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Notes Introduction: Britain and Italy, Religion and Politics 1. L. Sofri, Un grande paese. L’Italia tra vent’anni e chi la cambierà. Milan, 2001, pp. 44–45. Translations are mine throughout, unless otherwise indicated. 2. I. Katznelson and G. Stedman Jones, ‘Introduction: multiple secularities’, in I. Katznelson and G. Stedman Jones (eds.), Religion and the political imagination. Cambridge, 2010, p. 18. 3. Maurizio Isabella rightly emphasises the importance of the political dimen- sion of the Italian Risorgimento in his Risorgimento in exile: Italian émigrés and the Liberal International in the post-Napoleonic era. Oxford, 2009, p. 5. On the importance of the circulation of ideas for the nation of the Risorgimento, see also F. Venturi, ‘La circolazione delle idee’, Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, 41 (1954), pp. 223–242. 4. S. Vertovec, ‘Conceiving and researching transnationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22 (1999), special isssue, ‘Transnational Communities’, pp. 447–462. See also P. Clavin, ‘Defining transnationalism’, Contemporary European History, 14:4 (2005), pp. 421–439. 5. G. Toniolo, ‘An overview of Italy’s economic growth’, in G. Toniolo (ed.), The Oxford handbook of the Italian economy since Unification. Oxford, 2013, p. 11; see also table 1.4 on page 12. 6. N. Moe, The view from Vesuvius. Italian culture and the Southern Question. Berkeley, CA, 2002, p. 2. 7. For a detailed account of how the first Italian governments (mis-)governed the southern provinces, see L. Riall, Sicily and the Unification of Italy. Liberal policy and local power, 1859–1866. Oxford, 1998. 8. Moe, The view from Vesuvius, p. 2. 9. Carteggi di Camillo Cavour: La liberazione del Mezzogiorno e la formazione del Regno d’Italia, vol. 3. Bologna, 1952, p. 208, in Moe, The view from Vesuvius, p. 165. 10. In L. Riall, Under the volcano. Revolution in a Sicilian town. Oxford, 2013, p. 154. 11. In C. Petraccone, Le due civiltà: settentrionali e meridionali nella storia d’Italia dal 1860 al 1914. Rome and Bari, 2000, p. 62, cit. in Riall, Under the volcano, p. 154. 12. Moe, The view from Vesuvius, p. 2. 13. Ibid. 14. Sicilians, for example, were seen as a superstitious people who needed ‘civil- isation’ and ‘improvement’, for they possessed ‘all the vices of a civilized people, without their virtues’. In Riall, Under the volcano, p. 51. 15. See J. Pitts, A turn to empire: the rise of imperial liberalism in Britain and France. Princeton, NJ, 2006; K. Mantena, Alibis of empire: The rise of imperial liber- alism in Britain and France. Princeton, 2005; and U.S. Mehta, Liberalism and 216

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Notes

Introduction: Britain and Italy, Religion and Politics

1. L. Sofri, Un grande paese. L’Italia tra vent’anni e chi la cambierà. Milan, 2001,pp. 44–45. Translations are mine throughout, unless otherwise indicated.

2. I. Katznelson and G. Stedman Jones, ‘Introduction: multiple secularities’,in I. Katznelson and G. Stedman Jones (eds.), Religion and the politicalimagination. Cambridge, 2010, p. 18.

3. Maurizio Isabella rightly emphasises the importance of the political dimen-sion of the Italian Risorgimento in his Risorgimento in exile: Italian émigrésand the Liberal International in the post-Napoleonic era. Oxford, 2009, p. 5.On the importance of the circulation of ideas for the nation of theRisorgimento, see also F. Venturi, ‘La circolazione delle idee’, Rassegnastorica del Risorgimento, 41 (1954), pp. 223–242.

4. S. Vertovec, ‘Conceiving and researching transnationalism’, Ethnic andRacial Studies, 22 (1999), special isssue, ‘Transnational Communities’,pp. 447–462. See also P. Clavin, ‘Defining transnationalism’, ContemporaryEuropean History, 14:4 (2005), pp. 421–439.

5. G. Toniolo, ‘An overview of Italy’s economic growth’, in G. Toniolo (ed.),The Oxford handbook of the Italian economy since Unification. Oxford, 2013,p. 11; see also table 1.4 on page 12.

6. N. Moe, The view from Vesuvius. Italian culture and the Southern Question.Berkeley, CA, 2002, p. 2.

7. For a detailed account of how the first Italian governments (mis-)governedthe southern provinces, see L. Riall, Sicily and the Unification of Italy. Liberalpolicy and local power, 1859–1866. Oxford, 1998.

8. Moe, The view from Vesuvius, p. 2.9. Carteggi di Camillo Cavour: La liberazione del Mezzogiorno e la formazione del

Regno d’Italia, vol. 3. Bologna, 1952, p. 208, in Moe, The view from Vesuvius,p. 165.

10. In L. Riall, Under the volcano. Revolution in a Sicilian town. Oxford, 2013,p. 154.

11. In C. Petraccone, Le due civiltà: settentrionali e meridionali nella storia d’Italiadal 1860 al 1914. Rome and Bari, 2000, p. 62, cit. in Riall, Under the volcano,p. 154.

12. Moe, The view from Vesuvius, p. 2.13. Ibid.14. Sicilians, for example, were seen as a superstitious people who needed ‘civil-

isation’ and ‘improvement’, for they possessed ‘all the vices of a civilizedpeople, without their virtues’. In Riall, Under the volcano, p. 51.

15. See J. Pitts, A turn to empire: the rise of imperial liberalism in Britain and France.Princeton, NJ, 2006; K. Mantena, Alibis of empire: The rise of imperial liber-alism in Britain and France. Princeton, 2005; and U.S. Mehta, Liberalism and

216

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Notes to pp. 5–6 217

empire: a study in nineteenth-century British liberal thought. Chicago, 1999. Seealso D. Losurdo, Liberalism. A counter-history. New York, 2011.

16. See M. D’Azeglio, I miei ricordi. Milan, 1956, pp. 17–18. The phrase was actu-ally coined by Ferdinando Martini in 1896. See S. Soldani and G. Turi (eds.),Fare gli italiani: scuola e cultura nell’Italia contemporanea, vol. I. Bologna,1993, p. 17.

17. ‘Patriotism’, Harper’s Weekly, 2 March 1861, cit. in A.M. Fleche, The revolu-tion of 1861. The American civil war in the age of nationalist conflict. ChapelHill, NC, 2012.

18. V. Gioberti, Del primato morale e civile degli italiani. Brussels, 1843, vol. 1,pp. 92–93, cit. in S. Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration: Tropes andtensions of Risorgimento patriotism’, The American Historical Review, 110:2(2005), pp. 404–405.

19. Ferdinand Gregorovious was a German historian of Ancient Rome whotravelled through Italy in 1855-77. F. Althaus (ed.), The Roman journals ofFerdinand Gregorovius, 1852–1873. London, 1911, pp. 62–63, cit. in E.R.Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and the temporal power’, in D. Beales andG. Best (eds.), History, society and the churches. Essays in honour of OwenChadwick. Cambridge, 1985, p. 237.

20. In M.B. Urban, British opinion and policy on the Unification of Italy, 1856–1861. Scottdale, PA, 1938, p. 253, cit. in L. Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo erinascita cattolica: la Gran Bretagna, l’Irlanda e gli Stati pontifici, 1850–1860’, in R. Balzani and A. Varni (eds.), La Romagna nel Risorgimento. Politica,società e cultura al tempo dell’Unità. Rome-Bari, 2012, p. 26.

21. Urban, British opinion and policy on the Unification of Italy, pp. 258–259, cit.in Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, pp. 26–27.

22. C.T. McIntire, England against the Papacy, 1858–1861. Tories, Liberals and theoverthrow of Papal temporal power during the Italian Risorgimento. Cambridge,1983, p. 136.

23. A.M. Banti, Il Risorgimento italiano. Rome-Bari, 2005, pp. 107–111. See alsoR. Balzani, ‘Luigi Carlo Farini nella rivoluzione nazionale’, in Balzani andVarni, La Romagna nel Risorgimento, pp. 265–290.

24. L.C. Farini, Epistolario, IV, 1852–59. Bologna, 1935, pp. 335–336, cit. inBalzani, ‘Luigi Carlo Farini nella rivoluzione nazionale’, p. 290.

25. H. McNeile, Speech of the Rev. Dr. M’Neile on the Italian and National DefenceQuestions, delivered at the Meeting of the Liverpool Auxiliary of the Irish Society.London, 1860, p. 3.

26. Ibid.27. In McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 185.28. On Palmerston and religion, see N. Scotland, ‘Good and proper men’. Lord

Palmerston and the Bench of Bishops. Cambridge, 2000; and J. Wolffe, ‘LordPalmerston and religion: a reappraisal’, English Historical Review, CXX(2005), pp. 907–936.

29. Palmerston to Russell, TNA, Russell papers, PRO 30/22/21 – 3 March 1860,cit. in McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 188.

30. A. Howe, ‘ “Friends of moderate opinions”: Italian political thought in1859 in a British Liberal mirror’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 17:5(2012), pp. 608–611. See also R. Romani, ‘Political thought in action: themoderates in 1859’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 17:5 (2012), p. 598.

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218 Notes to pp. 6–9

31. Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, p. 22. See also McIntire,England against the Papacy, pp. 189–221; and D. Beales, England and Italy.London, 1961, pp. 99–130.

32. Palmerston to Russell, TNA, Russell papers, PRO 30/22/21 – 6 October 1860.33. John Stuart Mill to Pasquale Villari, 6 November 1860, cit. in Urban, British

opinion and policy on the Unification of Italy, p. 570.34. Ibid.35. See L. Riall, Garibaldi. Invention of a hero. New Haven, CT, 2007.36. Daily News, 14 April 1860, cit. in Urban, British opinion and policy on the

Unification of Italy, p. 455.37. F.J. Coppa, Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal politics in European affairs.

Albany, NY, 1990, pp. 125–126.38. J. Parry, The politics of patriotism. English liberalism, national identity and

Europe, 1830–1866. Cambridge, 2006, p. 231, cit. in Howe, ‘ “Friends ofmoderate opinions” ’, p. 608.

39. J. Pemble, The Mediterranean passion. Victorians and Edwardians in the South.Oxford, 1988, p. 10.

40. Lucy Riall has recently recontructed Britain’s anti-Catholicism andanti-Popery of the 1850s in an article published in Italian: Riall,‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, in Balzani and Varni, La Romagnanel Risorgimento, pp. 5–44. For older and more detailed treatments, seeMcIntire, England against the Papacy; and S. Matsumoto-Best, Britain andthe Papacy in the Age of Revolution, 1846–1851. London, 2003.

41. McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 8. See also D. Hempton and M. Hill,Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster Society, 1740–1890. London, 1992; andL. Colley, Britons. Forging the nation, 1707–1837. New Haven, CT, 1992.

42. K. O’Brien, ‘Protestantism and the poetry of Empire, 1660–1800’, in J. Black,Culture and society in Britain, 1660–1800. Manchester, 1997, p. 146.

43. J.A. Jackson, The Irish in Britain. London, 1963, p. 7, cit. in W.L. Arnstein,Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England. Mr. Newdegate and thenuns. Columbia and London, 1982, p. 52. See also A.G. Newby, ‘Scottishanti-Catholicism in a British and European context: The “North PoleMission” and Victorian Scotland’, in Y.M. Werner and J. Harvard (eds.),European anti-Catholicism in a comparative and transnational perspective.European Studies: An interdisciplinary series in European culture, history andpolitics, no. 31. Amsterdam, 2013, pp. 237–251.

44. See W.M. Walker, ‘Irish immigrants in Scotland: Their priests, politics, andparochial life’, Historical Journal, 15:4 (1972), pp. 649–668.

45. Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 52.46. Ibid., pp. 3–4.47. Ibid. On the Whore of Babylon as a centerpiece of eighteenth-century anti-

Catholic rhetoric, see L M. Stevens, ‘Healing a whorish heart: The Whore ofBabylon and Protestant interiority in Restoration and eighteenth-centuryBritain’, in Werner and Harvard, European anti-Catholicism in a comparativeand transnational perspective, pp. 71–84.

48. McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 8.49. D.M. Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento. Oxford, 1971,

p. 157. On nations and nationalism, see E.J. Hobsbawm, Nations and nation-alism since 1780. Cambridge, 1990; E. Gellner, Nations and nationalism.

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Notes to pp. 9–12 219

Oxford, 1983; B. Anderson, Imagined communities. Reflections on the ori-gin and spread of nationalism. London, 1983; J. Breuilly, Nationalism andthe State, 2nd edition, Manchester, 1993; and A.D. Smith, Nationalismand modernism: a critical survey of recent theories of nations and nationalism.London, 2003. See also E. Renan, ‘What is a nation?’, in G. Eley and R.G.Suny, Becoming national. A reader. Oxford, 1996, p. 45; and K.W. Deutsch,Nationalism and its alternatives. New York, 1969.

50. For anti-Catholicism as a transnational phenomenon, see Werner andHarvard, ‘European anti-Catholicism in comparative and transnationalperspective. The role of a unifying other: An introduction’, in Wernerand Harvard, European anti-Catholicism in a comparative and transnationalperspective, pp. 13–22.

51. E.P. Thompson, ‘The peculiarities of the English, Socialist Register, 2 (1965),p. 331, http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5963#.UjGTvby0-BD; also at http://www.marxists.org/archive/thompson-ep/1965/english.htm [accessed 28 May 2014], emphasis in the original.

52. D. Beales, ‘Il Risorgimento protestante’, Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento,XLIII (1956), p. 232.

53. Colley, Britons, p. 18.54. E. Biagini, ‘Anglofilia e storiografia’, in A. Giovagnoli and G. del Zanna

(eds.), Il mondo visto dall’Italia. Milan, 2004, p. 69.55. For a traditional overview on the British Empire, see A. Porter (ed.), The

Oxford history of the British Empire, Volume III: The nineteenth century. Oxford,1999.

56. See O. Chadwick, A history of the Popes 1830–1914. Oxford, 1998,pp. 168–214.

57. Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, p. 133. See also S. Patriarca, Italian vices:Nation and character from the Risorgimento to the Republic. Cambridge, 2010,pp. 69–70.

58. Ibid., p. 134.59. In Patriarca, Italian vices, p. 70. On Aristide Gabelli, see R. Romani, National

character and public spirit in Britain and France, 1750–1914. Cambridge, 2002,p. 306.

60. Throughout the book, I have preferred not to use the concepts ‘nationalidentity’ and ‘identity’, as they were never used at the time. Moreover, thereare good arguments to sustain that it may not be possible, for historians, tostudy ‘national identity’ (even assuming that we are able to agree on whatit is and what it means), as this would imply understanding what was goingon in people’s minds when they thought about themselves and others. It isinstead preferable to speak of ‘national character’ when examining (over-)simplified, and commonly prejudicial, assessments of the allegedly typicalcharacteristics and cultural norms of the members of one’s own or, moreoften, another national community. See P. Mandler, ‘What is “nationalidentity”? Definitions and applications in modern British historiography’,Modern Intellectual History, 3:2 (2006), pp. 271–297.

61. In Patriarca, Italian vices, pp. 169–170. See G. Gangale, Rivoluzioneprotestante. Turin, 1925.

62. G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophy of mind, trans. W. Wallace. London, 1971, para.552, p. 287, cit. in G. Stedman Jones, ‘Religion and the origins of socialism’,

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220 Notes to p. 12

in Katznelson and Stedman Jones, Religion and the political imagination,p. 185.

63. J.C.D. Clark, ‘Protestantism, nationalism, and national identity, 1660–1832’, Historical Journal, 43:1 (2000), pp. 249–276.

64. For an earlier criticism of historians’ tendency to ignore religion, seeA. Hastings, The construction of nationhood. Ethnicity, religion and nationalism.Cambridge, 1997.

65. See P.E. Hammond (ed.), The sacred in a secular age: toward revision inthe scientific study of religion. Berkely, CA, 1985; J. Cox, ‘Secularizationand other master narratives of religion in modern Europe’, KirchlicheZeitgeschichte, 14 (2001), pp. 24–35; H. Lehmann (ed.), Säkularisierung,Dechristianisierung, Rechristianisierung in neuzeitlichen Europa. Bilanz undPerspektiven der Forschung. Göttingen, 1997; H. Lehmann, Säkularisierung,Der europäische Sonderweg in Sachen Religion. Göttingen, 2004; H. McLeod,Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848–1914. Basingstoke, 2000; R. Rémond,Religion et société en Europe aux XIX et XX siècles. Essai sur la secularization.Paris, 1996; and O. Chadwick, The secularisation of the European mind in thenineteenth century. Cambridge, 1975.

66. In his The sacred in a secular age, Philip Hammond wrote that ‘scholars donot – and probably cannot doubt the essential truth of the thesis’ (p. 1).

67. See Manuel Borutta’s interpretation of the secularisation theory as aninvention of 1840s male progressive elites which greatly influencedWestern conceptions of modernity, in M. Borutta, ‘Genealogie derSäkularisierungstheorie. Zur Historisierung einer großen Erzählung derModerne’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 36:3 (2010), pp. 347–376.

68. D. Martin, ‘Towards eliminating the concept of secularisation’, in J. Gould(ed.), Penguin survey of the social sciences. Harmondsworth, 1965, reprintedin D. Martin, The religious and the secular: studies in secularization. New York,1969. See also G. Lenski, The religious factor. Garden City, NY, 1961.

69. H. McLeod, The religious crisis of the 1960s. Oxford, 2007; H. McLeod,‘Why were the 1960s so religiously explosive?’, Nederlands TheologischTijdschrift, 60 (2006), pp. 109–130; and H. McLeod, ‘The 1960s’, inKatznelson and Stedman Jones, Religion and the political imagination,pp. 254–274.

70. C. Taylor, A secular age. Cambridge, MA, 2007; M. Warner, J. Vanantwerpenand C. Calhoun (eds.), Varieties of secularism in a secular age. Cambridge,MA, 2010; P. Norris and R. Inglehart, Sacred and secular. Cambridge,2004; S. Bruce, God is dead, secularization in the West. Oxford, 2002;H. McLeod, Religion and the people of Western Europe, 1789–1970. Oxford,1981; P. Hammond (ed.), The sacred in a secular age. Berkeley, 1985;J. Casanova, Public religions in the modern world. Chicago, 1994. See theimportant historiographical reviews by J.C.D. Clark, ‘Secularization andmodernization: The failure of a “grand narrative” ’, The Historical Jour-nal, 55:1 (2012), pp. 161–194; and J. Morris, ‘Secularization and religiousexperience: Arguments in the historiography of modern British religion’,The Historical Journal, 55:1 (2012), pp. 195–219. See also O. Blaschke,‘Das 19. Jahrhundert: Ein Zweites Konfessionelles Zeitalter?’, Geschichte undGesellschaft, 26 (2000), pp. 38–75; and A. Green and V. Viaene, ‘Introduc-tion: Rethinking religion and globalisation’, in A. Green and V. Viaene

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Notes to pp. 12–16 221

(eds.), Religious internationals in the modern world. Globalisation and faithcommunities since 1750. Basingstoke, 2002, p. 1.

71. J. Dingley, ‘Sacred communities: religion and national identities’, NationalIdentities, 13:4 (2011), p. 389. See also J. Dingley, ‘Religion, Protestants andnational identity: a response to the March 2009 issue’, National Identities,15:2 (2013), pp. 101–124.

72. Katznelson and Stedman Jones, ‘Introduction: multiple secularities’, p. 973. C.A. Bayly, The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914. Oxford, 2004, pp. 325,

330.74. Ibid., pp. 360–362.75. Ibid., 362.76. Ibid.77. M. Mazower, The Balkans. London, 2000, p. 76, cit. in Bayly, The birth of the

modern world, p. 362.78. Bayly, The birth of the modern world, pp. 363–365.79. Katznelson and Stedman Jones, ‘Introduction: multiple secularities’, p. 10.80. See ibid., pp. 1–22.81. Parry, Democracy and religion, p. 5.82. Ibid., p. 5.83. Ibid., p. 46.84. Ibid., pp. 16–17.85. C. Barr, ‘An Irish dimension to a British Kulturkampf ?’, Journal of Ecclesiasti-

cal History, 56:3 (July 2005), p. 493.86. Parry, Democracy and religion, p. 33.87. C. Barr, ‘ “Imperium in Imperio”: Irish episcopal imperialism in the

nineteenth century’, English Historical Review, CXXIII:502 (June 2008),pp. 611–650. On Catholic and Anglo-Catholic influences within Britishpolitics see D. Quinn, Patronage and piety. The politics of English RomanCatholicism, 1850–1900. Stanford, CA, 1993.

88. Barr, ‘An Irish dimension to a British Kulturkampf ?’, p. 493.89. H. Jenkins, ‘The Irish dimension of the British Kulturkampf : Vaticanism

and civil allegiance’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 30:3 (July 1979),p. 355.

90. See D. Bowen, Paul Cardinal Cullen and the shaping of modern IrishCatholicism. Dublin, 1983.

91. See now C. Barr, M. Finelli and A. O’Connor (eds.), Nation/Nazione: IrishNationalism and the Italian Risorgimento. Dublin, 2013. See also J. O’Brien,‘Irish public opinion and the Risorgimento, 1859–60’, Irish Historical Stud-ies, xxxiv:135 (2005), pp. 289–305; and R. Dudley Edwards (ed.), Ireland andthe Italian Risorgimento. Dublin, 1960.

92. D.H. Akenson, Half the world from home: perspectives on the Irish in NewZealand, 1869–1950. Wellington, 1990, p. 160, cit. in Barr, ‘ “Imperiumin Imperio” ’, p. 612. Hiberno-Romanism was ‘a subset of a wider neo-ultramontanism that swept the Catholic Church in the nineteenthcentury’, in ibid.

93. On the imperial and international vocation of Irish Catholicism, and espe-cially on Archbishop Cullen’s ambitions, see Barr, ‘ “Imperium in Imperio” ’,pp. 611–650.

94. Jenkins, ‘The Irish dimension of the British Kulturkampf ’, p. 353.

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222 Notes to pp. 16–20

95. I am grateful to Professor Alvin Jackson for his helpful insight on the rela-tionship between Catholicism and the British Government. See D. Quinn,Patronage and piety.

96. M.R. Watts, The Dissenters, Volume II: The expansion of evangelical nonconfor-mity. Oxford, p. 1.

97. K.T. Hoppen, The mid-Victorian generation, 1846–1886. Oxford, 1998, p. 427.98. See Chapter 1 for a wider discussion of these themes.99. C. Hall, ‘Religion and politics in Modern Britain’ (Review article), Historical

Journal, 46:2 (2003), p. 470.100. J. Parry, ‘The disciplining of the religious conscience in nineteenth-century

British politics’, in Katznelson and Stedman Jones, Religion and the politicalimagination, p. 214.

101. Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 55.102. P. Grosskurth (ed.), The memoirs of John Addington Symonds. London, 1984,

p. 244, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 55.103. R. Blake, Disraeli. London, 1966, p. 503, cit. in W.L. Arnstein, ‘The religious

issue in mid-Victorian politics: A note on a neglected source’, Albion, 6:2(Summer 1974), p. 142 n. 18.

104. J. Melnyk, Victorian Religion. Faith and life in Britain. Westport, CT, 2008,p. 1.

105. Katznelson and Stedman Jones, ‘Introduction: multiple secularities’, p. 15.106. I am indebted to Professor Lucy Riall and Professor Alvin Jackson for

directing my attention to this point.107. Melnyk, Victorian Religion, p. 2.108. K. Robbins and J. Fisher, ‘Introduction’, in K. Robbins and J. Fisher, Religion

and diplomacy: Religion and British foreign policy, 1815 to 1914. Dordrecht,2010, p. 2. See also Watts, The Dissenters. Volume II, pp. 1–3.

109. A more complete treatment of British Protestant denominations canbe found in Clark, ‘Protestantism, Nationalism, and National Identity’,p. 272.

110. Ibid.111. Quinn, Patronage and piety, p. 5.112. W.H. Hamilton, Recollections of a tour in 1822, vol. 3, pp. 32–33. Cit. in

M. O’Connor, The romance of Italy and the English political imagination.New York, 1998, pp. 51–52.

113. Enoch Powell, speech at Trinity College, Dublin, 1946, in S. Collini,Public moralists. Political thought and intellectual life in Britain. Oxford,1991.

114. See O’Connor, The romance of Italy and R. Cavaliero, Italia Romantica:English Romantics and Italian Freedom. London, 2005.

115. S.M. Griffin, Anti-Catholicism and nineteenth-century fiction. Cambridge,2004, p. 4.

116. O’Connor, The romance of Italy, p. 1.117. D. Bell, The idea of Greater Britain. Empire and the future of world order, 1860–

1900. Princeton, NJ, 2007, p. 21.118. I am grateful to Professor Philippe Sarasin for introducing me to the ideas

and methods underpinning the Zentrum Geschichte des Wissens (Centre forthe History of Knowledge), jointly hosted by the University of Zurich andthe Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ).

119. Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, p. 22.

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Notes to pp. 20–23 223

120. A. Howe, Free trade and liberal England, 1846–1946. Oxford, 1997, p. 195.Colportage was invented by the BFBS’s agent in France, Victor de Pressensé,who in 1837 ‘persuaded the Society to experiment with hiring door-to-doorsalesmen’, who came to be known as colporteurs (in Batalden, Cann andDean, Sowing the Word). The term comes from the French word for ‘itinerantpeddlers (porter) who carried a pack over their shoulders or around theirnecks (col)’, in R. Balmer (ed.), Encyclopaedia of evangelicalism. Waco, TX,2002, p. 181.

121. O’Connor, The romance of Italy, p. 1.122. F. Chabod, Italian Foreign Policy. The statecraft of the founders, translated by

W. McCuaig. Princeton, NJ, 1996, p. xxxix.123. Ibid., p. xli124. F. Trentmann, Free trade nation. Commerce, consumption, and civil society in

modern Britain. Oxford, 2008, p. 14.125. Ibid., p. 13.126. Ibid., p. 14.127. E.F. Biagini, Liberty, retrenchment and reform: popular liberalism in the Age of

Gladstone, 1860–1880. Cambridge, 1992, p. 2.128. Ibid., p. 16.129. Ibid., p. 224.130. For an excellent study of British foreign policy which, however, neglects

religion, see P. Kennedy, The Realities behind diplomacy: background influenceson British external policy, 1865–1980. London, 1981.

131. See an important work of historical sociology: Casanova, Public religions inthe modern world. See also S. Bruce (ed.), Religion and modernization. Sociolo-gists and historians debate the secularization thesis. Oxford, 1992. The historyof American foreign relations has for long suffered a similar fate, whichhowever has now been rectified by the work of Andrew Preston, and inparticular by his magisterial Sword of the spirit, shield of faith. Religion inAmerican war and diplomacy. New York, 2012. Nothing comparable exists,as yet, on the history of British foreign relations, although historians havebegun to pay attention to the role played by religion in specific episodesof British foreign policy; see, for example, O. Figes, Crimea: The last Cru-sade. London, 2010; or, more generally, K. Robbins and J. Fisher, Religionand diplomacy: Religion and British foreign policy, 1815 to 1941. Dordrecht,2010; and, for the interaction of European events with British politics, seeParry, The politics of patriotism. Interesting, but focusing upon an earlier timeperiod, is D. Johnston and C. Sampson (eds.), Religion: The missing dimensionof statecraft. Oxford, 1994.

132. A.M. Banti and P. Ginsborg (eds.), Storia d’Italia. Annali 22. Il Risorgimento.Turin, 2007.

133. M. Isnenghi and E. Cecchinato (eds.), Gli italiani in guerra: conflitti, identità,memorie dal Risorgimento ai nostri giorni, I, Fare l’Italia: unità e disunità nelRisorgimento. Turin, 2008.

134. For an exhaustive and in-depth review of the current intellectual vibrancyin the field of Risorgimento studies, see M. Isabella, ‘Rethinking Italy’snation-building 150 years afterwards: The new Risorgimento historiogra-phy’, Past and Present, no. 217 (November 2012), pp. 247–268. See alsoD. Raponi, ‘Heroism, vice, and the Risorgimento’, The Historical Journal,54:4 (December 2011), pp. 1185–1195.

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135. A.M. Banti and P. Ginsborg, ‘Per una nuova storia del Risorgimento’, inBanti and Ginsborg, Storia d’Italia. Annali 22. Il Risorgimento, p. xxiii.

136. A.M. Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento. Parentela, santità e onore alle originidell’Italia unita. Turin, 2000. See also A.M. Banti and R. Bizzocchi, Immaginidella nazione nell’Italia del Risorgimento. Rome, 2002. For an important his-toriographical debate on Banti’s cultural approach to the Risorgimento, seeL. Riall et al., ‘Alberto Banti’s interpretation of Risorgimento nationalism: adebate’, Nations and nationalism, 15:3 (2009), pp. 396–460. On the nationof the Risorgimento and the legacy of the nationalist discourse in liberaland fascist Italy, see A.M. Banti, Sublime madre nostra. La nazione italiana dalRisorgimento al fascismo. Bari and Rome, 2011.

137. L. Riall, ‘Nation, “deep images” and the problem of emotions’, Nations andnationalism, 15:3 (2009), p. 402.

138. Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, pp. 119–120.139. A.M. Banti, ‘Conclusions: Performative effects and “deep images” in

national discourse’, in L. Cole (ed.), Different paths to the nation. Regionaland national identities in Central Europe and Italy, 1830–1870. London, 2007,p. 225. Figure profonde may be translated as ‘deep images’, as Banti himselfsuggests in his ‘Conclusions’, pp. 220–229.

