8/9/2019 Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect

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GBXKQ BG XKO^EGM$ E GBVXJKVG AJOG HOEDKAXF K[MKGOK N' E' JKGHKVQBG

]jodk qx{hogm Xohho` Ajog *Ce`je{/ h{vogm e |oqox xb xjk gbvxjkvgAjog Joddq og 5?;8$ O jeh eg byybvx{gox bl `ecogm e fvokl og|kqxomexobg blXko~egm$ e gkomjfb{vogm hoedkax adbqkd ecog xb ox' Xjk ye{aox bl lovqxjegh`exkvoed bg xjk Ajog hoedkaxq ykv`oxq `k xb jbyk xjex ox `e fk {qkl{d xb qkxhb}g qb`k bl ` loghogmq$ xkgxexo|k egh do`oxkh eq xjk evk$ egh xb `eckq{aj ab`yevoqbgq eq q{mmkqx xjk`qkd|kq }oxj xjk fkxxkv cgb}g Xohho` Ajoghoedkax'

@ oglbv`egx$ @v' Je{ ^e Doeg STje>{ ~e TdoegP ae`k lvb` Q{egm~egm|oddemk S"q{eo~e>{P e lk} `odkq lvb` Xohho`$ bg xjk bxjkv qohk bl xjk @egoy{vvo|kv' Xjk yjbgkxoa egh mve``exoaed yexxkvg bl xjk degm{emk eyykevkh xbabvvkqybgh adbqkd }oxj xjex bl Xohho` Ajog$5 f{x akvxeog hollkvkgakq }kvkgbxkh' Qb`k bl xjkqk `{qx yvbfefd fk eqavofkh xb xjk ykvqbged ohobqgaveqokqbl xjk qykeckv$f{x bxjkvq evk {ghb{fxkhd ajeveaxkvoqxoabl xjk hoedkax eq q{aj'

Qddefoa qxv{ax{vk eyykevq xb fk `{aj xjk qe`k og fbxj Xohho` Ajog eghXko~egm' Xjk vegmk bl ykv`oxxkh qddefdklogedabgqbgegxq oq xjk qe`k og xjk x}bhoedkaxq' Xjk bgd hollkvkgakbfqkv|kh fkx}kkg xjk x}b |b}kd qqxk`q }eq xjku{egxox hollkvkgakog xjk hoyjxjbgm {o$ }jkvk Xohho` {>o$ e leddogm hoyjxjbgm}oxj e vkdexo|kd dbgm lovqx kdk`kgx$ }eq lb{gh$ og x}b |kv ab``bg }bvhq$ xbabvvkqybgh xb Xko~egm {oo$e qjbvx voqogm hoyjxjbgm> al' Xohho` {x{>o$Xko~egmxooo - kmm-3 Xohho` "x{>o$ Xko~egm "xoo -}exkv-' Xjk qddefdkogoxoed$abgqbgegxqqxk`q qjb} mvkexkv ho|kvmkgak' Xko~egm jeq gb |boakh |kdev ydbqo|k egh yvbgb{gakq }bvhq }joaj fkmog }oxj xjoq qb{gh og Xohho` }oxj e |kdev geqed>al' Xohho` me`$ Xko~egm oNe` -degh$ ab{gxv-' Og xjk Xko~egm xkzx mo|kgfkdb}$ xjk }bvh abvvkqybghogm xb Xohho` cbd"mo>x -qyevvb}- eyykevq eqcb>d"do>x' Og xjoq ogqxegak$ xjk ogoxoed 5 bl xjk qkabgh qddefdk oq yvbfefd fkqxvkmevhkheq eg kzybgkgx bl ogxkvged n{gax{vk' Bxjkv hollkvkgakqgbxkh fkx}kkgxjk x}b qqxk`q ogad{hk xjk {qk bl q og Xko~egm }jkvk Xohho` jeq q$ xj$egh z3 egh$ og bgk ogqxegak og xjk xkzx$ xjk {qk bl z og Xko~egm }jkvk Xohho`jeq c> al' Xohho` qe>o$ Xko~egm qe>o -kdkyjegx-3 Xohho` Tze`$ Xko~egm $qe`-fvkec-3 Xohho` xjeRzex$Xko~egm qeTzex - ex bgak-3 Xohho` coeoN$Xko~egmzoem - gkev -'Xjk yoxaj fkje|ob{v bl qddefdkq oq |kv qo`odev og fbxj hoedkaxq' Xjkvk oqe `ezo`{` bl xjvkk abgxveqxo|k yoxaj abgxb{vq$ voqogm$ leddogm$ egh dk|kd$ lbveg bgk xyk bl qddefdk qxv{ax{vk$ qb xjex xjvkk xbgkq `e fk ybqx{dexkh'Xjk hoqxvof{xobg bl xjkqk xbgkq og xjk x}b hoedkaxq abvvkqybghq |kv adbqkd'X{o -kmm-$ jb}k|kv$ }joaj og Xohho` jeq e voqogm yoxaj$ eyykevq og Xko~egm

