notes-Lec 6 - Network Layer.ppt
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Transcript of notes-Lec 6 - Network Layer.ppt
Data Transmission, Media
Signal Encoding Techniques
Data Communication Techniques
Data Link Control, ATM
Computer Communication Networks
Network Layer Network Layer (Addressing and Sub netting)(Addressing and Sub netting)
Multiplexing, Switching, Routing
Spread Spectrum, Wireless Networks
Local and Wide Area Networks
2
Understand principles behind network layer services: Internetworking concepts The network layer IP Routing (path selection)
LectureGoals
3
Internetworking network layer services IP Routing principle: path selection Hierarchical routing Internet routing protocols reliable transfer
intra-domain inter-domain
Overview
4
The Internetworking Problem
Two nodes communicating across a “network of networks”… How to transport packets through this
heterogeneous infrastructure ?A B
Cloud
Cloud
Cloud
5
The Internetworking Problem
Problems: heterogeneity and scaling Heterogeneity:
How to interconnect a large number of disparate networks ? (lower layers)
How to support a wide variety of applications ? (upper layers)
Scaling: How to support a large number of end-nodes and
applications in this interconnected network ?
6
The Internet Network layer
routingtable
Host, router network layer functions:
Routing protocols•path selection•RIP, OSPF, BGP
IP protocol•addressing conventions•datagram format•packet handling conventions
ICMP protocol•error reporting•router “signaling”
Transport layer: TCP, UDP
Link layer
physical layer
Networklayer
7
IP Addressing: introduction IP address: 32-bit
identifier for host, router interface
interface: connection between host, router and physical link router’s typically have
multiple interfaces host may have multiple
interfaces IP addresses associated
with interface, not host, router
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001
223 1 11
8
IP Addressing - 1 IP address:
network part (high order bits)
host part (low order bits) What’s a network ? (from
IP address perspective) device interfaces with
same network part of IP address
can physically reach each other without intervening router
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
network consisting of 3 IP networks(for IP addresses starting with 223, first 24 bits are network address)
LAN
9
IP Addressing - 2 How to find the
networks? Detach each interface
from router, host create “islands of
isolated networks
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4
223.1.2.1
223.1.2.6
223.1.1.2
223.1.7.0
223.1.7.1223.1.8.0223.1.8.1
223.1.9.1
223.1.9.2
Interconnected system consisting
of six networks
223.1.2.2
10
IP Addresses
0 network host
10 network host
110 network host
1110 multicast address
A
B
C
D
class1.0.0.0 to127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0 to191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 to223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 to239.255.255.255
32 bits
Given notion of “network”, let us re-examine IP addresses:
“class-full” addressing:
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Some Special IP Addresses
All-1s All hosts on this net (limited broadcast: don’t forward out of this net)
All-0 host suffix Network Address (‘0’ means ‘this’)
All-1 host suffix All hosts on the destination net (directed broadcast).
127.*.*.* Loopback through IP layer
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IP addressing: CIDR - 1
Classful Addressing: inefficient use of address space, address space
exhaustion e.g., class B net allocated enough addresses for 65K
hosts, even if only 2K hosts in that network
13
IP addressing: CIDR - 2 CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing
network portion of address of arbitrary length address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in network
portion of address
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
networkpart
hostpart
200.23.16.0/23
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Subnet Addressing
External routers need to store entries only for the “network ID”
Internal routers & hosts use subnet mask to identify “subnet ID” and route packets between “subnets” within the “network”.
Eg: Mask: 255.255.255.0 => subnet ID = 8 bits with upto 254 hosts/subnet
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Subnet Addressing (Continued)
Route table lookup: IF ((Mask[i] & Destination Addr) = =
Destination[i]) Forward to NextHop[i]
Subnet mask can end on any bit. Mask must have contiguous 1s followed by
contiguous zeros. Routers do not support other types of masks.
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Route Table Lookup: Example
Destination Mask Next Hop30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 40.0.0.740.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Deliver direct128.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 Deliver direct192.4.10.0 255.255.255.0 128.1.0.9
30.0.0.030.0.0.0 40.0.0.040.0.0.0 128.1.0.0128.1.0.0 192.4.0.0192.4.0.0
30.0.0.7
40.0.0.7 128.1.0.8 192.4.10.9
40.0.0.8 128.1.0.9
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IP addresses: how to get one?
Hosts (host portion): hard-coded by system admin in a file DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol:
dynamically get address: “plug-and-play” host broadcasts “DHCP discover” msg DHCP server responds with “DHCP offer” msg host requests IP address: “DHCP request” msg DHCP server sends address: “DHCP ack” msg
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IP addresses: how to get one?Network (network portion): Get allocated portion of ISP’s address space:
ISP's block 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/20
Organization 0 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/23
Organization 1 11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000 200.23.18.0/23
Organization 2 11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000 200.23.20.0/23 ... ….. …. ….
