dynamo habe’, 28.5.64, pp. 65, 74–5.

106. Ewald (1994) Ich war der Sport, pp. 60–1, 63–5.107. This remark is based on a report on Zimmermann’s views in BStU, MfS, ZA,

Sekretariat Mittig, no. 22, ‘Bericht’ (1987), pp. 46–7.

Chapter 7

1. DCMS (2008) Playing to Win: A New Era for Sport. 2. Bergsgard et al. (2007) Sport Policy. A Comparative Analysis of Stability and

Change, p. 155, original emphasis. 3. Grix and Carmichael (2011) ‘Why Do States Invest in Elite Sport?’. 4. See Gilbert (1980) The Miracle Machine. 5. Witt (1984) ‘Mass Participation and Top Performance in One: Physical

Culture and Sport in the German Democractic Republic’. 6. Knecht (1969) ‘Laufen Sozialisten schneller?’, p. 9. 7. Technically, the term ‘mass sport’ or Breitensport was not used, but the rather

wider term Freizeit- und Erholungssport; see Beuker (1984) ‘Breitensport in der DDR’, p. 1317. Later years saw a change to the term Körperkultur und Sport.

8. Seifert (1981) Sport 80, pp. 193–7. 9. FDGB; SAPMO-Archiv DY/34/25576, ‘Einschätzungen der Ergebnisse der

Sportfeste der Werktätigen in den Betrieben und Kreisen’, 4.12.85. 10. For badges, see www.ddr-geschichte.de/Sport/Abzeichen/abzeichen.html.11. ‘Bereit zur Arbeit und zur Verteidigung der Heimat’, see Deutscher Bundestag

(ed.), (1995) ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’, Materialien der Enquete-Kommission “Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland”, p. 640. Also, Witt (1984) ‘Mass Participation and Top Performance in One’, p. 163, on ‘Sport Badges’; and Fulbrook (2006) The People’s State. East German Society from Hitler to Honecker, p. 81, for a comparison with Nazi sport policy.

12. On school and university sport in the GDR respectively, see Hoffman (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR’, p. 19.

13. See Johnson (2008) Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany, p. 135.

14. Ibid., p. 144.15. SAPMO-Archiv DY/30/IV B 2/18 16, 30.6.77, no page number.16. SAPMO-Archiv DY/30/IV/A2/18/39, ‘Protokoll über die Sitzung der

Spartakiade-Arbeitsgruppe am 17.1.66’, 18.1.1966, p. 2. 17. SAPMO-Archiv DY/34/10801; ‘Protokoll der 21. Komiteetagung am 17. Juni

1976 in Berlin’, Committee for Physical Culture and Sport of the GDR, 30.6.76, p. 20.

18. SAPMO-Archiv DY 12 717, p. 12. ‘Thesen zur inhaltlichen Vorbereitung der Grund satzdokumente für den VIII. Turn- und Sporttag des DTSB’.

230 Notes

19. See Grix (2000) The Role of the Masses in the Collapse of the GDR, p. 24 and Maier (1997) Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany, p. 60.

20. See Albiez (2001) ‘Citius, altius, fortius. Kein Jump ohne Stasi- aus der Geschichte der KJS Jena’, p. 12.

21. SAPMO-Archiv DY/34/10801 Büro Zahn, ‘Schriftverkehr, Protokolle, Berichte, Vorlagen, Sorfortinformationen vom DTSB, Komitee für KK u. Sport, Staatssekretariat für KK u. Sport’. An indication of the seriousness of sport in the GDR and the cross-cutting nature of the institutions which had something to do with it can be read off the distribution list of the above document, which reads like a who’s who of GDR institutions: the boards of the DTSB, GST, FDGB, FDJ, to the Stasi (Sportclub Dynamo), Ministry of National Security (Nationale Verteidigung, Sportclub Vorwärts), Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministerium des Innern), Ministry of Education (Volksbildung), Office of Youth Affairs (Amt für Jugendfragen), Ministries of Finance, Culture, Built Environment (Bauwesen), Health, and the specialist University for physical culture (in Leipzig). These represent most of the key institutions in elite and mass sport in the GDR.

22. SAPMO-Archiv DY 30/4979 – Eingaben an Abteilung Sport, ZK SED, 3.5.85.23. Teichler (2004) ‘Sport in der DDR. Systemmerkmale, Folgen und offene

Forschungsfragen’, p. 416. 24. Fetzer (2003) ‘Die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz des Leistungssportsystems’,

p. 337.25. See SAPMO-Archiv DY/34 25576, ‘Einschätzung der Ergebnisse der Sportfeste

der Werktätigen in den Betrieben und Kreisen’, by the Federal Management Committee of the FDGB, 4.12.85.

26. On participation levels, see Witt (1984) ‘Mass Participation and Top Performance in One’, p. 162; Maier, Dissolution, p. 105; for further infor-mation (including ‘citizens’ communications’) relating to deteriorating economic conditions, scarcity of goods, spare parts and crumbling infra-structure, see Grix, The Role of the Masses (2000), pp. 45–6.

27. Hans Joachim Teichler’s chapter ‘Konfliktlinien des Sportalltags. Eingaben zum Thema Sport’ in Teichler (2003) Sport in the DDR. Eigensinn, Konflikte, Trends deals briefly with this topic. By his own admission, Teichler has ‘cherry picked’ a few Eingaben from the years 1982–83. The conclusions we draw in our analy-sis are based on all existing Eingaben to the DTSB held at the Bundesarchiv from 1981 to 1983; in addition we have drawn on Eingaben to Krenz’s office.

28. Eingabenanalyse by the SED (Socialist Unity Party, Central Committee, Propaganda Department), SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 30/IVA 2/903/11.

29. ‘…einen Ausdruck der aktiven Teilnahme unserer Menschen an der Planung, Leitung und Lenkung der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Aufgaben und an der Überwindung der Mängel und Schwächen, die es noch gibt.’ Central Committee Report, 1971, cited in Bos (1993) Leserbriefe in Tageszeitungen der DDR. Zur ‘Massenverbundenheit’ der Presse 1949–1989, p. 65.

30. For more on Eingaben see Grix (2007) ‘Eingaben in der Deutschen Demo-kratischen Republik’; Mühlberg (2000) ‘Eingaben als Instrument informeller Konfliktbewältigung’, p. 233, cited in Teichler (2003) ‘Konfliktlinien des Sportalltags’, p. 535.

31. SAPMO-Archiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/22, ‘Information für den Vizepräsidenten Sportfreund Rydz’, 30.12.80, p. 246.

32. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3337, 3.12.80, p. 186.

Notes 231

33. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3336, 20.1.82.34. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3341, 16.8.82, p. 183.35. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3341, 16.8.82, p. 183, Wilfred L.; SAPMO-BArchiv,

DY 12 3341, 23.08.82, reply to Wilfred L.36. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3358 from Lutz R., 7.3.83; ‘wo bleibt unsere

Sportschuhindustrie für den Volkssport?’ See Teichler (2003) ‘Konfliktlinien des Sportalltags’, pp. 537–8 for further examples.

37. Sports clubs (for football, rowing, athletics etc.,) were organised under umbrella sports organisations and were for elite athletes only. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3357.

38. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3341, 13.10.82, p. 300.39. SAPMO-BArchiv DY/30/IV 2/2.036/22, discussions take place on 20.10.83,

pp. 302–3.40. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3358, Klausdieter H, 18.2.83.41. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3339, Dr Wolfgang J., 24.11.81, p. 234; SAPMO-

BArchiv, DY 12 3339, 11.12.81, p. 235, reply from DTSB economic depart-ment written on 11.12.81.

42. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3358, 20.4.83.43. For example, SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3354, 24.8.83.44. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3339, 11.12.81.45. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3336, 4.8.82.46. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3336, 22.3.82.47. We found one exception to this rule in SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3338,

pp. 3–4, in which Genosse Basel replies to a sharply worded Eingabe by giving a contact person and address at a sports retailers. The original Eingabe, however, was not an individual, but written on behalf of a group of young athletes, who without sports clothes and shoes, would not have been able to compete in the up-coming Leipzig sports festival.

48. For Johannes H.’s letter, see SAPMO-BArchiv DY 12 3336, 5.5.82.49. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3359, 26.10.83 – also, reprinted in the original

German in full in Teichler (2003), ‘Konfliktlinien des Sportalltags’, p. 539.50. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3358, 14.3.1983, pp. 3–4.51. For example, Günter H. in SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3358, 14.6.83.52. Examples as follows: for the young socialist, see SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12

3341, 15.11.82, p. 409; for the sports organiser who needs to run, see SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3359, 18.7.83; for the promising athlete, no exact date, but July 1983, see SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3354; DTSB reply to Gerwin G. from 14.6.83, SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 3354.

53. SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 12 718, ‘Analyse der Eingaben an den Präsidenten des DTSB, 1988’, 2.3.89, p. 329.

54. Teichler (2004) ‘Sport in der DDR. Systemmerkmale’, p. 414.

Chapter 8

1. Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development. Policy Learning and Political Priorities, p. 19.

2. De Bosscher et al. (2008) The Global Sporting Arms Race; Green (2006) ‘From “Sport for All” to Not About “Sport” at All?: Interrogating Sport Policy

232 Notes

Interventions in the United Kingdom’; Houlihan and Green (2005) Elite Sport Development Policy Learning and Political Priorities; Bergsgard et al. (2007) Sport Policy. A Comparative Analysis of Stability and Change; Böhlke and Robinson (2009) ‘Benchmarking of Elite Sport Systems’, pp. 67–84.

3. Green and Oakley (2001) ‘Elite Sport Development Systems and Playing to Win: Uniformity and Diversity in International Approaches’, p. 255; Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development; Green (2007b) ‘Olympic Glory or Grassroots Development? Sports Policy Priorities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom 1960–2006’, pp. 921–53; Houlihan and Green (2008) ‘Comparative Elite Sport Development’.

4. Böhlke and Robinson (2009) ‘Benchmarking of Elite Sport Systems’, p. 68. See also Bloyce and Smith (2008) Sport Policy and Development, p. 148. In this chapter, however, we do not pursue in detail the particular nuances of differ-ent systems of elite sport development or how they are adapted at the local level. We are simply showing the broad-brush similarities between sports models.

5. See Nauright and Schimmel (2005) The Political Economy of Sport, p. 3. 6. Grix and Carmichael (2011) ‘Why Do Governments Invest in Elite Sport?’. 7. Houlihan and Green (2008) Comparative Elite Sport Development. 8. Ibid., p. 9; Grix and Parker (2011) ‘Towards an Explanation for the Decline

in UK Athletics: a Case Study of Male Distance Running’. 9. UK Sport (2006) Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success,

p. 16; quote also cited in Houlihan and Green (2008) Comparative Elite Sport Development, p. 5.

10. Collins and Green (2007) ‘The Australian Institute of Sport’, p. 9.11. See van Bottenburg (2002) ‘Sport for All and Elite Sport Policy: Do They

Benefit One Another?’, p. 2.12. DCMS (2008) Playing to Win: A New Era for Sport, p ii. 13. Green (2007b) ‘Olympic Glory or Grassroots Development? Sports Policy

Priorities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom 1960–2006’, p. 922.

14. See ibid.15. See James and Lodge (2003) ‘The Limitations of “Policy Transfer” and

“Lesson Drawing” for Public Policy Research’. 16. Dolowitz and Marsh (1996) ‘Who Learns What from Whom?: A Review of

the Policy Transfer Literature’; Dolowitz and Marsh (2000) ‘Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making’.

17. See Houlihan and Green (2008) Comparative Elite Sport Development, p. 14–15 for a discussion of ‘policy transfer’ and ‘policy learning’.

18. See Markovits and Rensman (2010) Gaming the World. How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture.

19. Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development; Collins and Green (2007) ‘The Australian Institute of Sport’; Böhlke and Robinson (2009) ‘Benchmarking of Elite Sport Systems’, p. 68; Bloyce and Smith (2010) Sport Policy and Development, p. 147.