140. Ibid., p. 226; and Banti and Ginsborg, ‘Per una nuova storia delRisorgimento’, in Banti and Ginsborg, Storia d’Italia, p. xxxiv.

141. A. Lyttelton, ‘Creating a national past: History, myth, and image in theRisorgimento’, in A. Russell Ascoli and K. von Henneberg (eds.), Makingand remaking Italy. The cultivation of national identity around the Risorgimento.Oxford and New York, 2001, p. 63.

142. J. Breuilly, ‘Risorgimento nationalism in the light of general debates aboutnationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, 15:3 (2009), p. 442. On anticlerical-ism, see F. Conti, ‘Breve storia dell’anticlericalismo’, in A. Melloni (ed.),Cristiani d’Italia. Chiesa, Società, Stato, 1861–2011. vol. I. Rome, 2011,pp. 667–684.

143. For a recent and thorough, albeit brief, summary of the achievementsand the unresolved problems of the new Risorgimento historiography,see S. Patriarca and L. Riall, ‘Introduction: Revisiting the Risorgimento’,in S. Patriarca and L. Riall (eds.), The Risorgimento revisited. Nationalismand culture in nineteenth-century Italy. Basingstoke, 2012, pp. 1–17. See alsoJ. Davis, ‘Rethinking the Risorgimento?’, in N. Bouchard (ed.), Risorgimentoin modern Italian culture. Madison, NJ, 2005, pp. 27–53.

144. L. Riall, ‘Martyr cults in nineteenth-century Italy’, Journal of Modern History,82:2 (June 2010), special issue, The persistence of religion in modern Europe,p. 259.

145. M. Isabella, ‘ “Apostles of the nation and pilgrims of freedom”: Religiousrepresentations of exile in nineteenth-century Europe’, in S. Lechenicht andK. Heinsohn (eds.), Diaspora identities. Exile, nationalism and cosmopolitanismin past and present. Frankfurt, 2009, p. 68.

146. F. Traniello, ‘Religione e nazione’, in A. Roccucci (ed.), La costruzione delloStato-nazione in Italia. Rome, 2012, p. 231.

147. Ibid., p. 232. See also Banti and Ginsborg, ‘Per una nuova storia delRisorgimento’, in Banti and Ginsborg, Storia d’Italia, p. xxxiv.

148. Ibid., p. 233.

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Notes to pp. 24–27 225

149. C. Cavour, Discorso parlamentare del 25 marzo 1861, in C. Cavour, Stato eChiesa, ed. by P. Alatri. Milan, 1953, pp. 112–113, in Traniello, ‘Religione enazione’, p. 236. See also S. Lanaro, L’Italia nuova. Identità e sviluppo 1861–1988. Turin, 1988, pp. 75–77.

150. Isabella, ‘Rethinking Italy’s nation-building 150 years afterwards’, p. 254.An absorbing piece in which religion matters greatly is E.F. Biagini, ‘Cit-izenship and religion in the Italian constitutions, 1796–1849’, History ofEuropean Ideas, 37 (2011), pp. 211–217.

151. On the international dimension of the Risorgimento, see Isabella, ‘Rethink-ing Italy’s nation-building 150 years afterwards’, pp. 254–255.

152. G. Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti. Naples, 1956; G. Spini, L’Evangelo eil berretto frigio. Storia della Chiesa Cristiana Libera in Italia, 1870–1904.Turin, 1971; G. Spini, Studi sull’evangelismo italiano tra Otto e Novecento.Turin, 1994; G. Spini, Italia liberale e protestanti. Turin, 2002. See alsoV. Vinay, L. Desanctis e il movimento evangelico italiano durante il Risorgimento.Turin, 1965; D. Maselli, Storia dei battisti italiani, 1863–1923. Turin, 2003;D. Maselli, Tra risveglio e millenio. Storia delle Chiese Cristiane dei Fratelli,1836–1886. Turin, 1974.

153. E. Biagini, ‘Risorgimento e protestanti’, in S. Maghenzani and G. Platone(eds.), Riforma, risorgimento e risveglio: il protestantesimo italiano tra radicistoriche e questioni contemporanee. Claudiana, Torino, 2011, p. 86.

154. Ibid, pp. 77–78.155. See Patriarca and Riall, ‘Introduction: Revisiting the Risorgimento’, in

Patriarca and Riall, The Risorgimento revisited, p. 13.156. Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, p. 5. See also M. Isabella, ‘Emotions, ratio-

nality and political intentionality in patriotic discourse’, Nations andNationalism, 15:3 (2009), p. 427.

157. See Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, p. ix.158. Patriarca and Riall, ‘Introduction: Revisiting the Risorgimento’, in Patriarca

and Riall, The Risorgimento revisited, p. 6. On the importance of writing thehistory of the Risorgimento from a transnational point of view, see O. Janzand L. Riall, ‘Special issue: The Italian Risorgimento: transnational perspec-tives. Introduction’, Modern Italy, 19:1 (2014), pp. 1–4. See the whole specialissue 19:1 (2014) of Modern Italy.

159. Isabella, Risorgimento in exile; Riall, Garibaldi; S. Recchia and N. Urbinati(eds.), A cosmpolitanism of nations: Giuseppe Mazzini’s writings on democracy,nation building, and international relations. Princeton, NJ, 2009; G. Pécout,‘The international armed volunteers: pilgrims of a transnational Risor-gimento’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 14:4 (2009), pp. 413–426; D. Reill,Nationalists who feared the nation: Adriatic multi-nationalism in HabsburgDalmatia, Trieste, and Venice. Stanford, CA, 2012; and G. Stedman Jones,‘Religion and liberty in European political thought 1800–1860 ca’, Journalof Modern Italian Studies, 17:5 (2012), p. 591. See also L. Riall, ‘Travel, migra-tion, exile: Garibaldi’s global fame’, Modern Italy, 19:1 (2014), pp. 41–52.

160. M. Isabella, ‘Nationality before liberty? Risorgimento political thoughtin transnational context’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 17:5 (2012),pp. 507–508.

161. Important amongst the most recent publications are: C. Bayly andE.F. Biagini (eds.), Giuseppe Mazzini and the globalisation of democratic

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226 Notes to pp. 27–29

nationalism. Oxford, 2008; Isabella, Risorgimento in exile; and D. Armitage,Foundations of modern international thought. Cambridge, 2013.

162. Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, p. 56.163. On some British perceptions of different parts of Italy, see Moe, The view

from Vesuvius. On the intense cultural engagement of many Victorians andEdwardians with Italy, see Pemble, The Mediterranean passion.

164. D. Laven, ‘Italy. The idea of the nation in the Risorgimento and liberaleras’, in T. Baycroft and M. Hewitson (eds.), What is a nation? Europe1789–1914. Oxford, 2006, p. 266. See Gioberti, Del primato morale e civiledegli italiani; and B. Haddock, ‘Political union without social revolution:Vincenzo Gioberti’s Primato’, Historical Journal, 41:3 (1998), pp. 705–723.On Gioberti, see also F. Sofia, ‘The promised land: biblical themes in theRisorgimento’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 17:5 (2012), pp. 581–583;and F. Traniello, ‘Religione, nazione e sovranità nel Risorgimento italiano’,Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa, 28:1 (1992), pp. 319–368.

165. A. Manzoni, Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica. Milan, 1819.166. J.C.L. Simonde de Sismondi, Histoire des républiques italiennes du Moyen Âge,

16 vols, 2nd ed. Zurich, 1809–1818.167. Sismondi, Histoire des républiques, vol. 8, chap. 14, cit. in Patriarca,

‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 398.168. See B. Haddock, ‘State, nation and Risorgimento’, in G. Bedani and B. Had-

dock, The politics of Italian national identity. A multidisciplinary perspective.Cardiff, 2000, p. 25. See also M. Viroli, Come se Dio ci fosse. Religione e libertànella storia d’Italia. Turin, 2009, pp. 147–148. This outstanding book is alsoavailable in English: M. Viroli, As if God existed: Religion and liberty in thehistory of Italy. Princeton, NJ, 2012.

169. Sismondi, Histoire des républiques, vol. VIII, pp. 383–84, cit. in Patriarca,Italian vices, pp. 36–40.

170. La Civiltà Cattolica is a periodical published by the Society of Jesus since1850. During the pontificate of Pius IX, it was under direct control of thePope. At present, it is the only Catholic publication to be revised directlyby the Secretariat of State of the Holy See before being published. See www.laciviltacattolica.it.

171. Traniello, ‘Religione e nazione’, p. 236.172. R. Grew, ‘Culture and society, 1796–1896’, in J.A. Davis (ed.), Italy in the

nineteenth century. Oxford, 2000, pp. 222; and Laven, ‘Italy’, in Baycroftand Hewitson, What is a nation?, p. 266.

173. Riall, ‘Martyr cults in nineteenth-century Italy’, p. 264.174. C. Seton-Watson, Italy from liberation to fascism, 1870–1925. London, 1968,

p. 11, cit. in Riall, Sicily and the Unification of Italy, p. 121.175. See Laven, ‘Italy’, in Baycroft and Hewitson, What is a nation?, p. 265–268.

The troubled relationship between Catholicism and national identityin the nineteenth century was not an exclusively Italian problem: seeC. Strikwerda, ‘The Low Countries. Between the city and the Volk’, andS. Jacobson, ‘Spain. The Iberian mosaic’, in Baycroft and Hewitson, What isa nation?, pp. 81–99, and 210–227.

176. R. Romani, ‘Reluctant revolutionaries: Moderate liberalism in the Kingdomof Sardinia, 1849–1859’, The Historical Journal, 55:1 (2012), p. 70.

177. Ibid.

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Notes to pp. 29–32 227

178. Raffaele Conforti’s speech, 11 April 1861, in Camera dei Deputati, Assembleedel Risorgimento, I, pp. 801–802, cit. in Romani, ‘Reluctant revolutionaries’,p. 70–71.

179. On the importance of studying the anti-Risorgimento movement, seeD. Laven, ‘Why patriots wrote and what reactionaries read: reflectionson Alberto Banti’s La nazione del Risorgimento’, Nations and Nationalism,15:3 (2009), pp. 419–426 (especially p. 424). See also U. Parente, ‘IlRisorgimento e il paradigma intransigente’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia,pp. 631–640; E. Francia, ‘Il nuovo Cesare è la patria. Clero e religione nellungo Quarantotto italiano’, and D. Menozzi, ‘I gesuiti, Pio IX e la nazioneitaliana’, in Banti and Ginsborg, Storia d’Italia. Annali 22. Il Risorgimento,pp. 423–450 and 451–478; M. Viroli, Come se Dio ci fosse. Religione e libertànella storia d’Italia. Turin, 2009, pp. 121–227; and M. Viroli, ‘La dimen-sione religiosa del Risorgimento’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia, vol. I, p. 135.There are already some good works on specific aspects of the Church in theRisorgimento, but a comprehensive overview is to be wished for. Melloni’sCristiani d’Italia is a good start, but an investigation of the complexityof religious culture and its encounters with the ‘Risorgimento canon’,other patriotic texts, and their advocates is needed. What is still missingis also a study of the transnational reach of the Roman Catholic Churchand what implications this religious transnationalism had for the Italiannational movement and for foreign (intellectual and political) reactions tothe construction of the Italian nation, both before and after the unification.

180. Gioacchino Ventura has been neglected by historians, but in his timesand until the beginning of the twentieth century he was placed next toVincenzo Gioberti and Antonio Rosmini as a major Catholic thinker. Seenow R. Romani, ‘Liberal theocracy in the Risorgimento’, European HistoryQuarterly, 2014 (forthcoming). I am grateful to prof. Roberto Romani forhaving shown me a copy of his article before publication.

181. On the problem of religion which ‘still remains somewhat unrepresentedin the new historiography [of the Risorgimento]’, see L. Riall, Risorgimento.The history of Italy from Napoleon to nation-state. Basingstoke, 2009, p. 130.

182. Although some progress has been made since Albert Russell Ascoli andKrystyna von Henneberg wrote, in 2001, that ‘one relevant area which hasnot been treated extensively, but which deserves significant attention, is theplace of the Catholic Church in the cultural politics of “Risorgimento” ’, inRussell Ascoli and von Henneberg, Making and remaking Italy, p. 19 n. 2;there is still much that is left unexplored.

183. On the concept of ‘national character’, see Romani, National character andpublic spirit in Britain and France.

184. P. Mandler, ‘ “Race” and “nation” in mid-Victorian thought’, in S. Collini,R. Whatmore and B. Young, History, religion, and culture. British intellec-tual history 1750–1950. Cambridge, 2000, p. 227. Mandler suggests thatEnglish political thought was imbued with evangelical Christianity, andevangelicalism ‘strengthened the presumption of a “natural” progressionfrom primitive to advanced states, what one might call the “civilisational”perspective’, in ibid., p. 226.

185. Eric Hobsbawm debunked the idea that ‘communities of descent’ are eitherreal or ancient, in E.J. Hobsbawm, Nations and nationalism since 1780,

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pp. 5–13. See also E.J. Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction: Inventing traditions’, inE.J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The invention of tradition. Cambridge,1983. Equally, John Breuilly questioned the political significance of cul-tures or ethnies, in J. Breuilly, ‘The state and nationalism’, in M. Guibernauand J. Hutchinson (eds.), Understanding nationalism. Cambridge, 2001,pp. 33–34, 49–51; and Breuilly, Nationalism and the state, pp. 1–15, 404–406.

186. T. Baycroft and M. Hewitson, ‘Introduction. What was a nation innineteenth-century Europe?’, in Baycroft and Hewitson, What is a nation?,pp. 1–16.

187. See Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento.188. ‘State-nations’ and ‘cultural nations’ are expressions coined by Friedrich

Meinecke in 1907; see H. Kohn, The idea of nationalism: A study in its originand background. New York, 1944. Ernest Gellner has attempted to create amore complicated model, however the basic dual distinction remains; seeE. Gellner, Nations and nationalism.

189. See Baycroft and Hewitson, What is a nation?; and U. von Hirschhausenand J. Leonhard, ‘Introduction’, in von Hirschhausen and Leonard,Nationalismen in Europa, pp. 11–48.

190. Thus far, we only have a small number of good historical investigations intospecific cases and contexts in which religion evidently played a role in theoutworking of British policy abroad. See K. Robbins, ‘The British Churchesand British foreign policy’, in Robbins and Fisher, Religion and diplomacy,p. 9.

191. Ibid.192. H. McCarthy, review of On the fringes of diplomacy: influences on British foreign

policy, 1800–1945, (review no. 1210) [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1210, accessed 30 May 2014].

193. Preston, Sword of the spirit, shield of faith, p. 6.194. Bell, ‘Imagined spaces’, in W. Mulligan and B. Simms (eds.), The primacy

of foreign policy in British history, 1660–2000. How strategic concerns shapedmodern Britain. Basingstoke, 2010, p. 210, n. 8.

195. Preston, Sword of the spirit, shield of faith, p. 13. See also A. Porter, Religion ver-sus empire? British Protestant missionaries and overseas expansion, 1700–1914.Manchester, 2004; and N. Etherington (ed.), Missions and empire. The Oxfordhistory of the British Empire. Oxford, 2005.

196. ‘Introduction: Rethinking religion and globalisation’, in Green and Viaene,Religious internationals in the modern world, p. 8.

197. On the importance of religion and, specifically, evangelicalism innineteenth-century England, see Boyd Hilton’s fundamental works: The ageof atonement: the influence of evangelicalism on social and economic thought,1795–1865. Oxford, 1988; and his A mad, bad, and dangerous people?:England, 1783–1846. Oxford, 2006.

198. Preston, Sword of the spirit, shield of faith, p. 4.199. Ibid., p. 5.200. Ibid., p. 6.201. ‘Britain’ and ‘England’ were employed interchangeably also during the

nineteenth century, largely because of ‘the long-standing dominance ofthe English over other realms’, in Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, p. 2. Seealso P. Langford, Englishness identified. Oxford, 2000; K. Kumar, The making

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Notes to pp. 35–38 229

of English national identity. Cambridge, 2003; and P. Mandler, The Englishnational character. The history of an idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair.New Haven, CT, 2006.

202. Parry, The Politics of patriotism, pp. 13, 37–38.203. J. Wolffe, ‘A transatlantic perspective: Protestantism and national identities

in mid-nineteenth-century Britain and the United States’, in T. Claydon andI. McBride, Protestantism and national identity: Britain and Ireland c. 1650–c.1850. Cambridge, 1998, pp. 295–296. It is also to be noted that thisbook does not deal with separate Scottish or Welsh attitudes to Rome, eventhough at times it highlights the important presence of Scottish Protestantsin Italy.

1 Italy as the ‘European India’: British orientalism,cultural imperialism, and anti-Catholicism, c. 1850–1870

1. ‘Hugh McNeile to Gladstone’, Punch, 29 May 1869, p. 225.2. On Catholic emancipation, see Hilton, A mad, bad, and dangerous people?,

pp. 384–397.3. J. Wolffe, ‘McNeile, Hugh Boyd (1795–1879)’, ODNB, Oxford, 2004 [http://

www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17711, accessed 31 May 2014].4. The Times, 9 October 1850, p. 3.5. The Times, 29 October 1850, p. 3.6. The Times, 4 November 1850, p. 4.7. Shrewsbury to Phillips, February 1851, in D. Gwynn, Lord Shrewsbury, Pugin,

and the Catholic Revival. London, 1946, cit. in M. Buschkühl, Great Britainand the Holy See, 1746–1870. Dublin, 1982, p. 89.

8. G.I.T. Machin, ‘Lord John Russell and the prelude to the Ecclesiastical TitlesBill, 1846–51’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 35 (1974), p. 289. Wiseman’smission was to ask whether a permanent British representative in Romewould be acceptable to the Pope: the answer was negative, however thePope reiterated that a special envoy was most welcome; in Wiseman toRussell, TNA, Russell papers, 30/22/8F – 3 November 1850.

9. In Machin, ‘Lord John Russell and the Prelude to The Ecclesiastical TitlesBill, 1846–51’, p. 278.

10. Lord J. Russell, Letter from Lord John Russell to the Bishop of Durham.London, 1850, reproduced in E.R. Norman, Anti-Catholicism in VictorianEngland. London, 1968, pp. 159–161. On Papal Aggression, see W. Ralls,‘The Papal Aggression of 1850: A study in Victorian anti-Catholicism’,Church History, 43:2 (June 1974), pp. 242–256, reprinted in G. Parsons (ed.),Religion in Victorian Britain, Volume IV: Interpretations. Manchester, 1988,pp. 115–134.

11. S. Walpole, Life of Lord John Russell. London, 1889, vol. II, p. 199.12. Walpole, Life of Lord John Russell, vol. II, p. 120.13. Ibid.14. Lord Clarendon realised that this time Russell’s language might have

gone too far and invited him to issue another statement explaining whathe meant. But Russell did not think it necessary. Clarendon to Russell,Clarendon Papers, Bod., Letterbook VI, 52 and 57 – 10 and 12 November

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230 Notes to pp. 38–41

1850, cit. in J.P. Flint, Great Britain and the Holy See. The diplomatic relationsquestion, 1846–1852. Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 150, 261.

15. In E. Hodder, The life and work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, vol. II.London, 1886, p. 333.

16. In ibid., pp. 327–328.17. The Protestant Watchman, 1850, p. 274, cit. in Wolffe, God and Greater

Britain, pp. 111–112.18. The Times, 4 November 1850, p. 4.19. McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 30, cit. in Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e

rinascita cattolica’, p. 10.20. Ralls, ‘The Papal Aggression of 1850’, p. 243.21. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain, p. 114. On the restoration of the Roman

Catholic hierarchy in England and the subsequent reactions, includingRussell’s Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, see also Matsumoto-Best, Britain and thePapacy in the age of revolution, pp. 137–171.

22. Ibid. Ulster unionists had been particularly attracted to the cause of Italianunification, as they were eager to draw a clear distinction between the strug-gles of Italian patriots and those of Irish nationalists, the former seen asconstituting a civilising mission. See J. Bew, ‘Debating the union on for-eign fields: Ulster unionism and the importance of Britain’s “place in theworld”, c. 1830–c. 1870’, in Mulligan and Simms, The primacy of foreignpolicy, p. 147.

23. Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, pp. 5–44.24. Ibid., p. 14.25. See G. Cantor, Religion and the Great Exhibition of 1851. Oxford, 2001.26. The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill forbade the unauthorised use of any English or

Scottish place name by any cleric, and affirmed that any property trans-fer using illegal names would be declared invalid and the land concernedconfiscated by the Crown. See pp. 45–46 below.

27. See L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: map of civilization on the mind of theEnlightenment. Stanford, CA, 1996; S. Gourgouris, Dream nation: Enlighten-ment, colonization, and the institution of modern Greece. Stanford, CA, 1996;K.E. Fleming, The Muslim Bonaparte: diplomacy & Orientalism in Ali Pasha’sGreece. Princeton, NJ, 1999; K.E. Fleming, ‘Orientalism, the Balkans, andBalkan historiography’, American Historical Review, 105:4 (2000), pp. 1218–1233; M. Todorova, Imagining the Balkans. New York, 1997; V. Goldsworthy,Inventing Ruritania: the imperialism of the imagination. New Haven, CT, 1998.

28. See R. Chadwick, ‘Spurgeon, Charles Haddon (1834–1892)’, ODNB, Oxford,2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26187, accessed 31 May2014].

29. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain, p. 115.30. J. Black, Natural and necessary enemies. London, 1986, p. 161. For an

ethnocentric interpretation of anti-Catholicism, seen as the product of prej-udice, see F. Wallis, ‘Anti-Catholicism in Mid-Victorian Britain: theory anddiscipline’, Journal of Religion and Society, 7 (2005), pp. 1–17.

31. On the Oxford Movement, see P.B. Nockles, The Oxford Movement in Context:Anglican High Churchmanship, 1760–1857. Cambridge, 1996; and S.J. Brownand P.B. Nockles (eds.), The Oxford movement: Europe and the wider world,1830–1930. Cambridge, 2012.

32. See Flint, Great Britain and the Holy See, pp. 145–150.

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Notes to pp. 41–44 231

33. In A. Jackson, ‘Ireland, the Union, and the Empire, 1800–1960’, in K. Kenny(ed.), Ireland and the British Empire. New York, 2004, p. 134.

34. A. Redford, Labour migration in England, 1800–1850. New York, 1958,pp.132–164. See also E.E.Y. Hales, The Catholic Church in the modern world.New York. 1958, p. 108; Census of Great Britain, 1851, Religious Worship:England and Wales. London, 1853, pp. cii, cxlvi, cxlviii, xlvi; D. Gwynn, ‘Thefamine and the Church in England’, Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 69 (1947),pp. 896–909; D.G. Paz, ‘Popular Anti-Catholicism in England, 1850–51’,Albion, 11:4 (Winter 1979), p. 338; and D. Bebbington, Evangelicalism inmodern Britain. A history from the 1730s to the 1980s. London, 1989, p. 101.

35. J. Wolffe, The Protestant crusade in Great Britain, 1829–1860. Oxford, 1991,p. 2.

36. See G.I.T. Machin, Politics and the churches in Great Britain, 1832–1868.Oxford, 1977; G.A. Cahill, ‘Irish Catholicism and English Toryism’, Reviewof Politics, 19 (1956), pp. 62–76; J.E. Handley, The Irish in Modern Scotland.Cork, 1947; R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in the Victorian city.London, 1985; and S. Gilley, ‘Protestant London, No-Popery and the Irishpoor, 1830–1860’, Recusant History, 10 (1970), pp. 210–221.

37. Paz, ‘Popular Anti-Catholicism in England’, p. 355–356.38. L.C. Farini, Lo Stato romano dall’anno 1815 al 1850, vol. IV. Florence, 1853,

p. 307. Translated into English as L.C. Farini, The Roman state from 1815 to1850, 4 vols. London, 1851–54. For a recent study of Farini, see R. Balzani,‘Luigi Carlo Farini nella rivoluzione nazionale’, in Balzani and Varni, LaRomagna nel Risorgimento, pp. 265–290.

39. D. Bell, The idea of Greater Britain. Empire and the future of world order, 1860–1900. Princeton, NJ, 2007, p. 195. See S. Kim, John Tyndall’s transcendentalmaterialism and the conflict between religion and science in Victorian England.Lewiston, NY, 1991.

40. G. Smith, The empire. A series of letters published in The Daily News, 1862–63.London, 1863, p. 244, cit. in Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, p. 195.

41. G. Smith, ‘Froude’s History of England, vols. V–VIII’, Edinburgh Review, 119(1864), p. 243, in Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, pp. 195–196.

42. McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 3.43. On the Newdegate case, see Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-

Victorian England.44. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 132.45. In ibid.; see also N. Clausson, ‘English Catholics and Roman Catholicism in

Disraeli’s novels’, Nineteenth-Century Fiction, 33 (March 1979), pp. 454–74.46. Ibid., cit. in Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, p. 8.47. Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, pp. 8–9. For more details, see

Matsumoto Best, Britain and the Papacy in the age of revolution; and McIntire,England against the Papacy.

48. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 94.49. In ibid., p. 95 and pp. 88–107. See R. Hofstadter, ‘The paranoid style in

American Politics’, Harper’s Magazine, November 1964, pp. 77–86.50. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, pp. 105–107.51. J. Irons, ‘Zion under a cloud. A discourse delivered in Grove Chapel,

Camberwell, on Tuesday evening, Nov. 5th, 1850’, in J. Irons, Grove Chapelpulpit: discourses, vol. 3. London, 1850, p. 235, cit. in Cantor, Religion andthe Great Exhibition of 1851, p. 27.

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232 Notes to pp. 44–47

52. Baptist Reporter, 25 (1851), p. 89, cit. in ibid.53. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain, p. 113–114.54. Cantor, Religion and the Great Exhibition of 1851, pp. 111–112. On Roman

Catholic art in Britain, see also C. Haynes, ‘How to look? Roman Catholicart in Britain, 1700–2010’, in Werner and Harvard, European anti-Catholicismin a comparative and transnational perspective, pp. 85–100.

55. Correspondence between Lord Granville, Charles Grey, and Lord Ashley,Prince Albert’s Correspondence, vol. 6, items 35–36, 43, Imperial College,London, Archives of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 – 20and 28 March 1851, in ibid.

56. J.R. Conor, Certain parts of the exhibition of the industry of all nations spiri-tualized. A sermon, preached in St Simon’s Parish Church, Liverpool, on TrinitySunday, 1851. London, 1851, pp. 15–17, cit. in Cantor, Religion and the GreatExhibition of 1851, pp. 112–113.

57. Philo, ‘The Great Exhibition’, United Presbyterian Magazine, 5(1851), pp. 390–394; ‘The Great Exhibition’, Free Church Magazine, 8 (1851),pp. 202–205; and ‘The Great Exhibition’, Christian Guardian, 43 (1851),pp. 237–239, in ibid.

58. Paz, ‘Popular Anti-Catholicism in England’, p. 335.59. Ibid., p. 248.60. Ibid. See also G.M. Trevelyan, The Life of John Bright. New York, 1913, p. 193.61. See G.A. Cahill, ‘Irish Catholicism and English Toryism, 1832–1848: A study

in ideology’. The Review of Politics, 19:1 (January 1957), pp. 62–76.62. Sunday Times, 3 November 1850, pp. 4–5, cit. in Flint, Great Britain and the

Holy See, p. 145.63. Queen Victoria’s journal, in Royal Archives, Victoria – 29 October 1850, cit.

in Flint, Great Britain and the Holy See, p. 145.64. F.W. Faber, Devotion to the Pope. London, 1860.65. J.E. Bowden, The life and letters of Frederick William Faber, D.D., Priest of the

Oratory of St. Philip Neri. London, 1869, pp. 429–430. For a critique of Faber’sthought see E. Harper, Rome, Antichrist, and the Papacy; being a series of lettersaddressed to Dr. Manning. London, 1862.

66. In C. Barr, ‘Paul Cullen, Italy and the Irish Catholic imagination, 1826–70’,in Barr, Finelli and O’Connor, Nation/Nazione, p. 133.

67. Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 42.68. Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 186 (1867), col. 368.69. In A. Shields, ‘ “That noble struggle”. Irish Conservative attitudes

towards the Risorgimento, c. 1848–70’, in Barr, Finelli and O’Connor,Nation/Nazione, p. 161.

70. Ibid., and p. 172.71. F. Wallis, Popular anti-Catholicism in mid-Victorian Britain. Lewiston, NY, 1993.72. On Catholicism shaping ‘the flagship model of a transnational conservative

nationalism’ see B. Villalonga, ‘The theoretical origins of Catholic national-ism in nineteenth-century Europe’, Modern Intellectual History, 11, 2 (August2014), pp. 307–331. On Western Christendom as a form of transnationalcivilisation, see J.R. Seeley, ‘The United States of Europe: A lecture deliveredbefore the Peace Society’, Macmillan’s Magazine, 23 (1871), pp. 436–448, cit.in Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, p. 161.

73. The Times, 24 February 1865, p. 5.

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Notes to pp. 47–49 233

74. In. F.B. Arlinghaus, ‘The Kulturkampf and European diplomacy, 1871–1875’,Catholic Historical Review, 28 (October 1942), p. 354. See also M. Borutta,Antikatholizismus. Deutschland und Italien im Zeitalter der europäischenKulturkämpfe. Göttingen, 2010, pp. 289–326.

75. For a different perspective, see E. Norman, The English Catholic Church in thenineteenth century. Oxford, 1984, pp. 15–24.

76. P. Donovan, ‘Whiff of anti-Popery’, New Statesman, 12 June 2008, [http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2008/06/anti-catholic-labour-party,accessed 1 June 2014].

