Notes on Human Notes on Human Anatomy Anatomy

for Final Examfor Final ExamDr. BeckDr. Beck

Life ScienceLife Science

Eggs are produced in the Eggs are produced in the ovaries of females.ovaries of females.

Females have one Females have one ovary on each side ovary on each side of their pelvis. of their pelvis.

The ovaries are The ovaries are about the size and about the size and shape of almonds. shape of almonds.

At birth, a female At birth, a female baby’s ovaries already baby’s ovaries already contains all of its contains all of its eggs. eggs.

One egg matures every One egg matures every month in the ovaries of month in the ovaries of

females who have reached females who have reached reproductive age…reproductive age…

Sperm are produced in the Sperm are produced in the testes in males…testes in males…

Many sperm meet one Many sperm meet one egg…egg…

A scanning electron A scanning electron microscope shows a 3-D microscope shows a 3-D

image of a sperm image of a sperm penetrating the egg…penetrating the egg…

4-day old embryo showing 4-day old embryo showing cell division…cell division…

The fertilized egg divides The fertilized egg divides and cells differentiate. By and cells differentiate. By

6 weeks, the embryo is 6 weeks, the embryo is developing eyes…developing eyes…

At 3 months the embryo is At 3 months the embryo is called a fetus. called a fetus.

The fetus or growing baby The fetus or growing baby is attached to the mother’s is attached to the mother’s placenta by an umbilical placenta by an umbilical

cord. cord.

The umbilical cord and The umbilical cord and placenta are placenta are temporarytemporary organs of pregnancy. organs of pregnancy.

Function of the Function of the placenta…placenta… The function of The function of

the placenta is the placenta is to provide a rich to provide a rich network of blood network of blood vessels that can vessels that can deliver oxygen deliver oxygen to the baby’s to the baby’s blood flowing blood flowing through the through the umbilical blood umbilical blood vessels. vessels.

Function of the Function of the Umbilicus…Umbilicus…

Is to exchange Is to exchange oxygen and oxygen and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide between the between the mother and mother and fetus, since the fetus, since the fetus’s lungs are fetus’s lungs are filled amniotic filled amniotic fluid and not yet fluid and not yet functioningfunctioning. .

Newborn with umbilical Newborn with umbilical cordcord

The placenta “afterbirth”The placenta “afterbirth”

A cell is the basic unit of A cell is the basic unit of life.life.

Final Questions: read Final Questions: read and think carefully – you and think carefully – you

know this!know this!

Which organelle Which organelle liberates energy from liberates energy from the food you eat for the the food you eat for the work of the cell? work of the cell?

Mitochondria!Mitochondria!

Make Make ATPATP from the from the food you eat. Like food you eat. Like refining crude oil to refining crude oil to gasoline so your car– gasoline so your car– or your cells– can run!or your cells– can run!

Another final question….Another final question….

Which part of a cell Which part of a cell contains the contains the geneticgenetic information that information that determines the determines the characteristics the characteristics the organism will have? organism will have?

The nucleus!The nucleus!

Safely stored inside the Safely stored inside the nuclear membrane is the nuclear membrane is the DNADNA that contains the that contains the recipes for all of the recipes for all of the organism’s proteins. organism’s proteins.

DNA is the genetic molecule DNA is the genetic molecule that contains the genes. that contains the genes.

DNA = chromosomesDNA = chromosomes

DNA tightens up into the DNA tightens up into the chromosome shape when the cell chromosome shape when the cell is getting ready to divide. is getting ready to divide.

What is the main What is the main function of function of

chloroplasts?chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts make glucose Chloroplasts make glucose (food) for plants, using (food) for plants, using

carbon dioxide from the air, carbon dioxide from the air, water brought up by the roots, water brought up by the roots, and energy from the sun. and energy from the sun.

There are many There are many types of cells in types of cells in the body, but the body, but they all have they all have the same DNA the same DNA in the nucleus in the nucleus and the same and the same basic basic organelles.organelles.

The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle

MitosisMitosis = the part of the = the part of the cell cycle where the cell cycle where the nucleusnucleus

is dividing. is dividing.

The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle

Mitosis is necessary for…Mitosis is necessary for…

GrowthGrowthRepair of injuriesRepair of injuriesReplacement of old cellsReplacement of old cells

MeiosisMeiosis is another form of is another form of cell division…cell division…

Only to form sex cells Only to form sex cells with half the number of with half the number of chromosomes as a chromosomes as a normal body cell. normal body cell.

Sex cells are also called Sex cells are also called “gametes”:“gametes”:

Body Body OrganizationOrganization

A group of similar cells A group of similar cells form…tissues. form…tissues.

Groups of different tissues Groups of different tissues working together to working together to

perform specific functions perform specific functions in the body are called in the body are called

organs.organs.

Organ Systems are groups Organ Systems are groups of organs working together of organs working together

to perform a specific to perform a specific function in the body. function in the body.