20. Stewart et al. (2005) Australian Sport: Better by Design?, p. 27.21. Ibid., pp. 53–4; Collins and Green (2007) ‘The Australian Institute of Sport’,

p. 5; Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development, p. 19; Böhlke and Robinson (2009) ‘Benchmarking of Elite Sport Systems’ p. 68.

Notes 233

22. DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002) Game Plan, p. 7.23. Collins and Green (2007) ‘The Australian Institute of Sport’, p. 5.24. Busse (2010) ‘Wie steht es um das Erbe des erfolgreichen DDR-Sports?’. 25. Ibid., pp. 887–8.26. ‘Olympics: Germans Resurrect the East’s Methods’, New York Times,

10 September 2002, at: www.nytimes.com/2002/09/10/sports/olympics- germans-resurrect-the-east-s-methods.html (accessed 7 June 2011).

27. Report dated 8.10.70, p. 155; BStU Leipzig, AIM, 5330/92. 28. Green (2007c) ‘Policy Transfer, Lesson Drawing and Perspectives on Elite

Sport Development Systems’, p. 433.29. Krüger (1999) ‘Breeding, Rearing and Preparing the Aryan Body: Creating

Superman the Nazi Way’, cited in Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development, p. 25.

30. Wolstencroft (2004) Talent Identification and Development Programme, p. 38.31. Volkwein and Haag (1994) ‘Sport in Unified Germany: The Merging of Two

Different Sport Systems’, p. 184.32. Ibid., p. 191; also cited in Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development,

p. 25.33. Heinemann (1996) ‘Sports Policy in Germany’, p. 170.34. We have left out the systematic and state-approved doping system, dealt

with extensively in chapters 4 and 5, which was clearly a key aspect of many of the Eastern Bloc ‘models’ of sport.

35. See also Beamish and Richie (2006) Fastest, Highest, Strongest, p. 104.36. Philip Hersh, Chicago Tribune Olympic Sports Writer, 13 September 2000, at:

www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg05613.html (accessed 21 October 2011).

37. For more on the UK system see: Grix (2009) ‘The Impact of UK Sport Policy on the Governance of Athletics’; on Canada see Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development; on New Zealand see Sam and Jackson (2004) ‘Sport Policy Development in New Zealand: Paradoxes of an Integrative Paradigm’; on Norway, Italy and The Netherlands see UK Sport (2006) Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success.

38. This is not intended to be a thorough investigation of China’s sports system – we are interested in pointing out some similarities with the East German model.

39. For much more on China and the development of its sport system, see: Hong (2008) ‘China’; Riordan and Jones (eds) (1999) Sport and Physical Education in China.

40. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table#Medal_table for an overview of the Beijing medal tally (accessed 15 April 2011).

41. See Whitby (1999) ‘Elite Sport’.42. 29 October 2002. See www.guardian.co.uk/news/2002/oct/29/guardian-

obituaries.sport (accessed 21 January 2011).43. August 2008. See http://mcarlson-andoverhere.blogspot.com/2008/08/from-

gdr-to-gbr-new-perspective-on.html (accessed 21 Janaury 2011).44. DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002) Game Plan, p. 7.45. Green and Houlihan (2005) Elite Sport Development, p. 28.46. Kidd (1988) ‘The Elite Athlete’, cited in Green (2007a) ‘Olympic Glory or

Grassroots Development?, p. 943.

234 Notes

47. Bloyce and Smith (2010) Sport Policy and Development, p. 134.48. See Bergsgard et al. (2007) Sport Policy. A Comparative Analysis of Stability and

Change, p. 165.49. DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002); DCMS (2008) Playing to Win: A New Era for Sport.50. See, for example, the report by the National Audit Office (2005) UK Sport:

Supporting Elite Athletes.51. Stewart et. al. (2009) Australian Sport, p. 5.52. DCMS (2008) Playing to Win.53. Ibid., p. 3.54. UK Sport (2008) ‘World Class Governance’.55. See Bergsgard et al. (2007) Sport Policy, pp. 15–16, who also pick up on the

similarities between the discourse of the GDR and the UK sports policy documents.

56. Bloom et al. (2006) Achieving Excellence: Valuing Canada’s Participation in High Performance Sport, cited in Sam (2009) ‘The Public Management of Sport: Wicked Problems, Challenges and Dilemmas’, p. 502.

57. For exact figures see UK Sport (2008) ‘World Class Governance’.58. De Bosscher et al. (2008) The Global Sporting Arms Race; Collins and Green

(2007) ‘The Australian Institute of Sport’, p. 9. 59. See Strenk (1978) ‘Diplomats in Track Suits’, p. 359; for information

on Olympic placings see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics_medal_table (accessed 15 April 2011).

Chapter 9

1. Braun (2009) ‘The People’s Sport? Popular Sport and Fans in the Later Years of the German Democratic Republic’.

2. Kühnst (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport. Die politische Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der SBZ und DDR 1945–1957, p. 42.

3. SAPMO-BArchiv DY305041, 5.7.84, p. 91. 4. SAPMO-BArchiv DY305041, letter from Köhler and Röder, 15.10.84, p.112. 5. SAPMO-BArchiv DY30/IV/2/2.039 250, letter from Ewald to Hellmann,

12.1.84, p. 3. 6. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26322, report on a discussion between Eggebrecht

and Ewald, 15.5.72, p. 32. 7. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26786, Möller to Mielke [1989], pp. 5–8. 8. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 26666, ‘Aktueller Standpunkt zur Leitungstätigkeit

im SMD des BdZL’, 31.10.89, pp. 164–6. 9. BStU, MfS, Außenstelle Leipzig, Abteilung XX, no. 00001/04, ‘Bericht’,

14.5.75, p. 43. 10. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A-637/79/II, vol. 2, p. 192.11. Ibid., p. 193; also Seppelt (1999b), pp. 46–52.12. Volkwein and Haag (1994) ‘Sport in Unified Germany: The Merging of Two

Different Systems’, pp. 191–2.13. Quoted in Voigt (1975) Soziologie in der DDR: Eine exemplarische Untersuchung,

p. 86, as cited in Volkwein and Haag (1994), pp. 191–2.14. Hartmann (1998a) Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports,

pp. 239–40.

Notes 235

15. Fetzer (2003) ‘Die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz des Leistungssportsystems’, pp. 290–302, 347–51.

16. BStU, MfS, ZA, AIM 9295/91, Beifügung 3, Abschrift zum Tonband, 14 December 1977, pp. 57–8. This is a report by IMS ‘Peter Wilke’, that is Dr Hans Joachim Wendler, an athletics section doctor of SV Dynamo.

17. Hartmann (1998a) Goldkinder, p. 244.18. Document in Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros. Eine Studie

zum Verhältnis von SED und Sport mit einem Gesamtverzeichnis und einer Dokumentation ausgewählter Beschlüsse, p. 807.

19. BStU, MfS, ZA, ZAIG, no. 4357, ‘Einleitende Bemerkungen des 1. Vorsiztenden der SV Dynamo der DDR, Gen. Armeegeneral Mielke’, 16.10.87, p. 44 (draft).

20. BStU, MfS, ZA, Teilablage, A-637/79II, vol. 3, ‘Anlage zum Treffbericht IMB “Technik” [December 1985], p. 409.

21. BStU, MfS, ZA, SED-KL, no. 3005, ‘Referat’, 14.9.89, pp. 16–17.22. BStU, MfS, ZA, HA XX, no. 15219, ‘Vermerk’, 6.4.1988, p. 12.23. See the document in Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros,

pp. 824–5.24. Teichler (1998) ‘Staatsplan ohne “Sportobjekte”. Anmerkungen zur wirt-

schaftlichen Talfahrt’, pp. 243–7.25. Spitzer (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde’; Dreger (1995)

Contribution to the debate in Deutscher Bundestag: ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’, p. 722.

26. DY/30/IV 2/2.036/22; see pp. 295–7 for the sports sponsored on the actual contract.

27. DY/30/IV 2/2.036/22, p. 300. This is part of the ‘argumentation’ given to the GDR negotiators prior to meeting the Adidas representatives to thrash out the contract. No exact date given, but October 1983.

28. Ewald (1983) ‘A Lifetime of Sport for All’.29. See the 1986 Politbüro document in Teichler (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des

Politbüros, pp. 810–12. 30. BStU, MfS, ZA, Sekretariat Mittig, no, 22, ‘Information’, 5.3.87, pp. 49–50.31. Ewald (1983) ‘A Lifetime of Sport for All’, p. 825.32. Paradoxically, perhaps, one recent example of the use of sport as a part of

a state’s ‘soft power’ appears to be the unified Germany. Initial evidence suggests that Germany’s image has been enhanced long-term by the very successful staging of the football World Cup in 2006. See Grix and Houlihan (2012), ‘Sports Mega-events as Part of a Nation’s Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012)’; unpublished manuscript.

236

Albiez, S. (2001) ‘Citius, altius, fortius. Kein Jump ohne Stasi – aus der Geschichte der KJS Jena’, Gerbergasse, 18, IV, pp. 12–14.

Allison, L. (1998) ‘Sport and Civil Society’, Political Studies, 46, 4, pp. 709–26.Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of

Nationalism (London: Verso).Armstrong, D. J. (1996) ‘Sympathomimetic Amines and Their Antagonists’, in

D. R. Mottram (ed.), Drugs in Sport, 2nd edn (London and New York: Spon Press), pp. 56–85.

Arndt, K-H. (2004) ‘Entwicklung, Wirken und Ende des Sportmedizinischen Dienstes der ehemaligen DDR’, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 55, 12, pp. 322–9.

Autorenkollektiv (1976) Fußball in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Geschichte des Fußballsports in der DDR bis 1974, vol. 2 (East Berlin: Sportverlag).

Bahrke, M. S. and Yasalis, C. E. (2002) ‘Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids’, in M. S. Bahrke and C. E. Yesalis (eds), Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise (Champaign: Human Kinetics), pp. 33–46.

Balbier, U. A. (2007) Kalter Krieg auf der Aschenbahn. Der deutsch-deutsche Sport 1950–1972. Eine politische Geschichte (Paderborn, Munich, Vienna and Zürich: Ferdinand Schöningh).

Balbier, U. (2009) ‘A Game, a Competition, an Instrument? High Performance, Cultural Diplomacy and German Sport from 1950 to 1972’, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26, 4, pp. 539–55.

Beamish, R. and Ritchie, I. (2006) Fastest, Highest, Strongest. A Critique of High-Performance Sport (New York and Abingdon: Routledge).

Becker, C. and Buss, W. (2004) ’Das “Wunder von Bern” und die DDR’, Deutschland Archiv, 37, 3, pp. 389–99.

Berendonk, B. (1992) Doping. Von der Forschung zum Betrug (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag).

Bergsgard, N. A., Houlihan, B., Mangset, P., Nodland, S. I. and Rommetvedt, H. (2007) Sport Policy. A Comparative Analysis of Stability and Change (Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann).

Beuker, F. (1984) ‘Breitensport in der DDR’, Deutschland Archiv, 17, 12, pp. 1316–23.Bevir, M. and Rhodes, R. A. W. (2006) Governance Stories (London: Routledge).Bevir, M. and Rhodes, R. A. W. (2008) ‘The Differentiated Polity as Narrative’,

British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10, 4, pp. 729–34.Blees, T. (1999) 90 Minuten Klassenkampf. Das Länderspiel BRD – DDR 1974

(Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag).Bloom, M., Gagnon, N. and Hughes, D. (2006) Achieving Excellence: Valuing

Canada’s Participation in High Performance Sport (Ottawa: The Conference Board of Canada).

Bloyce, D. and Smith, A. (2008) Sport, Policy and Development: An Introduction (London: Routledge).

Böhlke, M. and Robinson, L. (2009) ‘Benchmarking of Elite Sport Systems’, Management Decision, 47, 1, pp. 67–84.