5 E hkxeodkh hkqavoyxobg bl xjk yvbg{gaoexobg egh mve``evbl Xohho` Ajogjeq fkkg exxk`yxkhog xjk e{xjbv-q X}b Xohho` Ajog xkzxq> e hkqavoyxo|kegedqoq$ B[Y$ og yvkqq' Xjk vkehkv oq vklkvvkhxb xjoq }bvc lbv e l{dd eaab{gx bl xjk abg|kgxobgq fkjogh xjk yjbgkxoa xvegqavoyxobg {qkh og xjoqevxoadk$ egh bl xjk mve``exoaed xkv`ogbdbm k`ydbkh'

8/9/2019 Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect

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K[MKGOK N' E' JKGHKVQBG

xb fk yvbgb{gakh vkm{devd }oxj e dk|kd yoxaj$ }joaj `{qx fk vkmevhkh eq xjkkzybgkgx bl e hollkvkgx }bvh xbgk' Ox }eq edqb bfqkv|kh xjex xjk yd{vedo~ogmgb`oged q{lloz xk$ }joaj og Xohho` oq ed}eq yvbgb{gakh }oxj e `evckh voqkog yoxaj$ oq vkm{devd yvbgb{gakh }oxj e dk|kd yoxaj og Xko~egm' Xjoq }b{dheyykev xb ybogx xb e xbged hollkvkgak fkx}kkg xjk x}b lbv`q$ f{x e l{ddkveau{eogxegak }oxj Xko~egm `omjx q{mmkqx xjex }k evk jkvk abgakvgkh }oxj ehollkvkgakog xjk ogxbgexobg bl xjk gb`oged lom{vk bl }joaj xjk q{lloz oq e yevx$vexjkv xjeg }oxj e hollkvkgak og }bvh xbgk eq q{aj' Egbxjkv hb{fxl{d aeqk oqxjk eh|kvfoed abgn{gaxobg aoegm$ }joaj baa{vq }oxj e yjveqkloged yevxoadk ogaoegmog$ aoegme -}jkg$ elxkv-$ ex xjk kgh bl ehn{gaxo|k yjveqkq'- Aoegm ogXohho` oq$ edbgm }oxj edd bxjkv `bgbqddefoa eh|kvfoed abgn{gaxobgq vkabvhkh$ed}eq yvbgb{gakh bg e voqogm yoxaj' Qogak ehn{gaxo|k yjveqkq og xjoq hoedkaxevk vkm{devd ajeveaxkvo~kh f voqogm yjveqk ogxbgexobg$ egh qogak eh|kvfoedabgn{gaxobgq evk bgd lb{gh og q{aj yjveqkq$ ox }b{dh fk ybqqofdk$ eq jeq fkkgybogxkh b{x kdqk}jkvk$6 b ogxkvyvkx xjk voqogm yoxaj bl xjk eh|kvfoedabgn{gaxobgeq e yjbgkxoa kzybgkgx bl voqogm yjveqk ogxbgexobg$ egh xb vkmevh xjk abgn{gaxobg eq -xbgkdkqq- og oxqkdl'1 Og ` Xko~egm xkzx aoegm baa{vq x}oak egh}eq og fbxj abgxkzxq ed}eq yvbgb{gakh}oxj e leddogm yoxaj' ]k `e xjkvklbvkajbbqk koxjkv xb vkmevh xjoq leddogm yoxaj eq xjk kzybgkgx bl e }bvh xbgk bxjkvxjeg xjex lb{gh lbv xjk qe`k }bvh og Xohho`$ bv xb eqavofk ox xb e hollkvkgakbl yjveqk ogxbgexobg$ gbxogm xjex e hoqxogm{oqjogm `evc bl xjk Xko~egm hoedkaxeq ab`yevkh}oxj Xohho` oq xjk leax xjex ehn{gaxo|k yjveqkq evk gbx og|evoefdeaab`yegokh f voqogm yjveqk ogxbgexobg'Ol }k hoqvkmevh$lbv xjk `b`kgx$ yoxaj hollkvkgakq }joaj `e abg|kgokgxdfk eqavofkh xb hollkvkgakqog xjk ogxbgexobg bl devmkv qxv{ax{vkq$ ox `e fk qeohxjex xjk yjbgkxoa kzybgkgxq bl qddefdk xbgk og xjk x}b hoedkaxq }kvk oghoqxogm{oqjefdk f kev kzakyx lbv qjbvx qddefdkq }oxj efv{yx qddefdk adbq{vk'8Yoxaj oq gbx dkzoaedd abgxveqxo|k lbv q{aj qddefdkq og koxjkv hoedkax'; Og Xohho`$}jkvk q{aj qddefdkq evk `bqx ab``bgd yvbgb{gakh}oxj e db} dk|kd yoxaj$ oxoq hkqovefdk lbv mve``exoaed vkeqbgq xb vkmevh xjk` eq fkevogm xjk qe`k xbgkeq xjex ab``bgd vkedo~kh f e leddogm yoxaj og qddefdkq bl bxjkv qxv{ax{vkq' al' Xohho` R`ox$Xko~egm T`ox - kk-3 Xohho` Rzex$Xko~egmTzex -bgk-3 Xohho` R`{Y$Xko~egm T`{2 -qkk- *q{fn{gaxo|k lbv`/'\evoexobgq og xjk ogxbgexobg yexxkvgq bl qxv{ax{vkq devmkv xjeg xjk qddefdk}kvk gbxkh' Qb`k bl xjkqk `e$ bl ab{vqk$ fk ohobqgavexoa3 bxjkvq `e fkhoedkaxoaedd hoqxogaxo|k' Hollkvkgakq og xjk ogxbgexobg bl ehn{gaxo|k yjveqkqje|kedvkeh fkkg `kgxobgkh egh }odd fk vkaeddkh og xjk gbxkq xb xjk xkzx' Gb

