NOTES-Chapter 12 Thermal Energy. Heat is defined and expressed by the Kinetic Molecular Theory of...
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NOTES-Chapter 12
Thermal Energy
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• Heat is defined and expressed by the Kinetic Molecular Theory of heat.
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•This theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles which are constantly in motion.
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•Heat is the internal energy which is transferred from bodies of higher internal energy to bodies of lower internal energy. Heat does work and work produces heat.
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•Temperature and heat are different. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance.
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•Temperature is measured with a thermometer due to the expansion & contraction of the liquid in the scale.
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•The metric scale is the Celsius scale & it has 2 fixed points:•Freezing point of water•Boiling point of water
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•Freezing point is 0 degrees and boiling point is 100 degrees.
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Celsius and Fahrenheit can be converted back and forth….
With formulas.
F= C(1.8) + 32
C=(F-32) / 1.8
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•The random motion of molecules is thought to approach zero at -273 degrees Celsius----average kinetic energy is zero.
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•This temperature is called absolute zero and is measure by the Kelvin scale.
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•Celsius can be converted to Kelvin by the following formula:
•K = degrees C + 273
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• Heat Travels from hot to cold.
• It travels until it reaches thermal equilibrium.
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•The unit of heat measurement is the calorie—it is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.•Bigger unit is the Kilocalorie.
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•Specific Heat of a substance is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of that substance through one degree.
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•Specific Heat is expressed in cal/g(degreeC)
•And are specific for each type of substance.
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•The quantity of heat gained or lost by a mass as it changes temperature is determined by the mass, change in temperature, and specific heat.•H = m c (Delta t)
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• States of Matter
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Heat Transfer Methods
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Insulators and Conductors
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Phase Changes
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Laws of Thermodynamics