Bibliography

Bibliography 237

Bos, E. (1993) Leserbriefe in Tageszeitungen der DDR. Zur ‘Massenverbundenheit’ der Presse 1949–1989 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Press).

van Bottenburg, M. (2002) ‘Sport for All and Elite Sport Policy: Do They Benefit One Another?’, Proceedings, World Sport for All Congress, at: www. vanbottenburg.nl/downloads/147.%20Van%20Bottenburg%20%20Sport%20for%20all%20and%20elite%20sport.%20Do%20they%20benefit%20one%20another.pdf (accessed 20 January 2011).

Braun, J. (2007) ‘“Very Nice, the Enemies are Gone!” – Coming to Terms with GDR Sports since 1989/90’, Historical Social Research, 32, 1, Special Issue: Sports and Dictatorship, pp. 172–85.

Braun, J. (2009) ‘The People’s Sport? Popular Sport and Fans in the Later Years of the German Democratic Republic’, German History, 27, 3, pp. 414–28.

British Medical Association (2002) Drugs in Sport: The Pressure to Perform (London: BMJ Books).

Broszat, M. et al. (eds) (1977–1983) Bayern in der NS-Zeit, 6 volumes (Munich: Oldenbourg).

Brussig, T. (2003) ‘Sich die ganze Welt vom Fußball her erklären. Thomas Brussig im Gespräch mit Stefan Hermann and Markus Hesselmann’, in R. Adelmann, R. Parr and T. Schwarz (eds), Querpässe. Beiträge zur Literatur-, Kultur- und Mediengeschichte des Fußballs (Heidelberg: Synchron), pp. 171–9.

BStU (1994) MfS und Leistungssport. Ein Recherchebericht, Reihe A: Dokumente, no. 1 (Berlin: BStU).

Busse, P. (2010) ‘Wie steht es um das Erbe des erfolgreichen DDR-Sports?’, Deutschland Archiv, 43, 5, pp. 884–8.

Buss, W. (2001) ‘(Sport)politisch-historischer Handlungsrahmen’, in W. Buss and C. Becker (eds), Der Sport in der SBZ und frühen DDR. Genese – Strukturen – Bedingungen (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 110–62.

Cashmore, E. (1996) Making Sense of Sport (London: Routledge).Childs, D. (1978) ‘The German Democratic Republic’, in J. Riordan (ed.), Sport

under Communism (London: C. Hurst, and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press), pp. 67–101.

Coalter, F. (2007) A Wider Social Role for Sport. Who’s Keeping the Score? (London: Routledge).

Cole, B. C. (2000) ‘The East German Sports System: Image and Reality’, PhD thesis, Texas Technical University.

Collins, S. and Green, M. (2007) ‘The Australian Institute of Sport’, Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia 26, 2, pp. 4–14.

DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport) (2008) Playing to Win: A New Era for Sport (London: DCMS).

DCMS/Strategy Unit (2002) Game Plan: A Strategy for Delivering Government’s Sport and Physical Activity Objectives (London: Cabinet Office).

De Bosscher, V., de Knop, P., van Bottenburg, M. and Shibli, S. (2008) The Global Sporting Arms Race (Oxford: Meyer and Meyer Sport).

de Bruyn (1994) Jubelschreie, Trauergesänge, Deutsche Befindlichkeiten (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Verlag).

Deem, R. (2001) ‘Globalisation, New Managerialism, Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurialism in Universities: Is the Local Dimension Still Important?’, Comparative Education, 37, 1, pp. 7–20.

238 Bibliography

Deem, R. and Brehony, K. J. (2005) ‘Management as Ideology: The Case of “New Managerialism” In Higher Education’, Oxford Review of Education, 31, 2, pp. 217–35.

Delow, A. (2000) Leistungssport und Biographie. DDR-Leistungssportler der letzten Generation und ihr schwieriger Weg in die Moderne (Münster: LIT).

Dennis, M. (1982) ‘Sport Participation in the GDR’, GDR Monitor, no. 7, pp. 10–22.Dennis, M. (1988) The German Democratic Republic (London: Pinter Publishers).Dennis, M. (2000) The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic, 1945–1990

(Harlow, London and New York: Longman).Dennis, M. with Laporte, N. (2003) The Stasi: Myth and Reality (Harlow and

London: Pearson Longman).Deutscher Bundestag (ed.) (1995) ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’, Materialien der

Enquete-Kommission ‘Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland’, vol. III/I (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, and Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag), pp. 637–767.

‘Die Wahrheit über “Sport II”. Interview mit Siegfried Geilsdorf’ (2002) Beiträge zur Sportgeschichte, no. 15, pp. 32–8.

Dolowitz, D. P. and Marsh, D. (1996) ‘Who Learns What from Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature’, Political Studies, 44, 2, pp. 343–57.

Dolowitz, D. P. and Marsh, D. (2000) ‘Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making’, Governance, 13, pp. 5–24.

Donohue, T. and Johnson, N. (1986) Foul Play. Drug Abuse in Sports (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell).

Dreger, W. (1995) Contribution to the debate in: ‘Rolle des Sports in der DDR’, in Deutscher Bundestag (ed.), Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, ‘Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland’, vol. III/I (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, and Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag), pp. 637–767.

Edelman, R. (2002) ‘A Small Way of Saying “No”: Moscow Working Men, Spartak Soccer, and the Communist Party, 1900–1945’, American Historical Review, 107, 5, pp. 1441–74.

Engel, R. (2010) Doping in der DDR. Eine rechtsthistorische und strafrechtliche Aufarbeitung (Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac).

Erbach, G. (1994) ‘“Sportwunder DDR”. Warum und auf welche Weise die SED und die Staatsorgane den Sport förderten’, in H. Modrow (ed.), Das Große Haus. Insider berichten aus dem ZK der SED (Berlin: Dietz Verlag), pp. 232–53.

Erbach, G. (2004) ‘Politische Strafverfolgung gegen den DDR-Leistungssport – Ein Überblick’, pp. 15–20, at: www.grh-ev.org/html/body_doping_2.HTM (accessed 26 July 2010).

Ewald, M. (1983) ‘A Lifetime of Sport for All’, Olympic Review, no. 194, p. 826, at: www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1983/ore194/ORE194r.pdf (accessed 9 December 2010).

Ewald, M. (1994) Ich war der Sport. Wahrheiten und Legenden aus dem Wunderland der Sieger. Manfred Ewald interviewt von Reinhold Andert (Berlin: Elefanten Press).

Farin, K. and Hauswald, H. (1998) Die dritte Halbzeit. Hooligans in Berlin-Ost (Bad Tölz: Tilsner).

Farrell, C. and Morris, J. (2003) ‘The “Neo-Bureaucratic” State: Professionals, Managers and Professional Managers in Schools, General Practices and Social Work’, Organisation, 10, 1, 129–156.

Bibliography 239

Fetzer, T. (2003) ‘Die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz des Leistungssportsystems’, in H. J. Teichler (ed.), Sport in der DDR. Eigensinn, Konflikte, Trends (Cologne: Sport und Buch Strauß), pp. 273–357.

Franke, T. and Pätzug, V. (2006) Von Athen nach Althen. Die Fanszene von Lok Leipzig zwischen Europacup und Kreisklasse (Dresden: SDV Verlag).

Franke, W. W. (1995) ‘Funktion und Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der DDR: Pharmakologische Manipulationen (Doping) und die Rolle der Wissenschaft’, in Deutscher Bundestag (ed.), Materialien der Enquete-Kommission ‘Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland’, vol. III/2 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, and Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag), pp. 904–1143.

Franke, W. W. and Berendonk, B. (1997) ‘Hormonal Doping and Androgenization of Athletes: A Secret Program of The German Democratic Republic Government’, Clinical Chemistry, 43, 7, pp. 1262–79.

Friedrich, C. and Brzezinski, Z. (1956) Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

Fuchs, R. and Ullrich, K. (1990) Lorbeer und Trauerflor. Aufstieg und “Untergang“ des Sportwunders DDR (Berlin: Dietz Verlag).

Fulbrook, M. (1995) Anatomy of a Dictatorship (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Fulbrook, M. (2000) Interpretations of the Two Germanies, 1945–1990, 2nd edn

(Basingstoke: Macmillan).Fulbrook, M. (2002) Historical Theory (London: Routledge).Fulbrook, M. (2004) ‘Approaches to German Contemporary History since 1945:

Politics and Paradigms’, Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, Online Edition, 1, at: www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/16126041-Fulbrook-1-2004 (accessed 5 November 2010).

Fulbrook, M. (2006) The People’s State. East German Society from Hitler to Honecker (New Haven and London: Yale University Press).

Gaus, G. (1983) Wo Deutschland liegt (Hamburg: Hoffmann and Campe).Geertz, C. (1973) ‘Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture’,

in C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books), pp. 3–30.

Genschmar, J. and Pätzug, V. (2008) Der Dirigent. Hans-Jürgen “Dixie” Dörner. Eine deutsche Fußballkarriere (Göttingen: Verlag die Werkstatt).

George, A. (1996) ‘The Anabolic Steroids and Peptide Hormones’, in D. R. Mottram (ed.), Drugs in Sport, 2nd edn (London and New York: Spon Press), pp. 173–218.

Gilberg, R., Breivik, G. and Loland, S. (2007) ‘Anti-Doping in Sport’, in A. J. Schneider and Fan Hong (eds), Doping in Sport. Global Ethical Issues (London and New York: Routledge), pp. 158–77.

Gilbert, D. (1980) The Miracle Machine (New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan).

Gilchrist, P. and Holden, R. (2011) ‘Introduction’, in P. Gilchrist and R. Holden (eds), The Politics of Sport – Community, Mobility, Identity, Special Issue of Sport in Society, 14, 2, pp. 151–9.

Goldblatt, D. (2006) The Ball is Round. A Global History of Football (London: Penguin Books).

Goodwin, M. and Grix, J. (2011) ‘Bringing Structures back in: The “Governance Narrative”, the “Decentred Approach” and “Asymmetrical Network

240 Bibliography

Governance” in the Education and Sport Policy Communities’, Public Administration, 89, 2, pp. 537–56.

Goodwin, R. E. and Klingemann, H.-D. (2000) A New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Green, M. and Oakley, B. (2001) ‘Elite Sport Development Systems and Playing To Win: Uniformity and Diversity in International Approaches’, Leisure Studies, 20, pp. 247–68.

Green, M. (2006) ‘From “Sport for All” to Not About “Sport” at All?: Interrogating Sport Policy Interventions in the United Kingdom’, European Sport Management Quarterly, 6, pp. 217–38.

Green, M. (2007a) ‘Governing under Advanced Liberalism: Sport Policy and the Social Investment State’, Policy Science, 40, pp. 55–71.

Green, M. (2007b) ‘Olympic Glory or Grassroots Development? Sports Policy Priorities in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom 1960–2006’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 24, 7, pp. 921–53.

Green, M. (2007c) ‘Policy Transfer, Lesson Drawing and Perspectives on Elite Sport Development Systems’, International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 2, 4, pp. 426–41.

Green, M. (2009) ‘Podium or Participation? Analysing Policy Priorities under Changing Modes of Sport Governance in the United Kingdom’, International Journal of Sport Policy, 1, 2, pp. 121–44.

Green, M. and Houlihan, B. (2005) Elite Sport Development. Policy Learning and Political Priorities (London and New York: Routledge).

Grix, J. (2000) The Role of the Masses in the Collapse of the GDR (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

Grix, J. (ed.) (2002) Approaches to the Study of Contemporary Germany: Research Methodologies in German Studies (London: Continuum Press).

Grix, J. (2007) ‘Eingaben in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik’, European Research Institute Working Paper Series, no. 18, UOB, at: www.eri.bham.ac.uk/research/working-papers.shtml.

Grix, J. (2008) ‘The Decline of Mass Sport Provision in the German Democratic Republic’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 25, 4, pp. 406–20.

Grix, J. (2009) ‘The Impact of UK Sport Policy on the Governance of Athletics’, International Journal of Sport Policy, 1, 1, pp. 31–49.

Grix, J. (2010a) ‘From “Hobbyhorse” to Mainstream: Using Sport to Understand British Politics’, British Politics, 5, 1, pp. 114–29.