5 Qkk by' aox' 6 by' aox' 1 by' aox'8 o'k' adbqkh f 2$ c$ y$ x' Qkk by' aox'; Lbv xjk bgk kzakyxobg vkabvhkh lbv Xohho`$ qkk by' aox'< by' aox'

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8/9/2019 Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect

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GBXKQ BG XKO^EGM$ E GBVXJKVG AJOG HOEDKAX

vkm{dev hoqemvkk`kgx fkx}kkg xjk x}b hoedkaxq eq vkmevhq xjk ogxbgexobg blq{fnkaxo|k egh yvkhoaexo|k yjveqkq }eq vkabvhkh' Leddogm ogxbgexobg eyykevqog fbxj xb fk ajeveaxkvoqxoa bg xjk }jbdk bl xjk q{fnkaxo|k yjveqk egh bl xjkdeqx yvkhoaexo|k yjveqk og xjk qkgxkgak$ }jodqx lbv eg yvkakhogm yvkhoaexo|kyjveqkq xjkvk eyykevq xb fk lvkk |evoexobg fkx}kkg dk|kd egh voqogm ogxbgexobg'Xjk ogxbgexobg bl gb`oged lom{vkq$ eq kzyvkqqkh og xjk yoxaj vkdexobg fkx}kkge loged ybqxgb`oged yevxoadk egh xjk yvkakhogm qddefdk og xjk lom{vk$ lbddb}qxjk yvklkvvkh Xohho` yexxkvgq adbqkd' Yevxoadkq lbddb}ogm qddefdkq }oxj eleddogm yoxaj evk vkm{devd yvbgb{gakh}oxj e db} dk|kd yoxaj$ }jkvkeq yevxoadkqlbddb}ogm qddefdkq }oxj e dk|kd yoxaj evk yvbgb{gakh bg e jomj dk|kd yoxaj'Elxkv e voqogm yoxaj xjk yevxoadk oq qb`kxo`kq jomj$ qb`kxo`kq db}' Bgk bl `Xohho` oglbv`egxq qkk`kh xb yvklkv e jomj yoxaj og xjoq abgxkzx$ xjk bxjkvyvklkvvkh e db} yoxaj'5 Kze`ydkq lvb` xjk Xko~egm xkzx evk> |e$e>cRxb2$"}o>Tyj{>cxbe$ "de`yo>TzexReX$ qe>o"x{one2$ ezq>Rxxb 3 f{x qe>ozoeleX$edb>`xK>xb2$ c>gde>o~eme2$ cq>ge2$ cb>d"do>xxb2'Xjk {qk bl akvxeog qxvkqq egh yoxaj yexxkvgq eq e `kegq bl dogcogmvjxj`oaedd xjk abgqxox{kgx kdk`kgxq bl hoqddefoa egh ybdqddefoa qxv{ax{vkqxjex oq qb qxvocogm e lkex{vk bl Xohho` Ajog6 jeq e adbqk ab{gxkvyevx og Xko~egm'Og xjk dexxkv hoedkax$ jb}k|kv$ xjk qjbvxkgkh {gqxvkqqkh qddefdkq og xjk vjxj`mvb{y evk ed`bqx ed}eq yvbgb{gakhbg e `oh yoxaj eq abgxveqxkh }oxj xjk jomjyoxaj lb{gh og q{aj abgxkzxq og Xohho`' Ogqxegakq bl xjkqk qxvkqq egh yoxajyexxkvgq }odd fk ab``kgxkh {ybg og xjk gbxkq xb xjk xkzx$ egh ab`yevoqbgqhve}g }oxj Xohho` }jkvk xjkqk eyykev xb fk bl ogxkvkqx'Doxxdk ho|kvmkgak og mve``exoaed {qemk }eq hoqab|kvkh' Xjk v{dkq vkdexogmxjk x}b edxkvgexogm lbv`q bl xjk |kvf og Xohho` 1 edqb bykvexk og Xko~egm$eq lev eq ab{dh fk n{hmkh lvb` xjk do`oxkh `exkvoed abddkaxkh' Xjk mve``exoaedabgxkzxq og }joaj xjk x}b |kvf lbv`q baa{v eyykev edqb xb fk xjk qe`k$ fegh devmk$ og fbxj hoedkaxq$ xjb{mj xjkvk }kvk jogxq bl eg baaeqobged hollkvkgakog {qemk jkvk' Lbv kze`ydk$ ` oglbv`egx-q ab``kgx {ybg xjk yeqqemk ogxjk xkzx x{o b` ogm joj aoj -xjogcogm xjkvk `{qx fk }exkv xjkvk-$ }eq xjex}jkvk Xko~egm {qkq joj$ xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` bl xjk |kvf$ Xohho` }b{dh {qk jo$xjk oghoaexo|k lbv`' Xjk Xko~egm xkzx abgxeogq e g{`fkv bl abgxveaxkh lbv`qxjex hb gbx baa{v og xjk Xohho` Ajog exkvoed abddkaxkh' Xjkqk evk hkedx }oxjog xjk gbxkq'@bqx bl xjk lkex{vkq hoqa{qqkh qb lev evk odd{qxvexkh og xjk lbddb}ogm qjbvxxkzx$ }joaj oq yvkakhkh f e lvkk Kgmdoqj xvegqdexobg' Xjk xkzx oxqkdl oq lovqxyvkqkgxkh og xjk dbaed vb`eg bvxjbmveyj eq }voxxkg hb}g lbv `k f `oglbv`egx$ egh q{fqku{kgxd og yjbgkxoa xvegqavoyxobg' Xjkvk lbddb} gbxkqhve}ogm exxkgxobg xb ybogxq bl ogxkvkqx' Xjk g{`fkvq og xjk gbxkq vklkv xb xjkg{`fkvq bl xjk qkgxkgakq og xjk bvxjbmveyjoaegh yjbgkxoa |kvqobgq bl xjk xkzx'Xjk qkgxkgakq og xjk Kgmdoqj xvegqdexobg evk {gg{`fkvkh qogak ox jeq qb`kxo`kq fkkg lb{gh gkakqqev xb vkghkve qogmdk Xko~egm qkgxkgak$ }oxj oxq a{`{dexo|k q{fbvhogexk egh abbvhogexk abgqxv{axobgq$ f e qku{kgak bl x}b bv `bvk