Muscles and Muscles and BonesBones

Ligaments…Ligaments…

Joints are Joints are kept kept together together with elastic with elastic bands of bands of connective connective tissue called tissue called ligamentsligaments..

Ligaments of the knee Ligaments of the knee joint…joint…

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Anterior Cruciate Ligament RepairRepair

Ligaments of the spine…Ligaments of the spine…

A ball and socket joint …A ball and socket joint …

… … is like the is like the joystick on a joystick on a computer. computer.

This type of This type of joint enables joint enables your arm to your arm to move freely. move freely.

The shoulder joint…The shoulder joint…

Tendons…Tendons…

Tendons Tendons connect connect skeletal skeletal muscles to muscles to bones.bones.

Tendons in the hand…Tendons in the hand…

So what is the difference So what is the difference between between ligamentsligaments and and

tendons?tendons?

Ligaments are bone to Ligaments are bone to bone connections. bone connections.

Tendons are muscle to Tendons are muscle to bone connections. bone connections.

What kind of machine do What kind of machine do most bones work like? most bones work like?

Bones often Bones often work like a work like a type of type of machine called machine called a lever…a lever…

That is why we That is why we have long have long bones. bones.

There are different kinds of There are different kinds of levers, and the body has levers, and the body has

some of each…some of each…

A lever…A lever…

… … is a rigid is a rigid bar that bar that moves on a moves on a fixed point fixed point known as a known as a ____fulcrum_.fulcrum_.

Muscles work in pairs…Muscles work in pairs…

The flexor and the extensor The flexor and the extensor of a joint… One contracts of a joint… One contracts while the other relaxes:while the other relaxes:

If a muscle bends a If a muscle bends a joint…joint…

… … it is it is called a called a flexor.flexor.

If a muscle straightens a If a muscle straightens a joint…joint…

… … it is it is called an called an extensor.extensor.

Anabolic steroids …Anabolic steroids … ……lead to lead to problems in problems in the the heart, heart, liver, liver, kidneys , and kidneys , and can cause can cause high blood high blood pressure. pressure.

Steroids can also cause bones Steroids can also cause bones in young people to stop in young people to stop growing. growing.

They can cause a decrease in They can cause a decrease in size of testicles in males, size of testicles in males, leading to lower testosterone leading to lower testosterone levels and development of levels and development of female characteristics. female characteristics.

Do you think this is Do you think this is attractive? attractive?

The HeartThe Heart

The flow of blood through The flow of blood through the heart…the heart…

Heart valves prevent blood Heart valves prevent blood from flowing backwards from flowing backwards

during contractions of the during contractions of the heart muscle…heart muscle…

Artificial heart valves…Artificial heart valves…

Surgery to replace damaged Surgery to replace damaged or diseased heart valves…or diseased heart valves…

What are they checking? What are they checking?

You need blood You need blood pressure~pressure~

Blood PressureBlood Pressure

The force The force exerted by exerted by blood on the blood on the inside walls inside walls of a blood of a blood vessel is vessel is called blood called blood pressure. pressure.

Blood pressure is caused Blood pressure is caused by:by:

Tone and Tone and diameter of diameter of the blood the blood vessels and vessels and by the by the contractioncontractions of the s of the heart. heart.

Tone and diameter of blood Tone and diameter of blood vessels:vessels:

Blood pressureBlood pressure

… … and by and by contractiocontractions of the ns of the heart. heart.

Healthy and Unhealthy Healthy and Unhealthy arteriesarteries

B allele: 16% of humans B allele: 16% of humans have it.have it.

A allele: 21 % of humans A allele: 21 % of humans have it.have it.

O Blood allele: 63% of O Blood allele: 63% of humans have it. humans have it.

What does a nerve cell What does a nerve cell look like? look like?

A Nerve CellA Nerve Cell

VertebraeVertebrae

Protective Protective rings of bone rings of bone surrounding surrounding the spinal cord the spinal cord which carries which carries nerve signals nerve signals from the brain from the brain to every cell in to every cell in the body. the body.

The pupil and the irisThe pupil and the iris

Looking through the pupil Looking through the pupil to the retina…to the retina…

Describe the pathway of Describe the pathway of how eyes see and process how eyes see and process

an image… (p. 518)an image… (p. 518)

Rod and Cone CellsRod and Cone Cells

Hearing Hearing (p. 520)(p. 520)

CerebrumCerebrum

What does the cerebrum What does the cerebrum do? do?

Page 608Page 608 Thinking and learningThinking and learning Muscle movementMuscle movement Senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, Senses (sight, touch, taste, smell,

hearing)hearing) memorymemory

What does the What does the cerebellum do? cerebellum do?

Muscle Muscle coordinationcoordination

balancebalance

What does the medulla What does the medulla do? do?

Medulla or brainstemMedulla or brainstem

Involuntary muscle movementInvoluntary muscle movement HeartbeatHeartbeat respirationrespiration