Grix, J. (2010b) ‘Introducing “Hard Interpretivism” and “Q” Methodology’, Leisure Studies, 29, 4, pp. 457–67.

Grix, J. (2010c) ‘The Governance Debate and the Study of Sport Policy’, International Journal of Sport Policy, 2, 2, pp. 159–71.

Grix, J. and Carmichael, F. (2011) ‘Why Do Governments Invest in Elite Sport?’, International Journal of Sport Policy, DOI: 1080/19406940.2011.627358, pre- published online, October 2011. pp. 1–18.

Grix, J. and Carmichael, F. (2012) ‘The Olympic Legacy and Participation in Sport: An Interim Assessment of Sport England’s Active People Survey for Sports Studies Research’, in J. Grix and L. Phillpots (eds), An Assessment of UK Sport Policy (London: Routledge), forthcoming.

Grix, J. and Houlihan, B. (2012) ‘Sports Mega-events as Part of a Nation’s Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012)’, unpublished manuscript.

Bibliography 241

Grix, J. and Jeffery, C. (2000) ‘The Social Dynamics of Dictatorship: Re- evaluating the Third Reich and the GDR “From the Bottom Up”’, in M. Butler and R. Evans (eds), The Challenge of German Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave).

Grix, J. and Parker, A. (2011) ‘Towards an Explanation for the Decline in UK Athletics: a Case Study of Male Distance Running’, Sport in Society, 14, 5, pp. 608–624.

Gröschner, A. (1999) Sieben Tränen muß ein Clubfan weinen. 1. FC Magdeburg – Eine Fußballlegende (Leipzig: Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag).

Guttmann, A. (2003), ‘Sport, Politics and the Engaged Historian’, Journal of Contemporary History, 38, 3, pp. 363–75.

Hancock, M. D. and Welsh, H. (eds) (1994) German Unification. Processes and Outcomes (Boulder/San Francisco/Oxford: Westview Press).

Hardman. K. and Naul, R. (2002) ‘Sport and Physical Education in the Two Germanies, 1945–90’, in R. Naul and K. Hardman (eds), Sport and Physical Education in Germany (London and New York: Routledge), pp. 28–76.

Hartmann, G. (1998a) Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports (Leipzig: Forum Press).

Hartmann, G. (1998b) ‘Vorturner Walter. Wie und warum Walter Ulbricht den Spitzensport formte’, in G. Hartmann, Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports (Leipzig: Forum Verlag), pp. 9–26.

Heinemann, K. (1996) ‘Sports Policy in Germany’, in L. Chalip, A. Johnson and L. Stachura (eds), National Sport Policies. An International Handbook (London: Greenwood Press).

Herbstritt, G. (2011) ‘The East German Stasi Files: What’s So Special about Them?’, published by the Slovakian ‘Nation’s Memory Institute’.

Hilton, C. (2008) Hitler’s Olympics. The 1936 Berlin Olympic Games (Gloucester: Sutton Publishing).

Hilvoorde, I. V., Elling, A. and Stokvis, R. (2010) ‘How to Influence National Pride? The Olympic Medal Index as a Unifying Narrative’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45, 1, pp. 87–102.

Hoberman, J. (1984) Sport and Political Ideology (London: Heinemann Press).Hoberman, J. (2001) ‘How Drug Testing Fails: The Politics of Doping Control’, in

W. Wilson and E. Derse (eds), Doping in Elite Sport. The Politics of Drugs in the Olympics (Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers), pp. 241–73.

Hoberman, J. (2002) ‘Sport Physicians and the Doping Crisis in Elite Sport’, Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 12, 4, pp. 203–08.

Hoffmann, N. (2003) ‘Der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendsportschulen (KJS) der DDR unter besonderer Betrachtung des Konflikts um einen “humaneren Kinderhochleistungssport” zwischen dem Ministerium für Volksbildung und dem DTSB’ (University of Mainz: Wissenschaftliche Hausarbeit zur Ersten Staatsprüfung für das Lehramt an Gymnasien).

Holloway, I. (1997) Basic Concepts for Qualitative Research (Oxford: Blackwell Science).

Holzweißig, G. (1981) Diplomatie im Trainingsanzug. Sport als politisches Instrument der DDR in den innerdeutschen und internationalen Beziehungen (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag).

Holzweißig, G. (1988) Sport und Politik in der DDR (Berlin: Verlag Gebr. Holzapfel).

Holzweißig, G. (1995) in Deutscher Bundestag (ed.), ‘Die Funktion des Sports für das Herrschafts system der DDR’, pp. 642–52.

242 Bibliography

Holzweißig, G. (2005) ‘Sport – Gesellschaftliche Rolle und politische Funktion’, Horch und Guck, 51, pp. 1–9.

Hong, F. (2008) ‘China’, in B. Houlihan and M. Green (eds) (2008) Comparative Elite Sport Development: Systems, Structures and Public Policy (Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann), pp. 25–52.

Horn, M. and Weise, G. (2004) Das große Lexikon des DDR-Fußballs (Berlin: Schwarzkopf and Schwarzkopf).

Houlihan, B. (1994) Sport and International Relations (Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Harvester/Wheatsheaf).

Houlihan, B. (1997) Sport, Policy, and Politics: A Comparative Analysis (London: Routledge).

Houlihan, B. (2002) Dying to Win. Doping in Sport and the Development of Anti-Doping Policy, 2nd edn (Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing).

Houlihan, B. and Green, M. (eds) (2005) Elite Sport Development: Policy Learning and Political Priorities (London: Routledge).

Houlihan, B. and Green, M. (2008) ‘Comparative Elite Sport Development’, in B. Houlihan and M. Green (eds), Comparative Elite Sport Development: Systems, Structures and Public Policy (Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann), pp. 1–25.

Houlihan, B. and Green, M. (2009) ‘Modernization and Sport: The Reform of Sport England and UK Sport’, Public Administration, 87, 3, pp. 678–98.

Huhn, K. U. (2007) Doping ohne Ende, Special Issue of Beiträge zur Sportgeschichte (Berlin: Spotless Verlag).

Hunt, T. M. (2007) ‘Sport, Drugs, and the Cold War. The Conundrum of Olympic Doping Policy, 1970–1979’, Olympika, no. XVI, pp. 19–42.

International Olympic Committee (ed.) (1968) The Speeches of President Avery Brundage (Lausanne: IOC).

James, O. and Lodge, M. (2003) ‘The Limitations of “Policy Transfer” and “Lesson Drawing” For Public Policy Research’, Political Studies Review, 1, pp. 179–93.

Johnson, M. A. (2008) Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany (Leiden and Boston: Brill).

Kaelble, H., Kocka, J. and Zwahr, H. (eds) (1994) Sozialgeschichte der DDR (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta Verlag).

Kammerer, R. C. (2002) ‘Drug Testing in Sport and Exercise’, in M. S. Bahrke and C. E. Yesalis (eds), Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise (Champaign: Human Kinetics), pp. 323–39.

Karte, U. and Zimmermann, G. (eds) (1993) Dynamo Dresden. Das Buch zum Verein 1953–1993 (Leipzig: Thom Verlag).

Keiderling, G. (1999) ‘Von Kommunal- zum Volkssport: Entwicklung in der Ost-Zone Deutschlands’, in F. L. Nitsch, and L. Peiffer (eds), Die roten Turnbrüder. 100 Jahre Arbeitersport (Marburg: Schüren), pp. 156–75.

Kershaw, I. The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 3rd edn (London, New York, Melbourne and Auckland: Edward Arnold).

Kidd, B. (1988) ‘The Elite Athlete’, in J. Harvey and H. Cantelon (eds), Not Just a Game (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press), pp. 287–308.

Klaedtke, U. (2003) ’Stahl feuer!!! – Die Fußballer des Stahl- und Walzwerkes Brandenburg zwischen politischer Anpassung und betrieblichem Eigensinn’, in H. J. Teichler (ed.), Sport in der DDR. Eigensinn, Konflikte, Trends (Cologne: Sport und Buch Strauß), pp. 237–70.

Bibliography 243

Knecht, W. (1969a) ‘Die Basis der sozialistischen Körperkultur’, Deutschland Archiv, 2, 4, pp. 240–51.

Knecht, W.(1969b) ‘Laufen Sozialisten schneller?’, Deutschland Archiv, 2, 1, pp. 1–9.Knecht, W. (1998) ‘DDR-Doping schrumpft zum Bagatelldelikt’, Deutschland

Archiv, 31, 6, pp. 880–2.Knecht, W. P. (1999) ‘Die schwierige Wandlung der KJS zu Eliteschulen des

Sports’, Deutschland Archiv, 32, 1, pp. 74–9.Knecht, W. P. (2003) ‘Seltsame Suche nach Nutznießern des Dopingopfer-

Hilfegesetzes’, Deutschland Archiv, 36, 4, pp. 557–61.Koch, M. (2004) ‘Rasen-Rivalen – und alle gegen den BFC’, in F. Willmann (ed.),

Fußball-Land DDR (Berlin: Eulenspiegel Verlag), pp. 51–60.Körperkultur und Sport in der DDR. Informationen, Fakten, Zahlen (1978) (Dresden:

Verlag Zeit im Bild).Kott, S. (2004) ‘Everyday Communism: New Social History of the German

Democratic Republic’, Contemporary European History, 13, 2, pp. 233–47.Krebs, H.-D. (1995) ‘Die politische Instrumentaliserung des Sports in der DDR’,

in Deutscher Bundestag (ed.), Enquete-Kommission ‘Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland’, vol. III/2 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, and Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp), pp. 1314–69.

Krebs, H.-D. (2000), ‘“Körperverletzung mit besonders niederträchtigen Charakter”. Kinder als Opfer des DDR-Dopingsystems’, Deutschland Archiv, 33, 2, pp. 172–4.

Krüger, A. (2001) ‘Hochleistungssport. Der Hochleistungssport in der frühen DDR’, in W. Buss and C. Becker (eds), Der Sport in der SBZ und frühen DDR. Genese – Strukturen – Bedingungen (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 535–55.

Krüger, A. (1999) ‘Breeding, Rearing and Preparing the Aryan Body: Creating Superman the Nazi Way’, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 16, 2, pp. 42–68.

Kühnst, P. (1982) Der mißbrauchte Sport. Die politische Instrumentalisierung des Sports in der SBZ und DDR 1945–1957 (Cologne: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik).

Kulturpolitisches Wörterbuch, (1978) (Berlin: Dietz Verlag).Kuper, S. (1994) Football against the Enemy (London: Orion).Latzel, K. (2008) ‘Doping und die pharmazeutische Industrie in der DDR.

Vorläufige Ergebnisse und Forschungsprobleme’, in K. Latzel and L. Niethammer (eds), Hormone und Hochleistung. Doping in Ost und West (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag), pp. 121–38.

Latzel, K. (2009) Staatsdoping. Der VEB Jenapharm im Sportsystem der DDR (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag).

Leske, H. (2004) Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder. Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt).

Leske, H. (2007) Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs (Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt).

Leske, H. (2009) Vorwärts – Armeefußball im DDR-Sozialismus. Aufstieg und Fall des ASK/FC Vorwärts Leipzig/Berlin/Frankfurt (Göttingen: Verlag die Werkstatt).

Levermore, R. (2004) ‘Sport’s Role in Constructing the “Inter-State” Worldview’, in R. Levermore and A. Budd (eds), Sport and International Relations (London: Routledge), pp. 16–30.

244 Bibliography

Lindenberger, T. (1999) Herrschaft und Eigensinn in der Diktatur (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag).

Llewellyn Smith, M. (2004) Olympics in Athens 1896. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games (London: Profile Books).

Loest, E. (2006) Der elfte Mann. Roman (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag).

Lowe, B., Kanin, D. and Strenk, A. (eds) (1978) Sport and International Relations (Champaign: Stipes Publishing).

Lüdtke, A. (ed.) (1995) The History of Everyday Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Luther, J. and Willmann, F. (2000) Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! (Berlin: BasisDruck Verlag).