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5 Qkk by' aox' 6 Qkk by' aox' 1 Qkk by' aox'

8/9/2019 Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect

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K[MEGOK N' E' JKGHKVQBG

Kgmdoqj qkgxkgakq' ]jkvk xjoq `omjx abgako|efd dkeh xb holloa{dxokqog abddexogmxjk Kgmdoqj egh Xko~egm xkzxq$ gbxkq adevologm xjk qxv{ax{vk bl xjk Xko~egmevk mo|kg'Lvkk Kgmdoqj xvegqdexobgBgak {ybg e xo`k$ e avb}$ e lvbm$ egh e qyevvb}}kvk q}bvg lvokghq' *Bgk

he/ xjk qyevvb} }eq deogm qb`k kmmq bg e vbeh }jkg eg kdkyjegx ae`k f'Xjk qyevvb} qeoh xb xjk kdkyjegx> -Ydkeqk fk aevkl{d%-$ f{x xjk kdkyjegxdb}kvkh joq lbbx$ egh xjb{mj xjk qyevvb}jkvqkdl ex bgak ldk} bll egh kqaeykh$edd jkv kmmq }kvk xvbhhkg bg egh fvbckg' Xjk qyevvb}}eq egmv$ egh ydbxxkh}oxj jkv lvokghq xb codd xjk kdkyjegx' Xjk xjb{mjx xjex ol xjk avb}lovqx ykackhxjk kdkyjegx-q kkfeddq$ fdoghogm jo`$ egh ol xjk lvbm xjkg avbeckh adbqk {yxb xjk khmk bl e adoll$ xjk kdkyjegx$ fkdok|ogm xjkvk }eq }exkv xjkvk$ }b{dh}edc {y$ ledd b|kv xjk adoll$ egh fk coddkh' Ox jeyykgkh n{qx eq xjk ydeggkh3xjk kdkyjegx lkdd b|kv xjk adoll$ egh xj{q xjk qyevvb} q{aakkhkh og xecogm jkvvk|kgmk {ybg jo`'Bvxjbmveyjoakzx

5' Go hegm deo og$ |eeec xe}j {oyj{c xe}j ce}ddox xe}j co ~e}d e$de`yo cjex ej ce}ddox x{o e ej by deo xec og qeo cjex yeo jo' 6' Ce}ddox ogqeo cjoegmej -gbgm jkj yoj geg jbgm ykdj og- e aoj dkj qeo og ej cjkxe}j x{eg e$ ce}ddox fkd qe cjex og dkgm e$ e`ej q{ecxe og ex{o xkgmx{eg qe` jo' 1' Ce}ddox jkje$ e qeo q{e` gegm e de}`xk xe}j e |eoje}`aoegmog$ e`eqe fkd og |eeec og e`ox xegm x{qe` og$ cj{e e `{j dbjaoegmog$ ckgdeo ~egmej {oyj{c jbgmje` dkj x{o b`ogm joj aoj gmeojq{gog jbgmyeo ogm e$ ckg ej coe og e qo ogm jo ao e$ ej |eo je}`ge fegm{ge joj dkj e qeo ckgej coe og ce}ddox og qeo x{gm e yj{ de ~b e q{ec jo'Yjbgkxoa xvegqavoyxobg

5' go"hegde>oog$ |e-xe>cxb " }o> yj{>cRxb2 ce>do>xxb c$ ~b>de>$"de`"yo>TzexRe2cb>dvdo>xx{ode> eby de>oxecog qe>ozex yeoTjo> 6' cb>dho>xogqe>ozoeme2 ggo"jq2Ryo2ge>g jboykd-/og eXao2qb qe>oog eTz2>xbe2 x{ege>$Rcb>dddo>xfkd qefzexog odK>ve>$ Rv`e2q{ec}xe>og ex{loxkm x{egTqe`$jo>1' cb>ddo>xj2e>$ eqe>oTq{e`"ge>edb>`x>xb e"|e>oTjbe>`aoem{og$"v`"qeTfkdog |Exee>cogeT`ox"xe~ Tx{>Tqe`og$ z{eE$T`{ db{ Taoev og$cK>gde>o~e e2 "O}o>'yj{>cj,m{je>`d/Kx,o"b`"olv jo2Tao2Y Reo2q{g"og"jbodyeo"ov"e>$ cq>ge2 Tcoeog eqoo"Tjo >ao>e>$ e"|e>oTjb>`ge'Tfe{{gwjo2Rd eqe>o ckq`e2 $coeog cbdjOo>xTg qe>o"x{oRe2 yj{>de"~b{e"q{ecTjo>'Gbxkq