77. ‘There are various legal provisions which mean that the monarch can-not be a Roman Catholic, must join in communion with the Church ofEngland and must swear to maintain the established churches of Englandand Scotland . . . . These legal provisions are contained in the Bill of Rights1688, the Act of Settlement 1700 and the Act of Unions, all reinforced by theprovisions of the Coronation Oath Act 1680 and the Accession Declaration Act1910.’, in L. Maer, ‘The Act of Settlement and the Protestant Succession’,Standard Note of the House of Commons: SN/PC/683, 24 January 2011. SeeJournals of the House of Commons, X, 15; and Journals of the House of Lords,XIV, 110, cit. in T. Claydon and I. McBride, ‘The trials of the chosen peoples:recent interpretations of Protestantism and national identity in Britain andIreland’, in Claydon and McBride, Protestantism and national identity, p. 3.

78. See Romani, National character and public spirit in Britain and France.79. M. Broers, The politics of religion in Napoleonic Italy. The war against God,

1801–1814. London and New York, 2002, pp. 185–186.80. In Hodder, The life and work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, vol. II, p. 333.81. D. Bebbington, The mind of Gladstone. Religion, Homer, and politics. Oxford,

2004, pp. 112–113, 141.82. Shields, ‘ “That noble struggle” ’, p. 159.83. See Biagini, Liberty, retrenchment and reform, p. 225. See also Borutta, ‘Anti-

Catholicism and the culture war in Risorgimento Italy’, in Patriarca andRiall, The Risorgimento revisited, p. 199.

84. M. Vicary, Notes of a residence in Rome in 1846. London, 1847, p. 132, cit. inPemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 221.

85. Brand, Italy and the English romantics, p. 219.86. See Mazzini, The duties of man. London, 1862.87. Biagini, Liberty, retrenchment, and reform, pp. 46–50. See also M. Finn,

After Chartism: class and nation in English radical politics. Cambridge, 1993,pp. 166–171; C. Duggan, ‘Giuseppe Mazzini in Britain and Italy: diver-gent legacies, 1837–1915’, in Bayly and Biagini, Giuseppe Mazzini and theglobalisation of democratic nationalism, p. 189; and M. Isabella, ‘Italianexiles and British politics before and after 1848’, in S. Freitag (ed.), Exilesfrom European revolutions : refugees in mid-Victorian England. New York,2003, p. 72.

88. Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, pp. 213–214.89. In addition to Wallis, a surprisingly large number of other studies of

anti-Popery and anti-Catholicism in Victorian Britain, as well as of thepontificate of Pius IX, are overtly pro-Catholic and mildly anti-Protestantin character. See, for example, Buschkühl, Great Britain and the HolySee; R.J. Klaus, The Pope, the Protestants, and the Irish. Papal aggression

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234 Notes to pp. 49–53

and anti-Catholicism in mid-nineteenth century England. New York, 1987;G. Martina, Pio Nono (1867–1878). Rome, 1990; and R. Aubert, Le pontificatde Pie IX (1846–1878). Paris, 1963.

90. Wolffe, The Protestant crusade, p. vii.91. For more scholarly and nuanced views of anti-Catholicism in Victorian

Britain, see McIntire, England against the Papacy; D.G. Paz, Popular Anti-Catholicism in Mid-Victorian England. Stanford, CA, 1992; Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England; Klaus, The Pope, the Protestants, and the Irish;Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England; and Wolffe, TheProtestant Crusade in Great Britain.

92. D. Hempton, Religion and political culture in Britain and Ireland. From theGlorious Revolution to the decline of empire. Cambridge, 1996, p. 147.

93. Hodder, The life and work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, p. 738, inBebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, p. 1.

94. Hilton, The Age of Atonement, pp. 3–35.95. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, p. 1.96. Ibid., p. 2.97. Ibid., p. ix. See also Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, pp. 55–60.98. Ibid., pp. 2–3. See also Bebbington, The dominance of evangelicalism,

pp. 21–23.99. J.C. Ryle, Knots united. London, 1896, pp. 4–9 and E. Garbett, Evangelical

principles. London, 1875, p. xiv, in Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modernBritain, pp. 3–4.

100. McNeile, Speech of the Rev. Dr M’Neile on the Italian and national defencequestions.

101. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, pp. 272–273.102. Hilton, A mad, bad, and dangerous people?, p. 175.103. Ibid., p. 176.104. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, p. 100.105. McIntire, England against the Papacy, 1858–1861, p. 33.106. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 83.107. McIntire, England against the Papacy, 1858–1861, p. 33.108. A. Jackson, The two unions. Ireland, Scotland, and the survival of the United

Kingdom, 1707–2007. Oxford, 2012, pp. 285–287.109. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, p. 19.110. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, pp. 114–117, 149–150.111. G.M. Young, Portrait of an age. London, 1953, p. 5, in Bebbington,

Evangelicalism in modern Britain, p. 105.112. Ralls, ‘The Papal Aggression of 1850’, p. 256; and Arnstein, Protestant versus

Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 224.113. G.K. Clark, The making of Victorian England. London, 1961, p. 20.114. E.F. Biagini, ‘Neo-Roman liberalism: “republican” values and British liberal-

ism, ca. 1860–1875’, History of European Ideas, 29:1 (2003), p. 59.115. Ibid., p. 60.116. Ibid., pp. 59–60.117. Ibid., pp. 90–91. See M. Pellegrino Sutcliffe, Victorian radicals and Italian

democrats. London, 2014.118. Biagini, ‘Neo-Roman liberalism: “republican” values and British liberalism’,

p. 88.

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Notes to pp. 53–55 235

119. McNeile, Speech of the Rev. Dr M’Neile on the Italian and national defencequestions, p. 6.

120. Ibid.121. Ibid.122. On Catholicism as ‘orientalised’ by progressive Europeans, see M. Borutta,

‘Settembrini’s world: German and Italian anti-Catholicism in the age of theculture wars’, in European Studies, 31 (2013), pp. 43–67.

123. On ‘civilising’ missions, see B. Barth and J. Osterhammel (eds.),Zivilisierungsmissionen. Imperiale Weltverbesserung seit dem 18. Jahrhundert.Konstanz, 2005.

124. J. Black, ‘Introduction’, in Black, Culture and society in Britain, p. 11.125. On the ‘civilisational perspective’ see P. Mandler, ‘ “Race” and “nation” in

mid-Victorian thought’, in Collini, Whatmore and Young, History, religion,and culture, pp. 224–244. See also G.W. Gong, The standard of ‘civilisa-tion’ in international society. Oxford, 1984; and Pitts, A turn to empire,p. 14, where she has noted a dramatic increase in the ‘sense of culturalor civilizational confidence exhibited by thinkers across the spectrum ofnineteenth-century political thought, from conservatives to liberals andradicals’.

126. Originally, ‘civilisation’ was a purely legal term: the making of criminalprocess into civil process. These ‘civilisational’ ideas developed togetherwith the very concept of ‘civilisation’, which we find for the first timewith its current meaning in the Jesuits’ Dictionary of Trevoux of 1771 andin John Ash’s New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language of 1775.In approximately the same years, Condorcet would wonder whether oneday all nations would achieve ‘the state of civilization reached by the mostenlightened, most free, most unprejudiced peoples, such as the French andthe Anglo-Americans.’ See Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe, pp. 12–13. Seealso N. Elias, The history of manners, trans. by E. Jephcott. New York, 1978,pp. 44–50; J. Moras, ‘Ursprung und Entwicklung des Begriffs der Zivilisationin Frankreich (1756–1830)’, in Hamburger Studien zu Volkstum und Kultur derRomanen, vol. 6. Hamburg, 1930, pp. 4–8, 32–47, 55–63; L. Febvre, ‘Civil-isation: evolution of a word and a group of ideas’, trans. by K. Folca, inP. Burke (ed.), A new kind of history: from the writings of Febvre. New York,1973, pp. 219–57; and S. Landucci, I filosofi e i selvaggi. Turin, 2014 [1972].

127. Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, p. 12. On the idea of a ‘civilising mission’,see also J. Osterhammel, Europe, the ‘West’ and the civilising mission. London,2006.

128. Preston, Sword of the spirit, shield of faith, p. 17. That ‘fear and loathingof Catholicism fuelled England’s foreign policy to such an extent thatEnglish patriotism became suffused with, even indistinguishable from,Protestantism’ was as true in the seventeenth as in the nineteenth century,in ibid., p. 21.

129. Ibid.130. Ibid.131. E. Said, Orientalism. New York, 1978.132. D. Bell, ‘Victorian visions of a global order: an introduction’, in D. Bell (ed.),

Victorian visions of a global order. Empire and relations in nineteenth-centurypolitical thought. Cambridge, 2007, pp. 9–10.

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236 Notes to pp. 55–57

133. Ibid., p. 10.134. Ibid.135. Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, pp. 211–212.136. Said, Orientalism, p. 5.137. A. Porter, ‘ “Cultural imperialism” and Protestant missionary enter-

prise, 1780–1914’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 25:3(September 1997), p. 368. See E. Said, Culture and imperialism. London,1993.

138. See B. Stanley, The Bible and the flag: Protestant missions and British imperial-ism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Chicago, 1991.

139. For a thorough discussion see Porter, ‘ “Cultural imperialism” and Protes-tant missionary enterprise’, pp. 372–377; and A. Porter, European imperial-ism, 1860–1914. London, 1994.

140. See Broers, The politics of religion in Napoleonic Italy, pp. ix–x; and M. Broers,The Napoleonic Empire in Italy, 1796–1814. Basingstoke, 2005, p. 1. MostItalian liberals of the first half of the nineteenth century argued that Italycould learn much from the English model, but that an outright import ofits institutions would prove unsuccessful. Rather, they preferred to holdthe English political system as a source of inspiration, which had to beremodelled in order to respect local Italian peculiarities. Thus, ‘anglicisedinstitutions’ would be resilient and long lasting. See Isabella, Risorgimentoin exile, pp. 137–146.

141. M. Foucault, ‘Truth and Power’ (1979), in J.D. Faubion (ed.) Essential Worksof Foucault, Volume 3: Power. London, 2000.

142. On soft power see J.S. Nye, Bound to lead: the changing nature of Americanpower. New York, 1991; and J.S. Nye, Soft power: the means to success inworld politics. New York, 2004. Another valid definition of ‘cultural impe-rialism’ is the following: the ‘purposeful aggression by one culture againstthe ideas and values of another . . . accompanied by political, economic, ormilitary pressure’, in A. Schlesinger, Jnr., ‘The missionary enterprise andtheories of imperialism’, in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The missionary enterprisein China and America. Cambridge, MA, 1974, p. 360, cit. in Porter, ‘ “Culturalimperialism” and Protestant missionary enterprise’, p. 367.

143. Porter, ‘ “Cultural imperialism” and Protestant missionary enterprise’,p. 385.

144. See Biagini, ‘Anglofilia e storiografia’, pp. 55–70; and M. Isabella,‘Aristocratic liberalism and Risorgimento: Cesare Balbo and Piedmontesepolitical thought after 1848’, History of European Ideas, 39:6 (2013),pp. 835–857. Essential for the positive cultural and political representationof England in Italy were the many Italian exiles who lived or had livedin London throughout the nineteenth century: see Isabella, Risorgimento inexile.

145. Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, p. 187.146. Ibid., p. 188.147. M. Petrusewicz, Come il meridione divenne una Questione: Rappresentazioni

del Sud prima e dopo il Quarantotto. Soveria Mannelli, 1998; and Isabella,Risorgimento in exile, pp. 209–210. On transculturation, see M.L. Pratt, Impe-rial eyes: Travel writing and transculturation. London, 1992. See also S. LaSalvia, ‘Il moderatismo in Italia’, in U. Corsini and R. Lill (eds.), ‘Istituzioni e

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Notes to pp. 57–60 237

ideologie in Italia e in Germania tra le rivoluzioni’, Annali dell’Istituto storicoitalo-germanico, Quaderno 23 (1987), pp. 206–218.

148. Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, pp. 229–230.149. For an interesting critique of the use of ‘cultural imperialism’, especially

when applied to Christian missions, see Porter, ‘ “Cultural imperialism” andProtestant missionary enterprise’, pp. 367–391.

150. On the Mediterranean as a meeting point of East and West, see N. Davies,Europe: East and West. London, 2007; I. Chambers, Mediterranean crossings:the politics of an interrupted modernity. Durham, NC, 2008; J.J. Norwich, Themiddle sea: a history of the Mediterranean. London, 2007; and D. Abulafia,The Great Sea: A human history of the Mediterranean. Oxford, 2011. Thestandard work on the Mediterranean is always, of course, F. Braudel, TheMediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols.Berkeley, CA, 1996.

151. M. Ord, Travel and experience in early modern English literature. New York,2008, p. 4.

152. M. Pfister, ‘The passion from Winterson to Coryate’, in M. Pfister andB. Schaff (eds.), Venetian views, Venetian blinds: English fantasies of Venice.Amsterdam, 1999, p. 18, cit. in. K. Sandrock and O. Wright, Locating Italy.East and West in British–Italian transactions. Amsterdam/ New York, 2013,p. 9. On the religious determinants of the ‘inner Orient’ in nineteenth-century Europe, see also Borutta, Antikatholizismus, pp. 47–154.

153. Sandrock and Wright, Locating Italy, p. 9. On the continuing power of theimage of backward Italy, see J. Agnew, ‘The myth of backward Italy inModern Europe’, in B. Allen and M. Russo (eds.), Revisioning Italy. Nationalidentity and global culture. Minneapolis, MN, 1997, pp. 23–42.

154. Borutta, Antikatholizismus, p. 41. See also ibid., pp. 406–408.155. Ibid., p. 154.156. J. Black, ‘Introduction’, in Black, Culture and society in Britain, p. 8.157. See Patriarca, Italian vices.158. J. Black, ‘Introduction’, in Black, Culture and society in Britain, p. 10.159. J. Black, Italy and the Grand Tour. New Haven, CT, 2003, p. 7.160. Black, ‘Introduction’, in Black, Culture and society in Britain, p. 10.161. E. Gibbon, The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. 6 vols.

London, 1776–88.162. A. Whitridge (ed.), Unpublished letters of Matthew Arnold. New Haven, CT,

1923, p. 44, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 64.163. N. Senior, Journals kept in France and Italy from 1848 to 1852, with a sketch of

the revolution of 1848, ed. by his daughter M.C.M. Simpson, vol. 2. London,1871, pp. 99–100, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 64.

164. Black, ‘Introduction’, p. 11. See also A. Brilli, Quando viaggiare era un’arte: Ilromanzo del Grand Tour. Bologna, 1995.

165. In Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 229.166. W. Guthrie, A new geographical, historical and commercial grammar, 9th ed.

London, 1785, preface, cit. in P.J. Marshall and G. Williams, The great map ofmankind. British perceptions of the world in the age of Enlightenment. London,1982, p. 301.

167. I allow myself to borrow and adapt the context of this expression byMichael Broers, who has used it to describe French cultural imperialism in

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238 Notes to pp. 60–63

Italy, in Broers, The Napoleonic empire in Italy, pp. 26, 273. See also Patriarca,‘Indolence and regeneration’, pp. 382–383. There are however exceptionsand instances in which Britain’s attitude to Italy assumed traits of militaryand political imperialism, such as in the dispute between Palmerston andFerdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies, in 1823: see M. De Cecco, ‘The Italianeconomy seen from abroad’, in Toniolo, The Oxford handbook of the Italianeconomy since the unification, p. 136.

168. Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 383, n. 13. See J. Schneider,‘Introduction: The dynamics of neo-orientalism in Italy (1848–1995)’, inJ. Schneider (ed.), Italy’s ‘Southern Question’. Orientalism in one country.Oxford, 1998, pp. 1–23; and S. Gourgouris, Dream nation: Enlightenment,colonisation, and the institutions of modern Greece. Stanford, CA, 1996.

169. See Moe, The view from Vesuvius, pp. 13–81. See also J. Dickie, ‘Stereo-types of the Italian South, 1860–1900’, in R. Lumley and J. Morris (eds.),The new history of the Italian South. The Mezzogiorno revisited. Exeter, 1997,pp. 114–147.

170. Ibid., p. 134.171. M. Bernal, Black Athena: the Afroasiatic roots of classical civilization, vol. I.

New Brunswick, NJ, 1987, pp. 237–238, cit. in Moe, The view from Vesuvius,p. 134.

172. L. Settembrini, Opuscoli politici editi e inediti, 1847–1851, ed. by M. Themelly.Rome, 1969, p. 3, cit. in ibid., pp. 134–135.

173. Stendhal, Voyages en Italie, ed. by V. Del Litto. Paris, 1973, p. 69, cit. in Moe,The view from Vesuvius, pp. 70–71.

174. J.R. Seeley, The expansion of England: two courses of lectures. London, 1883,pp. 10, 176.

175. See D. Raponi, ‘An “anti-Catholicism of free trade?” Religion and theAnglo-Italian negotiations of 1863’, European History Quarterly, 39:4 (2009),pp. 633–652.

176. See Brand, Italy and the English romantics.177. The Times, 11 April 1864, pp. 8–9.178. On brigandage, see F. Molfese, Storia del brigantaggio dopo l’unità. Milan,

1964.179. Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, pp. 163, 205–206. See J.R. Seeley, Introduction

to political science: two series of lectures, ed. by Henry Sidgwick. London, 1923(1896); and G. Smith, ‘The expansion of England’, Contemporary Review, 45(1884), p. 527–528.

180. Ibid., p. 174.181. Ibid. See J.R. Seeley, Natural religion. London, 1882, pp. 168–169; and J.R.

Seeley, ‘The English revolution of the nineteenth century’, Macmillan’sMagazine, 22 (1871), part II, pp. 446, 450.

182. J. Fergusson, History of Indian and eastern architecture. London, 1891, p. 4,cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, pp. 60–61.

183. In Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, pp. 175–176.184. Seeley, Natural religion, pp. 201–202, cit. in Bell, The idea of Greater Britain,

p. 177.185. Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, p. 177.186. See Borutta, ‘Anti-Catholicism and the culture war in Risorgimento Italy’,

pp. 200–206.

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187. Seeley, The expansion of England, pp. 244–245, cit. in Bell, The idea of GreaterBritain, pp. 177–178.

188. See McIntire, England against the Papacy, pp. 3–4.189. Jane Schneider has argued that Italy was affected by a form of non-

colonising Orientalism, in Schneider, ‘Introduction’, in Schneider, Italy’s‘Southern Question’, p. 5.

190. In N. Moe, ‘ “This is Africa”: ruling and representing southern Italy,1860–61’, in Russell Ascoli and von Henneberg, Making and remaking Italy,p. 120. See also B. Croce, ‘Il “paradiso abitato da diavoli” ’, in B. Croce,Uomini e cose della vecchia Italia. Bari, 1927, pp. 68–86; and G.M. Viscardi,Tra Europa e ‘Indie di Quaggiù’. Chiesa, religiosità e cultura popolare nelMezzogiorno (secoli XV–XIX). Rome, 2005, pp. 256–262.

191. A. Creuzé de Lesser, Voyage en Italie et en Sicile. Paris, 1806, cit. in Moe, ‘Thisis Africa’, p. 121.

192. Moe, ‘This is Africa’, p. 123.193. Patriarca and Riall, ‘Introduction: Revisiting the Risorgimento’, in Patriarca

and Riall, The Risorgimento revisited, p. 4. See Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regen-eration’, pp. 380–408. On the feeling of shame that derived from suchOrientalist views of Italy, see S. Patriarca, ‘A patriotic emotion: Shameand the Risorgimento’, in Patriarca and Riall, The Risorgimento revisited,pp. 134–151.

194. Ibid.195. Moe, ‘This is Africa’, p. 123. See also M. Meriggi, ‘Legitimism, liberalism

and nationalism: the nature of the relationship between North and Southin Italian unification’, Modern Italy, 19:1 (2014), pp. 69–79.

196. Riall, Under the volcano, pp. 78–82.197. Lady Holland to Count Cavour, in C. Cavour, Carteggi: La liberazione del

Mezzogiorno e la formazione del Regno d’Italia, vol. 3. Bologna, 1952, p. 244,cit. in Moe, ‘This is Africa’, pp. 128–129.

198. Ibid.199. Pitts, A turn to empire, p. 259, note 5. Similar arguments have been

made by Marshall and Williams, who, although they mention that theBritish saw themselves as the holders of a superior civilisation even whencompared to other Europeans, nonetheless write of European condescen-sion to non-Europeans as if there were no differences among the former(see Marshall and Williams, The great map of mankind, pp. 2–3). On theimperialistic tendencies of liberal thought, see also U.S. Mehta, Liberal-ism and empire. A study in nineteenth-century British liberal thought. Chicago,1999.

200. Isabella, Risorgimento in exile, pp. 92–99.201. Stendhal, Voyages en Italie, p. 69, cit. in Moe, The view from Vesuvius, p. 71.202. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 50. The

Khoikhoi or Khoi are a native people of south-western Africa, who werelabelled Hottentots by British immigrants, in imitation of the sound of theKhoekhoe language. This term is today considered derogatory.

203. Pitts, A turn to empire, p. 3. See also J. Pitts, ‘Republicanism, liberalism, andempire in postrevolutionary France’, in S. Muthu (ed.), Empire and modernpolitical thought. Cambridge, 2012, pp. 261–291. On the colonialist dimen-sion of Tocqueville’s thought, see also L. Re, Il liberalismo coloniale di Alexis

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240 Notes to pp. 66–67

de Tocqueville. Turin, 2012; and D. Letterio, Tocqueville ad Algeri: il filosofo el’ordine coloniale. Bologna, 2011.

204. Ibid., p. 9. On the process of ‘Othering’ of the Balkans, see D.J. Bjeliæand O. Saviæ (eds.), Balkan as metaphor: between globalization and fragmenta-tion. Cambridge, MA, 2002; Todorova, Imagining the Balkans; and Fleming,‘Orientalism, the Balkans, and Balkan historiography’. On Eastern Europesee Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe. On Ireland, see R. Romani, ‘Britishviews on Irish national character, 1800–1846: an intellectual history’, His-tory of European Ideas, 23 (1997), pp. 193–219; Romani, National characterand public spirit in Britain and France; and C.L. Innes, ‘Virgin territoriesand motherlands: colonial and nationalist representations of Africa andIreland’, Feminist Review, 47 (1994), pp. 1–14.

205. T.B. Macaulay, The history of England from the accession of James II,vol. II. London, 1850, pp. 127–131, 134, cit. in Romani, ‘British viewson Irish national character’, p. 209. See also Barr, Finelli and O’Connor,Nation/Nazione.

206. For a helpful discussion of the ‘global’ and of shifts in perceptions oftime and space, see D. Bell, ‘Making and Taking Worlds’, in SamuelMoyn and Andrew Sartori (eds.), Global intellectual history. New York, 2013,pp. 254–279.

207. D. Armitage, The ideological origins of the British Empire. Cambridge, 2004,p. 195.

208. Ibid., p. 66. For a comprehensive discussion of recent literature on liberal-ism and the British Empire, see A. Sartori, ‘The British Empire and its liberalmission’, Journal of Modern History, 78:3 (2006), pp. 623–642.

209. C. Bayly, Imperial meridian. The British Empire and the world 1780–1830.London, 1989, p. 196. See also T.W. Gallant, Experiencing dominion: cul-ture, identity and power in the British Mediterranean. Notre Dame, IN, 2002;M. Isabella, ‘Patriottismo mediterraneo, civiltà europea ed imperi: gli scrittidi Alfio Grassi, Giorgio Libri e Gianbattista Marochetti 1825–1830’, inS. Levati and M. Meriggi (eds.), Con la ragione e col cuore. Studi dedicati aCarlo Capra. Milan, 2008, pp. 639–661; and F. Rosen, Bentham, Byron andGreece. Oxford, 1992.

210. Interestingly, sixteenth-century Jesuits who were sent to the south of Italythought of their assignments as very much like missions to the New World,and referred to the South as the ‘Italian India’, see E. De Martino, La terradel rimorso. Contributo a una storia religiosa del Sud. Milan, 1961, p. 22,cit. in G.R. Saunders, ‘The magic of the south: popular religion and eliteCatholicism in Italian ethnology’, in Schneider, Italy’s ‘Southern Question’,p. 178.

211. C.A. Bayly, ‘Liberalism at large: Mazzini and nineteenth-century Indianthought’, in Bayly and Biagini, Giuseppe Mazzini and the globalisation ofdemocratic nationalism, p. 355.

212. Pitts, A turn to empire, p. 13.213. Ibid.214. Hempton, Religion and political culture in Britain and Ireland, p. 174.215. See A. Porter, Religion versus empire? British Protestant missionaries and over-

seas expansion, 1700–1914. Manchester, 2004; and N. Etherington (ed.),Missions and Empire. The Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxford, 2005.

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Notes to pp. 67–71 241

216. J. Stuart, ‘Beyond sovereignty? Protestant missions, empire and transna-tionalism, 1890–1950’, in K. Grant, P. Levine and F. Trentmann (eds.),Beyond sovereignty. Britain, Empire and transnationalism, c. 1880–1950.Basingstoke, 2007, p. 103. See also Porter, Religion versus empire; andA. Porter (ed.), The imperial horizons of British Protestant missions, 1880–1914.Grand Rapids, MI, 2003.

217. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO, 43/71 – 14 July 1859, inMcIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 39.

218. Pitts, A turn to empire, p. 21.219. Agnew, ‘The myth of backward Italy in Modern Europe’, p. 34.220. M. Isabella, ‘Liberalism and empires in the Mediterranean: The view-point

of the Risorgimento’, in Patriarca and Riall, The Risorgimento revisited, p. 233.221. Ibid., pp. 233–234.222. Ibid.223. C. Balbo, Le speranze d’Italia, ed. by A. Corbelli. Turin, 1925 [Paris, 1844],

p. 205, cit. in Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’, pp. 392–393.224. Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 393.225. Isabella, ‘Aristocratic liberalism and Risorgimento’, pp. 837–838. See also

R. Romani, ‘Liberal theocracy in the Risorgimento’, European History Quar-terly, 2014 (forthcoming).

226. Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 393.227. V. Gioberti, Del primato morale e civile degli italiani, ed. by G. Balsamo-

Crivelli, vol. 2, Turin, 1920 [1844], p. 147, cit. in Patriarca, ‘Indolence andregeneration’, p. 388.

228. Gioberti, Del primato morale e civile degli italiani, vol. 3, pp. 200–201, cit. inPatriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 389.

229. Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 389.230. Balbo, Speranze, pp. 62–70; and Balbo, Sommario della storia d’Italia, in Storia

d’Italia e altri scritti editi e inediti. Turin, 1847, p. 738, cit. in Patriarca,‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 401.

231. Gioberti, Primato, vol. 1, p. 149, cit. in Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regenera-tion’, p. 400.

232. Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’, p. 386. For earlier negative repre-sentations of Italians, see J.P. Colella, ‘Anti-Italian attitudes in Medievaland Renaissance England’, Ph.D. thesis. Columbia University, 1989; andH. Heller, Anti-Italianism in sixteenth-century France. Toronto, 2003.

233. See G. Claeys, Imperial sceptics: British critics of Empire, 1850–1920.Cambridge, 2012; and B. Porter, Critics of empire: British Radicals and theimperial challenge. London, 2008.

234. E.F. Biagini, ‘The politics of Italianism: Reynolds’s Newspaper, the IndianMutiny, and the radical critique of liberal imperialism in mid-VictorianBritain’, in T. Crook, R. Gill and B. Taithe (eds.), Evil, barbarism and empire.Britain and abroad, c. 1830–2000. Basingstoke, 2011, pp. 100, 107.

235. Ibid., p. 108.236. Irish Conservatives had an answer ready to resist this criticism: they

believed that, since free institutions and religious tolerance already existedin the United Kingdom, no analogy could be drawn between the oppressionof the Italians under Papal rule and the experience of the Irish people underBritish rule. In Shields, ‘ “That noble struggle”. Irish Conservative attitudes

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242 Notes to pp. 71–74

towards the Risorgimento, c. 1848–70’, pp. 163–169. See also J. O’Brien,‘Irish public opinion and the Risorgimento, 1850–60’, in Barr, Finelli andO’Connor, Nation/Nazione, p. 115.

237. Biagini, ‘The politics of Italianism’, p. 108.238. In ibid.239. In ibid., p. 114.240. Ibid., p. 109.241. J.S. Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XXIV: Newspa-

per Writings January 1835–June 1847 Part III, ed. by A.P. Robson and J.M.Robson, Introduction by A.P. Robson and J.M. Robson. Toronto, 1986,p. 916; and Pitts, A turn to empire, p. 148.

242. J.S. Mill, ‘Considerations or representative government’, in J.M. Robson andA. Brady (eds.), Essays on politics and society, by John Stuart Mill, vol. II.Toronto, 1977, pp. 551.

243. Ibid., pp. 550–551.244. J. Stuart Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XV: The Later

Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849–1873 Part II, ed. by F.E. Mineka and D.N.Lindley. Toronto, 1972, p. 751 (26 January 1862).

245. The concept of duty was essential in the political thought of GiuseppeMazzini, who believed that educating citizens to the fulfillment of theirduties would be crucial for the future of democracy. See G. Mazzini, Theduties of man, trans. by E. Ashurst Venturi. London, 1862.

246. Bell, The idea of Greater Britain, p. 1.247. Ibid.248. Ibid., p. 24.249. Ibid., pp. 28 and 9.

2 British missionary societies in Italy: evangelisinga hostile land, 1850–1862

1. Popular nineteenth-century couplet, cit. in L. Howsam, Cheap Bibles:Nineteenth-century publishing and the British and Foreign Bible Society.Cambridge, 2002, p. vii.