Luther, J. and Wilmann, F. (2003) BFC Dynamo. Der Meisterclub (Berlin: Das Neue Berlin).

Maier, C. (1997) Dissolution. The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Mallwitz, H. (2004) Trainer zwischen den Welten. Bernd Stange (Anderbeck: Mitteldeutsche Verlagsanstalt).

Markovits, A. S. and Rensman, L. (2010) Gaming the World. How Sports are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press).

Marxen, K. and Werle, G. (eds) (2009) Strafjustiz und DDR-Unrecht. Dokumentation. Band 7: Gefangenenmisshandlung, Doping und sonstiges DDR-Unrecht (Berlin: De Gruyter Recht).

McEldowney, J. (2003) ‘Public Management Reform and Administrative Law in Local Public Service in the UK’, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 69, 1, 69–82.

Michaelis, A. (1996) ‘Der Leistungssport der DDR im Spannungsfeld der Systemauseinandersetzung in den 50er und 60er Jahren’, in D. Vorsteher (ed.), Parteiauftrag: Ein neues Deutschland. Bilder, Rituale und Symbole der frühen DDR (Munich and Berlin: Koehler and Amelang Verlagsgesellschaft), pp. 424–34.

Müller, R. (2009) Ins linke obere Ecke. Ein Nationaltorhüter erzählt (Taucha: Tauchaer Verlag).

National Audit Office (2005) UK Sport: Supporting Elite Athletes (London: Stationery Office).

Newman, J. (2001) Modernising Governance: New Labour, Policy and Society (London: Sage).

Nauright, J. and Schimmel, K. S. (eds) (2005) The Political Economy of Sport (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

Nye, J. S. (1990), ‘Soft Power’, Foreign Policy, 80, autumn, pp. 153–71.Oswald, R. (2008) ‘Fußball-Volksgemeinschaft’. Ideologie, Politik und Fanatismus

im deutschen Fußball 1919–1964 (Frankfurt am Main and New York: Campus Verlag).

Pfister, G. (2002) Frauen und Sport in der DDR (Cologne: Sport und Buch Strauß).Pleil, I. (2001) Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft. Die ‘Bearbeitung’ der Sportgemeinschaft

Dynamo Dresden durch das MfS 1978–1989 (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag).Priller, E. (1998) ‘“Jedermann an jedem Ort – jede Woche mehrmals Sport”. Sport

im Zeitbudget von Erwachsenen in der DDR’, in J. Hinsching (ed.), Alltagssport in der DDR (Aachen: Meyer and Meyer, Verlag), pp. 295–312.

Bibliography 245

Pyta, W. (2006) ‘German Football. A Cultural History’, in A. Tomlinson and C. Young (eds), German Football. History, Culture, Society (London and New York: Routledge), pp. 1–22.

Reents, S. (2002) ‘Determining the Efficacy of Performance-Enhancing Substances’, in M. S. Bahrke and C. E. Yesalis (eds), Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise (Champaign: Human Kinetics), pp. 21–32.

Reinartz, K. (1998) ‘Der Apparat in der Wendezeit vor München’, in G. Hartmann, Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports (Leipzig: Forum Verlag), pp. 72–89.

Reinartz, K. (1999a) ‘Die flankierende Rolle des Staates – Das Staatssekretariat für Körperkultur und Sport, 1-3’, in H. J. Teichler, K. Reinartz et al. (eds), Das Leistungssportsytem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann, pp. 307–50.

Reinartz, K. (1999b) ‘Die Zweiteilung des DDR-Sports auf Beschluss der SED’, in H. J. Teichler, K. Reinartz et al. (eds), Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 55–85.

Remath, C. and Schneider, R. (1999) Haare auf Krawall. Jugendsubkultur in Leipzig 1980 bis 1991 (Leipzig: Connewitzer Verlag).

Riordan, J. (1999) ‘The Impact of Communism on Sport’, in A. Krüger and J. Riordan (eds), The International Politics of Sport in the Twentieth Century (London: Spon Press), pp. 48–66.

Riordan, J. and Jones, R. (eds) (1999) Sport and Physical Education in China (London and New York: Spon Press).

Ritter, A. (2003) Wandlungen in der Steuerung des DDR-Hochleistungssports in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren (University of Potsdam: dissertation).

Röder, H., personal website, at: www.sport-ddr-roeder.de. Rohrberg, K. (2001) ‘Gedanken zu Buggels Überlegungen’, Beiträge zur

Sportgeschichte, no. 14, (Berlin: Spotless-Verlag), pp. 45–55.Ross, C. (2002) The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the

Interpretation of the GDR (London: Arnold).Ross, C. and Grix, J. (2002) ‘Approaches to the German Democratic Republic’,

in J. Grix (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Contemporary Germany: Research Methodologies in German Studies (London: Continuum Press).

Sam, M. P. and Jackson, S. J. (2004) ‘Sport Policy Development in New Zealand: Paradoxes of an Integrative Paradigm’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 39, 2, 205–22.

Sam, M. P. (2009) ‘The Public Management of Sport: Wicked Problems, Challenges and Dilemmas’, Public Management Review, 11, 4, pp. 499–513.

Schönherr, E. (2008) ‘Pharmabetriebe in der Planwirtschaft’, in K. Latzel and L. Niethammer (eds), Hormone und Hochleistung. Doping in Ost und West (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag), pp. 97–119.

Schroeder, K. and Staadt, J. (1994) ‘Der diskrete Charme des Status Quo. DDR-Forschung in der Ära der Entspannungspolitik’, in K. Schroeder (ed.), Geschichte und Transformation des SED-Staates, Beiträge und Analysen (Berlin: Akademie Verlag).

Schwan, H. (2000) Tod dem Verräter! Der lange Arm der Stasi und der Fall Lutz Eigendorf (Munich: Knaur).

Seifert, M. (ed.) (1981) Sport 80 (East Berlin: Sportverlag).Senn, A. E. (1999) Power, Politics and the Olympic Games (Leeds: Human Kinetics).

246 Bibliography

Seppelt, H.-J. (1999a) ‘Letzte Ausfahrt: Schönefeld. Die Vertuscher im Dopingkontrollabor der DDR in Kreischa’, in, H.-J. Seppelt and H. Schück (eds), Anklage: Kinderdoping. Das Erbe des DDR-Sports (Berlin: Tenea Verlag), pp. 79–94.

Seppelt, H.-J. (1999b) ‘Berlin Czarnikauer Straße 21. Goldmedaillen, Staatsdoping und die Stasi-Connection’, in H.-J. Seppelt and H. Schück (eds), Anklage: Kinderdoping. Das Erbe des DDR-Sports (Berlin: Tenea Verlag), pp. 27–77.

Seppelt, H.-J. and Schück, H. (eds) (1999) Anklage: Kinderdoping. Das Erbe des DDR-Sports (Berlin: Tenea Verlag).

Singler, A. and Treutlein, G. (2000) Doping im Spitzensport. Sportwissenschaftliche Analysen zur nationalen und internationalen Leistungsentwicklung (Teil 1) (Aachen: Meyer and Meyer Verlag).

Singler, A. and Treutlein, G. (2006) ‘Doping in West Germany’, in G. Spitzer (ed.), Doping and Doping Control in Europe (Aachen: Meyer and Meyer Sport), pp. 88–114.

Singler, A. and Treutlein, G. (2008) ‘Doping in der Bundesrepublik Deut schland: Historische und soziologische Aspekte abweichenden Verhaltens im Spitzen-sport’, in K. Latzel and L. Niethammer (eds), Hormone und Hochleistung. Doping in Ost und West (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag), pp. 41–65.

Spitzer, G. (1998a) ‘Anfang und Ende der Lex Ewald 1955–1989’, in G. Hartmann, Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports (Leipzig: Forum Verlag), pp. 260–81.

Spitzer, G. (1998b) Doping in der DDR. Ein historischer Überblick zu einer konspi-rativem Praxis. Genese – Verantwortung – Gefahren (Cologne: Sport und Buch Strauß).

Spitzer, G. (1998c) ‘IM Schattenberreich. Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter im Sport: Fallstudie Leipzig’, in G. Hartmann, Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports (Leipzig: Forum Verlag), pp. 188–204.

Spitzer, G. (1998d) ‘Wie das Gold geschmiedet wurde. Auslese, Ausbildung, Erziehung’, in G. Hartmann, Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports (Leipzig: Forum Press), pp. 109–126.

Spitzer, G. (1999) ‘Auftrag Politbüro: Spitzensport – Spritzensport – Spitzelsport. Die Drahtzieher des systematischen Staatsdopings’, in H.-J. Seppelt and H. Schück (eds), Anklage: Kinderdoping. Das Erbe des DDR-Sports (Berlin: Tenea Verlag), pp. 97–115.

Spitzer, G. (2004) Fußball und Triathlon. Sportentwicklung in der DDR (Aachen: Meyer and Meyer Verlag).

Spitzer, G. (2005) Sicherungsvorgang Sport. Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit und der DDR-Spitzensport (Schorndorf: Verlag Hofmann).

Spitzer, G. (2006a) ‘Sport and the Systematic Infliction of Pain. A Case Study of State-Sponsored Mandatory Doping in East Germany’, in S. Loland, B. Skirstad and I. Waddington (eds), Pain and Injury in Sport. Social and Ethical Analysis (London and New York: Routledge), pp. 109–26.

Spitzer, G. (2006b) ‘Ranking Number 3 in the World: How the Addiction to Doping Changed Sport in the GDR’, in G. Spitzer (ed.), Doping and Doping Control in Europe (Aachen: Meyer and Meyer Sport), pp. 57–77.

Spitzer, G. (2007) Wunden und Verwundungen, Sportler als Opfer des DDR-Dopingsystems. Eine Dokumentation (Cologne: Sportverlag Strauß).

Spitzer, G. (2008) ‘Entstehung und Funktionsweise des DDR-Zwangdopings. Doping in einem geschlossenen System und die Grenzen der biologischen

Bibliography 247

Leistungsfähigkeit’, in K. Latzel and L. Niethammer (eds), Hormone und Hochleistung. Doping in Ost und West (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag), pp. 67–87.

Spitzer, G., Teichler, H. J. and Reinartz, K. (eds) (1998) Schlüsseldokumente zum DDR-Sport. Ein sporthistorischer Überblick in Originalquellen (Aachen: Meyer and Meyer Verlag).

Staab, A. (1998) National Identity in Eastern Germany, Inner Unification or Continued Separation (Westport and London: Greenwood).

Stegemann, B. (2001) ‘Fußball im Leistungssportsystem der SBZ/DDR 1945–1965’, in W. Buss and C. Becker (eds), Aktionsfelder des DDR-Sports in der Frühzeit 1945–1965 (Cologne: Sport und Buch Strauß), pp. 351–97.

Steiner, G. (1991) Real Presences (London and Boston: Faber & Faber).Stewart, B., Nicholson, M., Smith, A. and Westerbeek, H. (2005) Australian Sport:

Better by Design? The Evolution of Australian Sport Policy (London: Routledge). Stiehler, H. J., Friedrich, J. A., Mikos, L. and Warnicke, L. (2004) ‘Sports Coverage

on the GDR Television’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 24, 3, pp. 412–25.

Strenk, A. (1978) ‘Diplomats in Track Suits’, in B. Lowe, D. Kanin and A. Strenk (eds), Sport and International Relations (Champaign: Stipes Publishing).

Strenk, A. (1979) ‘What Price Victory? The World of International Sports and Politics’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 445, pp. 128–40.

Taylor, T. (1986) ‘Sport and International Relations. A Case of Mutual Neglect’, in L. Allison (ed.), The Politics of Sport (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 27–48.

Teichler, H. J. (1998) ‘Staatsplan ohne “Sportobjekte”. Anmerkungen zur wirt-schaftlichen Talfahrt’, in G. Hartmann, Goldkinder. Die DDR im Spiegel ihres Spitzensports (Forum Verlag: Leipzig), pp. 243–8.