5' Go hegm deo og - Og bxjkv heq - oq jkvk$ eq og Xohho` Ajog$ xjk ab``bgqxbvxkddogm lbv`{de abvvkqybghogmxb -Bgak {ybg e xo`k- *Go 0 go> -q{g$he-3 hegm 0 "heom -hollkvkgx$ bxjkv -/' Xjk qjbvx |b}kd egh }kec qxvkqqbl xjk lovqx qddefdk dogc ox vjxj`oaedd }oxj xjk lbddb}ogm qddefdk *qkk efb|k/'

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GBXKQ BG XKO^EGM$ E GBVXJKVG AJOG HOEDKAX

Eq yvbgb{gakhf ` Xohho` Ajog oglbv`egxq xjoq yjveqk }eq ed}eq eaab`yegokh f voqogm yjveqk ogxbgexobg$ |evob{qd vkedo~kh f e voqogm yoxaj bg deolbddb}kh f e dk|kd yoxaj bg xjk yevxoadk og$ f e dk|kd yoxaj bg deo lbddb}kh fe voqogm yoxaj bg og$ bv f e voqogm yoxaj bg fbxj'- ]oxjog xjk lve`k}bvcqkx{y lbvyjveqkogxbgexobg og Xohho`Ajog$6 jk ogxbgexobg bl xjoq yjveqkog Xko~egm`{qx fk ogxkvyvkxkh eq dk|kd' Xjk {qk bl dk|kd yjveqk ogxbgexobg lbv ehn{gaxo|kyjveqkq eyykevq xb fk ajeveaxkvoqxoa bl xjk hoedkax eq jkvk kzk`ydolokh'\eeec xe}j {oyj{c xe}j ce}ddox xe}j co ~e}d e' Xjoq yjveqk oq egedqkheq e qku{kgak bl xjvkk gb`oged lom{vkq keaj adbqkh f xjk ybqxgb`oged yevxoadkxe}j -}oxj-$ lbddb}kh f xjk |kvfed lom{vk co ~e}d$ egh adbqkh f xjk q{fbvhogexogm yjveqk yevxoadk e' \eeec - avb}- oq `ehk {y bl "|e> -fovh- eghTe>c -ae} -$ }oxj eyyvbyvoexk vjxj`oa dogcogm lkex{vkq' [oyj{c -lvbm- oq$doxkvedd$ -hbmfdehhkv-'Ce}ddox -qyevvb}- oq hoqa{qqkh bg y' ;;5' Xjk |evogm yoxaj bl xe}jog xjkqk lom{vkq eq eg kzybgkgx bl ogxbgexobg oq hoqa{qqkh bg y' ;;1' Xjk coog co ~e}d oq yvkq{`kh xb fk ohkgxoaed }oxj xjk Xohho` Ajog vkaoyvbaed|kvfedyvkloz co'1

De`yo cjexej - bg e vbeh-> cjex}eq og q{aakqqo|k {xxkvegakq yvbgb{gakhgb} }oxj e leddogm yoxaj$ gb} }oxj e jomj dk|kd yoxaj$ }joaj oq xb fk vkmevhkheq eg ogxbgexobged lkex{vk'Ej by' @ Xko~egm oglbv`egx$ dock ` Xohho` Ajog oglbv`egxq$ eyykevkhbg baaeqobgxb fk ogabgqoqxkgx og joq {qk bl xjk qykddogmlbv`q e egh ej' Mkgkveddqykecogm$ e loged j og xjoq qykddogm qqxk` vkyvkqkgxq e mdbxxed qxby' Ej oq$xjkvklbvk$ xjk qykddogm }k kzykax lbv xjk ybqxgb`oged yevxoadk yvbgb{gakhRe2bv e2 -ex-$ egh e xjk qykddogm lbv xjk yjveqk yevxoadk |evob{qd yvbgb{gakhe>$ e>'$"e>$ kxa'$ egh lbv xjk yvbgb`oged yvkloz e -jk$ qjk$ ox$ xjk-' Xjoq oqoghkkh }jex }k {q{edd logh$ f{x baaeqobgedd$ eq jkvk$ xjk yvbgb`oged yvklozoq }voxxkg ej$ edxjb{mj og gb aova{`qxegakq ab{dh ox fk yvbgb{gakh}oxj e logedmdbxxed qxby' Qo`odevd$ xjk ybqxgb`oged yevxoadk$ }joaj oq ed}eq yvbgb{gakh}oxj e loged mdbxxed qxby$ oq qb`kxo`kq }voxxkg }oxjb{x e loged j$ eq og qeo x{gm eqe>o "x{{ e2 - bg xjk kdkyjegx- og xjk deqx qkgxkgak og xjk xkzx'Deo xec og -}jodk-' Xjk jomj yoxaj bg xec oq yvb|oqobgedd vkmevhkh eq egogxbgexobged lkex{vk'Qeo cjexyeo jo -eg kdkyjegx }kgx f-' Og qb`k bl xjk vkykxoxobgq bl xjoqyeqqemk$ e q`edd ye{qk fkx}kkg xjk gb`oged egh |kvfed abgqxox{kgxq vkq{dxkhog xjk kzykaxkh leddogm yoxaj bg cjex - bgk -' Xjk `oh dk|kd yoxaj eaab`yegogm{xxkvegakq }oxjb{x e ye{qk oq ogxkvyvkxkh eq yjveqk ogxbgexobg'6' Ce}ddox og cb>dddo>xog -xjk qyevvb}-' Xjk leddogm yoxaj bg xjk yjveqk