2. Speech of Pope Pius IX, 27 August 1848, in Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti,p. 242.

3. A. Green and V. Viaene, ‘Introduction: Rethinking religion and globalisa-tion’, in Green and Viaene, Religious internationals in the modern world, p. 8.

4. Ibid.5. C. Clark, ‘From 1848 to Christian Democracy’, in Katznelson and Stedman

Jones, Religion and the political imagination, p. 195.6. Green and Viaene, ‘Introduction: Rethinking religion and globalisa-

tion’, p. 87. See E. Lamberts (ed.), The Black International. L’internationale noire, 1870–

1878. Leuven, 2002, and Chapter 5 below.8. Clark, ‘From 1848 to Christian Democracy’, pp. 196–197.9. Although this chapter will deal primarily with English, Scottish, and Italian

Protestants, the transnational network of missionaries and colporteursworking in Italy to export Protestantism was much wider and included

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Notes to pp. 74–77 243

members of Welsh, German, Swiss, Scandinavian, and American Biblesocieties.

10. See W.W. Reginald, The Protestant evangelical awakening. Cambridge, 1992;and Howsam, Cheap Bibles, p. xv. See also W. Canton, A history of the Britishand Foreign Bible Society, 5 vols. London, 1904–1910.

11. S. Batalden, K. Cann and J. Dean (eds.), Sowing the Word. The cultural impactof the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804–2004. Sheffield, 2004, p. 1.

12. Ibid.13. In 1965, the BFBS published Bibles in 877 different languages; see One hun-

dred and sixty-first report of the BFBS, year ending December 31st 1965. London,n.d., p. 218.

14. C. Clark and M. Ledger-Lomas, ‘The Protestant International’, in Green andViaene, Religious Internationals in the Modern World, p. 30.

15. Howsam, Cheap Bibles, p. xiv.16. Batalden, Cann and Dean, Sowing the Word, p. 1.17. Cit. in G. Spini, ‘Le Società Bibliche e l’Italia. Un episodio ignorato del

Risorgimento’, in Spini, Studi sull’Evangelismo italiano, p. 53.18. B. Stanley, ‘Review of S. Batalden, K. Cann and J. Dean (eds.), Sowing the

word: the cultural impact of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Sheffield,2004’, Historical Journal, 51:3 (2008), p. 817; and Howsam, Cheap Bibles, p. 7.

19. L. Howsam, ‘The Bible Society and book trade’, in Batalden, Cann andDean, Sowing the Word, p. 25; and Howsam, Cheap Bibles, p. 6.

20. Batalden, Cann and Dean, Sowing the Word, pp. 10–11.21. See Introduction, above.22. Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and the temporal power’, p. 250.

By ‘Protestantising’, Gladstone seems to have meant ‘a mass modernisingof the intellect through liberal education and free institutions’, in ibid.

23. Gladstone to Manning, BL, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44248, CLXIII,fo. 218 – 15 October 1864, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and thetemporal power’, p. 250.

24. Manning to Gladstone, BL, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44248, CLXIII, fo.214 – 10 October 1864, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and the tem-poral power’, p. 250. Novatian (circa 200–258) was a scholar, priest, andantipope who held the title between 251 and 258; Montanism was an earlyChristian movement of the late second century, referred to by the name ofits founder, Montanus.

25. Wolffe, The Protestant crusade in Great Britain, pp. 7, 318.26. Howsam, Cheap Bibles, p. 85.27. On the origins of colportage, see Introduction above.28. The British knew the Waldensians well thanks to Colonel John Charles

Beckwith, an Anglo-Canadian who moved to the Waldensian valleys in1827 and lived there for almost all the rest of his life. He was, for a longtime, their ‘spiritual guide’ and attempted to promote a renewal of theWaldensian Church, to make it more effective in its work of evangelisa-tion. For an exhaustive account of Beckwith and the Waldenses see Spini,Risorgimento e protestanti, pp. 188–200.

29. See Corrispondenza Europa – Scozia, XI/63, United Free Church(corrispondenza 1863–1898, fasc. 1); Church of Scotland (XI/62,Corrispondenza 1860–1959, fasc. 1); United Presbyterian Church (XI/64,

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244 Notes to pp. 77–78

Corrispondenza 1866–1900, fasc. 1); Continental Society (XI/66, Corris-pondenza 1860–1888); National Bible Society of Scotland (XI/67,Corrispondenza 1877–1940), all in ASTV.

30. Dr MacGill to Prochet, Corrispondenza Europa – Scozia, XI/64, UnitedPresbyterian Church (corrispondenza 1866–1900, fasc. 1), ASTV – 25 August1874. See also A.A. Hugon, ‘Correnti evangeliche tra gli italiani in esilio,1840–1860’, Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, XLIII (1956), p. 217.

31. Dr MacGill to Prochet, Corrispondenza Europa – Scozia, XI/64, UnitedPresbyterian Church (corrispondenza 1866–1900, fasc. 1), ASTV – 25 August1874. On the origins of the Waldensians, the biggest Protestant minorityin Italy, see G. Audisio, The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival,c.1170–c.1570. Cambridge, 1999.

32. See L. Giorgi, ‘Piero Guicciardini: Raccoglitore di opere sulla riforma ital-iana e sul movimento evangelico in Italia ed in Europa nell’Ottocento’, inL. Giorgi and M. Rubboli (eds.), Piero Guicciardini, 1808–1886. Un riformatorereligioso nell’Europa dell’Ottocento. Florence, 1988, pp. 73–83.

33. Not all those who worked for the religious reformation of Italy were pleasedwith this noticeable presence of foreign evangelicals in Italy; for example,Alessandro Gavazzi wrote: ‘sad experience has thought me that the sectswhich send agents and missionaries to evangelise Italy have nothing inview but the glorification of their own denomination, by the transplantingof which to Italy we shall end miserably with religious strife and divisions’,in B. Hall, ‘Alessandro Gavazzi: a Barnabite friar and the Risorgimento’, inD Baker, Church, society and politics, Oxford, 1975, pp. 355.

34. W.K. Lowther Clarke, A History of the S.P.C.K. London, 1959, pp. 113–114.35. Donald Matheson to Matteo Prochet, Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra,

XI/22, Donald Matheson (corrispondenza 1868–1877, fasc. 1), ASTV –18 October 1872.

36. L. Santini wrote that ‘perhaps, the strength of the sympathies grown inthe Anglo-Saxon public opinion thanks to the fact that our Risorgimentoevolved against the most immediate interests of the Roman Pontificatehas not been valued enough. Societies . . . [and] committees were foundedso as to help the newly born evangelical churches, and the exponents ofItalian Protestantism who travelled through England received warm wel-comes’, in L. Santini, ‘Alessadro Gavazzi e l’emigrazione politico-religiosain Inghilterra e negli Stati Uniti nel decennio 1849–1859’, Rassegna storicadel Risorgimento, XLI (1954), p. 589.

37. A.A. Hugon, ‘Correnti evangeliche tra gli italiani in esilio, 1840–1860’,p. 217.

38. Ibid.39. D. Mack Smith, Mazzini. London, 1994, p. 7640. A Voice from Italy, no. 6 (July 1861), p. 10.41. The best biography of Guicciardini is Jacini, Un riformatore toscano dell’epoca

del Risorgimento. See also Giorgi and Rubboli, Piero Guicciardini; and Viroli,Come se Dio ci fosse, pp. 160–161.

42. For a very good and brief sketch of Mazzarella’s career see: Spini,Risorgimento e protestanti, pp. 376–380. For a longer biography, see instead:S. Mastrogiovanni, Un riformatore religioso del Risorgimento, BonaventuraMazzarella. Torre Pellice, 1957. Also informative is R. Jouvenal, ‘Mazzarella,

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Notes to pp. 78–80 245

il valdismo e la Riforma in Italia del sec. XIX’, Rassegna Storica delRisorgimento, XLIII (1956), pp. 419–426.

43. Rev. John N. Worsfold to ‘English Protestants’, Corrispondenza Europa –Inghilterra, XI/21, Corrispondenza 1871–1883, fasc. 44, ASTV – May 1880.

44. A Voice from Italy, no. 1 (May 1860), p. 16.45. Donald Matheson to Prochet, Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra,

XI/22, Donald Matheson (corrispondenza 1868–1877, fasc. 1), ASTV – 30December 1872.

46. R. Jouvenal, ‘Mazzarella, il Valdismo e la Riforma in Italia nel secolo XIX’,Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, XLIII (1956), p. 421. Domenico Maselli haspointed out that ‘the Waldensians were pro-Savoy and pro-government,whereas almost all the other [Protestants] were republican and left-wing’,in D. Maselli, Storia dei battisti italiani, 1863–1923. Turin, 2003, p. 27.

47. Ibid., p. 422. For Jouvenal ‘what was productive in Mazzini was hissuccess in wrapping politics with religious semblances, but sterile washis failure in wrapping religion with political semblances, even thoughhe deeply felt the need to do so. Not having understood this wasMazzarella’s real drama, as he wished the religious reformation of Italy’, inIbid., p. 424.

48. Spini dismisses him as a confusion maker, in Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti,pp. 341–344.

49. A. Gavazzi, The orations of Father Gavazzi, delivered in Belfast on the 3rd, 4thand 5th November 1852. Belfast, 1852, pp. 9–11, 44–46, cit. in Bew, ‘Debatingthe Union on foreign fields’, in Mulligan and Simms, The primacy of foreignpolicy, pp. 147–148.

50. On Catholic priests as agents of conservatism and reaction, see the Marxistinterpretations of Antonio Gramsci and Ernesto De Martino, accuratelystudied by George R. Saunders in his ‘The magic of the south: Popularreligion and elite Catholicism in Italian ethnology’, in Schneider, Italy’s‘Southern Question’, pp. 177–202. See also E. De Martino, Sud e magia. Milan,1959; and De Martino, La terra del rimorso.

51. In H.R. Marraro, American opinion on the unification of Italy, 1846–1861.New York, 1932, p. 169; and in L. Riall, Garibaldi. New Haven, CT, 2007,p. 109.

52. Church and State Review, vol. IV – 1 March 1864, p. 132. Episcopalism in Italywas not very successful: a semi-serious attempt to establish an EpiscopalChurch in Italy was made by some congregations of the English EpiscopalChurch in Florence and Messina around the years of the Italian unification.Another attempt, even less successful, was made by an ex-priest influencedby English Protestantism, Giovanni Ceriori, who preached in Naples. Even-tually the Episcopal Church decided to limit the scope of their presencein Italy to the care of English residents, in Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti,p. 343.

53. On Cullen, see D. Keogh and A. McDonnell (eds.), Cardinal Paul Cullen andhis world. Dublin, 2011; Bowen, Paul Cardinal Cullen; and E. Larkin, Theconsolidation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, 1860–1870. Dublin,1987.

54. P. Cullen, ‘Letter communicating to the clergy of Dublin the allocution ofHis Holiness, on the 17th December, 1860’, in P.F. Moran (ed.), The Pastoral

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246 Notes, pp. 80–83

Letters and other writings of Cardinal Cullen, Archbishop of Dublin. Dublin,1882, vol. I, pp. 811–812.

55. McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 34.56. A Voice from Italy, no. 2 (August 1860), p. 2.57. Ibid., pp. 2–3.58. Stanley, ‘Review’, in Historical Journal, 51:3 (2008), p. 818.59. A Voice from Italy, no. 2 (August 1860), p. 2.60. See A Voice from Italy, no. 2 (August 1860), p. 6.61. In M. Isabella, ‘Italian exiles and British politics before and after 1848’, in

Freitag, Exiles from European revolutions, pp. 76–77; and in Riall, Garibaldi,143.

62. RBFBS, vol. XVII, 1852, pp. liii. In the 1850s, the Italian and Swiss depotswere one, and Graydon was the joint main agent. In its centenary history,the BFBS has always sold the Bible at a very low price, often less than cost,but has rarely given the Scriptures away for free.

63. There is no entry for Graydon in the Dictionary of National Biographyor in any dictionary of ecclesiastical biography. Peter Lineham wrotethat ‘Graydon was rather an eccentric; he disliked working with others,employed no colporteurs, and preferred to set up stocks of books in specialdepots. It is no doubt for this reason that he does not figure in historiesof Italian Protestantism’, in P. Lineham, ‘English Bibles and Italian Protes-tants: the British and Foreign Bible Society’s Colportage Work in Italy, withParticular Reference to Count Piero Guicciardini’, in Giorgi and Rubboli,Piero Guicciardini, pp. 115–131.

64. Spini, Studi sull’evangelismo italiano tra otto e novecento, p. 93.65. A.M. Ridler, ‘Obedience and disobedience: George Borrow’s idiosyncratic

relationship with the Bible Society’, in Batalden, Cann and Dean, Sowingthe Word, pp. 299–300.

66. RBFBS, vol. XVII, 1852, pp. clxxxiii. The archives of the British and For-eign Bible Society are to be found in a special collection of the Universityof Cambridge Library – reports for every year of the society’s activities arestored there, as well as substantial correspondence and a wealth of othermaterial, such as the proceedings of the yearly meetings of the Presiden-tial Committee. Each report refers to the society’s activities of the yearpreceding the one in which it was written (e.g. the 1852 report is about1851).

67. Ibid., pp. clxxxiv68. Ibid., pp. liii.69. ‘La schiavitù in America e la Capanna dello Zio Tom’, La Civiltà Cattolica,

XIII (1853), p. 497. Cit. in J. Rossi, ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Protestantism inItaly’, American Quarterly, XI (1959), p. 422.

70. RBFBS, vol. XVII, 1854, pp. lviii–lx.71. J. Aiton, The lands of the Messiah, Mahomet and the Pope. London, 1854 (3rd

edition), p. 387, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 213.72. C.H. Spurgeon (ed.), The autobiography of Charles Spurgeon, vol. III. London,

1899, pp. 218–219, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 213.73. RBFBS, vol. XVIII, 1855, pp. lxviii–lxix.74. RBFBS, vol. XVIII, 1856, p. lxxxiv.75. Ibid., pp. lxxxv–lxxxvi.

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76. Lineham, ‘English Bibles and Italian Protestants’, p. 150.77. RBFBS, vol. XVIII, 1858, p. 123.78. RBFBS, vol. XVIII, 1859, pp. 123–124.79. Ibid., p. lxxxiii.80. RBFBS, vol. XVIII, 1859, pp. 118–119.81. Lineham, ‘English Bibles and Italian Protestants’, p. 130.82. In G. Tourn et al., You are my witness. The Waldensians across 800 years. Turin,

1989, p. 203.83. W. Arthur, Italy in transition. London, 1860, pp. 385–386.84. Ricca, ‘Minoranze cristiane nell’Italia unita’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia,

vol. I. p. 112.85. Ibid.86. ‘The evangelisation of Italy’, The Nonconformist – 8 February 1860, p. 105.87. Other notable attendees were the Hon. A. Kinnaird, MP, Admiral Harcourt,

Colonel Walker, Captain Trotter, Dr Holt Yates, Dr Camps, Gladstone,Dr Stewart, Reverend the Honourable Baptist Wriothesley Noel, and ProfessorHoppus.

88. ‘The evangelisation of Italy’, The Nonconformist – 8 February 1860, p. 105.89. Ibid.90. ‘Religious prospects of Italy’, The Nonconformist – 26 September 1860,

p. 763.91. RBFBS, vol. XVIII, 1859, p. 120.92. A Voice from Italy, no. 2 (August 1860), p. 15.93. P. Cullen, ‘Discourse of His Grace the Archbishop of Dublin, at the meeting

held in the Cathedral Church, Dublin, 9th January, 1860, to express sym-pathy with His Holiness’, in Moran, The Pastoral Letters and other writings ofCardinal Cullen, vol. I, p. 719.

94. RBFBS, vol. XX, 1861. pp. 87–89.95. Finlayson, The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, p. 458.96. In Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti, p. 332.97. In Spini, Studi sull’evangelismo italiano tra otto e novecento, p. 86.98. In E. Hodder, The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, vol. 3.

London, London, 1887, p. 175.99. G. Russo, Il cardinale Sisto Riaro Sforza e l’Unità d’Italia. Naples, 1962, p. 99.

100. In Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra, XI/26, The Evangelical Continen-tal Society 1860–1882, ASTV – 13 April 1863. See the Rev. John Shedlock toDr. Revel, 23 May 1866; the Rev. J. Shedlock to Dr. Revel, 1 August 1866;the Rev. John Shedlock to the Rev. Matteo Prochet, 18 January 1871, inCorrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra, XI/26, The Evangelical ContinentalSociety 1860–1882, ASTV.

101. B.H. Cowper to G.P. Revel, ibid. – 17 October 1860.102. Ibid. – 1 October 1860.103. At the same time, the Italian depot became independent and separated

from Switzerland. The sales were increasing at a rapid enough pace tojustify this change. Moreover, the territorial area covered by the Societywas constantly expanding together with the Kingdom of Sardinia and laterItaly.

104. ‘How could it be otherwise in the Italy of these years? The Austrian flagshook its blighting shadow over Venice and Lombardy; the Two Sicilies

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248 Notes to pp. 88–92

covered under the brutal tyranny of King Bomba; the Vatican spun theirony web of its traditional policy of intellectual suppression and spiritualterrorism’, in Canton, A history, p. 97.

105. RBFBS, vol. XX, 1861, p. 85.106. Spini, Studi sull’evangelismo italiano, p. 98; and Dickinson, Letters from Italy,

p. 16, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 222.107. Of Bruce we know something thanks to the brief biographical sketch we

find in Canton, A history, p. 93: ‘Thomas Humble Bruce had resided atLeghorn as a schoolmaster to the English colony since 1846, had long beeninterested in the welfare of the Tuscan people, and had given what helphe could to the spread of the Gospel. Copies of the Scriptures in Italian,secreted in bales of goods and consigned to God-fearing merchants, weresmuggled ashore by Bruce and his wife, and in the course of frequentjourneys were passed into Florence’.

108. W. Arthur, Italy in transition: public scenes and private opinions in the springof 1860. London, 1860, p. 216, cit. in Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascitacattolica’, p. 14.

109. In Nitti, ‘Il sogno protestante’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia, p. 187.110. A Voice from Italy, no. 3 (November 1860), p. 5.111. A Voice from Italy, no. 4 (January 1861), p. 2.112. Ibid., p. 3.113. A Voice from Italy, no. 5 (April 1861), p. 2.114. In P. Danzi, Presenze protestanti a Napoli durante il Risorgimento. Naples, 2013,

p. 39115. RBFBS, vol. XX, 1861, p. 92.116. L’Eco della Verità, no. 70 – 28 June 1865, cit. in Danzi, Presenze protestanti a

Napoli, p. 37.117. Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Archivio Borbone, f. 1694, c. 56, cit. in Danzi,

Presenze protestanti a Napoli, p. 25.118. A Voice from Italy, n. 8, January 1862, cit. in Danzi, Presenze protestanti a

Napoli, p. 43.119. See D.L. Caglioti, Vite parallele. Una minoranza protestante nell’Italia

dell’Ottocento. Bologna, 2006, p. 113.120. IV predica del padre Alessandro Gavazzi al popolo napolitano, Naples, 1860,

in Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Archivio Borbone, fasc. 1694, c. 124, cit. inDanzi, Presenze protestanti a Napoli, p. 25.

121. Ibid.122. RBFBS, vol. XX, 1861, p. 286.123. J. Wolffe, ‘Anti-Catholicism and Evangelical identity in Britain and the

United States, 1830–1860’, in M.A. Noll, D.W. Bebbington and G.A. Rawlyk(eds.), Evangelicalism. Oxford, 1994, p. 179.

124. Ricca, ‘Minoranze cristiane nell’Italia unita’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia,vol. I., p. 112.

125. Ibid.126. ‘Vaudois Payment from the Treasury’ (XI/34, 1860–1949, fasc. 1),

Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra, XI/30, The Protestant Alliance, cor-respondence of Arthur Guinness 1869–1888 (fasc. 1), ASTV.

127. C. Clark and M. Ledger-Lomas, ‘The Protestant international’, in Greenand Viaene, Religious Internationals in the Modern World, p. 29. A number of

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Notes to pp. 92–96 249

individuals also contributed with substantial sums: for example J.A. Beithwith £200 in 1868 and S. Portal with £40 in 1872 (£1 in 1850-1870 equalsapproximately £70-75 in 2014).

128. Donald Matheson to Prochet, Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra,XI/22, Donald Matheson (corrispondenza 1868–1877, fasc. 1), ASTV –29 July 1871.

129. See Arthur Guinness to Tavola Valdese, Corrispondenza Europa –Inghilterra, XI/30, The Protestant Alliance, correspondence of ArthurGuinness 1869–1888 (fasc. 1), ASTV – 18 November 1870; Religious TractSociety (XI/31, 1867–1907, fasc. 1), in ibid.; Sunday School Union (XI/33,1868–1907, fasc. 1), in ibid.; Richard Burgess, in Foreign Aid Society,Corrispondenza 1860–1868, fasc. 11, ASTV; and Thomas and Mrs Cleghorn,in Corrispondenza Europa – Scozia, XI/55 (Corrispondenza 1866–1907,fasc.14), ASTV.

130. See Arthur Guinness to Tavola Valdese, Corrispondenza Europa –Inghilterra, XI/30, The Protestant Alliance, correspondence of ArthurGuinness 1869–1888, ASTV.

131. John S. Mackay to MMMr Joseph Malan, Corrispondenza Europa – Scozia,XI/64, United Presbyterian Church (corrispondenza 1866–1900, fasc. 1),ASTV – 5 November 1866.

132. In Moran, The Pastoral Letters and other writings of Cardinal Cullen, vol. I,p. 722.

133. Ibid., p. 722.134. Ibid.135. Ibid.136. In Moran, The Pastoral Letters and other writings of Cardinal Cullen, vol. I,

p. 815.137. Anne Nisbet, Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra, XI/21, Miss Anne Nisbet

(corrispondenza 1871–1882, fasc. 35), ASTV.138. S.R. Bird to Dr Revel, Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra, XI/15,

Corrispondenza 1860–1869 (fasc.2), ASTV – 23 June 1865.139. Letters of Louisa Cunning, in Corrispondenza 1879–1887, fasc. 13, ASTV.140. See Anne Guthrie, Corrispondenza 1878–1914, fasc. 28; and Elisa De

Sanctis, Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra, XI/20, Elisa De Sanctis(Corrispondenza 1873–1885, fasc. 18), ASTV.

141. Mrs Jemima J. Ford, Corrispondenza Europa – Scozia, XI/58, Mrs JemimaJ. Ford (Corrispondenza 1872–1905), ASTV.

142. A Voice from Italy, no. 1 (May 1860), p. 14.143. Rev. William Vesey (from Kingston near Dublin) to Dr Revel,

Corrispondenza Europa – Inghilterra, XI/15, Corrispondenza 1860–1869(fasc.2), ASTV – 1 May 1869.

144. A Voice from Italy, no. 1 (May 1860), p. 9.145. Ibid., p. 10.146. Ibid., p. 10.147. See M. Sanacore, ‘Religione clericale e anticlericalismo religioso. Il monu-

mentalismo postrisorgimentale e le statue di Livorno a Garibaldi’, in P.F.Giorgetti (ed.), Garibaldi: visione nazionale e prospettiva internazionale. Pisa,2008, pp. 197–226.

148. Reports of the B.&F.B.S., vol. XX, 1861, p. 95.

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250 Notes to pp. 96–99

149. See Riall, Under the volcano, pp. 145–155.150. Reports of the B.&F.B.S., vol. XX, 1861, p. 96.151. Ibid., p. 96–97.152. A Voice from Italy, no. 5 (April 1861), p. 3.153. Ibid., pp. 6–7.154. Ibid., p. 8.155. Biagini, ‘Citizenship and religion in the Italian constitutions’, pp. 211–212.

See C. Duggan, The force of destiny. A history of Italy since 1796. London,2007.

156. Nineteenth-century anti-Protestantism has been barely studied at all. Fora recent summary of the status of academic work on anti-Protestantism(although somewhat unclear and lacking in focus), see O. Blaschke, ‘Anti-Protestantism and anti-Catholicism in the 19th century: A comparison’,in Werner and Harvard, European anti-Catholicism in a comparative andtransnational perspective, pp. 115–134. On anti-Protestantism in differentcontexts, see J. Bauberot and V. Zuber, Une haine oubliée. L’antiprotestantismeavant le ‘pacte laïque’, 1870–1905. Paris, 2000; S.C. Hause, ‘Anti-Protestantrhetoric in the early Third Republic’, French Historical Studies, 16 (1989),pp. 183–201; M. Sacquin, Entre Boussuet et Maurras. L’antiprotestantisme enFrance de 1814 à 1870. Paris, 1998 ; and R. Perin (ed.), Chiesa cattolica eminoranze in Italia nella prima metà del Novecento: il caso Veneto a confronto.Rome, 2011.

157. See E. Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy. An essay in the his-tory of political thought. Princeton, 2012; and E. Perreau-Saussine, ‘FrenchCatholic political thought from the deconfessionalisation of the stateto the recognition of religious freedom’, in Katznelson and StedmanJones, Religion and the political imagination, pp. 150–170. See also J.P.Corin, Catholic intellectuals and the challenge of democracy. Notre Dame, In.,2002.

158. Q. Skinner, The foundations of modern political thought, ii. The age of reforma-tion. Cambridge, 1978, p. 335; and J. Jennings, Revolution and the Republic.A history of political thought in France since the eighteenth century. Oxford,2011, p. 301.

159. L. Guerci, Uno spettacolo non mai più veduto nel mondo. La Rivoluzione francesecome unicità e rovesciamento negli scrittori controrivoluzionari italiani (1789–1799). Turin, 2008, p. 6 and whole book. See also B. Bongiovanni andL. Guerci (eds.), L’Albero della rivoluzione: le interpretazioni della Rivoluzionefrancese. Turin, 1989.

160. Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy, p. 35.161. Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy, p. 7. See also Perreau-Saussine,

‘French Catholic political thought’, pp. 150–170.162. Ibid., p. 12.163. Guerci, Uno spettacolo non mai più veduto nel mondo, p. 4.164. However, in the writings by some authors, such as Monaldo Leopardi, one

can already perceive their understanding that the Ancien Régime was lost for-ever and that the Catholic order to be created would need to be somethingnew. In this sense, they were not ‘reactionaries’, but rather ‘innovators’. SeeGuerci, Uno spettacolo non mai più veduto nel mondo, pp. 6, 11.

165. Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy, pp. 30, 36.

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Notes to pp. 100–101 251

166. Ibid., pp. 28–29.167. For some of the principal texts of Catholic counter-revolutionary thought

in Italy, see Bongiovanni and Guerci, L’Albero della rivoluzione; V.E. Giuntella(ed.), Le dolci catene: testi della controrivoluzione cattolica in Italia. Rome,1988; and F. Leoni, D. De Napoli and A. Ratti (eds.), L’integralismo cattolicoin Italia (1789–1859). Naples, 1981.

168. On the ‘obsessive’ use of the concept of ‘anarchy’ by counter-revolutionarythinkers, see Guerci, Uno spettacolo non mai più veduto nel mondo, p. 5.

169. S. Sarlin, ‘The Anti-Risorgimento as a transnational experience’, ModernItaly, 19:1 (2014), p. 89. See also M.P. Casalena (ed.), Antirisorgimento.Appropriazioni, critiche, delegittimazioni. Bologna, 2013.

170. Howsam, Cheap Bibles, p. 216, n. 64. See also R.H. Martin, Evangelicalsunited: ecumenical stirrings in pre-Victorian Britain 1795–1830. Metuchen, NJ,1983.

171. J. Davis, ‘Italy’, in R.J. Goldstein (ed.), The war for the public mind. Politicalcensorship in nineteenth-century Europe. Westport, CT, 2000, p. 87.

172. See Perreau-Saussine, ‘French Catholic political thought’, p. 150.173. F. Borioni, Parole di un patriota cristiano. Pesaro, 1834, pp. 33–34, cit. in

Isabella, ‘ “Apostles of the nations and pilgrims of freedom” ’, p. 84.174. M. Leopardi, Le Parole di un credente, come le scrisse F. De La Mennais quando

era un credente. Modena, 1836, p. 42, cit. in Isabella, ‘ “Apostles of thenations and pilgrims of freedom” ’, p. 85.

175. Isabella, ‘ “Apostles of the nations and pilgrims of freedom” ’, p. 86.176. L. Taparelli D’Azeglio, ‘Rovina e rimedio della pace europea’, La Civiltà

Cattolica, 3, 1861, p. 22, cit. in D.L. Dahl, ‘The antisemitism of the ItalianCatholics and nationalism’, p. 8.

177. See Sarlin, ‘The Anti-Risorgimento as a transnational experience’,pp. 81–92.

178. See R. Grew, ‘Catholicism and the Risorgimento’, in F.J. Coppa (ed.), Studiesin modern Italian history. From the Risorgimento to the Republic. New York,1986, pp. 46–47.

179. G. Ventura, Lettere ad un ministro protestante ed altri scritti minori. Naples,1860, pp. 14–16. On the political thought of Gioacchino Ventura and onthe place of religion in the political theorising of Italian moderates, seeR. Romani, ‘Liberal theocracy in the Italian Risorgimento’, European HistoryQuarterly, 2014 (forthcoming).