Teichler, H. J. (1999a) ‘Die Sportverbände und ihre Wissenschaftliche Zentren’, in H. J. Teichler, K. Reinartz et al. (eds), Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 270–93.

Teichler. H. J. (1999b) ‘Die Rolle der SED bei der Etablierung des Leistungssportsystems der DDR’, in H. J. Teichler, K. Reinartz et al. (eds), Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 19–53.

Teichler, H. J. (1999c) ‘Der DTSB und die Organisation der sportlichen Leistung’, in H. J. Teichler, K. Reinartz et al. (eds), Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 87–104.

Teichler, H. J. (1999d) ‘Nachwuchsleistungssport’, in H. J. Teichler, K. Reinartz et al. (eds), Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 116–31, 139–48.

Teichler, H. J. (1999e) ‘Die Sportclubs: Überblick’, in H. J. Teichler, K. Reinartz et al. (eds), Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 187–93.

Teichler, H. J. (2002) Die Sportbeschlüsse des Politbüros. Eine Studie zum Verhältnis von SED und Sport mit einem Gesamtverzeichnis und einer Dokumentation ausge-wählter Beschlüsse (Cologne: Sport und Buch Strauß).

248 Bibliography

Teichler, H. J. (ed.) (2003) Sport in der DDR. Eigensinn, Konflikte, Trends (Cologne: Sport und Buch Strauß).

Teichler, H. J. (2004) ‘Sport in der DDR. Systemmerkmale, Folgen und offene Forschungsfragen’, Deutschland Archiv, 37, 3, pp. 414–21.

Teichler, H. J. (2005a) ‘Tumulte im Planitz’, Horch und Guck, 14, 3, pp. 10–14. Teichler, H. J. (2005b) ‘Sportentwicklung in Ostdeutschland nach der Wende’,

Horch und Guck, 14, 3, pp. 40–4.Teichler, H. J. (2006a) ‘Sport unter Führung der Partei – Die frühen sportpo-

litischen Weichenstellungen der SED’, in J. Braun and H. J. Teichler (eds), Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg. Prestigekãmpfe und Systemwettstreit (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag), pp. 20–65.

Teichler, H. J. (2006b) ‘Fußball in der DDR’, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, no. 19, pp. 26–33.

Teichler, H. J. (2010) ‘Die turbulenten Anfangsjahre des DDR-Sports’, Deutschland Archiv, 41, 1, pp. 90–9.

Teichler, H. J., Reinartz, K. et al. (eds) (1999) Das Leistungssportsystem der DDR in den 80er Jahren und im Prozeß der Wende (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann).

UK Sport (2006) Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success: An International Comparative Study (London: UK Sport).

UK Sport (2008) ‘World Class Governance’, at: www.uksport.gov.uk/pages/world_class_governance (accessed 3 June 2011).

Ulmen, K.-J. (2000) Pharmakologische Manipulationen (Doping) im Leistungssport der DDR. Eine juristische Untersuchung (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang).

Ungerleider, S. (2001) Faust’s Gold. Inside the East German Doping Machine (New York: St Martin’s Press).

Verdery, K. (1995) ‘What Was Socialism, and Why Did It Fall?’, in Daniel Orlousky (ed.), Beyond Soviet Studies (Washington: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press), pp. 27–46.

Verroken, M. (1996) ‘Drug Use and Abuse in Sport’, in D. R. Mottram (ed.), Drugs in Sport, 2nd edn (London and New York: Spon Press), pp. 18–55.

Verroken, M. and Mottram. D. R. (1996) ‘Doping Control in Sport’, in D. R. Mottram (ed.), Drugs in Sport, 2nd edn (London and New York: Spon Press), pp. 235–63.

Voigt, D. (1975) Soziologie in der DDR: Eine exemplarische Untersuchung (Cologne: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik).

Volkwein, K. A. and Haag, H. R. (1994) ‘Sport in Unified Germany: The Merging of Two Different Systems’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 18, 2, pp. 183–93.

Voy, R. O. (1991) Drugs, Sport, and Politics (Champaign: Leisure Press). Waddington, I. (2000) Sport, Health and Drugs. A Critical Sociological Perspective

(London and New York: Spon Press).Waddington, I. and Smith, A. (2009) An Introduction to Drugs in Sport. Addicted to

Winning? (London and New York: Routledge).Wehling, H.-G. (ed.) (1989) Politische Kultur in der DDR (Stuttgart:

Kohlhammer).Weise, K. (2006) Sport und Sportpolitik in der DDR zwischen Anspruch und Realität,

hefte zur ddr-geschichte, no. 90 (Berlin: “Helle Panke”).Whitby, D. (1999) ‘Elite Sport’, in J. Riordan and R. Jones (eds), Sport and Physical

Education in China (London and New York: Spon Press), pp. 120–41.

Bibliography 249

Wiese, R. (2006) ‘Wie der Fußball Löcher in die Mauer schoss – Die Ost-West-Alltagskultur des Fußballs in Berlin’, in J. Braun and H. J. Teichler (eds), Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg. Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit (Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag), pp. 239–84.

Wiese, R. and Braun, J. (eds) (2006) Doppelpässe. Wie die Deutschen die Mauer umspielten (Hamburg: Fachliteratur Verlag).

Willmann, F. (ed.) (2004) Fußball-Land DDR. Anstoß, Abpfiff, Aus (Berlin: Eulenspiegel Verlag).

Willmann, F. (ed.) (2007) Stadionpartisanen. Fußballfans und Hooligans in der DDR (Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben).

Witt, G. (1984) ‘Mass Participation and Top Performance in One: Physical Culture and Sport in the German Democractic Republic’, The Journal of Popular Culture, 18, 3, pp. 159–74.

Wolstencroft, E. (ed.) (2004) Talent Identification and Development Programme. An Academic Review (Edinburgh: Sport Scotland).

Wonneberger, G. (2001) ‘Studie zur Struktur und Leitung der Sportbewegung in der SBZ/DDR (1945–1961)’, in W. Buss and C. Becker (eds), Der Sport in der SBZ und frühen DDR. Genese – Strukturen – Bedingungen (Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann), pp. 167–247.

Wuschech, H. (1998) Hexenküche DDR? Ein DDR-Sportarzt packt aus (Berlin: Spotless-Verlag).

Yesalis, C. E. and Bahrke, M. S. (2002) ‘History of Doping in Sport’, in M. S. Bahrke and C. E. Yesalis (eds), Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise (Champaign: Human Kinetics), pp. 1–20.

250

Academic Council 41Academy of Sciences 100, 102Adidas 165, 194, 196Aid for Victims of Doping

Association 125Albania 118All-German Institute (Gesamtdeutsches

Institut) 7Allied Control Commission Directive

No. 23 30–1Alltag (‘everyday’) 3–4amphetamines 52, 90, 91, 93anabolic steroids 7, 52, 84, 89, 90,

91, 91–2, 92, 93, 95–6, 97, 100–1, 105, 112–13, 121–2, 123–4, 154–5, 218n37

Ancient Greeks 14Anderson, Benedict 17Anpassung 25–6anthropometric analyses 49anti-fascist, anti-militaristic sport,

1945–1952 30–4apprentices (Lehrlinge) 60army (Vorwärts; ‘Forwards’) sport

conference (1984) 21Aschenbach, Hans-Georg 117, 192ASV Vorwärts 39, 42, 44, 48, 51,

70–1, 189–90drugs and doping 96, 99, 103–4,

110, 220n66Athens, Olympic Games 183Australia 1, 19, 22, 23, 47, 175–6, 186

Olympic performance 175sports model 178–9, 183–4

Bahrke, M. S. 92Balkan Games 106Balzer, Karin 192‘The Baseline for the Development of

Performance Sport in the GDR up until 1980’ 64–5

Basic Treaty, the 65, 131Bauersfeld, Heinz 95–6Bauersfeld report 112–13Beamish, R. 98Beijing, Olympic Games 15, 175,

182, 183Berendonk, Brigitte 7, 87, 107, 115,

116, 119Berlin 28, 31, 74

football 134, 136–7, 146–7, 148–9

Olympic Games 17–18, 130, 203n20

Berlin Wall 131fall of 10, 197

best practice 22–3Betriebsportgemeinschaften (enterprise

sports communities) – BSGs 32–3, 33, 37

Bevir, M. 5Beyer, Harm 111–12Beyer, Udo 113BFC Dynamo 129, 141, 145,

146, 147, 147–51, 151, 154–5, 189

Biermann, Wolfgang 144Binus, Dr Bernd 123–4blood doping 84, 90, 92, 93, 114Böhm, Horst 145bonuses 50, 51Borde, Waldemar 32Bräutigam, Hansgeorg 123–4bread and circuses 25Brooks, Raymond 218n37Brundage, Avery 15Bruyn, Günter de 25–6Brzezinski, Zbigniew 3Buggel, Edelfried 100Bulgaria 111Burnham, Andy 184–5Busse, P. 176

Index

Page numbers in italic refer to tables.

Index 251

calculative technologies 23Canada 1, 22, 184capitalism in communism 195–6Carlson, Mike 183Central Committee Department for

Leading Organs of the Party and Mass Organisations 31

Central Committee Department for Security 31

Central Committee Department for Sport 23, 39, 47, 74, 99, 139, 143, 145

Central Committee Secretariat 42, 45, 64, 80, 81, 99, 116

Central Doping Control Laboratory, Kreischa 51, 84, 87, 105–7, 155, 191

Central High Performance Sport Commission (LSK) 40–1, 45, 96, 100, 187–8

Central Institute for Microbiology and Experimental Therapy (ZIMET) 100

Central Investigative Office for Government and Unification Crimes (Zentrale Ermittlungsstelle für Regierungs- und Vereinigungskriminalität, ZERV) 123

Central Sports Management Office 146

centralised sports model 38Chicago Tribune 69children

ESA tests 66–8hot-housing 79–80

Children’s and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) 11, 21, 34, 35, 49, 51, 57, 58, 59, 61–3, 72, 197

class sizes 62drugs and doping 107, 111entry requirements 62–3ESA tests and 68feeders 57numbers 62pupil numbers 63wastage 78

Childs, David 62–3China 172–3

Olympic performance 182–3sports model 178–9, 182–3

citizenscommunication with the state

5–6, 12, 158, 161–8, 212–13n51distraction of 25–6political-ideological education

20–1Clausnitzer, Dr Claus 105club registration 32coaching and coaches 1

drugs and doping 107, 110systems 182, 183–4training programmes 35, 36, 50–1

Cold War histories 3Collins, Shane 175–6Commission for Influencing

Performance 96Commonwealth Games 15, 175contestation 75–6, 189–93, 198–9contested dictatorship approach

4–6control, structures of 3Control Group for Sports Medicine

(Kontrollgruppe Sportmedizin) 96coordination 37corruption 15Council of Ministers 34–5creativity, lack of, in football 191–2critical realism 5Czechoslovakia 118, 129

Dahlem, Franz 30defectors and defection 21, 53, 117,

137, 192democratic centralism 39Depot-Turinabol 91Deutsches Sport-Echo 33DHfK (Deutsche Hochschule für

Körperkultur; German University for Physical Education) 33, 38, 41–2

growing significance 35–6partners 52scientific and technical

facilities 51, 52Stasi informers 53–4student numbers 52trainer development 51

252 Index

dictatorship 2, 3–5, 180–1and Anpassung 25–6narratives of 18participatory 9

Diem, Carl 203n20diplomats in tracksuits 28, 70documentation, official East

German 20–1Donike, Manfred 107doping: see drugs and dopingDörner, Jürgen 142, 145double pyramid theory 173Drechsler, Heike 106Dresden 28, 129, 130–1, 135, 136,

145, 147–9Dressel, Birgit 120drugs and doping 4, 7, 11, 66,

83–108, 109–27, 17, 194, 195advantages 91banned substances 93banning 92bans 52–3Bauersfeld findings 112–13black market 107casualties 115compensation 125–6contribution 83–6control and administration 102–5definition of doping 92–5denial of use 83doses 105, 113, 191drug types 90–1evidence for 84, 86–8Ewald and 83, 85–6, 96, 98, 103,