yevxoadk og oq e `evc bl leddogm yjveqk ogxbgexobg$ }joaj oq vkm{devd eqqbaoexkhog fbxj hoedkaxq }oxj q{fnkaxo|k yjveqkq' ]bvhogxbgexobg qb`kxo`kq me|k voqkxb xjk yvbg{gaoexobg Rcb>ddo>x$ }joaj oq xjex qjb}g jkvk'Qeo cjoegmej qe>ozoeove -xb}evhq xjk kdkyjegx-' Xjk Ajog qxv{ax{vk5 by' aox' 6 Abgxveqx Xohho` Ajog {qemk$ by' aox'

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8/9/2019 Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect

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K[MPGOK N' E' JKGHKVQBG

jkvk oq `bvk adbqkd vkldkaxkh og e xvegqdexobg q{aj eq -og xjk hovkaxobg *bvgkomjfb{vjbbh/bl xjk kdkyjegx-$ xjk ej fkogm xjk qe`k ybqxgb`oged yevxoadkxjex ox oq abg|kgokgx kdqk}jkvk xb xvegqdexk f -ex- bv -xb -' Lbv zoed eqabgxveqxkh }oxj Xohho` coen qkk y' ;;5' Lbv ab``kgxq bg xjk yoxaj bl e2qkk y' ;;1'

Gbgm jkj yoj geg' Xjkvk evk x}b abgxveaxkh lbv`q jkvk' Gbgm oq lbv gejbgm$ ge fkogm xjk yvbgb`oged yvkloz lbv xjk qkabgh ykvqbg$ egh jbgm "jbge yvk|kvfabg|kogm xjk qkgqk bl- hovkaxobg xb}evhq -'5 Og qxvkqqkh ybqoxobg xjkyvbg{gaoexobg oq "gbm$ xjk `oh dk|kd yoxaj egh qjbvx |b}kd jkvk fkogm vjxj`oalkex{vkq' Geg oq lbv xjk gb`ogedo~ogm q{lloz ge lbddb}kh f xjk yjveqk yevxoadkog' Xjk }jbdk yjveqk$ }joaj oq e lbv`{de bl kgxvkex$ eyykevq bg xjk leakbl ox xb `keg qb`kxjogm dock -_b{v fkogm egmv }oxj `k -$ f{x }eq xvegqdexkhf ` oglbv`egx eq - F b{v `kva$ eq e qomg bl `kva -' Xjk voqogm yoxaj bgjkj - egmv- oq {g{q{ed$ f{x eyykevq xb fk e lozkh yevx bl xjk {xxkvegak og xjoqabgxkzx'

Jbgmykdj og> jbgmjkvk oq xjk yvk|kvf oghoaexogm eaxobg og xjk hovkaxobg blxjk qykeckv3 ykdj 0 -xb e|boh- 3 og og xjoq abgxkzx oq gbx xjk yjveqk yevxoadkf{x xjk o`ykvexo|k q{lloz -og'E aoj dkj -}jkg qjk qybck-' Gbxk xjk q{fn{gaxo|k |kvf lbv` aoj$ eq abgxveqxkh }oxj xjk oghoaexo|k ao -qe$ qykec-' Xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` oq vkm{devd{qkh og fbxj hoedkaxq fklbvk dkj og xjk gevvexo|k qxdk'Qeo og e cjkxe}j x{eg e' E adbqk xvegqdexobg }b{dh fk -xjk kdkyjegx }oxjjoq dkm *cjk/ xve`ydogm -'Ce}ddox fkd -eq lbv xjk qyevvb}-' Og fbxj hoedkaxq k fklbvk O vkyvkqkgxq e`evckhd akgxvedo~kh jedladbqk |b}kd'6 Xjk loged dexkved qb{gh og fbxj hoedkaxqlvku{kgxd jeq e qdomjxd vkxvbldkz evxoa{dexobg egh vkqbgegak'1E`ej R`e2 -jk$ qjk$ kxa'-' Xko~egm jkvk hollkvqlvb` Xohho` og yvklkvvogme db}jomj ogxbgexobg lbv xjoq }bvh eq emeogqx xjk jomjdb} ogxbgexobg$ e`e2$qb ab``bg og Xohho`'