180. In A. Lang, Converting a nation. A modern Inquisition and the unification ofItaly. New York, 2008, p. 152.

181. Only some of the most important anti-Protestant books and pamphletshave been analysed in the present chapter, although many more were writ-ten. See, for example, A. Nicolas, Del protestantesimo e di tutte le eresie nelloro rapporto col socialismo, 2 vols. Milan, 1857; A. Charvaz, Compendio dellaistruzione pastorale di Mr. Andrea Charvaz arcivescovo di Genova intorno alProselitismo Protestante in Italia. Milan, 1853; G. Margotti, Roma e Londra.Confronti. Turin, 1858; P. Stub, L’addio al protestantesimo: con dichiarazionistoriche e teologiche. Milan, 1871; L. De Segur, Trattenimenti famigliari sulprotestantesimo de’ giorni nostri. Genoa, 1859; G. Perrone, L’ idea cristianadella Chiesa distrutta nel Protestantesimo. Genoa, 1862; A. Nicolas, DelProtestantismo e di tutte le eresie nel loro rapporto col socialismo. 2 vols. Milan,

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252 Notes to pp. 102–106

1857; G.M. Bibbia, Il protestantesimo e la moderna democrazia confrontatefra loro. Naples, 1853; R. da Pistoia, Stato attuale del protestantesimo e dellasetta valdese: risposta del p. Romolo da Pistoja al libello del Sig. Ribet intitolatoMillanterie e speranze d’un cappuccino. Leghorn, 1861; D. Rossi, Confutazionedell’opuscolo intitolato I membri della Chiesa Evangelica italiana in Venezia aiparrocchiani dei SS. Gio. e Paolo. Venice, 1867. In French, see J.B. Lamlou, Lafausseté du protestantisme dèmonstrée. Bruxelles, 1857. For a longer list, seeSpini, Risorgimento e protestanti, pp. 386–388, n. 3.

182. See A. Rosmini, Risposta ad Agostino Theiner: contro il suo scritto intitolatoLettere storico-critiche intorno alle Cinque piaghe della Santa Chiesa ecc. Rome,2007 [1850].

183. Della introduzione del Protestantismo in Italia, tentata per le mene de’ noveliabanditori d’errore nelle recenti congiunture di Roma, o sia la Chiesa Cattolicadifesa colle testimonianze de’ protestanti, per Agostino Theiner. Naples-Rome,1850

184. Ibid., p. 14.185. Ibid.186. Ibid.187. Ibid., pp. 17–18.188. Ibid., p. 95189. Ibid.190. Ibid., p. 106.191. Ibid., pp. 17–18.192. Ibid., p. XXXII.193. Ibid., p. XXXIII.194. Ibid., p. XXXV.195. Ibid., p. XXXVI.196. R. Buselli, Risposte a due pastori protestanti, Luigi Tecchi ed Emilio Marchand.

Opera del R.P. Remigio Buselli di Ruosina, Min. Oss. della ProvinciaToscana. Professore di Filosofia e Teologia, nel seminario vescovile di MassaMarittima. Florence, 1864, p. VI.

197. Ibid., p. VII.198. Buselli, Risposte a due pastori protestanti, pp. X–XIX, 24.199. Ibid. Emphasis in the original.200. E. Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland in the age of rebellion, 1859–1873.

London, 1965, p. 45, cit. in Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’,p. 17.

201. Antidoto contro il tentativo d’introdurre il protestantismo in Italia, ossia scelta diprediche sulla vera Chiesa di F.G. Moser. Versione del professore AB. GiuseppeTeglio [traduttore], prima versione italiana. Mantua, 1853, p. 8.

202. G. Balmes, Il Protestantismo comparato al Cattolicismo, nelle sue relazioni collaciviltà europea. 2 vols. Lugano, 1850.

203. L. Rendu, Gli sforzi del protestantismo in Europa ed i mezzi che adopera persedurre le anime cattoliche. Volterra, 1856.

204. Ibid., p. 61.205. Ibid., p. 8.206. Ibid., p. 20.207. Ibid., pp. 8–9.208. Ibid., p. 9.

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Notes to pp. 106–114 253

209. Ibid., p. 21.210. Ibid., p. 25.211. F. Martinengo, Il pievano cattolico ossia la falsità del Protestantesimo dimostrata

al buon popolo italiano per via della ragione e dei fatti, 2nd edition. Turin, 1868,p. 7.

212. On Italy’s Southern Question, see Schneider, Italy’s ‘Southern Question’; andPetrusewicz, Come il Meridione divenne una Questione. On Europe’s ‘SouthernQuestion’, see Pemble, The Mediterranean passion. Nelson Moe’s The viewfrom Vesuvius deals with both.

213. In Martinengo, Il pievano cattolico, p. 9.214. Ibid., pp. 15, 300. English translation: ‘Light them up! Light them up!’.215. Gli evangelici protestanti e d’ogni altra risma in Italia. Opera estesa in forma di

dialoghi dal Chiarissimo Monsignore Cav. Dott. Giuseppe Solari. Padova,1869, p. 412.

216. Ibid.217. Errori del protestantismo, svelati al popolo dal P. Secondo Franco, D.C.D.G.,

edizione V, a beneficio delle missioni cattoliche. Padova, 1868 [1857], p. 3.218. Ibid., p. 5.219. Ibid., p. 8.220. Ibid., pp. 8, 10.221. Ibid., p. 11.222. Ibid.223. Ibid., p. 12.224. Ibid., p. 15.225. Ibid., pp. 15–16.226. Ibid., p. 16.227. Ibid., pp. 16–17.228. Ibid., pp. 176–177.229. In P. MacSuibhne, Paul Cullen and his contemporaries: with their letters from

1820–1902, vol. II. Naas, 1962, p. 293.230. Ibid.231. Ibid., pp. 312–313.232. Ibid., p. 315.233. S. Nitti, ‘Il sogno protestante’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia, p. 192.234. On freedom of the press in the Risorgimento, see M. Isabella, ‘Freedom of

the press, public opinion and liberalism in the Risorgimento’, Journal ofModern Italian Studies, 17:5 (2012), pp. 551–567.

235. See L. Vogel, ‘Comunità e pastori del protestantesimo italiano’, in Melloni,Cristiani d’Italia, pp. 1025-1042.

3 Religion and foreign policy: from Unification to the‘desperate folly’ of the Syllabus, 1861–1864

1. G.M. Trevelyan, ‘Englishmen and Italians. Some aspects of their relationspast and present’, in Proceedings of the British Academy. London, 1919, p. 91.

2. McIntire, England against the Papacy 1858–1861, p. 3.3. Odo Russell to Edmund Hammond, TNA, FO 918/37 – 7 December 1859.

Underlined in the original.

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254 Notes to pp. 114–116

4. Ibid. See R. Davenport-Hines, ‘Russell, Odo William Leopold, first BaronAmpthill (1829–1884)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford,2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24332, accessed 22 August 2013].

5. In Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 918/10 – 19 November1859; and E. Burke, The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, vol. IX,ed. by R.B. McDowell. Oxford, 1991, p. 637, cit. in Pitts, A turn toempire, p. 96.

6. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 918/10 – 6 July 1859.7. J. Dixon to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome – 3 February

1860, f. 2504.8. D. Moriarty to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome – 15 Febru-

ary 1860, n. 2510.9. P. Cullen, Letter to the clergy and laity of the Diocese of Dublin on

some recent instances of bigotry and intolerance. Dublin, 1859, cit. inBowen, Paul Cardinal Cullen and the shaping of modern Irish Catholicism,p. 198.

10. Ibid.11. Ibid., pp. 198–199.12. Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, p. 12.13. C. Clark, ‘From 1848 to Christian Democracy’, in Katznelson and Stedman

Jones, Religion and the political imagination, pp. 206–207.14. E. Larkin, ‘Economic growth, capital investment and the Roman Catholic

Church in nineteenth century Ireland’, American Historical Review, 72(1966–1967), p. 866.

15. S. Matsumoto-Best, ‘Odo Russell’s mission to Rome, 1858–1870, and Britishforeign policy towards the Vatican’, in Robbins and Fisher, Religion anddiplomacy, p. 139.

16. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, in Blakiston, The Roman Question, p. 44 –30 July 1859. Giacomo Antonelli was Secretary of State from 1848 to 1876.During his tenure as the Vatican’s ‘Prime Minister’, Antonelli played a lead-ing and greatly influential role as diplomatic agent in Italy, Europe, andthe world. See F.J. Coppa, Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal politics inEuropean affairs. Albany, 1990.

17. Hansard, 3rd ser., clviii, cc.1766–1773 – 24 April–6 June 1860.18. Matsumoto-Best, ‘Odo Russell’s mission to Rome’, p. 139.19. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, in Blakiston, The Roman Question,

pp. 100–101 – 1 May 1860.20. Ibid., p. 102 – 10 May 1860. On the Irish brigade, see also A. O’Connor,

‘That dangerous serpent: Garbaldi and Ireland, 1860–1870’, Modern Italy,15:4 (2010), pp. 401–409; and F.N. Göhde, ‘A new military history ofthe Italian risorgimento and Anti-Risorgimento: the case of “transnationalsoldiers” ’, Modern Italy, 19:1 (2014), pp. 21–39.

21. The Roman Journals of Gregorovius, 1852–74, trans. by G.W. Hamilton.London, 1911, p. 93. Gregorovious was a stern Prussian Protestant whodespised the Papacy. Nevertheless, he was convinced that Rome was unsuit-able to become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, because it had been fortoo long the cosmopolitan capital of the world. See Chadwick, A history ofthe Popes, pp. 224–225.

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Notes to pp. 117–121 255

22. Odo Russell to John Russell, in Blakiston, The Roman Question,p. 111 – 23 June 1860; and Patrick Moran to Cullen, Cullen Papers, DublinDiocesan Archives, Dublin – 7 June 1860.

23. In Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 22.24. Cullen to Kirby, 20 July 1860, in Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman

Catholic Church, p. 31.25. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, in Blakiston, The Roman Question,

p. 117 – 10 July 1860.26. In Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 24; and Thomas

Kenna Hughes to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 43/80a – 24 July 1860.27. In Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church, pp. 32–33.28. Ibid., p. 33.29. See Moe, The view from Vesuvius, pp. 219–221.30. In Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 33.31. The Times, 20 September 1860, cit. in Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman

Catholic Church, p. 36.32. Ibid., pp. 36–37.33. See D. Raponi, ‘Il governo e l’opinione pubblica britannica in rapporto

a Castelfidardo’, in G. Piccinini (ed.), L’Europa e Castelfidardo: I volontarisul campo della battaglia e le ripercussioni politiche internazionali. Atti delCongresso Internazionale di Studi. Castelfidardo 18 settembre 2010. Rome,2011, pp. 103–111.

34. Matsumoto-Best, ‘Odo Russell’s mission to Rome’, p. 142. See alsoA. O’Connor, ‘Triumphant failure: the return of the Irish Papal Brigade’,Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, 114 (2009), pp. 51–62;C. O’Carroll, ‘The Irish Papal Brigade. Origins, objectives and fortunes’ andA. O’Connor, ‘ “Giant and brutal islanders”. The Italian response to theIrish Papal Brigade’, both in Barr, Finelli and O’Connor, Nation/Nazione,pp. 73–95, 96–109.

35. Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 37.36. Ibid., p. 39.37. Ibid., p. 50.38. Matsumoto-Best, ‘Odo Russell’s mission to Rome’, p. 129.39. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 918/10 – 16 September

1859.40. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 918/10 – 19 November 1859.41. O.J. Wright, ‘British representatives and the surveillance of Italian affairs,

1860–70’, in Historical Journal, 51:3 (2008), pp. 672–673.42. See Buschkühl, Great Britain and the Holy See; and M. De Leonardis,

L’Inghilterra e la Questione Romana 1859–1870. Milan, 1980.43. See McIntire, England against the Papacy 1858–1861.44. Beales, England and Italy, 1859–1860.45. On the different perceptions of Protestant and Catholic Ireland of the

Risorgimento, see J. O’Brien, ‘Irish public opinion and the Risorgimento,1859–60’, Irish Historical Studies, 135 (May 2005), pp. 289–305. See alsoC. Barr, ‘Lord Acton’s Irish elections’, Historical Journal, 51:1 (2008),pp. 87–114.

46. In Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland in the age of rebellion, p. 39.47. Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England, p. 83.

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256 Notes to pp. 121–124

48. Emanuele D’Azeglio to Count Cavour, 29 September 1860, in Cavoure l’Inghilterra: carteggi con Emanuele d’Azeglio, edited by the RealeCommissione Editrice. Bologna, 1933, vol. II, pp. 134–136.

49. D’Azeglio to Cavour, 29 September 1860, in Cavour e l’Inghilterra, vol. II,p. 131.

50. Lord Shaftesbury to Count Cavour, 4 April 1861, in Cavour e l’Inghilterra,vol. II, p. 204.

51. Gladstone to Lord Russell, 6 November 1860 – Gladstone Papers, BL, Add.MSS 44291, ff. 351–352.

52. In D’Azeglio to Cavour, 14 February 1861, in Cavour e l’Inghilterra, vol. II,p. 188.

53. See, for example, the articles on the Roman Question that appeared in1861 in the Daily News, Daily Telegraph and Manchester Guardian. See alsoDe Leonardis, L’Inghilterra e la Questione Romana, pp. 89–95.

54. Hansard, 3rd ser., clviii, cc. 684–685, 1013–1014, 1407–1413.55. Hansard, 3rd ser., clxi, cc. 1831–1384, 1542–1627.56. Ibid., c. 1579.57. See Reynolds’s Newspaper, Freeman’s Journal, Liverpool Mercury, Morning Chron-

icle, Examiner, Daily News, Manchester Guardian, Daily Telegraph, MorningAdvertiser, Morning Star, Glasgow Herald, Aberdeen Journal, Morning Post andThe Times.

58. The Times, 2 April 1861, p. 8.59. See the Dublin Review and the Tablet; in De Leonardis, L’Inghilterra e la

Questione Romana, pp. 92–93. See also J.L. Altholz, The liberal Catholicmovement in England: the ‘Rambler’ and its contributors, 1848–1864. London,1962.

60. In E.S. Purcell, The life of Cardinal Manning, vol. 2. London, 1896,pp. 165–166.

61. See N. Ferguson, Colossus: the rise and fall of the American empire. London,2004; and N. Ferguson, Empire: how Britain made the modern world. London,2003.

62. Cit in Barr, ‘Lord Acton’s Irish elections’, p. 11163. Hansard, CLII, col. 42–6 – 3 February 1859, cit. in. McIntire, England against

the Papacy, p. 81.64. Barr, ‘Lord Acton’s Irish elections’, p. 103, n. 119.65. Ibid., p. 103.66. In W.F. Monypenny and G.E. Buckle, The life of Benjamin Disraeli Earl of

Beaconsfield, vol. II. London, 1929, pp. 61–62.67. Sir Henry Elliot to Lord John Russell, London, TNA, FO 45/43 – 11 Octo-

ber 1863.68. See Lord Russell to Sir James Hudson, London, TNA, FO 45/7 – 10, 14 April

1861; Lord Russell to Hudson, London, TNA, FO 45/2 – 24 July 1861;Hudson to Russell, London, TNA, FO 45/7 – 20 June 1861; Odo Russellto Lord Russell – 20 March 1861, in N. Blakiston (ed.), The Roman Question.London, 1962, p. 167; and Finlayson, The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, p. 457.

69. Howe, ‘Friends of moderate opinions’, p. 609.70. J.S. Mill, The collected works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XV: The later letters of

John Stuart Mill, 1849–1873, ed. by F.E. Mineka and D.N. Lindley. Toronto,1972, pp. 610–611, cit. in Howe, ‘Friends of moderate opinions’, p. 609.

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Notes to pp. 124–129 257

71. Wright, ‘British representatives’, pp. 669–670.72. De Leonardis, L’Inghilterra e la Questione Romana, p. 104.73. Beales, England and Italy, pp. IX, 166–167.74. De Leonardis, L’Inghilterra e la Questione Romana, p. 97.75. Camillo Benso Count of Cavour, speech to the Camera dei Deputati,

25 March 1861. English translation in The New York Times, 21 April 1861.76. Ibid.77. Gladstone to Cavour, 13 April 1861, in Cavour e l’Inghilterra, vol. II, p. 206.

See Benso C. Count Cavour, Discorsi parlamentari del conte Camillo di Cavour,raccolti e pubblicati per ordine della Camera dei deputati, 11 vols., ed. byG. Massar. Turin, 1863–1872.

78. Hansard, 3rd ser., clxii, cc. 774–784.79. Ibid., c. 786.80. Ibid.81. Ibid., cc. 788–793.82. On the role played by Britain’s policy-makers, in particular through Russell

and Hudson, in the escalation that led to the proclamation of the Kingdomof Italy in March 1861, see P. Pastorelli, 17 marzo 1861. L’Inghilterra e l’Unitàd’Italia. Soveria Mannelli, 2011.

83. Lord Russell to Sir James Hudson, London, TNA, FO 167/122 – 15 March1861. On Hudson, see also N.E. Carter, ‘Sir James Hudson, British diplomacyand the Italian Question: February 1858 to June 1861’, PhD thesis, Univer-sity of Wales Cardiff, 1993; N.E. Carter, ‘Hudson, Malmesbury and Cavour:British diplomacy and the Italian Question, February 1858 to June 1859’,Historical Journal, 40:2 (1997), pp. 389–413; and E. Greppi and E. Pagella(eds.), Sir James Hudson nel Risorgimento italiano. Soveria Mannelli, 2012.

84. Lord Russell to Sir James Hudson, London, TNA, PRO 30/22/14B – 5,6 June 1861.

85. Hudson to Russell, TNA, FO 45/8 – 23 August 1861.86. Russell to Hudon, TNA, PRO 30/22/14 – 3 September 1861; and Paolo

Solaroli to Victor Emmanuel II, DDI, I serie, vol. I, p. 315 – 5–11August 1861.

87. D’Azeglio to Ricasoli, DDI, I serie, vol. I, p. 284 – 25 July 1861.88. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/76 – 31 December 1861.89. Palmerston to Lord Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/76 – 12 January 1862.90. Lord Russell to Lord Cowley, 17 March 1862, House of Commons Accounts

and Papers, 1862, vol. LXIII, p 487.91. Lord Cowley to Lord Russell, 20 March 1862, ibid., pp. 487–488.92. Lord Russell to Lord Cowley, 2 April 1862, ibid., pp. 489–490.93. Lord Russell to Hudson, TNA, FO 45/19 – 2 April 1862.94. Hansard, 3rd ser., clxvi, cc. 375–378.95. See Chabod, Italian Foreign Policy, pp. 5–66.96. Hansard, 3rd ser., clxvi, cc. 375–378.97. Hudson to Lord Russell, TNA, FO 45/25 – 8 August 1862.98. Lord Russell to Hudson, TNA, FO 45/20 – 1 September 1862.99. See the editorials of the Times, Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, 1–3

September 1862.100. De Leonardis, L’Inghilterra e la Questione Romana, p. 119.101. Lord Russell to Hudson, TNA, FO 45/20 – 15 September 1862.

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258 Notes to pp. 129–133

102. Pepoli to Rattazzi, DDI, I serie, vol. II, n. 62 – 21 August 1861.103. See N. Blakiston, Garibaldi’s visit to London in 1864. London, 1964; D.E.D.

Beales, ‘Garibaldi in England: the politics of Italian enthusiasm’, in J. Davisand P. Ginsborg (eds.), Society and politics in the age of the Risorgimento, Essaysin honour of Denis Mack Smith. Cambridge, 1991, pp. 184–216; and Riall,Garibaldi, pp. 330–344.

104. In Beales, ‘Garibaldi in England: the politics of Italian enthusiasm’,p. 209.

105. In ibid., p. 215.106. Hudson to Lord Russell, TNA, FO 45/25 – 31 August 1862.107. Lord Russell to Hudson, TNA, PRO 30/22/14 – 17 September 1862.108. Lord Russell to Lord Cowley, TNA, FO 27/1427 – 29 September 1862.109. Emanuele d’Azeglio to Giacomo Durando, DDI, I serie, vol. III, p. 105 –

3 October 1862.110. Lord Donoughmore to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, Irish College,

Rome – 28 October 1862, n. 197.111. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell – 26 July 1862, in Blakiston (ed.), The

Roman Question, pp. 234–237.112. Palmerston to Lord John Russell – 23 September 1862, in G.P. Gooch, The

later correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–78. London, 1925, vol. II,p. 281.

113. Archbishop Paul Cullen to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC,Rome – 20 January 1863, n. 25.

114. Hansard, 3rd ser., clxix, cc. 374, 474, 790, 1416–1421.115. Fleche, The revolution of 1861, p. 149.116. De Leonardis, L’Inghilterra e la Questione Romana, p. 129.117. Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 13 April 1864, p. 2.118. D. Beales, ‘Gladstone and Garibaldi’, in P.J. Jagger (ed.), Gladstone. London,

1998, p. 153. See also Riall, Garibaldi, pp. 330–344; N. Blakiston, Garibaldi’svisit to London in 1864. London, 1964; D. Beales, ‘Il governo inglesee la visita di Garibaldi in Inghilterra nel 1864’, in V. Frosini (ed.), IlRisorgimento e l’Europa: studi in onore di Alberto Maria Ghisalberti. Catania,1969, pp. 27–40; and D. Beales, ‘Garibaldi in England: the politics of Italianenthusiasm’, in J. Davis and P. Ginsborg (eds.), Society and politics in the ageof the Risorgimento. Essays in honour of Denis Mack Smith. Cambridge, 1991,pp. 184–216.

119. Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 4 April 1864, p. 2.120. Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, 16 April 1864, p. 4.121. Ibid.122. Riall, Garibaldi, p. 331.123. See Queen Victoria, Letters of Queen Victoria, II series, vol. I, pp. 174–175;

and J. Ridley, Garibaldi. London, 1976, p. 642.124. Pope Pius IX, in Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 43/91A –

15 January 1864.125. Ibid.126. In Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 43/91A – 15 January 1864.127. See Chadwick, A history of the Popes, p. 175.128. Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England, p. 80.129. De Leonardis, L’Inghilterra e la Questione Romana, pp. 145–146.

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Notes to pp. 133–137 259

130. R. Aubert, Il pontificato di Pio IX (1846–1878), ed. by G. Martina and trans.by S. Marsili, vol. I. Milan, 1990, p. 398.

131. Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy, p. 46.132. ‘The meaning of the Encyclical letter’, The Spectator, 37 (1864), n. 1905,

pp. 1490–1492.133. For more examples, see D. McElrath, The Syllabus of Pius IX. Some reactions

in England. Louvain, 1964.134. See, for example, Odo Russell to John Russell, TNA, FO 43/91B – 21,

31 December 1864; and Odo Russell to John Russell, TNA, FO 43/94A –17 January 1865.

135. Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England, p. 83.136. Coppa, Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli, p. 141.137. See L. Sandoni (ed.), Il Sillabo di Pio IX. Bologna and Rome, 2012.138. In A. Quacquarelli, La crisi della religiosità contemporanea dal Sillabo al

Concilio Vaticano. Rome and Bari, 1946.139. For a history of conservatism, see C. Robin, The reactionary mind: Conser-

vatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin. Oxford, 2011.140. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain, p. 170.141. Ibid.142. In. K.T. Hoppen, Ireland since 1800. London, 1989, p. 240, cit. in Wolffe,

God and Greater Britain, p. 171.143. Odo Russell to Lord Russell, TNA, FO 43/94A – 13 February 1865.

My emphasis.144. Chadwick, A History of the Popes, p. 175.145. Ibid.146. In Buschkühl, Great Britain and the Holy See, p. 102.147. Chadwick, A history of the Popes, p. 169.148. Ibid.149. On the reception of the Syllabus by the French, English and Italian press,

and on the possible misunderstandings arising from its interpretation,see E. Papa, Il Sillabo di Pio IX e la stampa francese, inglese e italiana.Rome, 1968; and Sandoni, Il Sillabo di Pio IX. See also J. Ratzinger,Theologische Prinzipienlehre. Bausteine zur Fundamentaltheologie. Munich,1982, pp. 398–399. Historically inaccurate, to say the least, is instead R. DeMattei, Pius IX. Leominster, 2004, where De Mattei praises the Syllabusand argues that it should still be a binding document for all Catholics.A Catholic fundamentalist, De Mattei was a vice-president of the ItalianNational Research Council, although he does not believe in evolution andhas repeatedly professed his anti-science convictions. He was appointed tothat position in 2004 by Letizia Moratti, Minister of Education, Universityand Research of the second government led by Silvio Berlusconi.

150. In Sandoni, Il Sillabo di Pio IX, p. 72.151. ‘The encyclical and its Syllabus’, The Dublin Review, 30 (1865), vol. IV,

pp. 441–499.152. Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone, in H. Paul (ed.), Letters of John Acton to Mary,

daughter of W.E. Gladstone. London, 1904, p. 135 – 21 March 1882.153. J.L. Althoz, The Liberal Catholic movement in England. The “Rambler” and its

contributors, 1848–1864. London, 1962, p. 234.154. Canton, A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society, vol. III, p. 95.

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260 Notes to pp. 137–144

155. Baptist Magazine, vol. LXII, February 1870, p. 91.156. Protestant Magazine, vol. XXV, 2 January 1865, pp. 3–11.157. ‘The Pope and the Council’, Reformed Presbyterian Magazine, 1 January 1870,

p. 29.158. Borutta, Antikatholizismus, p. 406.159. Chadwick, History of the Popes, p. 175.

4 British missionaries and Catholic reaction: searching thesoul of the new nation, 1862–1872

1. Sir Robert Peel, in A Voice from Italy, no. 5 (April 1861), p. 11.2. Leone Levi was born in Ancona in 1821, moved to Liverpool in 1844

and became Professor of the Principles and Practice of Commerce andCommercial Law at King’s College, London. See G.R. Rubin, ‘Levi, Leone(1821–1888)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16551, accessed 15 September 2013].

3. RBFBS, vol. XX, 1862, p. 68.4. Ibid., p. 68.5. Ibid.6. A Voice from Italy, no. 6 (July 1861), p. 2.7. In 1862–1863 the number of people working for the Bible Society in Italy

reached its peak, with about 30. Some of the most active were: Miss Burton,Mr Piggott, Rev. Mr Williams, Mr Cotter, the Rev. Mr Hall, Dr Steward, CarloLastrico, Mr Andreatini, Mr Roja, Mr Zanardi, Mr Bacci, the Rev. P. Meille,Sig. Tron, Sig. Lissolo, Sig. Giaime and J.P. Gardiol.

8. RBFBS, vol. XXI, 1863, p. 105.9. Ibid.

10. See P.E. Fornaciari, ‘Alle origini dell’insediamento a Livorno (1859–1870): lafigura e l’opera di Giovanni Ribetti’, Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi,162 (June 1988), pp. 3–25.

11. RBFBS, vol. XXI, 1863, p. 107.12. Ibid., p. 108.13. A. Creuzé de Lesser, Voyage en Italie et Sicile. Paris, 1806, p. 96, cit. in Moe,

The view from Vesuvius, p. 37.14. See E. Said, Orientalism. New York, 1985, pp. 130–150.15. E. Renan and H. Renan, Nouvelles lettres intimes, 1846–1850. Paris, 1923,

p. 401, cit. in Moe, The view from Vesuvius, p. 73.16. Ibid., pp. 402–403.17. Ibid., p. 404.18. T. Trollope, What I remember, vol. III. London, 1887, p. 37.19. C. Wordsworth, Journal of a tour in Italy, vol. I. London, 1863, p. 71.20. L. Stephen (ed.), Letters of John Richard Green. London, 1901, p. 268, cit. in

Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 148.21. Some also paid tribute to what they perceived as the superior religiosity of

Muslims. See Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 147.22. J. Black, The Grand Tour. New Haven, 2003, p. 5.23. A Quarterly Record of Evangelisation in Italy, no. 2, 1862, p. 1; cit. in Maselli,

Storia dei Battisti italiani, p. 26.

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Notes to pp. 144–149 261

24. RBFBS, vol. XXI, 1864, p. 88.25. Ibid., p. 89. Sermons were preached regularly in Florence, where some

of the most influential foreign Protestants used to meet, using it as their‘headquarters’. Among them, some notable members were: the Revs. F.H.S.Pendleton and G. Robbins of the English Episcopal Church; the Revs. DrRevel and Geymonat, of the Waldensian; the Rev. W. Stallybrass, represent-ing the Scotch Free Church; and the Rev. S. Hall, of the American ProtestantChurch.

26. Ibid., p. 90.27. Ibid., p. 93.28. RBFBS, vol. XX, 1862, p. 73.29. RBFBS, vol. XXII, 1868, p. 124.30. RBFBS, vol. XXIV, 1870, p. 139.31. RBFBS, vol. XX, 1862, p. 71.32. See N. Tommaseo, Dell’Italia. Paris, 1835.33. A. Lyttelton, ‘The national question in Italy’, in M. Teich and R. Porter (eds.),

The national question in Europe in historical context. Cambridge, 1993, p. 85.34. E. Francia, ‘ “Il nuovo Cesare è la patria”. Clero e religione nel lungo

Quarantotto italiano’, in Banti and Ginsborg, Storia d’Italia. Il Risorgimento,pp. 424–431. See also L. Allegra, ‘Il parroco: un mediatore tra alta ebassa cultura’, in Storia d’Italia. Annali 4: Intellettuali e potere. Turin, 1981,pp. 895–947.

35. C. Ronchi, I democratici fiorentini nella rivoluzione del ’48–49. Florence, 1963,p. 212.

36. Ibid., p. 74–75.37. RBFBS, vol. XXI, 1864, p. 95.38. RBFBS, vol. XXI, 1863, p. 94.39. Mr Bruce, Agents Book no. 119, p. 25.40. Ibid., p. 7.41. In T. Catalan, ‘Italian Jews and the 1848–49 revolutions: patriotism and

multiple identities’, in Patriarca and Riall, The Risorgimento revisited, p. 222.42. A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, ed. by V. Gerratana, vol. 3, Quaderno 21.