106, 115, 122, 123–5, 218n35extent 109–12, 116–17, 118–21,

126football 95, 111, 116–17, 154–6,

222n34ideological rivalry and 89–90impact 112–13incentives 89international control system 84legal proceedings 109, 121–6ministries involved 99–100motivation 88–92, 117oath of secrecy 218n35of minors 111–12, 193organisation 98–100

penalties 104performance improvements 89,

95–6, 112–13perpetrators 85, 114–18, 127, 191policy development 95–8research bodies 100–2research budget 97research programme 96–8, 113–14,

127resources 108scale 104–5, 191, 221n7secrecy 104side-effects 84, 85, 91–2, 114, 115,

120–1, 124–5sports medical advisory centres

220n66standard elite sport model 52–3Stasi and 8, 84, 85, 105–6, 110,

113–14, 116–17structures of 95–8test manipulation 105–7testing 99–100, 100–1, 114,

218n37testing regime 93–5, 105–7training and 91user numbers 84victims 85, 114–18, 126–7West Germany 118, 119–21women’s sport 89, 92, 96, 105,

110, 111, 111–12, 112–13, 117DSA (Deutscher Sportausschuss;

German Sports Committee) 28, 30, 32–5, 37, 134

DTSB: see German Gymnastics and Sport Confederation (DTSB)

Dynamo Dresden 144, 153, 222n34Dynamo Sports Association 8, 39

East Berlin 51East German Olympic Committee 19Eberlein, Werner 138economy 12, 21, 25, 169–70, 174,

194Eichler, Kurt 197Eigendorf, Lutz 129, 192Eingaben 75, 162–9elite sport development 197

convergence 172–3, 174–5virtuous cycle model 173–6

Index 253

elite sport 3, 7, 12, 194–5in China 182–3 commercialisation 172contestation 189–90, 198–9cost burden 114dismantling of system 197funding 46, 48, 165, 182, 185–6,

192growing significance 35and the High Performance Sport

Directive (1969) 44–6importance of 22influence on world opinion 19investment 48–9and mass sport 157–8, 160,

169–70, 174, 182, 196–7national teams 14–15post-1945 28prioritisation of 40–2, 187–8resentment of 195resources 28and social order 192split into two tiers 44–5, 45–6Sport I 45–6, 64, 76, 142, 154Sport II 45, 46Sports Clubs 36success in 19, 161women’s sport 49–50

equestrianism 46Erbach, Günter 86, 100, 115, 122ESA (Einheitliche Sichtung und

Auswahl; ‘uniform inspection and selection’ system) 57, 58, 66–9, 80, 177

European athletics championship, 1974 93–4

European Cup 142, 154everyday history 3–4, 5Ewald, Manfred 3, 45, 188–9, 190,

197and development of elite sport 34,

37, 40–2, 42, 43–4, 45, 48drugs and doping 83, 85–6, 96,

98, 103, 106, 115, 122–3, 123–4, 126, 218n35

Eingaben and 164, 166, 167, 169and football 128–9, 136, 144, 150,

155obituary 183

on sports miracle 198talent identification and

development 64, 76, 79, 81exculpatory accounts 6external challenges 193–5

FDGB (Free German Trade Union Confederation) 31, 32, 37, 134, 135, 149, 155

FDJ: see Free German YouthFDJ-Sportgemeinschaften 32feelgood factors 16–17Felfe, Peter 113Felfe, Werner 138Fetzer, Thomas 192–3FIFA 134Finland 118football 11–12, 24–5, 45, 128–56, 192

Berlin 134, 136–7, 146–7, 148–9clubs 50contractual basis 143–4cross-border fan contact 151–2defections 136in Dresden 145, 146–8drugs and doping 95, 111, 116–17,

154–5, 222n34early years 133–9, 154elite recruitment 141English Premier League 200n1fan culture 151–3fan loyalties 144–5, 227n80Football Clubs 141, 142funding 127Fußballbeschluß (Football

Directive) 142hooliganism 129, 146–7, 151–3illegal payments 140, 143, 195international performance 132,

142–3literature review 7national team 137Olympic success 132–3organisation 14organisational control 129political contestation 140–51politicisation 131–3popularity 130–1post-1945 28–9the production principle 135–6

254 Index

football – continuedreferees 145, 148–50reform 141–4salaries 139–40, 141, 142sponsorship 137–8Sport I status 141Sports Clubs 135, 139–40the Stasi and 138, 144, 147, 149,

151, 152, 153state policy 153SV Dynamo and 145–6, 155talent identification and

development 155team names 135–6territorial egotism 188training 154transplanting of clubs 137, 138,

147–8underperformance 128–9, 153–6West German 129, 131West German club games 152–3

Football Clubs 141, 142Football Section 134Forumchecks 209n103Four-power agreement 29Franke, Werner 7, 87, 87–8, 96, 107,

119Frankfurt/Oder Region 138Free German Youth (FDJ) 18, 25,

30–2, 33, 37, 40, 44, 158‘Friedensfahrt’ (‘peace race’) 36Friedrich, C. 3Frische, Volker 123–4Fulbrook, Mary 25funding 26, 47, 64

elite sport 46, 164, 185–6, 193football 128Sports Clubs 70–1

gender 49–50German Democratic Republic

(GDR) 177collapse of 109, 196decay 26international recognition of

65–6legacy 1, 12–13, 171–2, 197–8legitimacy 186sports miracle 2–4, 6

(East) German Football Federation 130, 131

German Football Federation (Deutscher Fußballverband; DFV) 127, 134, 145, 148, 151, 155

German Gymnastics and Sport Confederation (DTSB) 28, 37–9, 45, 189–90

ascendancy over Stako 41–2budget 48contestation with Ministry of

People’s Education 78–80, 81drugs and doping 95, 98, 100,

101–2, 110, 114and mass sport 158membership 39organisation 39political control 38–9prioritisation of elite sports 41role 38and running shoe complaints

165–9and Sports Schools 62staff 39

German re-unification 38, 171, 176German Sports Committee (DSA): see

DSA (Deutscher Sportausschuss; German Sport Committee)

GERMED 101Gestewitz, Lieutenant General 100Gilchrist, P. 16Gläser, Rolf 123–4globalisation 171, 193Goebbels, Joseph 17–18, 130,

203n20Göhr, Marlies 112–13governance 6, 11, 22–5Governing Bodies 33Green, Mick 23, 47, 171, 175, 177Grobler, Jürgen 51guiding political principle 29Gummel, Margritta 95–6, 112–13GutsMuths, Johan Christoph

Friedrich 38Guttmann, Allen 14Gymnastic and Sports Festivals

(Turn- und Sportfest) 73, 74, 159gymnasts, wastage 78

Index 255

Haag, H. R. 177Haase, Nicole 112hard interpretivism 5–6, 199Hartmann, Grit 34Heinemann, Klaus 180Hellmann, Rudolf 41, 43, 44, 45, 74,

77, 81, 99, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 190, 206n14

Hellwig, Reinhard 31Hermann, Siegfried 36heroes, victims and villains

literature 7Hersh, Philip 69Hertha Berlin 131, 152–3higher education 33High-performance sport 40High Performance Sport

Commission 42–5High Performance Sport Directive

(1969) 42, 44–6, 47, 188Hinz, Dr Lothar 98, 105Hitler, Adolf 17–18, 130Hitler Youth 40, 189Hoberman, John 20Hoffmann, N. 80Holden, R. 16Hollmann, Wildor 120Holzweißig, Gunter 7–8Honecker, Erich 18, 30, 31–2, 37,

41, 42–3, 45, 48, 65, 83, 86, 116, 160–61, 188–9, 192, 197

Honecker, Margot 57, 80, 81, 190Höppner, Manfred 84, 88, 89, 96,

97, 102–3, 105–6, 110, 113, 113–14, 117, 123–4, 191, 221n7

hot-housing 79–80Houlihan, Barrie 1, 47, 171, 179Huhn, Klaus 122, 128Hungary 65, 129, 194

ice hockey 3, 45, 46, 76identity, and sport 16–17ideological rivalry 89–90ideology 14, 18, 20–2, 29, 187, 195–6imagined communities 17IMs (Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter – unofficial

collaborators) 8, 10, 23, 53, 110, 176–7, 191

incentives 50, 51

India 15indoctrination 3injuries 61Institute for Research on Active

Agents (Institut für Wirkstoff-Forschung) 100

internal conflicts 8International Amateur Athletics

Federation (IAAF) 92, 93International Olympic Committee

(IOC) 19, 33, 43, 92, 113Medical Commission 93

international prestige 17international recognition 19, 35,

36–7international relations 14–15international standing 20interpretivism 5–6investment 48–9, 64Italy, Fascist 16

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 38Jamaica 175javelin 95Jenapharm 100–1, 102, 114, 126jogging 162Johnson, Ben 120

Kalweit, Jutta 112karate 75–6Kessler, Colonel General Heinz 21Keul, Joseph 120Kipke, Dr Lothar 123–4, 191Kirsch, Augustus 120Klein, Dr 116–17Klopfleisch, Helmut 153Klümper, Armin 120Knecht, Willi 73Knorscheid, Helma 105Koch, Marita 54, 113Köhler, Gisela 36Köhler, Thomas 114KPD (Communist Party of

Germany) 29, 30–1Krause, Dieter 123Krebs, H.-D. 66Krenz, Egon 74, 76, 77, 81, 125, 149,

194Krüger, A. 177

256 Index

Lange, Uwe 105Lathan, Hans-Henning 103, 104,

107, 111, 115legal proceedings, drugs and

doping 109, 121–6Lehnert, Professor Alfons 96–8, 101,

103Leipzig 28, 51, 52, 66, 69, 78, 137–8,

189Levermore, Roger 14Liesen, Heinz 120, 121Lindemann, Dieter 123literature review 6–9local identities 190Lokomotive (‘Lok’) Leipzig 139,

149–50long jump 105Los Angeles, Olympic Games,

1984 15, 95, 218n37LSK: see Central High Performance

Sport Commission (LSK)

Mader, Dr Alois 86–7, 120, 121, 192Magdeburg 28, 132, 138, 142, 144,

151mass sport provision 157–69

complaints 162–9economic failure 162–9neglect 160–1, 187–8, 198policy 160, 161scale 158–60shortage of equipment 163–9

mass sport 3, 7, 12, 41, 158–60and elite sport 157–8, 160,

169–70, 174, 182, 197–8post-1945 34virtuous cycle model 157–8

May, Jürgen 192medal tables 15, 19, 27, 29, 181medal targets 24, 204n46mega sporting events, decision to

hold 15Meilenbewegung (Mile Campaign)

162Mein Kampf (Hitler) 18Melbourne, Olympic Games,

1956 15, 36Meszynzki, Irina 105Mewis, Karl 138

Mexico City, Olympic Games, 1968 19, 29, 112–13

micro-management 22, 23middle-distance running 24Mielke, Erich 3, 8, 45, 46, 76, 83–4,

116, 131, 137, 138, 148, 150, 188–9, 193–4

Ministry of Foreign Affairs 42Ministry of People’s Education 11,

44, 57, 62, 67, 78–80, 81, 99, 190, 197

Ministry of Finance 48Ministry of Health 44Ministry of Interior 32Ministry of Science and

Technology 97–8minors, drugs and doping 111–12,

193Mittag, Günter 48Mittag, Rüdi 71Modrow, Hans 145monitoring 11, 47Montreal, Olympic Games, 1976 21,

93, 102, 111, 113, 161 Moscow

Olympic Games, 1980 15, 24, 161

Sports University 52Mückenburger, Erich 138Müller, Jutta 51Müller-Reichenbach, Ines 105Munich, Olympic Games, 1972 15,

19, 21, 29, 43, 46, 50, 89, 126, 161muscle growth 91

Nachwuchssportler 11, 21nation, the, and sport 14–15national identity 1, 171, 186National Olympic Committee 34, 40National Socialist Federation for