E`ej q{ecxe og ex{o xkgm x{eg qe` jo -qjk$ kqaeyogm *"q{ecTxe> -kqaeyk-/$edd jkv kmmq *x{oo kmm-$ xko -edd-/ xjk kdkyjegx *gb abvvkqybghogmlbv` og xjkXko~egm/ xve`ydkh *$x{eg/ egh fvbck *-qe`/-'1' Q{e` gegm> q{e` q{e``kegq - xb exxeac }oxj xjk ogxkgxobg bl coddogm -'Xjk leddogm yoxaj jkvk oq xjk `evc bl xjk q{fn{gaxo|k |kvf lbv` Tq{e`$}joaj oqxjex }joaj vkm{devd baa{vq fklbvk xjk gb`ogedo~ogm q{lloz ge' Gegm oq e abgxveaxobg bl xjk gb`ogedo~ogm q{lloz egh "o -lbv xjk qeck bl-'E de}` xk xe}j - }oxj jkv lvokghq -' Lbv xjk xbgk bl xjk yd{vedo~ogm q{lloz xkeq abgxveqxkh }oxj Xohho` qkk y' ;;6' Lbv xjk yoxaj bl xe}jqkk y' ;;1'E |eoje}` aoegmog -}jkg xjk jeh ho|ohkh {y *je}`/xjk xjogmqxbfkhbgk *|eo/-' Tjb>`oq jkvk xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` bl xjk |kvf *al' xjk oghoaexo|kjb>`/xjex oq vku{ovkh og eg ehn{gaxo|k yjveqk'8 Lbv xjk yoxaj bl aoegm$ qkky' ;;6'

6 by' aox' 1 by' aox'

;; e 0 yvbgb`ogedyvkloz$ `eqe `eTqe>-xb mb og lvbgx-' E qku{kgak bl eq `eg eq xjvkk qjbvx {gqxvkqqkh qddefdkq oge vjxj` mvb{y oq {g{q{ed'\eeec og |ee>cog -xjk avb}-' E leddogm yoxaj bg og `omjx je|k fkkgkzykaxkh jkvk$ eq eg kzybgkgx bl xjk leddogm ogxbgexobg yvbykv xb q{fnkaxo|kyjveqkq'X{qe` -ykac *Tx{>/ egh fvkec *Tqe`/-'Cj{e e `{j dbjaoegmog- }jkg jk jeh gb kkqomjx-' @{j Z`{2 gh dbj Tdb{2evkxjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv`q bl xjk |kvfq { T`{>- qkk- eghdbTdb{ -fk gbgkzoqxkgx-'Eq qxexkh efb|k$ xjk |kvfq og eg ehn{gaxo|k yjveqk$ q{aj eq e yjveqk adbqkh faoegmog$ evk ed}eq og xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv`' Cj{e oq e y{~~dogm }bvh' Ox oqjb`byjbgb{q }oxj xjk }bvh lbv -|oddemk-$ f{x `e gbx fk vkdexkh xb ox' Ox oq{qkh og Xohho` Ajog xb lbv` gb{gq lvb` akvxeog |kvfq$ k'm' |e>c -xb domjx-$z{e|e>c bv z|e>c -domjx$ fvomjxgkqq-3 he` -xb fk abdh-$ z{ehe` bvz;he`- abdh$ abdh }kexjkv -' Og Xko~egm z{eT`{> kegq gbx - kkqomjx- f{x-xb je|k bgk-q qomjx-' Xjk abgqxv{axobg oq adkevd qxodd e qku{kgak bl gb{gegh |kvf$ eq oq hk`bgqxvexkhf xjk leax xjex e yvbgb`ogedlbv`$ }jkg vku{ovkh$ab`kq fkx}kkg xjk x}b abgqxox{kgx qddefdkq$ k'm' z{eeT`{> -jk jeq joq qomjx-$z{ee$`{>$db{-jk jeq gbqomjx-' Og Xko~egmxjk gb`oged abgqxv{axobg xvegqdexefdkeq - kkqomjx- oq z;`{2ge>$ 'k' cj{e }oxj vjxj`oa qjbvxkgogm eaab`yegokhf eyyvbyvoexk |b}kd u{edox3 `{j$ xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` bl `{ - qkk -$ egh ge$e gb`ogedo~ogm q{lloz }joaj ed}eq yvkq{yybqkq xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` bl eyvkakhogm |kvf'Ckg deo ~egm ej -vomjx og xjk `ohhdk *deo/ bl xjk adoll *ckg/-'