Turin, 2007 [1975], p. 2119, cit. in C. D’Elia, ‘The Risorgimento and reli-gion. Notes on the “canon” and Gramscian annotations’, Journal of ModernItalian Studies, 17:5 (2012), p. 631.

43. Bruce, Agents Book no. 14, (July and October 1863), p. 9.44. Ibid., p. 25.45. Ibid.46. Biagini, Liberty, retrenchment and reform, p. 224. The quotations are from

Littlejohn, ‘The great conspiracy of priestcraft’, Weekly Times, 27 June 1875,p. 4; and Littlejohn, ‘The new pope as politician and conspirator’, WeeklyTimes, 5 May 1878, p. 6.

47. British and Foreign Evangelical Review, January 1866, p. 19.48. A Quarterly Record of Evangelisation in Italy, no. 2, 1862, p. 1; cit. in Maselli,

Storia dei Battisti italiani, p. 26. See also RBFBS, vol. XXI, 1864, p. 83–84.49. English Presbyterian Messenger, n. 183, March 1863, p. 67.50. D. Maselli, Storia dei Battisti italiani, 1863–1923. Turin, 2003, p. 8. See also

Ricca, ‘Minoranze cristiane nell’Italia unita’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia,vol. I, p. 113.

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262 Notes to pp. 149–152

51. Maselli, Storia dei Battisti italiani, p. 9.52. Ibid., p. 33.53. T.B. Johnstone, ‘Müller, George Friedrich (1805–1898)’, rev. D. Andrew

Penny, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19513, accessed 15 September 2013].

54. In A Voice from Italy, no. 14 (July and October 1863), p. 26. My emphasis.55. Viroli, Come se Dio ci fosse, p. 11. See also pp. 119–227.56. On anticlericalism in Italy, see G. Verucci, L’Italia laica prima e dopo l’Unità:

1848–1876. Anticlericalismo, libero pensiero e ateismo nella società italiana.Bari and Rome, 1981; M. Franzinelli, Ateismo, laicismo, anticlericalismo:guida bibliografica ragionata al libero pensiero ed alla concezione materialis-tica della storia. Ragusa, 1990; A. Lyttelton, ‘An old Church and a newstate. Italian anticlericalism 1876–1915’, European Studies Review, 13 (1983),pp. 225–248; J.-P. Viallet, Anticléricalisme en Italie, 8 vols. Paris, 1991; andM. Borutta, ‘La “natura” del nemico: Rappresentazioni del cattolicesimonell’anticlericalismo dell’Italia liberale’, Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, 58(2001), pp. 117–136.

57. Borutta, ‘Anti-Catholicism and the culture war in Risorgimento Italy’,p. 207.

58. Ibid, p. 208, n. 5.59. See L. Riall, The Italian Risorgimento: state, society, and national unification.

London and New York, 1994, pp. 70–74.60. P. Romolo da Pistoia, Stato attuale del Protestantesimo e della setta

valdese. Risposta del P. Romolo da Pistoja al libello del Sig. Ribet, intitolatoMillanterie e Speranze d’un Cappuccino e resultato della medesima. Livorno,1862, p. 7.

61. Ibid., p. 39.62. Ibid., p. 41.63. Ibid., p. 42.64. Ibid., p. 43.65. Ibid., p. 100.66. Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti, p. 342. For a history of Baptism in Italy see

D. Maselli, Storia dei battisti italiani, 1863–1923. Turin, 2003.67. But he had to wait a while before being able to leave for Italy, as a ‘per-

son of vast influence in England’ tried to undermine his mission accusinghim of inappropriately interfering in the religious beliefs of the Italians. SeeMaselli, Storia dei Battisti italiani, p. 18.

68. The Baptist Magazine, vol. LIX, April 1867, p. 218; and McNeile, Speech onthe Italian and national defence questions, p. 8.

69. Maselli, Storia dei battisti italiani, p. 63.70. Henry Elliott to Lord John Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/16C – 8 June 1866.71. Bruce rapidly left Leghorn at the news of the liberation of Venetia and

went to the newly freed land, where he met with the Rev. Robert Stewart,Daniel Gay (a Waldensian student) and Angelo Castioni (a colporteuralready operating in the vicinities). See Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti,p. 360.

72. RBFBS, vol. XXII, 1867, p. 128.73. For a full account of the Barletta massacre see The Times, 28 March 1866,

p. 9 and 30 March 1866, p. 8.

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Notes to pp. 152–154 263

74. D. Maselli, ‘Gaetano Giannini. Un colportore coraggioso’, in D. Bognandiand M. Cignoni (eds.), Scelte di fede e di libertà. Profili di evangelici nell’Italiaunita. Turin, 2011, pp. 64–65.

75. Ibid., p. 65.76. The Times published articles on Barletta on 28 March, 30 March, 3 April,

4 April, 6 April, 9 April, 2 June and 22 June 1866, up until the pronounce-ment of the sentence by the local tribunal on 4 January 1867. See also theManchester Guardian, on 11 April, and 18 April 1866, p. 390.

77. See the Christian Observer, June 1866, p. 448. See also the Daily News,30 March 1866, p. 4; 31 March, p. 4; 2 April, p. 6; and the Lloyd’s WeeklyLondon Newspaper, 1 April 1866, p. 2.

78. The Guardian, 11 April 1866, p. 366.79. Evangelical Alliance to Waldensian Church, Corrispondenza Europa –

Inghilterra, XI/24, Evangelical Alliance 1865–1956, ASTV – 25 Octo-ber 1866.

80. Jacini, Un riformatore toscano, pp. 244–245.81. C. Crivelli, I protestanti in Italia (specialmente nei secoli XIX e XX), 2 vols.

Isola del Liri, 1936–1938, I, p. 50 passim.82. Jacini claimed that the first narration of the alleged massacre was published

in L’Eco della Verità by Gaetano Giannini (the Protestant pastor in Barletta,who managed to escape the massacre) on 28 March. However, this infor-mation is incorrect, because British newspapers had already published thenews on 28 March, with the incident happening on the 19 of that month.The article that appeared in The Times on 28 March, for example, is anexhaustive summary of what had appeared in the Corriere delle Marche afew days earlier. See Jacini, Un riformatore toscano, pp. 244–245.

83. One of the best accounts of the Barletta episode is to be found in TheGuardian, 11 April 1866, p. 366.

84. Maselli, ‘Gaetano Giannini’, pp. 65–66. In 1870, Giannini left Barlettafor Rome.

85. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, 10 July 1866, in D.I. Kertzer, Prisoner ofthe Vatican. The Popes’ secret plot to capture Rome from the new Italian state.New York, 2004, p. 17.

86. Ibid.87. D. Menozzi, ‘I gesuiti, Pio IX e la nazione italiana’, in Banti and Ginsborg,

Storia d’Italia. Il Risorgimento, p. 469.88. R. Ballerini, ‘L’amor patrio dei cattolici’, La Civiltà Cattolica, XXVIII (1877),

vol. IV, pp. 513–527, cit. in Menozzi, ‘I gesuiti, Pio IX e la nazione italiana’,p. 477.

89. Ibid.; and D. Lebovitch Dahl, ‘The antisemitism of the Italian Catholics andnationalism: “the Jew” and “the honest Italy” in the rethoric of La CiviltàCattolica during the Risorgimento’, Modern Italy, 17:1 (2012), p. 3.

90. Lebovitch Dahl, ‘The antisemitism of the Italian Catholics and national-ism’, p. 3.

91. On La Civilità Cattolica, as well as on the Jesuits and the Risorgimento,see G. Martina, Storia della Compagnia di Gesù in Italia. Brescia, 2003; andG. Martina, ‘I gesuiti e il Risorgimento’, in I gesuiti e il Risorgimento italiano.Milan, 1994, pp. 39–65. See also Riall, ‘Martyr cults in nineteenth-centuryItaly’, p. 265.

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264 Notes to pp. 155–159

92. RBFBS, vol. XXII, 1868, p. 120. See also Canton, A history, p. 94.93. Rev. Piggot to Mr Bruce, Agents Book no. 119, p. 9.94. Maselli, Storia dei Battisti italiani, p. 20.95. Ibid., p. 24.96. J. Stuart Mill, The collected works of John Stuart Mill, volume XIX: essays on

politics and society part II, ed. by J.M. Robson, Introduction by A. Brady.Toronto, 1977, p. 327, cit. in Pitts, A turn to empire, p. 253.

97. Maselli, Storia dei Battisti italiani, p. 24.98. Ibid.99. S.O. Becker and L. Woessman, ‘Was Weber wrong? A human capital theory

of Protestant economic history’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124:2(2009), pp. 531–596.

100. Alexandra Werdes, ‘Bildet euch!’, Die Zeit, 23 December 2008, p. 65. Inter-estingly, in his research Ludger Woessman also discovered that, still todayin contemporary Germany, Protestants earn more in average than theirCatholic compatriots and, also, that in general they have a higher levelof education.

101. RBFBS, vol. XXIII, 1869, p. 154.102. Ibid., pp. 124–125.103. Mr Bruce to Rev. S.B. Bergne, Agents Book no. 119, RBFBS, p. 84.104. Mr Bruce to Rev. Jackson, 13 April 1869, Agents Book no. 119, RBFBS,

p. 258. Here he also pointed out to two new periodicals that hethought will do more harm than good to the Italians: Libero Pensiero andIl Dovere.

105. RBFBS, vol. XXIV, 1870, p. 131.106. Ibid., p. 1.107. Canton, A history, p. 103.108. See D. Maselli, Tra risveglio e millennio. Storia delle chiese cristiane dei

fratelli, 1836–1886. Turin, 1974, pp. 169–170; and W.J. Hollenweger, ThePentecostals. Peabody, MA, 1972, pp. 85–93, 251–266.

109. Ibid., p. 140–141.110. Owen Chadwick wrote: ‘If there was to be a unified Italian State, it had to

include Rome. That was not the same as saying, for instance, that it mustinclude Nice; the name of Rome was magical in the history of Italians. Onceit had ruled the world. A movement for the unity of Italy could not stopshort at Rome, Rome had to be the goal’, in Chadwick, A history of the Popes,p. 151.

111. F. Harrison, Fortnightly Review, 53, pp. 702–721, cit. in Pemble, TheMediterranean passion, p. 173.

112. H.I. Shapiro (ed.), Ruskin in Italy: letters to his parents. Oxford, 1872,pp. 198–202, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, pp. 172–173.

113. Harrison, Fortnightly Review, 53, pp. 702–721, cit. in Pemble, TheMediterranean passion, p. 173.

114. A. Buckland, Beyond the Estrelles, vol. ii, pp. 114–115; A. Hare, Florence.London, 1890 (3rd edition), p. 3, both cit. in Pemble, The Mediterraneanpassion, pp. 173–174.

115. Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 174.116. Bruce to Rev. Jackson, 22 September 1870, Agents Book no. 128, RBFBS,

pp. 341–342. See also Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti, p. 381.

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Notes to pp. 159–163 265

117. Mr Bruce to Rev. Bergne, 24 September 1870, Agents Book no. 128, RBFBS,p. 344.

118. Spini, Studi sull’evangelismo italiano, p. 87.119. Ricca, ‘Minoranze cristiane nell’Italia unita’, in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia,

vol. I, p. 113.120. Spini, Studi sull’evangelismo italiano, p. 163.121. On the different translations of the Bible in Italian, see D. Garrone, ‘Bibbie

d’Italia. La traduzione dei testi biblici in italiano tra Otto e Novecento’, andon the diffusion of the Bible in Italy, see M. Cignoni, ‘Bibbia: la diffusione’,both in Melloni, Cristiani d’Italia, vol. I, pp. 423–436, 437–448.

122. See Mr Bruce to Rev. Bergne, 28 February 1869, Agents Book no. 119, RBFBS,pp. 197–199.

123. A. Asor Rosa, ‘La cultura’, in Storia d’Italia: dall’Unità ad oggi. Vol. IV. Turin,1975, p. 927. See also Biagini, ‘Citizenship and religion in the Italianconstitutions’, p. 216.

124. P. Brand and L. Pertile, The Cambridge history of Italian literature. Cambridge,1996, p. 471.

125. Asor Rosa, ‘La cultura’, p. 927.126. Brand and Pertile, Cambridge history of Italian literature, p. 436.127. S. Chistolini, Comparazione e sperimentazione in pedagogia. Milan, 2001,

p. 46. See also T. de Mauro, Storia linguistica dell’Italia unita. Bari, 1970, p. 43.128. Hall, ‘Alessandro Gavazzi’, p. 356.129. The Protestant Magazine, vol. XXV, 3 March 1865, p. 32.130. See G. Pécout, Il lungo Risorgimento. La nascita dell’Italia contemporanea

(1770–1922). Milan, 1999, pp. 292–295. See also G.P. Romagnani, ‘ItalianProtestants’, in R. Liedtke and S.Wendehorst (eds.), The emancipation ofCatholics, Jews and Protestants minorities in the nation state in nineteenth-century Europe. Manchester and New York, 1999, pp. 148–168.

131. For a history of Italian Protestantism after 1870 see Giorgio Spini, ItaliaLiberale e protestanti.

132. The democratic left supported such a proposition, but the majority of theChamber of Deputies voted against it and approved a simple statementthat stipulated that the Government would abstain from any interferencein all religions professed in the Kingdom of Italy, in Spini, Risorgimento eprotestanti, p. 384.

133. Spini, Risorgimento e protestanti, p. 385.134. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 166.135. Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 210 (1872), col. 1786–1790.136. Transactions of the Protestant Educational Institute. London, 1872, pp. 3–6.137. Ibid., pp. 29–30.138. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 167.139. RBFBS, vol. XXII, 1866, p. 104.140. P. Villari, ‘Di chi è la colpa? O sia la pace o sia la guerra’, Il Politecnico,

September 1866.141. Ibid.142. Villari, ‘Di chi è la colpa?’, cit. in Patriarca, ‘Indolence and regeneration’,

p. 407. On the disappointment of many Italian intellectuals after the uni-fication, see A. Asor Rosa, ‘La cultura’, in Storia d’Italia, vol. 4, Dall’Unità aoggi. Turin, 1975, pp. 821–839.

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266 Notes to pp. 163–168

143. Viroli, Come se Dio ci fosse, pp. 185–187, 196.144. RBFBS, vol. XXII, 1866, p. 103.145. Pitts, A turn to empire, pp. 20–21.146. See Chapter 1, above.147. Pasquale Villari to William Gladstone, BL, Gladstone Papers, add. MSS.

44448, f. 163, 7 November 1875.148. Ibid.149. R. Jouvenal, ‘Mazzarella, il Valdismo e la Riforma in Italia nel secolo XIX’,

Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, XLIII (1956), p. 419.150. In Stunt, ‘The “Via Media” ’, pp. 155–156.151. Canton has ironically written that some Italians ‘thought they cast no

reflection on their forefathers by becoming atheists, but imagined theywould greatly dishonour them by becoming Protestants’, in Canton,A history, p. 126.

5 Protestant foreign relations and the last yearsof the Roman Question, 1865–1875

1. United Presbyterian Magazine, 9 (August 1865), p. 380.2. ‘When Eva moved, and bit the apple / Jesus to save man, made himself a

man / But the Vicar of Christ, the Ninth Pius / To enslave man, wants tomake himself God.’ This was a pasquinade often delivered publicly in Romeduring the First Vatican Council, in F.A. Gregorovius, Römische Tagebücher.Stuttgart, 1893, entry for 12 March 1870, cit. in E.P. Noether, ‘Vatican Coun-cil I: its political and religious setting’, Journal of Modern History, 40:2 (June1968), p. 231.

3. In Bebbington, The mind of Gladstone, p. 117.4. Costantino Nigra to Marco Minghetti, 21 April 1864, in Chadwick, A history

of the Popes, p. 165.5. Lord John Russell to Odo Russell, London, TNA, FO 43/91B – 10, 17 Octo-

ber 1864.6. Ibid., 17 October 1864.7. Odo Russell to John Russell, TNA, FO 43/91B – 31 December 1864.8. In M. Minghetti, La Convenzione di Settembre. Bologna, 1899, p. 204.9. Cadorna to Visconti Venosta, DDI, series II, vol. I, pp. 387–399 – 4 Novem-

ber 1870.10. Gladstone to Manning, 26 December 1864 – BL, Gladstone Papers, Add.

MSS 44248, ff. 238–239.11. In Emanuele d’Azeglio to Alfonso Lamarmora, ASMAE, Busta Londra,

Rome – 12 November 1864.12. As early as 20 July 1864 Lord John Russell had sent a despatch to Henry

Elliot, British representative in Turin, to inform him that Her Majesty’s Gov-ernment view was that after the death of Pius IX the Italian Government‘ought to endeavour to come to some understanding with the Emperor ofthe French as to his position with respect of Italy’, in Lord Russell to HenryElliot, TNA, FO 45/55 – 20 July 1864.

13. Ibid.14. Lord John Russell to Henry Elliot, TNA, FO 45/55 – 28 September 1864.

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Notes to pp. 168–173 267

15. D’Azeglio to Lamarmora (writing of a conversation between Earl Russell andthe French Ambassador in London), ASMAE – 17 February 1865.

16. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 43/91B – 22 November 1864.17. Ibid.18. Ibid.19. In C.A. Jemolo, La Questione romana. Milan, 1938, p. 69.20. Ibid., pp. 69–70.21. Odo Russell to Lord Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/77 – 17 January 1865.22. Ibid., 31 January 1865.23. Ibid; and Blakiston, Roman Question, p. 306.24. Lord John Russell to Odo Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/111 – 20 February 1865.25. Clifton ‘was one of the best of the English bishops’ and, at the Vatican

Council of 1869, ‘he was totally against the definition of infallibility’, inChadwick, A history of the Popes, p. 207.

26. Lord John Russell to Odo Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/111 – 20 February1865.

27. Ibid.28. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 43/94A – 1 March 1865.29. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 43/94A – 4 May 1865.30. Lord John Russell to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 4394A – 5 May 1865.31. Ibid.32. Earl Russell to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 43/94A – 6 May 1865; and Earl Russell

to Odo Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/111 – 8 May 1865.33. Odo Russell to Earl Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/77 – 17 May 1865.34. Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and the temporal power’, p. 240.35. See H.E. Manning, The temporal power of the Vicar of Jesus Christ. 2nd ed.

London, 1862; H.E. Manning, Christ and Antichrist. A sermon at the Massof Requiem for those who fell in defence of Rome. London, 1867; and H.E.Manning, Rome and the Revolution. London, 1867.

36. Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and the temporal power’, p. 241.37. Ibid., p. 242.38. Manning, The temporal power, p. xxxix.39. Ibid., p. 225, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and the Temporal Power’,

p. 244. See J. de Maistre, Du Pape. Lyons, 1819.40. Manning, Christ and Antichrist, p. 6, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and

the temporal power’, p. 244.41. Manning, Christ and Antichrist, p. 6, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and

the temporal power’, p. 244.42. Manning, The temporal power, p. 129.43. Manning to Gladstone, BL, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS 44248, CLXII, fo.

152 – 4 September 1861, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and thetemporal power’, p. 245.

44. Manning, Christ and Antichrist, p. 5, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning andthe temporal power’, p. 245.

45. O. Wright, ‘ “The pleasantest post in the service?” Contrasting Britishdiplomatic and consular experiences in early Liberal Italy’, in B. Schaff(ed.), Exiles, émigrés and intermediaries. Anglo-Italian cultural transactions.Amsterdam, 2010, pp. 145–146.

46. On the ‘civilisational perspective’ see ‘Introduction’ and Chapter 1.

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268 Notes to pp. 173–178

47. G. Waterfield, Layard of Niveh. London, 1963, p. 426, cit. in Wright, ‘Thepleasantest post in the service?’, p. 146.

48. Lord Clarendon to Sir Augustus Paget, TNA, FO 361/1 – 1 March 1870.49. Paget to Hammond, Hammond Papers, TNA, FO 391/23 – 29 Septem-

ber 1870.50. Paget to Granville, Correspondence respecting the affairs of Rome: 1870–71,

BPP, 1871 LXXII 223, pp. 2–3, cit. in Wright, ‘British foreign policy and theItalian occupation of Rome’, p. 172.

51. See Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 361/1 – 28 March 1870;and Emanuele D’Azeglio to Count Menabrea, ASMAE, Busta Londra –8 February 1869.

52. In G.P. Gooch, The later correspondence of Lord John Russell 1840–78. London,1925, vol. II, p. 292.

53. Ibid., pp. 292–293.54. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 43/94A – 10 December 1865.

Emphasis in the original.55. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 43/96A – 6 March 1866.56. Matthew, Gladstone, p. 182–183.57. Odo Russell to Earl Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/16 – 28 March 1866.58. In Blakiston, The Roman Question, pp. 323–324.59. Earl Russell to Odo Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/16 – 4 June 1866.60. Ibid.61. Archbishop Cullen to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome –

30 September 1866, f. 255, and 14 August 1866, f. 188.62. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 43/96B – 19 June 1866.63. Ibid.64. Ibid.65. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 43/96B – 12 June 1866.66. Ibid.67. See John Pope Hennessy, ‘Political News’, in ASV, Segreteria di Stato, 1866,

n. 39747.68. In Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church, pp. 38–39.69. In Emanuele d’Azeglio to Visconti Venosta, ASMAE, Busta Londra –

21/11/1866; and d’Azeglio to Visconti Venosta, ibid. – 22/10/1866.70. Wolffe, The Protestant crusade in Great Britain, p. 297.71. Emanuele d’Azeglio to Visconti Venosta, ASMAE, Archivio Visconti

Venosta, fol. 5-9/C – 14 July 1866.72. Blakiston, Roman Question, p. 336.73. Lord Stanley to Lord Bloomfield, TNA, FO 356/33 – 1 August 1866.74. See ASV, Segreteria di Stato, envelope 229, ff. 42852 and 42880 – 1866.75. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, TNA, FO 43/96B – 30 November 1866. The

Pope thus expressed his feelings towards English statesmen: ‘I like butdo not understand Gladstone; I understand but I do not like Cardwell;I like and understand Lord Clarendon; neither I like nor I under-stand the Duke of Argyll’, in Morley, Life of William Ewart Gladstone,vol. II, p. 218.

76. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, TNA, FO 43/96B – 8 August 1866.77. Ibid. – 4 December 1866.78. Ibid. – 8 August 1866.

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Notes to pp. 178–181 269

79. Pius IX grew increasingly hostile to Liberal Catholicism and, in 1874, hesentenced that ‘Liberal Catholicism is to keep a foot in truth and one inerror, a foot in the Church and one in secularism, a foot with me and onewith my enemies’, in Aubert, Il pontificato di Pio IX, vol. I, p. 407.

80. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, TNA, FO 43/99A – 23 February 1867.81. A. Mario, La questione religiosa di ieri e di oggi. Florence, 1867, p. 49, cit.

in Borutta, ‘Anti-Catholicism and the culture war in Risorgimento Italy’,p. 206.

82. Odo Russell to Earl Cowley, TNA, FO 519/205 – 27 March 1867. See alsoCardinal Antonelli’s note, ASV, Segreteria di Stato, 1870, f. 52056.

83. A copy of the proclamation is in Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, TNA, FO43/99A – 6 April 1867.

84. Ibid.85. The conclusion of the document does not leave room for any medi-

ation, and it is a remarkable piece of propaganda which Russellreported in the original Italian: ‘Uniamoci e vogliamo. Volere è potere –Vogliamo – ed il potere temporale del Papa avrà cessato di esistere; e labandiera italiana dall’alto dei sette colli saluterà Roma Capitale d’Italia,’in ibid.

86. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, TNA, FO 43/99A – 24 April 1867.87. Odo Russell to Earl Cowley, TNA, FO 519/205 – 10 April 1867.88. In R. Mori, Il tramonto del potere temporale. Rome, 1967, p. 232.89. Riall, Garibaldi, p. 349.90. Ibid., p. 250. See Verucci, L’Italia laica prima e dopo l’Unita‘.91. Archbishop Cullen to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome –

18 October 1867, f. 384.92. Ibid.93. Sir Augustus Paget was British Minister to Italy from 1867 to 1876, and

British Ambassador to Italy from 1876 to 1883 (after the upgrading ofthe British mission). Of him the Earl of Granville said: ‘Paget has alwaysappeared to be . . . a grumbling Tory, but in Italian matters as Anti papalas possible.’ In A. Ramm (ed.), The Gladstone–Granville correspondence.Cambridge, 1998, p. 341 – Granville to Gladstone, 20 August 1872 andGladstone to Granville, 21 August 1872. See also G. Stopiti, Sir AugustoBerkeley-Paget, ambasciatore della Gran Bretagna presso la R. corte d’Italia.Rome, 1883.

94. Lord Stanley to Sir Augustus Paget, TNA, FO 45/103 – 22 October 1867.95. Ibid.96. Lord Stanley to Paget, TNA, FO 45/103 – 23 October 1867.97. Archbishop Cullen to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome –

29 October 1867, f. 395.98. Paget to Lord Stanley, TNA, FO 45/103 – 27, 28 October 1867.99. Lord Stanley to Paget, TNA, FO 45/103 – 29 October 1867, cit. in K. Bourne,

‘The British Government and the proposed Roman Conference of 1867’, inRassegna storica del Risorgimento, (1956), n. 43, vol. IV, p. 762.

100. In Riall, Garibaldi, p. 350.101. D. McGettigan to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome –

31 December 1867, f. 475.102. In Riall, Garibaldi, p. 351.

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270 Notes to pp. 181–185

103. Ibid.; and in D. Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento.London, 1971, p. 352.

104. The Economist, 11 April 1863, p. 394.105. Hansard, III series, vol. CXC, col. 4.106. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, TNA, FO 43/99B – 13 November 1867.107. Ibid. – 15 November 1867.108. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, FO 43/99B – 11 December 1867.109. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 85.110. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, in Blakiston, The Roman Question,

pp. 349–350 – 21 January 1868.111. On the Fenian Brotherhood, see Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman

Catholic Church, pp. 394–438.112. Ibid. The Scottish hierarchy would eventually be re-established on 15 March

1878 by Pope Leo XIII.113. In Blakiston, Roman Question, p. 348.114. Lord Clarendon to Earl Russell, TNA, PRO 30/22/16 – 1 January 1868;

and Clarendon to Gladstone, Gladstone Papers, BL, add. Mss 44133, ff.118–121 – 26 June 1868.

115. Emanuele D’Azeglio to Luigi Federico Menabrea, ASMAE, busta Londra1868 – 22 January 1868.

116. All we know is that he professed to detest evangelicals, and he once wrotethat he was ‘no sceptic . . . [I] believe in the resurrection of man and hisadmission to paradise’, in H.E. Maxwell, Life and letters of George WilliamFrederick, fourth Earl of Clarendon. London, 1913, vol. II, p. 362. This was,to say the least, a very cautious theological position for a man to hold inmid-Victorian Britain.

117. See Matthew, Gladstone 1809–1874, p. 246.118. Odo Russell to Lord Stanley, in Blakiston, The Roman Question, p. 348 –

13 January 1868.119. On Patrick Lavelle, see Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic

Church, pp. 394–399.120. A couple of years later Odo Russell would write to the Earl of Clarendon:

‘The Irish Bishops are a hopeless set of humbugs, talking one way, writ-ing another and acting a third, ignorant, cunning and deceitful likeNeapolitans,’ in Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, Bod., Clarendon Papers,C. 487 – 10 April 1870.

121. Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, p. 86; and C. Barr, ‘Paul Cullen,Italy and the Irish Catholic imagination, 1826–70’, in Barr, Finelli andO’Connor, Nation/Nazione, p. 145.

122. In C. Barr, ‘Giuseppe Mazzini and Irish nationalism, 1845–70’, in Baylyand Biagini, Giuseppe Mazzini and the globalisation of democratic nationalism,p. 141.

123. Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, p. 86.124. In Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church, pp. 402–403.125. Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, pp. 86–87.126. Barr, ‘Giuseppe Mazzini and Irish nationalism, 1845–70’, in Bayly and

Biagini, Giuseppe Mazzini and the globalisation of democratic nationalism,p. 141.

127. Matsumoto-Best, ‘Odo Russell’s mission to Rome’, pp. 143–144.

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Notes to pp. 185–187 271

128. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, in Blakiston, The Roman Question, p. 32 – 22January 1866.

129. Correspondance de Rome, 10 January 1868, in Odo Russell to Lord Stanley,TNA, FO 43/101 – 13 January 1868.

130. Archbishop Cullen to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome – 15November 1867, f. 417.

131. Archbishop Cullen to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome – 24November 1867, f. 425.

132. Freeman’s Journal, 30 December 1864.133. See, for example, Archbishop Cullen to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias

Kirby, IC, Rome – 3 April 1868, f. 112; and ibid. 15 April 1868, f. 126.134. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 475 (4) – 25

January 1869.135. Ibid., my emphasis.136. Ibid.137. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, in Blakiston, The Roman Question,

pp. 379–381 – 13 January 1870.138. Ibid.139. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, in Blakiston, The Roman Question, p. 385 –

24 January 1870.140. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 918/2 – 8 January 1870.141. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 475 (4) – 27

December 1868.142. In Noether, ‘Vatican Council I’, p. 227.143. Ibid., p. 228.144. See Gladstone to Lord Granville, in Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspon-

dence, p. 88. See also R. Hill, Lord Acton. New Haven, 2000; and H.C.G.Matthew, The Gladstone diaries, vol. 7. Oxford, 1982.

145. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 487 – 5May 1869.

146. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 487 – 16June 1869.