Physical Training (Reichsbund für Leibesübungen) 31

national sports movement (Volkssportbewegung) 33

national teams 14–15, 137nation-building 17, 19Nazi Germany 4–5, 16, 17–18, 189Neufeld, Renate 87, 117Neumann, Alfred Bruno 41

Index 257

New Economic System of Planning and Management 141

New Public Management 11, 22, 22–3, 26, 181, 195

New Zealand 23Nöldner, Jürgen 154non-conformist behaviour 9Norway 94nostalgia. 7Nyffenegger, Willy 145

Oelssner, Marlies 94Oettel, Professor Michael 101Office of the Federal Commissioner

for Stasi Records (BStU) 88Old Public Management 22–5, 181,

185, 195, 196Olympic Games

Athens, 2004 183Beijing, 2008 15, 175, 182, 183Berlin, 1936 17–18, 130, 203n20boycotts 15build-up to 21footballing success 132–3GDR entry 29joint German team 19, 19–20Los Angeles, 1984 15, 95, 218n37Melbourne, 1956 15, 36Mexico City, 1968 19, 29, 112Montreal, 1976 21, 93, 102, 111,

113, 161, 175, 186Moscow, 1980 15, 24, 11Munich, 1972 15, 19, 21, 29, 43,

46, 50, 89, 126, 160performance 7, 29, 54, 175performance targets 47politics of 14–15Seoul, 1988 19, 26–7sportswomen’s success 49–50Sydney, 2000 186Tokyo, 1960 29

Olympic squad, 1980 71Oral-Turinabol 85, 90–1, 95–6, 98,

101, 104, 105, 107, 112–13, 115, 116

Ovett, Steve 24

Pansold, Dr Bernd 123parent power 72

parentsdrugs and doping 112role of 71–2, 193

participatory dictatorship 9Paschek, Frank 105performance, quantifying 18performance control values 66–7performance monitoring 23performance norms 67performance pyramid 49–50, 56,

57–9, 58, 66, 70, 197, 198the ESA 65, 66–9lack of up-coming athletes

80–1progression targets 60–1Sports Clubs 69–71Sports Schools 61–3Training Centres (Trainingszentren;

TZs) 59–61wastage 60–1, 68–9, 75–6, 76–8,

82performance targets 43, 47, 51,

204n46performance tests 49periodisation 29–30petition law (Eingabenrecht) 162,

169Philatelist (IM) 10physical culture and sport: see mass

sportPieck, Wilhelm 31Playing to Win (UK Labour Party)

173, 184Poland 90, 194policy cycles 14policy formulation 32policy transfer 174–5, 183–4policy-making 14Politbüro 35, 42, 43, 45, 64, 98–9,

115–16, 193–4political contestation, football

140–51political indoctrination 61, 63political instrumentalisation 2–3political-ideological education

20–1political legitimacy 1, 19, 64, 89,

131–2, 187, 189, 198politicisation 35, 64–6

258 Index

politics and sport 2–4, 8, 10–11, 14–27aims 16–17German Democratic Republic

(GDR) 18–20governance 22–5internal dimension 20, 20–2literature review 14Nazi Germany 17–18and the Olympic Games 14–15use as a distraction 25–6

population 56, 65post-1945 sport 28–9power relationships 4

soft 19, 198, 235n32professionalism 1propaganda 3, 7

quality assurance 23

reconstruction 30–1records 41regional differences 31Reichert, Rudi 39–40, 41Reinisch, Gabriele 54reparations payments 28Research and Development Centre for

Sports Equipment 51–2Research Centre for Physical Culture

and Sport 41Research Group on Additional

Performance (Forschungsgruppe Zusätzliche Leistung) 101

Research Institute for Physical Culture and Sport (Forschungsinstitut für Körperkultur und Sport; FKS) 38, 51, 52, 53–4, 101

resistance 9resources 3, 26, 28, 194–5, 196Rhodes, R. A. W. 5Riedel, Hartmut 115, 121Riedel, Horst 105Riefenstahl, Leni 17–18Riordan, James 17Ritchie, Ian 98Ritter, Andreas 43rivalries 5Röder, Professor Horst 24, 59, 74, 86,

97, 98, 100, 107, 114, 122–3, 125, 201n30, 211n11

Romans, the 14, 25Rome, European athletics

championship, 1974 93–4Rösler, Dr Dorit 124Rostock 70, 137running shoes, shortage 161, 163–9

Saupe, Alfons 145Schäker, Dr Winfried 190Schäuble, Wolfgang 86, 121Scheler, Manfred 145Schneider, Günter 154Schnitzler, Eduard von 132Schur, Gustav-Adolf ‘Tave’ 36Schuster, Hans 95scientific and technical facilities

51–2Scientific Centres 51Scientific Council 38Second World War 28SED (Socialist Unity Party) 8, 8–9,

29, 43commission, 1954 37drugs and doping 89, 115–16and football 133Party Conference, 1952 34post-1945 30–4

Seoul, Olympic Games, 1988 19, 26–7

shot-put 95–6, 98, 105, 112–13skinheads 129, 151Slupianek-Briesenick, Ilona 105, 113social control 3social goods 16, 26socialist personalities 10, 61, 63,

181socialist values 20Society for Sport and Technology

(Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik, GST) 39, 44, 159

socio-economic recovery 28soft power 19, 197, 235n32Sonderhausen, Glückauf 143sources 9–10Soviet Military Administration 30,

32, 35, 133Soviet Union 61, 72–3, 106, 118,

182, 187, 194Soviet Zone 28, 30–2, 35, 133–4

Index 259

Soviet-type state-socialist model, 1952–1956 34–7

Spartakiade, the 11, 49, 57, 62, 72–5, 82, 159, 160, 196

Specialist Sports Schools 56Spitzer, Giselher 7, 8, 53, 73–4, 77,

104–5, 109–10, 110, 154Sport Canada 185sport policy/policies 42, 161, 172

and balance 187–9convergence 174–5coordination 37football 154mass sport provision 160, 161implementation 180Olympic-driven 1policy transfer 174–5, 183–4technical-rational approach 22–5and unification 176United Kingdom 17, 173, 184–5virtuous cycle model 157, 158,

173–6sporting arms race 21–2sporting benefits 16sporting opportunities, provision

of 25sporting preferences 16–17Sports Associations (SVs) 33, 33–4,

36, 37, 38, 39, 60, 135, 139, 206n18

Sports Clubs 47, 49, 50, 51, 135athlete numbers 70drugs and doping 103–4effectiveness 23elite 36, 56expulsion 70football 139–40funding 70–1talent identification and

development 57, 69–71Sports Clubs (Vereine) 31sports diplomacy 38sports equipment 34Sports Federations (Sportverbände) 39,

110Sports Medical Service (SMD) 51, 96sports medicine 35, 36sports miracle 2–4, 6, 176–80, 186,

187, 196–7, 198

sports models 1Australia 178–9, 183–4Canada 184China 178–9, 182–3key characteristics 176–82, 178–9United Kingdom 178–9, 183–6virtuous cycle model 157, 159,

172, 173–6sports-related goods, shortage 163–9Sports Schools: see Children’s and

Youth Sports Schools (KJS)sports teachers 36Stako: see State Committee for

Physical Culture and Sport standard elite sport model 46–54

drugs and doping 52–3incentives 50investment 48–9performance pyramid 49–50performance statistics 54scientific and technical

facilities 51–2Stasi surveillance system 53–4women’s sport 49–50

Stange, Bernd 51Stasi, the 6, 192

drugs and doping 8, 84, 85, 105–6, 110, 114–15, 116–17

FKS informers 53–4and football 129, 138, 144, 151, 153intervention 8–9on the lack of up-and-coming

athletes 81records 88role 7, 8and the role of parents 71–2security net 49sources 9–10surveillance system 53–4and wastage 78

state, the, citizens’ communication with 5–6, 12, 158, 162–9, 212–13n51

State Committee for Physical Culture and Sport (Staatliches Komitee für Körperkultur und Sport – Stako) 28, 34, 37, 38, 41–2, 45, 99, 189

drugs and doping 100, 101and football 134, 19

260 Index

State Medical Service 95, 102–5State Plan for Science and Technology,

Theme 14.25 97–8, 99, 101, 122State Planning Commission 193,

195State Secretariat for Physical Culture

and Sport (StKS) 42Steiner, George 5Strenk, Andrew 16, 19stress 61Stubnick, Christa 36Suhl 68support, loss of 75–6SV Dynamo 33, 39, 44, 45, 48, 50,

51, 53, 189–90drugs and doping 83–4, 86, 88,

90–1, 95, 96, 99, 103–4, 107, 110and football 139, 146–7, 155management dysfunctions 191sports medical advisory

centre 220n66talent identification and

development 60, 70–1, 72, 74–5, 77–8

swimming 111, 111–12, 123–4, 218–19n38

Sydney, Olympic Games, 2000 186

talent identification and development 1, 11, 56–82, 57, 181–2

contestation and 75–6contestation between ministries

78–80, 81the ESA 65, 66–9, 80, 177football 154lack of up-coming athletes 80–1performance pyramid 56–7politicisation of 64–6progression targets 60–1role of parents 71–2scale 57–9, 81–2the Spartakiade 72–5Sports Clubs 69–71Sports Schools 61–3structure 57–9, 58Training Centres (Trainingszentren;

TZs) 59–61wastage 60–1, 75–6, 76–8, 82

targets and target-setting 11, 23, 24, 67, 204n46

technical experts 51technical-instrumental public

management 22–5Teichler, Hans Joachim 48, 60, 79television coverage 19tennis 3tensions 3terminology 206n18territorial egotism 189terror 3Third Reich 4, 17–18, 28, 130Timmermann, Ulf 113Tisch, Harry 138Tokyo, Olympic Games, 1960 29totalitarianism 3–4, 72trade union movement 31–2, 33–4,

37trainers 50–1, 191, 195

drugs and doping 104, 107, 110, 111, 115, 122, 123–4

Training Centres 60wages 61

training 24, 48, 51drugs and doping 91Individual Study Plan 215n132

training books 61Training Centres (Trainingszentren;

TZs) 11, 21, 49, 56, 57, 58–9, 59–61, 62, 68, 196, 197

training schedules 60Training Support Bases 56, 59

UEFA 134UEFA Cup 143UK Sport 172, 185Ulbricht, Walter 18, 20, 29, 31, 34,

35, 37, 41, 45, 65, 83, 136, 158, 188–9

Unification Treaty, 1990 123unitary sports movement

(Einheitssportbewegung) 29United Kingdom 1, 172, 175–6, 186

drug testing 94football, English Premier League

200n1medal targets 204n46New Public Management 22

Index 261

Olympic sports funding 23sport policies 173, 184–5sport policy documents 17, 183,

184–5sports model 178–9, 183–6

United Nations 66United States of America

college-based system 175drugs and doping 84, 118, 119New Public Management 22Olympic Committee 118

USSR 28

Verner, Paul 116virtuous cycle model 158, 159, 172,

173–6, 178–9, 185Volkssportbewegung 31Volkwein, K. A. 177–8volleyball 35, 61, 68Voy, Dr Robert 118

wages 50, 51, 61wastage 60–1, 68–9, 75–6, 76–8, 82water polo 15Weightlifting Federation 103, 104,

107Weimar Republic 29, 130West Berlin Football Federation 134West Germany 19, 43, 65, 76

drugs and doping 84, 86, 118, 119–21

football in 129, 131political use of sport 20pursuit of 20rapprochement with 3rivalry with 187

Whitby, Dennis 183Willmann, F. 7Winter Olympics 36, 46, 54, 192,

195Winzer, Otto 29Wismut Aue 140, 141, 144Witt, G. 157–8women’s sport

drugs and doping 89, 92, 96, 105, 110, 111, 111–12, 112–13, 117

standard elite sport model 49–50world records 54

Work Group for Science 100Work Group for Sport 41World Cup 15, 28–9, 130, 131, 132,

133, 154, 175world records 54Wuschech, Heinz 95, 122

Yasalis, C. E. 92

Zimmerman, Karl 149, 150, 155