[oyj{c jbgm je` dkj -ol *dkj/ xjk lvbm avbeckh- *je` 0 -xb `eck e gboqk*bl ego`edq/-/' Eq e mkgkved v{dk$ xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` bl xjk |kvf oq xjk bgk{qkh fklbvk dkj' Xjkvk oq eg kzakyxobg xb xjoq v{dk$ jb}k|kv$ }jkg xjk |kvf oqyvkakhkh f xjk yvk|kvf jbgmegh ybqqofd f bxjkvq dock ox' je>`oq jkvk xjkoghoaexo|k lbv` bl e |kvf }jbqk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` oq Tje>`' Ab`yevkeje>`*oghoa'/ Tjo> -jk `ehk e gboqk-3 eTje>` *q{fn'/ Oq -ol jk `eckq e gboqk-3"jbmje>`*oghoa'/ d7 - ol jk `eckq e gboqk og xjoq hovkaxobg-' [qemk `e jkvkfk yevxd e `exxkv bl qxdk' \kvfedlom{vkq}oxj yvk|kvfqegh }oxjb{x yvbgb`ogedyvklozkqevk ajeveaxkvoqxoa bl abddbu{oedvexjkv xjeg gevvexo|k qxdk' Xjk yvk|kvfog xjoq ogqxegak oq {gqxvkqqkh$ }oxj eyyvbyvoexk eaab`yegogm qjbvxgkqq egh`oh yoxaj'X{o b` ogm -}exkv `{qx fk *"og 0 -}odd fk -/ yvkqkgx *db`/-' Xjoq abgqxv{axobg$ }joaj oq e ab`ydkxk qkgxkgak og xjk abddbu{oed qxdk$ oq -hb}gmvehkh- 5eq e abgqxox{kgx bl xjk yjveqkx{o b`ogm joj aoj gmeojq{gog - fkdok|ogmxjex xjkvk {qx fk }exkv yvkqkgx -' Joj aoj- xj{q xjogcogm - `eckq ox adkev xjexxjk yvkakhogm yeqqemk vkab{gxq xjk q{yybqkh xjb{mjxq bl xjk kdkyjegx' Jojoq xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` bl jo - fk -$ aoj xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv` bl ao - qe$ qykec -'Xjk q{fn{gaxo|k lbv`q jkvk `evc xjk vkdk|egx yeqqemk eq q{fbvhogexk xb xjk

5 al' E' E' Jodd$ Ogxvbh{axobg xb dogm{oqxoa qxv{ax{vkq'

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8/9/2019 Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect

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GBXKQ BG XKO^EGM$ E GBVXJKVG AJOG HOEDKAX

lbddb}ogm oghoaexo|k |kvf gmeojq{g' @ oglbv`egx vkybvxkh xjex og Xohho`Ajog xjk oghoaexo|k lbv` jo }b{dh fk {qkh og xjoq abgxkzx$ lbddb}kh$ eq jkvk$f xjk q{fn{gaxo|k aoj'Jbgm yeo ogm e' Xjk lbvak bl jbgm jkvk oq xb mo|k xjk qkgqk -jk }odd ab`kog xjk hovkaxobg bl xjk qb{gh-'

Ckg ej> xjk fkqx xvegqdexobg jkvk oq -b|kv xjk adoll-' Lbv xjk yoxaj ble2 qkk y' ;;1'Coe og -leddogm-'E qo ogm jo -jk }odd hok *qo>/-'Ao e -xjk xjb{mjx-' Xjk }jbdk bl xjk yvkakhogm yeqqemk$ lvb` e`eqefkd og ' ' ' hb}g xb e qo ogm jo oq bgk dbgm$ ab`ydkz hb}gmvehkh qkgxkgak$vkab{gxogm }jex xjk xjvkk lvokghq xjb{mjx'E |eo je}`ge fegm{g- eaabvhogmxb xjkov ydegq -' Xjk q{lloz ge gb`ogedo~kqxjk yvkakhogm e |eo je}`3 fegm -fk dock$ vkqk`fdk -3 {g oq e abgxveaxobgbl xjk yd{ved q{lloz {j egh xjk yjveqk yevxoadk og'E joj dkj ejoRdQ' Gbxk xjk q{fn{gaxo|k joj fklbvk dkj *qkk efb|k/$ eghxjk jomjdb} ogxbgexobg yexxkvg eq vkedo~kh f xjk qku{kgak bl jomj dk|kd yoxajbg joj lbddb}kh f db} dk|kd yoxaj bg dkj'Ckg ej$ qeo x{gmej' Lbv xjk yoxaj bl xjk ybqxgb`ogedyevxoadk qkk y' ;;1'Yj{ de ~b yj{>de"~b{-efdk *"~b{/ xb xeck *"de>/ vk|kgmk *yj{>/-' De oqdogckh vjxj`oaedd }oxj ~b og xjoq abgqxv{axobg'E q{ec jo> q{ec og `bqx abgxkzxq oq xvegqdexefdk koxjkv eq -fkab`k- bv eq-fk fbvg -' Jkvk ox `{qx fk xvegqdexkh -jeyykg$ ab`k efb{x-'Xjk deqx qkgxkgak$ }oxj oxq qku{kgak bl 5= ogxkvdogckh yjveqkq keaj kghogmog eg ogxbgexobgfkevogm yjveqk yevxoadk$ yvb|ohkq eg kzakddkgx kze`ydk bl xjkab`ydkzoxokq bl qkgxkgak qxv{ax{vk og Ajog gevvexo|k qxdk' K`fkhhkh }oxjogxjkqk yjveqkq$ `bvkb|kv$evk yeqqemkq vkybvxogm}jex xjk xjvkk lvokghq xjb{mjx$egh }jex xjk xjb{mjx xjk kdkyjegx }b{dh xjogc$ xjoq dexxkv fkogm eg ogqxegakbl }jex bgk `omjx ykvjeyq hkqavofk eq -hb{fdk hb}gmvehogm-' Xjk yjveqkqxv{ax{vk bl xjk qkgxkgak eq e }jbdk oq qo`yd hk`bgqxvexkh fkdb}$ }jkvk keajabgqxox{kgx yjveqk oq g{`fkvkh egh oxq loged yevxoadk mo|kg$ xjk yjveqk abgqxox{kgxq fklbvk xjk loged yevxoadk fkogm vkyvkqkgxkh f e heqj>

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