147. Gladstone to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 918/1 – 21 May 1869.148. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 475 (4) – 28

June 1869.149. In Buschkühl, Great Britain and the Holy See, p. 152.150. Buschkühl, Great Britain and the Holy See, p. 141.151. Odo Russell to Lord John Russell, TNA, FO 43/91A – 15 January 1864.152. The majority of the members of the opposition came from the most con-

servative regions of Catholic Europe, where the impact of the FrenchRevolution had been minimal and where there was resistance to theidea that the world had changed and that the church needed to adaptto this new state of things. These were, in fact, also the regionswhere Ultramontanism was weakest. See Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism anddemocracy, p. 72.

153. Felix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup was the Bishop of Orléans. See OdoRussell to Lord Clarendon, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 487 – 8 December1869; and Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 43/103B – 8 Decem-ber 1869.

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272 Notes to pp. 188–193

154. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, in Blakiston, The Roman Question, p. 396 –20 February 1870.

155. In D. Mathew, Lord Acton and his times. London, 1968, p. 53.156. Lord Acton to Gladstone, Lord Acton Papers, University Library,

Cambridge, letter no. 102, 8119 (9) – undated.157. See Norman, ‘Cardinal Manning and the temporal power’, pp. 253–254.158. C. Sylvest, ‘British liberal historians and the primacy of internationalism’,

in Mulligan and Simms, The primacy of foreign policy, p. 220.159. The Rambler, new series, I (May 1859), p. 103, cit. in Norman, ‘Cardinal

Manning and the temporal power’, p. 254. On Newman, see E. Sidenvall,After anti-Catholicism? John Henry Newman and Protestant Britain, 1845–c.1890. London, 2005.

160. Odo Russell to Arthur Russell, TNA, FO 918/84 – 12 and 16 March 1867.161. Ibid.162. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 475 9 –

13 December 1869.163. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 487 – 18 Decem-

ber 1869.164. Ibid., 151.165. Chadwick, A History of the Popes, pp. 193–194.166. ‘[Acton’s] marvellous knowledge, honesty of purpose, clearness of mind

and powers of organisation have rendered possible what appeared atfirst impossible.’ Russell admired Acton’s ‘creation . . . his genius’, in OdoRussell to Lord Clarendon, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 487 – 24 January1870.

167. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 43/106 – 12 February 1870.168. Ibid.169. Ibid.170. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 43/106 – 15 February 1870.171. Ibid.172. E. Norman, The English Catholic Church in the nineteenth century. Oxford,

1984, p. 267.173. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, Bod., Clarendon Papers, C. 487 – 20 Febru-

ary 1870.174. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 361/1 – 1 March 1870.175. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 361/1 – 1 March 1870.176. Chadwick, A history of the Popes, p. 208.177. Chadwick, A history of the Popes, p. 208.178. Odo Russell to Lord Clarendon, TNA, FO 43/108 – 19 May 1870.179. Ibid.180. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 361/1 – 30 May 1870.181. Lord Clarendon to Odo Russell, TNA, FO 43/105 – 24 June 1870.182. Odo Russell to Earl Granville, TNA, FO 43/108 – 18 July 1870.183. The Times, 18 April 1871, p. 9.184. Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 195 (1869), col. 862.185. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England, p. 133.186. Biagini, Liberty, retrenchment and reform, p. 226.187. Wright, ‘The pleasantest post in the service?’, p. 149.188. In Blakiston, Roman Question, p. 270.

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Notes to pp. 193–197 273

189. Earl Granville to Clarke Jervoise, TNA, FO 43/105 – 21 August 1870.190. See Wright, ‘British foreign policy and the Italian occupation of Rome’,

p. 163.191. See F. Engel-Janosi, ‘The Roman Question in the diplomatic negotiations of

1869–70’, The Review of Politics, 3:3 (July 1941), pp. 319–349.192. Mr Jervoise to Earl Granville, TNA, FO 43/109 – 8 August 1870. See also

Sir Augustus Paget to Earl Granville, ‘Correspondence respecting the affairsof Rome’, House of Commons Accounts and Papers (1871), vol. LXXII –3 August 1870.

193. Ibid.194. Mr Jervoise to Earl Granville, TNA, FO 43/109 – 27 August 1870.195. Marco Minghetti to Visconti Venosta, DDI, series I, vol. XIII, p. 304 – 1

August 1870.196. Minghetti to Visconti Venosta, DDI, series I, vol. XIII, p. 349 – 16

August 1870.197. Paget to Earl Granville, ‘Correspondence respecting the affairs of Rome’,

House of Commons Accounts and Papers (1871), vol. LXXII – 28 August 1870.198. Mr Jervoise to Earl Granville, TNA, 43/109 – 10, 11 September 1870.199. See Mr Jervoise to Earl Granville, TNA, FO 43/109 – 11 September 1870.200. Mr Jervoise to Earl Granville, TNA, FO 43/109 – 14, 15 September 1870.201. Mr Jervoise to Earl Granville, TNA, FO 43/109 – 11 September 1870.202. Cadorna to Visconti Venosta, DDI, series I, vol. XIII, p. 538 – 13 Septem-

ber 1870.203. In Ramm, The Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 128.204. In ibid., p. 132.205. In Chadwick, A history of the Popes, p. 217.206. Lord Graville to Paget, TNA, PRO 30/29/112 – 22 September 1870.207. Cadorna to Visconti Venosta, DDI, series II, vol. I, p. 14.208. Paget to Granville, Correspondence respecting the affairs of Rome: 1870–71,

BPP, 1871 LXXII 223, pp. 2–3 – 3 August 1870, cit. in O. Wright, ‘Britishforeign policy and the Italian occupation of Rome, 1870’, The InternationalHistory Review, 34:1 (2012), p. 172.

209. In Urban, British opinion and policy on the Unification of Italy, p. 607.210. In Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 188.211. In ibid.212. In ibid. See Chabod, Italian foreign policy, pp. 115–116.213. In Finlayson, The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, pp. 494–495.214. See Lamberts, The Black International. See also Sarlin, ‘The Anti-

Risorgimento as a transnational experience’, pp. 89–90.215. E. Lamberts, ‘L’Internationale noire. Une organisation secrete au service du

Saint-Siège’, in Lamberts, The Black International, pp. 15–101.216. Gillooly to Gladstone, BL, Gladstone Papers, Add. MS. 44428, f. 239 –

30 November 1870, cit. in Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, p. 414.217. In Wright, ‘British foreign policy and the Italian occupation of Rome’,

p. 167.218. The Times, 22 September 1870, p. 7.219. Ibid.220. Ibid.221. The Times, 28 September 1870, p. 9.

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274 Notes to pp. 197–201

222. Daily Telegraph, 22 September 1870, p. 7; and 24 September 1870, p. 5.223. See Manning to Gladstone, BL, Gladstone Papers, Add. MSS 44249, 206-7 –

22 September 1870.224. Ibid. John Delane’s influence over British politics was considerable, espe-

cially during Palmerston’s premierships, as the two enjoyed a close politicalrelationship. During Delane’s editorship, The Times became the first ‘globalnewspaper’. See L. Fenton, Palmerston and The Times: foreign policy, the pressand public opinion in mid-Victorian Britain. London, 2013.

225. In Earl of Granard to T. Kirby, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome –1 January 1871, f. 2.

226. Ibid.227. Gladstone to Mr Bennet, copy in Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome –

11 April 1871, f. 67.228. Manning to Gladstone, BL, Gladstone Papers, Add. MSS 44249, 228–229 –

14 October 1870; and Gladstone to Manning, Gladstone Papers, Add. MSS44249, 231–235 – 18 October 1870.

229. In C.E. Smith (ed.), Journals and correspondence of Lady Eastlake. Vol.ii. London, 1895, p. 218, cit. in Pemble, The Mediterranean passion, p. 229.

230. See Cadorna to Visconti Venosta, DDI, series II, vol. I, pp. 74–76.231. Tobias Kirby to Earl of Granard, Papers of Rector Tobias Kirby, IC, Rome –

23 April 1871, f. 83.232. For an interpretation of the British government’s decision to maintain a

warship at the port of Civitavecchia, see Wright, ‘British foreign policy andthe Italian occupation of Rome’, pp. 161–176.

233. In Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 314 – 3 March 1872.234. J. Locke, A letter concerning toleration. London, 1689. See Perreau-Saussine,

‘French Catholic political thought’, pp. 150–151.235. In R. Shannon, Gladstone: God and politics. London, 2007, p. 263.236. In Perreau-Saussine, ‘French Catholic political thought’, p. 157, 162.237. In Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 458 – 2 November 1874.238. In Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 458 – 2 November 1874.239. In ibid., pp. 458–459 – 10 November 1874.240. W.E. Gladstone, The Vatican Decrees in their bearing on civil allegiance.

London, 1874, p. 3.241. Ibid., p. 5.242. Ibid., p. 6.243. Ibid., p. 11.244. In Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 215.245. Ibid.246. Gladstone, The Vatican Decrees, pp. 36–37.247. Ibid., p. 17.248. Ibid., p. 18.249. Morley, Life of Gladstone, vol. 2, p. 516.250. D. Bebbington, William Ewart Gladstone. Faith and politics in Victorian

Britain. Grand Rapids, 1995, p. 229. The pamphlet had a wide echothroughout Europe. For reactions in Italy, see M. Belardinelli, ‘Gladstonee la polemica contro la “Chiesa di Roma”: I riflessi in Italia (1874–1877)’, inO. Confessore and M. Casella, Per la ricerca e l’insegnamento. Studi in onore diFausto Fonzi. Lecce, 1999.

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Notes to pp. 202–205 275

251. In Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in mid-Victorian England,pp. 191–192.

252. A. Capecelatro, Gladstone e gli effetti dei Decreti Vaticani. Florence, 1875,pp. 7–8.

253. Ibid., p. 50.254. Ibid., p. 60.255. In Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England, p. 102.256. Ibid., p. 103.257. H.E. Manning, The Vatican Decrees in their bearing on civil allegiance. London,

1875.258. Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy, p. 67.259. H.E. Manning, Caesarism and Ultramontanism. London, 1874, pp. 58–59, cit.

in Perreau-Saussine, ‘French Catholic political thought’, pp. 150–151.260. Perreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy, pp. 46, 64.261. E. Ollivier, L’église et l’état au concile du Vatican. Vol. II. Paris, 1879, p. 374,

cit. in Perreau-Saussine, ‘French Catholic political thought’, p. 162. See alsoPerreau-Saussine, Catholicism and democracy, p. 61.

262. R. Aubert, Vatican I. Paris, 1964, pp. 172–178, cit. in Perreau-Saussine,‘French Catholic political thought’, p. 162.

263. Perreau-Saussine, ‘French Catholic political thought’, p. 164.264. J.H. Newman, A letter addressed to His Grace the Duke of Norfolk on occasion

of Mr. Gladstone’s recent expostulation. London, 1875.265. A. Ryan (ed.), Newman and Gladstone: The Vatican Decrees. South Bend,

IN, 1962, p. 76. See also H. Jenkins, ‘The Irish Dimension of the BritishKulturkampf: Vaticanism and Civil Allegiance 1870–1875’, The Journal ofEcclesiastical History, 30:3 (1979), pp. 353–377.

266. In Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 461 – 7 December 1874.267. W.E. Gladstone, Vaticanism: an answer to replies and reproofs. London, 1875.

Vaticanism was not Gladstone’s last pamphlet on Roman Catholicism, forhe continued to write about the Catholic Church and the Italian State longafter that. Already in October 1875 he returned to the subject and publishedthe important ‘Italy and her Church’ in the Church Quarterly Review.

268. In Ramm, Gladstone–Granville correspondence, p. 463 – 14 December 1874.269. Lord Elmy to Gladstone, BL, Gladstone Papers, Add. MSS 44152, 235 –

10 October 1874; in Shannon, Gladstone, p. 266.270. In D. Bebbington, The mind of Gladstone. Oxford, 2004, p. 226.271. In D.M. Schreuder, ‘Gladstone and Italian unification, 1848–70’, English

Historical Review, LXXXV (1970), p. 494.272. Ibid.273. Ibid.274. Shannon, ‘Gladstone, la Chiesa Cattolica Romana e l’Italia’, p. 178.275. See Chapters 2 and 4.276. Hansard, 3rd series, ccxiv, c. 1863.277. Paul Cullen to Hugh Tarpey, Cullen papers, Catholic Archdiocese of

Dublin – 5 November 1877, cit. in Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland,p. 459.

278. Morley, Life of Gladstone, vol. II, p. 179, cit in Norman, The Catholic Churchand Ireland, p. 459, n. 5.

279. In MacSuibhne, Paul Cullen and his contemporaries, vol. V, p. 247.

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276 Notes to pp. 206–212

280. The 1886 bill, however, cost Gladstone the almost unanimous hostility ofUlster Protestants. See Wolffe, The Protestant crusade in Great Britain, p. 297;and J. Loughlin, Gladstone, Home Rule and the Ulster Question. Dublin, 1986.

281. McIntire, England against the Papacy, p. 3.282. Among Western countries, Italy has some of the highest levels of ‘func-

tional illiteracy’, i.e. in 2014 between 45 per cent and 70 per centof Italian adults were unable to interpret a simple text or to performbasic mathematical calculations. See http://www.isfol.it/primo-piano/i-dati-dellindagine-isf ol-piaac http://www.repubblica.it/scuola/2013/10/08/news/boeri-68188448/; and http://www.repubblica.it/scuola/2013/10/08/news/ocse_gli_adulti_non_sanno_leggere_e_far_di_conto_dalle_indagini_italia_ultima_in_europa-681 87622/ [all accessed on 10 March 2014].

Conclusion: ‘Great’ because Protestant, ‘Oriental’because Catholic

1. The Times, Christmas Eve editorial, 24 December 1873, p. 9.2. Gertrude Himmelfarb, cit. in I. Whelan, The Bible War in Ireland. Dublin,

2005, p. 273.3. K.T. Hoppen, The mid-Victorian generation. Oxford, 1998, p. 427; and Hilton,

A mad, bad and dangerous people?, p. 690. See also Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo erinascita cattolica’, p. 43; and W.L. Arnstein, ‘The Religious Issue in Mid-Victorian Politics: A Note on a Neglected Source’, Albion, Vol. 6, No. 2(Summer, 1974), pp. 134–143.

4. Whelan, The Bible War, p. 270.5. Ibid., p. 271.6. Ibid.7. See Barr, Finelli and O’Connor, Nation/Nazione.8. Whelan, The Bible War, pp. 267–288.9. Ibid., p. 268.

10. See J. Coakley, ‘The religious roots of Irish nationalism’, Social Compass, 58:1(2011), pp. 95–114. See also M. Kelly, ‘Languages of radicalism, race, and reli-gion in Irish nationalism: The French affinity, 1848–1871’, Journal of BritishStudies, 49:4 (2010), pp. 801–825; and E.F. Biagini, British democracy and Irishnationalism, 1876–1906. Cambridge, 2007.

11. Clark, ‘Protestantism, nationalism, and national identity’, p. 274.12. On the ‘invention’ of nations, see Hobsbawm, Nations and nationalism since

1780; Gellner, Nations and nationalism; and Anderson, Imagined communities.See also Breuilly, Nationalism and the State; and Smith, Nationalism and mod-ernism. Essential remain Renan, ‘What is a nation?’, in Eley and Grigor Suny,Becoming national and Deutsch, Nationalism and its alternatives.

13. See Riall, ‘Martyr-cults in nineteenth-century Italy’, pp. 255–287; C.E.Harrison, ‘Zouave stories: gender, Catholic spirituality, and French responsesto the Roman Question’, Journal of Modern History, LXXIX (2007),pp. 274–305; and Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, p. 40.

14. On evangelical globalisation see Bebbington, The dominance of evangelicalism,pp. 20–51.

15. Batalden, Cann and Dean, Sowing the word, p. 9.

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Notes to pp. 213–215 277

16. See ibid.; and S. Batalden, ‘The BFBS Petersburg agency and Russian bibli-cal translation, 1856–1875’, in Batalden, Cann and Dean, Sowing the word,pp. 169–196.

17. Ibid., p. 10.18. See Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, p. 43; and Parry, The politics

of patriotism, p. 387.19. P.L. Berger (ed.), The desecularization of the world. Resurgent religion and world

politics. Washington, DC, 1999, p. 2.20. O. Tschannen, Les théorie de la sécularisation. Geneva, 1992.21. See Beales, England and Italy; and Balzani, ‘Luigi Carlo Farini nella rivoluzione

nazionale’, p. 270.22. The Economist, 11 April 1863, p. 394. Compare with ‘Why Silvio Berlusconi

is unfit to lead Italy’, The Economist, 26 April 2001.23. Ibid.24. Farini, Lo Stato romano, p. 340.25. Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, p. 50; and

Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, p. 44.26. Larkin, The consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, p. 5027. Riall, ‘Anticattolicesimo e rinascita cattolica’, p. 44.

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Select Bibliography

The following is a selection of the primary sources cited and used in the book.Full bibliographical references are to be found in the endnotes.

Manuscripts

Archivio Centrale dello Stato, RomeEmilio Visconti Venosta papers

Archivio del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, RomeCorrespondence of the Sardinian Legation in London

Archivio Storico della Tavola Valdese, Torre Pellice

Bodleian Library, OxfordEarl of Clarendon papers

British Library, LondonEarl of Aberdeen papersWilliam E. Gladstone papersSir Anthony Panizzi papers

Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento Italiano, RomeJessie White Mario papers

John Ryland University Library of ManchesterChristian Brethren Archive

National Archives, KewAdmiralty Records (ADM 1)Baron Ampthill papers (FO 918)Correspondence respecting the relations of Great Britain with Rome (F.O. 881/65)Earl Cowley papers (FO 519)Earl Granville papers (PRO 30/29)Earl Russell papers (PRO 30/22)General Correspondence, Italian States and Rome (F.O. 43)General Correspondence, Italy (F.O. 45)

Pontifical Irish College Archives, RomeThomas Kirby papers

278

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Tyne and Wear Archives, NewcastleJoseph Cowen Collection

University Library, CambridgeBritish and Foreign Bible Society ArchivesBaron Acton papers

University of Glasgow Library, Special Collections Department,GlasgowJohn McAdam papers

Vatican Secret Archives, Vatican CityArchivio personale di Pio IXArchivio segreto del Segretario di Stato

Westminster College, CambridgeCumming Archives

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Documenti diplomatici italiani, Prima serie (1861–1870), vols. IV-XII. Rome,1973–90

Documenti diplomatici italiani, Seconda serie (1870–1876), vols. IV-VII. Rome,1976–84

Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd seriesParliamentary Papers, 1862, LXIII, Correspondence respecting Southern ItalyParliamentary Papers, 1862, LXIII, Papers relating to affairs of ItalyParliamentary Papers, 1862, LXIII, Papers on French occupation at RomeParliamentary Papers, 1863, LXXV, Further papers relative to affairs in RomeParliamentary Papers, 1863, LXXIV, Papers relating to brigandageParliamentary Papers, 1866, LXXVI, Correspondence respecting Ecclesiastical Corpo-

rations (suppression of)Parliamentary Papers, 1871, LXXV, Correspondence respecting affairs in Rome

1870-71Perticone, G. (ed.), La politica estera dell’Italia negli atti, documenti e discussioni

parlamentari dal 1861 al 1914, vol. I (1861-1876). Rome, 1971

Periodicals

Aberdeen JournalAchilli Missionary MagazineBaptist MagazineBaptist ReporterBee HiveBible Christian MagazineBritish and Foreign Evangelical Review

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British ProtestantBritish Quarterly ReviewBulwarkBuona NovellaCatholic Weekly InstructorChristian GuardianChristian ObserverChurch and State ReviewChurch Quarterly ReviewCiviltà cattolicaContemporary ReviewDaily NewsDaily TelegraphDublin ReviewEco della veritàEconomistEdinburgh ReviewEvangelical ChristendomEnglish Presbyterian MessengerExaminerFortnightly ReviewFree Church MagazineFreeman’s JournalGlasgow HeraldGuardianHome and Foreign ReviewIllustrated London NewsL’ItalieLiverpool MercuryLeeds MercuryLeeds TimesLondon City Mission MagazineMacmillan’s MagazineManchester CourierManchester ExaminerManchester GuardianMcComb’s Presbyterian AlmanackMethodist MagazineMethodist RecorderMorning AdvertiserMorning ChronicleMorning PostMorning StarNewcastle Daily ChronicleNewcastle Weekly ChronicleNew StatesmanNew York TimesNonconformistPall Mall GazetteProtestant Alliance

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Protestant ChurchmanProtestant MagazineProtestant WatchmanProtestant WitnessPunchQuarterly Record of Evangelisation in ItalyQuarterly ReviewRamblerRecordReformed Presbyterian MagazineReynolds’s NewspaperSaturday ReviewSpectatorSunday TimesTabletThe TimesUnited Presbyterian MagazineUnitarian HeraldVoice from ItalyWeekly RegisterWeekly TimesWesleyan Methodist MagazineWesleyan Review and Evangelical RecordWesleyan TimesWestminster Review

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Index

Aberdeen, Lord 142, 200Act of Settlement (1701) 47–8Acton, Baron John 134, 137,

188–90, 204Adami, Pietro 95Africa 3, 4, 10, 58, 60, 68; compared

with southern Italy 63, 65Aiton, Reverend John 82Albert, Prince 44Amherst, Bishop 188Amicis, Edmondo De Cuore 159–60Anglicans 17–18, 35, 36, 41, 44, 50,

184; in Italy 75–6, 80, 90;Manning 171

Anglo-Catholics 36, 41anticlericalism 2, 11, 23–4, 29, 39,

140; Fenians 184; Protestantism149–51

Antonelli, Cardinal Giacomo116–17, 171, 174, 182, 185, 192,194; Austria 175–6; SeptemberConvention 169, 170; Syllabus ofErrors 134; Vatican Council187, 189

Ardilaun of Ashton, Baron 92–3Aretini, Flora 94Argentina 157Armellini, Carlo 102Armitage, David 66Arnold, Matthew 59Arthur, William 85, 89Aspromonte skirmish 129Australia 14, 198Austria and Austrian Empire 5, 7, 10,

28, 123–4, 162–3, 175; alliancewith Pope 115; Clarendon 183;Italian antipathy 210; Italiantroops in Rome 198; Peel 139;reduction of influence 89;Roman Question 125, 128;Vatican Council 187; war (1866)175, 179

Balbo, Cesare 69, 70, 78Balkans 40, 66Balmes, Jaime 105Banti, Alberto M. 22–3, 27, 30, 32Baptist Missionary Society 151Baptists 17–18, 44, 85, 140, 149,

159–60Barletta massacre 151–4Barnabò, Cardinal Alessandro 184Barr, Colin 14Barsotti, Casimiro 145Batalden, Stephen 212Bavaria 106, 187, 189Bayly, Christopher 13Beales, Derek 120–21, 131–2Bebbington, David 50, 51Becker, Sascha O 155–6Beckwith, John Charles 79Belgium 71, 187Bell, Duncan 20, 72Berger, Peter 25, 213Betti, colporteur 84, 145–6Biagini, Eugenio F. 9, 21–2, 25–6, 52,

70–71, 97, 184Bible Societies 1, 10, 34, 45, 103,

209; missionaries and evangelism76–8, 81, 83; Scottish 77, 159;see also British and Foreign BibleSociety (BFBS)

Bibles 13, 17–18, 50, 52, 102; burnedand confiscated 81, 90, 107,144–5; dissemination 74, 77–80,93, 105, 141, 159, 210–11; duty ofpriests to explain 28; growth ofcirculation 81–8; illiteracy 148,155, 164; Mazzini jailed forreading one 83–4; sales 73,81–2, 91–2, 97, 146, 152–4,159–60; translated into Italian103, 107, 159

Bilio, Cardinal Luigi 133Bismarck, Otto von 47, 201

290

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Index 291

Bixio, Nino 4Black, Jeremy 41Black International 74, 196Blake, Robert 17Bohemia 187Bonald, Louis de 99Borioni, Francesco 100Borromeo, Cardinal 44Bourbons 30, 60, 88, 91,

117, 178Boyer MP, Sir George

122, 128Brazil 157Bright, John 45British Empire 2, 4, 10, 18, 58, 65–6,

213; Catholicism 14–16, 66;cultural imperialism 54–6, 63;Ireland 15–16, 210;post-Chartist attitude 70–71

British and Foreign Bible Society(BFBS) 15, 74–7, 81–8, 91,150–51, 212–13; anti-Catholicism31; anti-Protestantism 100,102–3, 105; Barletta massacre152; Bible sales 152, 159;indifference and superstition146; Ireland 15; missionaries74–7, 140, 145, 164; Protestantentry into Rome 157, 159;Sicily 96

British Methodist MissionarySociety 85

British Society for Promoting theReligious Principles of theReformation 76

Broers, Michael 48Browne MP, Des 47Bruce, Thomas Humble 87, 88–9,

142, 146–7, 160; causes ofanti-Protestantism 155–7

Buckland, Anne 158Burke, Edmund 66, 114Buscarlet, Reverend AF 90Buselli, Remigio 104

Cadorna, General Carlo 194,195, 198

Caesarism 203Calvinism 17, 28, 36, 107–8, 159

Canada 185Canton, William 157Capecelatro, Alfonso 202Cardon, Raffaele 162Carnarvon, Earl of 170Castelfidaro 6Catholicism and Catholics 1–2,

8–11, 40–43, 178; anticlericalism149–51; antipathy in Britain36–9, 40–43, 46–50, 143–4,208–15; antipathy in BritishEmpire 14–16, 66; antipathy inScotland 8, 39, 42;anti-Protestantism 97–110;attitude in Britain 1–2, 8–19,30–31, 123–4, 126–7, 208–15;causing indolence 69–72;confessional 28, 39, 48, 51, 142;cultural colonialism 58;diplomacy 33–4; dual allegiance46–7, 167, 188, 199, 201–3, 207;Ecclesiastical Titles Bill 45; endof Pope’s temporal power 157–9,193–9; evangelicalism 39, 50–53;Fenians 182, 183–4; fundingevangelisation of Italy 92–5;Garibaldi’s expedition 180;Gladstone 42, 199–205, 206–7,208; Great Exhibition (1851) 40,44–5; hierarchy in England 2,37–40, 41–2, 45–6, 80, 182;hierarchy in Scotland 2, 14, 39,41–2, 182; illiteracy 148, 155,163–4; indifference andsuperstition 146–8, 151; Ireland8, 14–16, 71, 113–19, 135, 167,174, 182–6, 198, 206; Italianliberalism 11; Manning 171,202; massacre of Barletta 152–4;missionaries 31–2, 73–7, 79–92,110–11, 139–41, 144–8, 162–5;missionary work after 1870160–61; nationalism 23–4,27–30, 32–3, 124, 146; OdoRussell 119–20, 122, 128;Orientalisation 58; Protestantentry into Rome 158; RomanQuestion 169–70, 176; reactionto intolerance 95–7;

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292 Index

Catholicism and Catholics – continuedsales of Bibles 160; Syllabus ofErrors 133–7; Tory government176–7; Vatican Council 186–9;viewed as uncivilised 61, 62,65–6; viewed as keeping peoplebackward 143, 148, 155–6, 173,209–10; see also Ultramontanism

Cavour, Camillo Benso Count of 3,14, 24, 65, 120; capital of Italy121, 125, 195; opposition to Papalpowers 114–15, 118;Protestantisation of Italy 75,78–9

Cecchinato, Eva 22Chabod, Federico 20–21Chadwick, Owen 135Charles Albert, King of

Sardinia 83China 60Church Association 51Church of England 17–18, 37–8, 41,

90, 104, 149Church of Ireland 18, 182,

183, 186Church of Scotland 18, 90Church in Wales 18Civil Constitution of the Clergy

(1790) 98–9Civiltà Cattolica 29, 82, 101, 154Clarendon, Lord 126, 154, 168, 176,

181, 190–92; Cullen 174, 185;Elliot 173–4; Ireland 185–6;Pius IX 177–8, 182–3; VaticanCouncil 186–7, 189

Clark, George Kitson 52Clark, JCD 211Clarke, Edward 149, 151, 155Cleghorn, Mr and Mrs Thomas 94Clifford, Bishop William Hugh

170–71, 188Cobden, Richard 129colonialism 68colporteurs 20–21, 34, 76–7, 139–47,

148; anti-Protestantism 102–3,105, 107–9, 155; BFBS 74, 76–7,80, 83–4 86–7; Bible sales159–60; funding 92; Protestantentry into Rome 157, 159;

religious intolerance 95, 96–7;struggle in Italy 210–13;violence against 144–6

Committee for the Evangelisation ofNaples 90

confessional 28, 39, 48, 51, 42Congregationalists 17–18Congress of the International League

of Peace and Liberty 179Conservatives (Tories) 92, 130, 170,

176–9, 206; antipathy to Pope43, 85, 122–3; foreign policy166–7; Ireland 46, 121; loseGeneral Election (1868) 183;Roman Question 123, 177, 179;win General Election (1874) 199

Constant, Benjamin 66Constituent Assembly 98–9Continental Committee 92Cooper, Anthony Ashley see

Shaftesbury, Earl ofCoppi, Advocate 95corruption 3–4, 63, 82–3, 149, 207,

212; anti-Protestantism 106,107; Papal States 72; OdoRussell 120

Cote, Robert 159Council of Friends in England 94Cowley, Lord 127, 129–30Cowper, BH 88Creuzé de Lesser, Augustin 63Crispi, Francesco 169–70Crivelli, C 153Cullen, Archbishop Paul 15, 80,

93–4, 130, 174–5, 180;anti-Protestantism 86, 104,109–10; Fenians 184–5;Gladstone 204–5; Irish PapalBrigade 117–19; supporting Pope115, 119; Tory Government176–7; Vatican Council 187

cultural colonisation 35, 58, 60cultural empire 66cultural imperialism 9, 40, 53–7, 58,