Organization 7 11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000 200.23.30.0/23
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Hierarchical addressing: route aggregation
“Send me anythingwith addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20”
200.23.16.0/23
200.23.18.0/23
200.23.30.0/23
Fly-By-Night-ISP
Organization 0
Organization 7 Internet
Organization 1
ISPs-R-Us“Send me anythingwith addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16”
200.23.20.0/23Organization 2
...
...
Hierarchical addressing allows efficient advertisement of routing information:
20
Hierarchical addressing: more specific routes
ISPs-R-Us has a more specific route to Organization 1
“Send me anythingwith addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20”Fly-By-Night-ISP
Organization 0
Organization 7 Internet
Organization 1
ISPs-R-Us“Send me anythingwith addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16or 200.23.18.0/23”
Organization 2
...
...
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IP addressing: the last word...
Q: How does an ISP get block of addresses?A: ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
Allocates addresses Manages DNS Assigns domain names, resolves disputes
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Getting a datagramfrom source to dest. - 1
IP datagram:
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
A
B
E
miscfields
sourceIP addr
destIP addr data
datagram remains unchanged, as it travels source to destinationaddr fields of interest here
routing table in A
Dest. Net. next router Nhops
223.1.1 1223.1.2 223.1.1.4 2223.1.3 223.1.1.4 2
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Getting a datagramfrom source to dest. - 2
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
A
B
E
Starting at A, given IP datagram addressed to B:look up net. address of Bfind B is on same net. as Alink layer will send datagram directly to B inside link-layer frame
B and A are directly connected
Dest. Net. next router Nhops
223.1.1 1223.1.2 223.1.1.4 2223.1.3 223.1.1.4 2
miscfields 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.3 data
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Getting a datagramfrom source to dest. - 3
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
A
B
E
Dest. Net. next router Nhops
223.1.1 1223.1.2 223.1.1.4 2223.1.3 223.1.1.4 2
Starting at A, dest. E:look up network address of EE on different network
A, E not directly attachedrouting table: next hop router to E is 223.1.1.4 link layer sends datagram to router 223.1.1.4 inside link-layer framedatagram arrives at 223.1.1.4 continued…..
miscfields 223.1.1.1 223.1.2.2 data
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Getting a datagramfrom source to dest. – 4
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
A
B
E
Arriving at 223.1.4, destined for 223.1.2.2look up network address of EE on same network as router’s interface 223.1.2.9
router, E directly attachedlink layer sends datagram to 223.1.2.2 inside link-layer frame via interface 223.1.2.9 datagram arrives at 223.1.2.2!!! (hooray!)
miscfields 223.1.1.1 223.1.2.2 data network router Nhops interface
223.1.1 - 1 223.1.1.4 223.1.2 - 1 223.1.2.9
223.1.3 - 1 223.1.3.27
Dest. next
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IP Features Connectionless service Addressing Data forwarding Fragmentation and reassembly Supports variable size datagrams Best-effort delivery Provides only “Send” and “Delivery” services.
Error and control messages generated by Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
27
What IP does NOT provide
End-to-end data reliability & flow control (done by TCP or application layer protocols)
Sequencing of packets (like TCP) Error detection in payload (TCP, UDP or
other transport layers) Error reporting (ICMP)
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What IP does NOT provide (Continued)
Setting up route tables (RIP, OSPF, BGP etc)
Connection setup (it is connectionless) Address/Name resolution (ARP, RARP,
DNS) Configuration (BOOTP, DHCP) Multicast (IGMP, MBONE)
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IP datagram format
ver length
32 bits
data (variable length,typically a TCP or UDP segment)
16-bit identifier
Internet checksum
time tolive
32 bit source IP address
IP protocol versionnumber
header length (bytes)
max numberremaining hops
(decremented at each router)
forfragmentation/reassembly
total datagramlength (bytes)
upper layer protocolto deliver payload to
head.len
type ofservice
“type” of data flgsfragment offset
upper layer
32 bit destination IP address
Options (if any) E.g. timestamp,record routetaken, pecifylist of routers to visit.
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IP Fragmentation & Reassembly - 1
network links have MTU (max.transfer size) - largest possible link-level frame. different link types,
different MTUs large IP datagram divided
(“fragmented”) within net one datagram becomes
several datagrams “reassembled” only at final
destination IP header bits used to
identify, order related fragments
fragmentation: in: one large datagramout: 3 smaller datagrams
reassembly
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IP Fragmentation and Reassembly - 2
ID=x
offset=0
fragflag=0
length=4000
ID=x
offset=0
fragflag=1
length=1500
ID=x
offset=1480
fragflag=1
length=1500
ID=x
offset=2960
fragflag=0
length=1040
One large datagram becomesseveral smaller datagrams
32
Summary
Internet architectural principles IP addressing and header Fragmentation/Reassembly, Path MTU
discovery
Q&A
?