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Collusion

Collusion is an agreement between two or more parties, sometimes illegal and therefore secretive, to

limit open competition by deceiving, misleading, or defrauding others of their legal rights, or to obtain

an objective forbidden by law typically by defrauding or gaining an unfair advantage.[citation needed ]

It is an

agreement among firms or individuals to divide a market, set prices, limit production or limitopportunities.

[1] It can involve "wage fixing, kickbacks, or misrepresenting the independence of the

relationship between the colluding parties".[2]

 In legal terms, all acts affected by collusion are considered 

For instance, if virtually all bananas sold in the United States were to come from three companies, they

could possibly get together and agree not to charge less than a certain amount for their merchandise. In

this way, by eliminating the effect of market competition, the colluding firms force buyers to pay more

than they normally would in a free market, which would otherwise naturally lead to lower prices as the

competing firms tried to undercut each other.

Strategic Alliance

A Strategic Alliance is a relationship between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreedupon goals or to meet a critical business need while remaining independent organizations. This

form of cooperation lies between M&A and organic growth.

Partners may provide the strategic alliance with resources such as products, distribution

channels, manufacturing capability, project funding, capital equipment, knowledge, expertise, or intellectual property..

For example, an oil and natural gas company might form a strategic alliance with a research laboratory

to develop more commercially viable recovery processes. A clothing retailer might form a strategic

alliance with a single clothing manufacturer to ensure consistent quality and sizing. A major website

could form a strategic alliance with an analytics company to improve its marketing efforts.

. Some examples of Strategic Alliances In R&D: Microsoft and Nokia - a software partnership for Nokia’s

Windows Phones. o CISCO Systems’ agreement with China’s biggest on-line commercial company

Alibaba, to explore business services for SMEs.

Joint venture

A joint venture (JV) is a business agreement in which parties agree to develop, for a finite time,

a new entity and new assets by contributing equity. They exercise control over the enterprise andconsequently share revenues, expenses and assets. There are other types of companies such as JVlimited by guarantee, joint ventures limited by guarantee with partners holding shares.

Virgin Mobile India Limited is a cellular telephone service provider company which is a joint venture

between Tata Tele service and Richard Branson's Service Group. Currently, the company uses Tata's

CDMA network to offer its services under the brand name Virgin Mobile, and it has also started GSM

services in some states.

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A mutual service consortium is a partnership of similar companies in similar industries who pool their

resources to gain a benefit that is too

Licensing arrangement

Written contract under which the owner of a copyright, know how, patent, service mark,

trademark, or other intellectual property, allows a licensee to use, make, or sell copies of the

original. Such agreements usually limit the scope or field of the licensee, and specify whether thelicense is exclusive or non-exclusive, and whether the licensee will pay royalties or some other 

consideration in exchange. While licensing agreements are mainly used in commercialization of 

a technology, they are also used by franchisers to promote sales of goods and services. 

Value chain patnerships

At a firm level the value chain can be used in a number of ways. The most basic of which issimply to describe visually the company or a competitor. This is done by simply adapting the

generic model to suit your company. In the example below marketing and sales have been

separated into different distinct business units, perhaps because these represent such large

 business units in this particular business:

Dialectical research or dialectical inquiry or dialectical investigation is a form of  qualitative research 

which utilizes the method of  dialectic, aiming to discover truth through examining and interrogating

competing ideas, perspectives or arguments. Dialectical research can be seen as a form of  exploratory

research, in that there is not so much a research hypothesis to be tested, but rather new understandings

to be developed.

In common parlance, a devil's advocate is someone who, given a certain argument, takes a position he

or she does not necessarily agree with, for the sake of debate. In taking this position, the individual

taking on the devil's advocate role seeks to engage others in an argumentative discussion process. The

purpose of such process is typically to test the quality of the original argument and identify weaknesses

in its structure, and to use such information to either improve or abandon the original, opposingposition. It can also refer to someone who takes a stance that is seen as unpopular or unconventional,

but is actually another way of arguing a much more conventional stance.