63, 207; colporteurs 76; Ireland55, 65, 210

Cunning, Louisa 94Cyprus 10

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Index 293

Daru, Count 190D’Azeglio, Emanuele 121, 122, 127,

181, 183; September Convention168; Tory Government 177, 179

D’Azeglio, Luigi Taparelli(Jesuit) 101

D’Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli Marquis4–5, 83, 147

Delane, John 197Denbigh, Earl of 46, 116Derby, Earl of 123, 170, 176–7, 181Desanctis, Luigi 163Dickinson, Cato Lowes 89Diodati, Giovanni 159diplomacy, orientalism and

missionaries 30–35Disraeli PM, Benjamin 5, 43, 123–4,

181, 183Dixon, Archbishop John 114–15Donoughmore, Earl of 130dual allegiance 46–7, 167, 188, 199,

201–3, 207Dupanloup, Bishop Félix 136,

137, 187

Eardley, Sir Culling E 85, 109–10Eastern Europe 40, 66Ecclesiastical Titles Bill 40, 44–5ecumenicalism 16, 190Egypt 82–3Ellenborough, Lord 93, 125Elliot, Sir Henry 173Emly, Lord 204England 4, 7, 45, 53, 113–19, 139,

177; anti-Catholicism 6, 8–9,38–9, 42, 46–7; anti-Protestantism102, 104, 106; Baptists in Italy140, 149; Catholic hierarchy 2,37–40, 41–2, 45–6, 80, 182;funding evangelism in Italy92–5, 115; Garibaldi 87, 113,129–30, 131–2, 180; Irishimmigration 41–2; Odo Russell120, 121, 128; opposition to Pope8–9, 22, 113–14, 123–4, 137–8,194; Protestantism 17, 19, 31–2,149, 151; Roman Question 176;Syllabus of Errors 133–8; VaticanCouncil 187, 189

Episcopalianism 28, 79–80Errington, Bishop 188Evangelical Alliance 39, 51, 109,

151, 53; funding evangelism inItaly 92, 93

Evangelical Baptist Church 160Evangelical Continental Society

85, 88evangelicalism 16, 18, 20, 31, 50–53,

205; anti-Catholicism 8, 40, 45;anti-Protestantism 97–110;Catholicism 39, 50–53; funding92–5, 115; Great Exhibition(1851) 44; illiteracy 155–6,163–4; India 67; Italy andIreland 210–12; massacre atBarletta 152–4; missionaries73–111, 139–65; missionary workafter 1870 160–62; opposition toPapal power 115; Protestantentry into Rome 157–60;religious intolerance 95–7

Faber, Father Frederick William 46Farini, Luigi Carlo 3–4, 6, 214; The

Roman State From 1815 to1850 42

Feilding, Viscount (later Earl ofDenbigh) 46, 116

Fenians 15–16, 182–6, 191Ferdinand II, King “Bomba” of

Naples 71Ferguson, Niall 122Fergusson, James 62Ferrari, Giuseppe 186–7Ferrari, Mariano 141–2Ferretti, Salvatore 163Forbes, George Arthur Hastings

(7th Earl of Granard) 197–8Ford, Mrs Jemima J 94Foreign Aid Society 92Foucault, Michel 56France 3–5, 10, 32–3, 69, 124, 194,

215; against Italian unification10, 168, 174, 175;anti-Protestantism 97–100,1105; BFBS 87; Clarendon182–3; Cullen 118; Garibaldi129–31, 180–81;

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294 Index

France – continuedlevel of civilisation 64, 71, 72;Pope 7, 10, 190; Revolution 2,9, 21, 97–100; Roman Question125, 126, 127–8; SeptemberConvention 113, 167–70;Syllabus of Errors 134, 136; troopsin Rome 122, 125, 128, 130,205; Vatican Council 187, 189;Vatican Decrees 202–3; war 7,179, 192, 193, 198; withdrawingfrom Rome 174–6, 178, 181, 193

Franco, Father Secondo 107–9Free Church of Italy 78–9Free Church of Scotland

39, 76free trade 14, 40, 57, 72, 124, 209,

212–13; potential of Italy60, 61

freemasonry 24, 98, 169, 185

Gabelli, Aristide 11, 162Gangale, Giuseppe 11Garibaldi, Giuseppe 7, 79, 87, 89–91,

153, 164, 193; arms from America93; expedition of 1862 113,128–31; expedition of 1867 167,179–82, 183; opposition to Pope115–16, 132; taking Naples117–18; threatening Rome 119,120; visit to England 87, 113,129, 131–2; wounded 129

Gavazzi, Alessandro 79, 91, 115General Assembly of the Free

Church 39Geneva Committee 77Germany 3, 9, 32, 47, 139; level of

civilisation 64, 72; Odo Russell192, 199; Syllabus of Errors 134;Vatican Council 189; VaticanDecrees 201

Giannini, Gaetano 152, 154Gibbons, Edward 59Gibraltar 10Gillooly of Elphin, Bishop

Laurence 196Ginsborg, Paul 22–3Gioberti, Vincenzo 5, 27–8, 69–70,

101, 165

Gladstone, Mrs 94Gladstone PM, William Ewart 11, 65,

85, 181, 199–205; anti-Pope 42,199–205, 206–7, 208; becomes PM(1868) 183; Clarendon 183;confessional 48; Cullen 185,204–5; disestablishment ofChurch of Ireland 182, 183; dualallegiance 167, 188, 199, 201–2;Ecclesiastical Titles Bill 45; Elliot173; Ireland 182, 183, 185–6;Italian troops in Rome 193–9;Italian unification 121–2; letterfrom Villari 164; letters aboutNaples 142; Manning 75–6,172, 202–3; Odo Russell 177;Papal infallibility 167, 200–201,203; question of intervention190–91; Roman Question 125,128, 174; September Convention168; Vatican Council 187, 188,189, 199, 201, 205; Vatican Decrees200, 201–3; Vaticanism 203–5

Glasgow Continental Society 86globalisation 10, 34, 76, 212Gobetti, Piero 11Graham MP, James 45Gramsci, Antonio 147Granard, Earl of 197–8Grant, Bishop Thomas 170–71Granville, Earl of 192–5, 198, 200,

203–4, 206Graydon, Lieutenant James

Newenham 81, 83, 84, 88Great Exhibition (1851) 40,

44–5, 107Greece 40, 55, 58, 60–61, 71, 173Greek Orthodox 187Green, Abigail 73–4Green, John Richard 143Green, Richard 85Green, Thomas Hill 52Gregorovius, Ferdinand 5, 116Gregory XVI, Pope 81, 100Grew, Raymond 29Guicciardini, Count Piero 78Guinness MP, Sir Arthur (Baron

Ardilaun of Ashton) 92–3Guizot, François 59

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Index 295

Guthrie, Anne 94Guthrie, William 59

Habermas, Jürgen 212Hall, Basil 160Hamilton, WM 19Hammond, Edmund 176Hare, Augustus 158Harrison, Frederic 158Haynau, General 71Hegel, GWF 12Hempton, David 50Hennessy MP, Pope 122Henry VIII 8, 46, 108, 115Herbert, Henry (Earl of

Carnarvon) 170High Anglicans 41, 44Hilton, Boyd 51Hofstadter, Richard 43Hohenlohe, Prince 189Holland (Netherlands) 32, 106Holland, Lady 65Holroyd, James 149Hineyball MEP, Mary 47Howe, Anthony 6Hudson, Sir James 126–7, 129, 173Hugon, Édouard 77–8Huguenots 98Hungary and Hungarians 175, 187

illiteracy 4, 58, 92, 163–4;anti-Protestantism 104–5, 107,108; failure of missionaries 140,148, 155–6, 163–4

imperialism 68, 70–71, 80India 35, 58, 66, 70–71, 163–4, 213;

Italy as ‘European’ 61–5, 66–7Inglis MP, Sir Robert 37Innocent III, Pope 137Ionian Islands 10, 66Ireland and Irish people 2, 14, 66,

198, 202; anti-Protestantism104, 109; British anti-Catholicism36, 41–3, 46, 167, 206, 209–10,213–15; Catholicism 8, 14–16,71, 113–19, 135, 167, 174, 182–6,198, 206; compared with Indiaand Italy 62–3, 65–8, 71–2,210–12; Cullen 174, 204–5;

cultural imperialism 55, 65, 210;disestablishment of church 18,182, 183, 186; Fenians 15–16,182–6, 191; fundingevangelisation in Italy 94, 95;Garibaldi 129; Gladstone 182,183, 204–5; immigration toEngland 41–2; missionaries andevangelicalism 52, 80, 86,210–213; nationalism 15, 41,119, 184–5, 189, 210–11, 214–15;Pakenham 151; potato blightand famine (1845) 41;Protestantism 11, 15, 210, 213,215; Roman Question 109, 121;Vatican Council 187, 189;viewed as uncivilised 62–3, 65

Irish Church Act (1869) 183Irish Papal Brigade 116–19Irish Republican Brotherhood

(Fenians) 15–16, 182–6, 191Irons, Joseph 44Isabella, Maurizio 24, 26, 57, 68Isacchi, Mr 144Islam 42, 82Isnenghi, Mario 22Italian Free Churches 92Italian Methodists (Wesleyans) 85

Jacini, Stefano 153Jansenists 98Jervoise, Clarke 193–4, 198Jesuits 63, 86, 99, 101, 135, 150, 154;

dissolved by Garibaldi 90; GreatExhibition (1851) 40, 44; LordJohn Russell 161–2; Syllabus ofErrors 134; Vatican Decrees 202

Jews and Judaism 101, 140, 147Jones, Gareth Stedman 26Joseph, Francis 71

Kelly MP, Ruth 47Kirby, Tobias 114–15, 130, 175, 177,

180, 198; fall of Naples 117;Irish Papal Brigade 118

Lamberts, Emiel 196Lamoricière, General de 116, 117Landels, William K 159

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296 Index

Landlord and Tenant Ireland Act(1870) 183

Lanza, Giovanni 193Larkin, Emmet 119Latin America 65, 157, 187Lavelle, Father Patrick 184Laven, David 29Law, Edward (Earl of Ellenborough)

93, 125Layard, Henry 122Leo XII, Pope 100Leonardis, Massimo De 125Leopardi, Giacomo 100Leopardi, Monaldo 100–101Leopold I, King of Belgium 131Levi, Professor Leone 85, 88, 140Lhuys, Drouyn de 174liberalism 12–15, 72, 209–10,

212–14; anticlericalism 150;antipathy to Pope 43, 113,124–5, 192, 204, 206–7;anti-Protestantism 98, 101;Britain 4–7, 14–15, 22, 25, 35,40, 43; France 4; imperialism54, 68; Italy 3–4, 7, 11, 14, 54;missionaries and evangelicalism73, 76; Piedmont 164; Pope 7,10, 14–15, 22; Syllabus of Errors113, 133, 135–7;Ultramontanism 203

Liberals 71, 177, 183, 199; antipathyto Pope 6–7, 14–15, 42–3, 46,85, 122–3, 206; Cullen 174, 185;Elliot 173; Garibaldi 129;Ireland 104; Peel 139;Protestantism 14, 35, 52, 76;Roman Question 14, 124, 132,183; Syllabus of Errors 134,136–7; temporal power of thePope 167, 200

Liverpool Auxiliary Society 6Locke, John 199Luther and Lutherans 17, 82, 98,

107–8, 152Lyttelton, Adrian 23

Maguire MP, John 104, 122, 128, 171Maistre, Joseph de 98, 99, 171–2Malta 10, 14, 66, 130, 131, 199

Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward122, 129, 162, 170–73, 203;Cullen 185; dual allegiance167; Gladstone 75–6, 172,202–3; question of intervention190; September Convention168; temporal power of Pope194, 197–8; Tractarianism 41;Vatican Council 187, 188

Manzoni, Alessandro 28, 160Mario, Alberto 178–9Martinengo, Francesco 106–7Marxism 23, 27Mason, George 131Masoni, Signor 145Mazzarella, Bonaventura 78–9Mazzini, Giuseppe and Mazzinians

24, 49, 70–71, 78–9, 162;anti-Protestantism 101, 102,144; evangelicals 52–3, 115;Fenians 184; India 66; jailedfor reading Bible 83–4; PapalGovernment 178; religiousintolerance 96; Roman Question126, 128; The duties of man 49

McDougall, Reverend 86McGettigan, D 181McGinn, Conor 47McHale, Bishop 188McIntire, CT 206McNeile, Reverend Dr Hugh 6, 36–7,

51, 53–4McQuaid, Archbishop 135Medieval Court 44–5Menabrea, Count Luigi Federico 183Merode, Xavier de 118Meter, William C van 159Methodists 17–18, 85, 89Milford 48Mill, John Stuart 6, 66, 71–2,

124, 155Minghetti, Marco 193Minorca 10Minto, Lord 170missionaries 1–4, 31–5, 56, 73–111,

139–65, 204, 210–13; after 1860140–46; after 1870 160–62;anticlericalism 149–51;anti-Protestantism 97–110,

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Index 297

155–7; BFBS 74–7, 140, 145, 164;circulation of Bibles 81–8;during 1860s 88–92; funding92–5; India 67; indifference andsuperstition 146–9, 164; Italyand Ireland 1–2, 11, 15, 52, 80,86, 210–13; massacre at Barletta151–4; orientalism and diplomacy30–35; religious intolerance95–7; Vatican Council 157–60

Missiroli, Mario 11Mitchel, John 41Mivart, Sir George Jackson 134–5modernity 24, 54, 209, 212;

anti-Protestantism 99, 100, 103,106, 109; opposition of Pope 10,14, 18, 21–2, 43, 206; Syllabus ofErrors 133, 135–6, 196

Moe, Nelson 3, 64Moran, Patrick 117Moriarty, Bishop David 115, 188Moser, FG 104Müller, George 149Murphy MP, Paul 43, 47

Napier, Joseph 46Napoleon III 5, 44, 114–15, 124, 131,

181; compared with Indian leader71; Pius IX 169, 174, 175, 180,190, 203; September Convention169; withdrawing troops 193

National Association of Ireland 185National Club 76National Protestant Society 51nationalism 2, 9, 10–13, 23–6, 32–5;

Catholicism 23–4, 27–30, 32–3,124, 146; Garibaldi 180; Gioberti101; Ireland 15, 41, 119, 184–5,189, 210–11, 215 ; Italian 2, 7,11, 15, 23–30, 32–3, 210, 215;Mazzini 70, 101; Protestantism24, 28–9, 32, 67, 149, 152, 172;Renan 142; temporal power ofthe Pope 9, 113, 172–3

neo-Guelph movement 27–8,146, 202

Netherlands (Holland) 32, 106Newdegate MP, Charles Newdigate

43, 46, 161–2, 182, 192

Newman, Cardinal John Henry 41,136, 188; Letter to the Duke ofNorfolk 203

Nigra, Costantino 168Nisbet, Anne 94Nono, Pio 158, 166, 175nonconformism 17–18, 44, 49,

50, 52Norman, Edward 133, 184

O’Connor, Maura 19–20Ollivier, Emile 203Orientalisation of Italy 4, 58–9Orientalism 9, 40, 64, 68, 142, 207;

missionaries and diplomacy30–35

Ottoman Empire 61Oxford movement (Tractarianism)

36, 38, 41

Paget, Sir Augustus 173, 180, 181,195, 198

Pakenham, Captain 151Palestine 82Palma, Luigi 162Palmerston, Lady 129Palmerston, Lord Henry John Temple

6, 27, 78, 123, 166, 177, 183;anti-Pope 42, 113–15, 121, 133;capital of Italy 121; Catholichierarchy 37; death 173;Garibaldi 128–31; Manning171; Peel 139; Roman Question127, 128, 130; SeptemberConvention 168, 170

Papacy 30–31, 40–43, 112; antipathyin Britain 7–11, 14–22, 39–50,112–13, 134, 143, 166–7, 205–7,208–15; against unification 215;antipathy in Italy 161; antipathyof Tories 43, 85, 122–3; Bibles81–2, 100; British opposition totemporal power 112–13, 122–3,125–6, 134, 138; diplomacy33–4; dual allegiance 199,201–3; end of temporal power1–2, 34, 113, 126, 140, 157–9,162, 167–8, 205–6;

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Papacy – continuedevangelicalism 50–52, 74–6,139–41, 156; fighting in Mentana167; funding of evangelicalism93–5; Garibaldi 179–80;Gladstone 199–205, 208; GreatExhibition (1851) 44–5;infallibility 10, 43, 136, 157,167, 187–9, 190–192, 200–203;Ireland 15–16; liberalism andantipathy 43, 113, 124–5, 192,204, 206–7; Lord John Russell42, 85, 113–14, 121, 133, 166,173–6; Manning 170–73, 203;nationalism 24, 29–30; OdoRussell 119–25; Peel 139;Protestantism 31, 34, 114–15,122, 124–5; Roman Question125, 166; question of intervention190; restoration of temporalpower 200; spiritual power172, 178, 195, 196; support ofEnglish Catholics 113–19, 128;temporal power 5–10, 75–6, 80,89, 104, 115, 147–51, 169, 172–5,188, 212–15; Tory government176, 177, 179; Treaty ofVillafranca 5; war against Austria28; see also Pius IX

Papal Aggression 10, 38, 39, 45, 50,162, 182

Papal States 5–7, 15, 27, 80, 124,206; British anti-Catholicism 43;Garibaldi 115, 128; Odo Russell120, 122, 127, 130; poorgovernance 72, 115; RomanQuestion 125, 166, 195, 197,205; September Convention167, 168; Syllabus ofErrors 134

Pardo, Isacco 147Parry, Jonathan 14, 35Partridge, Professor 129Patriarca, Silvana 64, 69Pécout, Gilles 26Peel MP, Sir Robert 139Pellico, Silvio 163Pemble, John 17Pentecostals 157

Peter’s Pence 115Petrusewicz, Marta 57Pfister, Manfred 58Piedmont and Piedmontese 3–6, 10,

27, 62–3, 106, 214; annexation ofRomagna 115; Bible Societies83; fall of Naples 118; Garibaldi180; invasion of Rome 122;liberalism 164; nationalism 29;Protestantism 31, 78–9; RomanQuestion 127; Syllabus ofErrors 134

Piggot, Reverence Henry James85, 155

Pinocchio 160Pistoia, Romolo da

150–51Pitts, Jennifer 67–8, 163Pius VII 100Pius IX 7, 14, 29, 63, 66, 179;

anti-liberalism 146;anti-Protestantism 103, 106,109; British antipathy 38–9, 46,49, 114, 124; Clarendon 177–8,182–3; effigy burnt 38; end oftemporal power 157–9, 193–9;Fenians 182–6; Garibaldi115–16, 130, 131, 132; Germananti-Catholicism 47; Gladstone167, 199–205; Great Exhibition(1851) 44–5; infallibility187–9, 190–92, 200–203; IrishPapal Brigade 117–19; Italianantipathy 161; Manning 171,173, 203; missionaries andevangelism 67, 80–81; NapoleonIII 169, 174, 175, 180, 190; OdoRussell 119–25, 130, 135, 154,170, 174–9, 190; Quanta Cura133, 136, 185; Queen Victoria132–3; question of intervention190–93; re-establishment ofCatholic hierarchy 37–9, 42,45–6; Roman Question 127–8;September Convention 167–70;spiritual power 178; Syllabus ofErrors 10, 112–13, 133–8, 161,167–70, 186, 190, 196; temporalpower 124, 126, 133, 168,

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174–5, 178–9, 188; UniversalisEcclesiae 37; Vatican Council157, 187–9

Portugal 58, 60, 68, 149, 187Presbyterian Church of

England 140Presbyterians 77, 82, 140Preston, Andrew 35Pro-Papal International 116Protestant Alliance 51, 76, 92Protestant Association

76, 162Protestant Educational

Institute 162Protestant Reformation Society 51Protestants and Protestantism 1, 25,

60, 72, 73–111, 157–60, 166–207;anti-Catholicism 8–11, 12, 18,173–6; anticlericalism 149–51;antipathy 97–110, 155–7; Balbo69; British attitude 208–15;church in Naples 90; circulationof Bibles 81–8; culturalimperialism 53–7; diplomacy34; end of Pope’s temporal power193–9; entry into Rome 157–60;fall of Naples 117; Fenians182–6; Florence 144; fundingevangelism 92–5; Garibaldi 87,129, 132, 179–82; Gladstone199–205; Gioberti 70; illiteracy140, 148, 155–6, 163–4; India67; Ireland 11, 15, 210, 213, 215;Italian liberalism 11, 14; Italy asChristian nation 77–81; Italy asEuropean India 61–2; Leghorn142; Lord Russell 114, 133,173–6, 183; Manning 170–73;massacre of Barletta 151–4;missionaries 1–4, 11, 15, 31–5,67, 73–111, 139–65, 210–13;missionary work in 1860s88–92; missionary work after 1870160–61; nationalism 24, 28–9,32, 67, 149, 152, 172; Odo Russell119, 120; opposition to Papalpower 31, 34, 114–15, 122,124–5; propaganda against 76,151, 154; question of intervention

189–93; Reformation 9, 25;religious intolerance 95–7;Roman Question 31, 77, 128;sales of Bibles 160; SeptemberConvention 167–70; Syllabus ofErrors 133, 135, 136, 137; Torygovernment 176–9; VaticanCouncil 186–9; Victorian Britain4–15, 17–19, 29–30, 31

Prussia 106, 124; war 7, 175, 179,192, 193, 198

Pugin, Augustus 44Pugno, Francesco 97

Quakers 17Quanta Cura 133, 136, 185Quinn, Dermot 19Quondam, Amedeo 11

Rattazzi, Urbano 127, 129, 179Recchia, Stefano 26Reform Act (1867) 183Reill, Dominique 26Religious Internationals 73–4religious pluralism 25, 110, 141Religious Tract Society 92Renan, Ernest 142–3Rendu, Bishop Louis 105–6Revel, Dr 88, 95reverse secularisation 9, 13, 213Riall, Lucy 24, 29, 39, 64, 179–80Ribet, Preacher 95Ribetti, Giovanni 142, 149–50Ricasoli, Baron Bettino 78, 95, 127,

152, 174–5Ricca, Paolo 92Roebuck MP, John Arthur 45Rogers, Reverend 90Roman Garibaldian Committee 179Roman Question 7–8, 28, 113,

125–8, 131, 205; anticlericalism149; anti-Protestantism 104,109; British attitude 10, 21–2,124–8, 137, 176, 208; Cavour125; Clarendon 183;Conservatives 123, 177, 179;diplomacy 33; France 125, 126,127–8; Garibaldi 180, 193;Italian troops in Rome 193–9;

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Roman Question – continuedJesuiti 161–2; Liberals 14, 124,132, 183; Lord Russell 121,126–8, 174–6; Odo Russell120–21, 193; Orientalism 30;Palmerston 127, 128, 130; PapalStates 125, 166, 195, 197, 205;Protestants 31, 77, 128; QueenVictoria 124, 126, 132;September Convention 169–70

Romilli, Archbishop CarloBartolomeo 82

Rosmini, Antonio 102Russell, Arthur 177Russell PM (later Earl Russell), Lord

John 5–6, 27, 112, 161–2, 177,181; anti-Catholicism 40;anti-Pope 42, 85, 113–14, 121,133, 166, 173–6; Catholichierarchy 37–8; Clarendon183; Ecclesiastical Titles Bill 45;Garibaldi 128–30; Irish Catholics183; Italian unification 121–2,123; Manning 170–71;resignation 176; RomanQuestion 121, 126–8, 174–6;September Convention 168

Russell, Odo 67, 114, 116, 119, 182;Ambassador in Germany 192,199; at the Papal Court 119–25,130, 132–3; Fenians 185–6;house searched 182; Manning170–71; Papal States 120, 122,127, 130; Pius IX 119–25, 130,135, 154, 170, 174–9, 190;question of intervention189–92; Roman Question120–21, 193; SeptemberConvention 168, 169, 170;Syllabus of Errors 134, 135;Vatican Council 187, 188–9

Russia 32, 124

Saffi, Aurelio 81, 102Sahib, Nena 71Said, Edward 55–6, 70, 142Sanctis, Elisa De 94Sanctis, Francesco De 11Sandford, Bishop 90

Sardinia 5–6, 29, 62, 126; BFBS 83,87, 91

Scandinavia 105Schneider, Jane 60Schooch, Mr 90Scotland 9, 18, 35, 53, 77, 139;

anti-Catholicism 8, 39, 42;Catholic hierarchy 2, 14, 39,41–2, 182; Ecclesiastical TitlesBill 45

Scottish Bible Society 77, 159Scottish Free Church 90Scottish Reformation Society 8,

76, 162secularisation 9, 12–13, 16, 22, 25,

41, 213–14; culturalimperialism 56

Seeley, John Robert 62Senior, Nassau 59September Convention (1864) 113,

131, 167–70, 178Sermoneta, Duke of 59Settembrini, Luigi 60–61, 149Severn, Consul 194Sforza, Cardinal Sisto 87Shaftesbury, Earl of 38, 48, 109, 115,

124, 196; BFBS 75, 84, 87;capital of Italy 121; EvangelicalContinental Society 85;evangelicalism 50, 93

Shaw, Nathaniel H 159Shrewsbury, Earl of 37Sicilies, Kingdom of the Two 3, 27,

60–61, 89, 105; Bibles 82, 84;Garibaldi 7, 87, 90

Sicily 63–5, 90, 96Sismondi, Simonde de 28Smith, Goldwin 42–3Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge 77Society for Promoting the Religious

Principles of the Reformation 8Sofri, Luca 2Solari, Giuseppe 107South America 65, 157, 187Spain 58, 60, 71, 105, 124, 148–9;

domination of Italy 70; VaticanCouncil 187

Spezia Mission for Italy 151

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Index 301

Spini, Giorgio 25, 161Spurgeon, Charles Haddon 40–41, 83Stanley, Arthur 158Stanley, Lord Edward Henry 124,

176–7, 179, 180–81, 182;Clarendon 183

Stendhal 61Stewart, Reverend Robert 90, 95Storks, Sir Henry 130Stowe, Harriet Beecher Uncle Tom’s

Cabin 82Strange, Reverend 90Strossmeyer, Bishop Josip Juray 191Succession to the Crown Act

(2013) 47Sunday School Union 92Swiss Reformed Churches 90Switzerland 81–2, 105, 106, 165Syllabus of Errors 10, 112–13, 133–8,

161, 186, 190; Roman Question169–70; modernity 196; uproar167–8

Symonds, John Addington 17

Tarpey, Hugh 204–5Tavola 94Teglio, Professor Giuseppe 104–5Terni, Flaminio 101Theiner, Agostino 101–3Thompson, EP 9Thouvenel, Édouard 127Tocqueville, Alexis de 66Tommaseo, Niccolò 26Toniolo, Gianni 3Torre, Lelio Della 147Townsend, Meredith 133–4Tractarianism (Oxford movement)

36, 38, 41Traniello, Francesco 24Transcendentalism 184Trentmann, Frank 21Trevelyan, GM 112Trollope, Thomas 143Turkey and Turks 60–61Tyrrell, George 135

Ullathorne, Bishop William Bernard170–71

Ulster 39, 41, 52

Ultramontanism 2, 80, 134, 185;Gladstone 199, 202–3; Manning171, 203

unification of Italy 2–5, 10, 24, 53,62, 112; anticlericalism 150;British support 112, 120, 121–2,124, 211, 213–15; education155; illiteracy 163–4;missionaries 31, 34, 89–90, 92,96, 105; opposition of Catholics29–30; opposition of France 168,174, 175; Roman Question 126;Rome made capital 157–8;September Convention 168–9;Venturi 26

Unitarianism 101, 184United Presbyterian Church 93United Presbyterian Church of

Edinburgh 77United States of America 72, 79, 159,

165, 187; Fenians 184, 186providing arms for Garibaldi 93Urbinati, Nadia 26utopian socialism 24

Vatican Council (1869–1870) 10, 43,134, 186–9; Gladstone 187, 188,189, 199, 201, 205; Papalinfallibility 167, 201, 203

Vaudois Pastors’ Fund 92Vaughan, Bishop 188Venosta, Emilio Visconti 168,

193, 195Ventura, Gioacchino 30, 101Venturi, Franco 26Vesey, Reverend William 95Viaene, Vincent 73–4Vicary, Reverend M 48Victor Emanuel II, King of Sardinia

11, 83, 88, 195; Garibaldi 128,153, 181; visit to England 83

Victoria, Queen 16, 46–7, 104,132–3, 176, 198; Catholichierarchy 37–8, 46; dualallegiance 207; Roman Question124, 126, 132; VaticanCouncil 189

Villafranca, Treaty of 5, 12424, 28–9,32, 67, 149, 152, 172

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302 Index

Villari, Pasquale 6, 71–2, 124,162–3, 164

Waldensian Church and Waldensians77–9, 88, 141, 151, 165;anti-Protestantism 105, 107;funding evangelisation of Italy92–5; Leghorn 95–6, 141;massacre of Barletta 153; sales ofBibles 159

Waldensian Temple 160Wales 8, 9, 18, 39, 41, 53Wall, James 149, 151Wallis, Frank 47Ward, William George 136, 171–2Weber, Max 13Wesleyan Methodist Missionary

Society 89

Whelan, Irene 209Whigs 14, 54, 115, 123, 126, 177Wiseman, Cardinal Nicholas 37–8,

44, 46, 114, 116, 123; choice ofsuccessor 170; effigy burnt 38

Woessman, Ludger 155–6Wolffe, John 35, 44, 49, 91Woodhouse, Lord 125Wordsworth, Christopher 143Worsfold, Reverent John N 78Wright, Owain 124

xenophobia 101, 140, 144, 165

Young, GM 52

Zurich, Treaty of 124Zwingli, Huldrych 108