Notes and References

Chapter 1: The Coming of Islam

The contemporaneous evidence for Islamisation is described in Damais, 'L'epigraphie musulmane dans le Sud-Est Asiatique', with references to previous literature; see also Damais, 'Etudes javanaises, I: Les tombes musulmanes datees de Tr~l~j~'. Chinese records are translated in Rockhill, 'Notes on the relations and trade of China with the eastern archipelago'; and in Groenveldt, 'Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca'. On Marco Polo's account see Jack-Hinton, 'Marco Polo in South-East Asia'. Cortesao, Suma Oriental, contains the crucial text of Tome Pires in Portuguese and English translation.

The Indonesian chronicles described above are found in the following: Hill, 'Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai'; Brown, Sejarah Melayu; Olthof, Babad Tanah Djawi; Djajadiningrat, Sadjarah Banten. Other legends are described in R. Jones, 'Ten conversion myths'. The two sixteenth-century Javanese Islamic books have both been edited and translated by Drewes: ]avaanse primbon and Admonitions of Seh Bari.

A survey of some of the controversies surrounding Islamisation, with special attention to the sources of Indonesian Islam, is in Drewes, 'New Light'. On the Sufi argument see Johns, 'Sufism as a category'. See also Ricklefs, 'Six centuries of Islamisation '.

Some materials on Islam in the areas outside of Indonesia which are mentioned in this chapter can be found in Hardy, 'Modern European and Muslim explanations of conversion to Islam in South Asia'; and in Majul, Muslims in the Philippines.

Chapter 2: General Aspects of Pre-Colonial States and Major Empires, c. 1300-1500

The general principles which underlay Indonesian states have been investigated in Moertono, State and statecraft in old java; Schrieke, Indonesian sociological studies (see especially vol. II, p. 102 ff.); and Reid and Castles, Pre-colonial state systems; see also Gullick, Indigenous political systems of western Malaya. Fisher, South-East Asia; and Pelzer, 'Physical and human resource patterns', describe the geography of the archipelago.

The standard historical description of Majapahit, now rather out of date, is Krom, Hindoejavaansche geschiedenis. This is the main source for the discussion in Coedes, Les hats hindouises, which has been translated into English as Indian­ised states of Southeast Asia. Slametmuljana, Story of Majapahit, contains much useful material, but some of the suggestions seem inadequately documented. For

NOTES AND REFERENCES 281

the fifteenth century, all of these works have been superseded by Noorduyn, 'Majapahit in the fifteenth century'. A text and English translation of the Nagarakertiigama, and much other useful information, is given in Pigeaud, java in the 14th century. The Pararaton is in Brandes, 'Pararaton (Ken Arok)'; there is an Indonesian translation in Padmapuspita, Pararaton.

C. C. Berg has published his arguments in several books and articles; see especially his Rijk van de vijfvoudige Buddha.

On Malacca, see Wang, 'First three rulers of Malacca'; Wake, 'Malacca's early kings and the reception of Islam'; and the early chapters of Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian trade and European influence. An attempt to reconstruct Malacca's origins is Wolters, Fall of Siivijaya. The major source for its trade is Cortesao, Suma Oriental.

Chapter 3: The Arrival of the Europeans in Indonesia, c. 1509-1620

The background and development of Portuguese overseas expansion are described in Boxer, Portuguese seaborne empire; and in Diffie and Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese empire (this, however, has some errors of detail concerning the Malay-Indonesian area). An excellent analysis of Dutch overseas activities is in Boxer, Dutch seaborne empire. See also Parry, Europe and a wider world, reprinted as Establishment of the European hegemony; and Masselman, Cradle of colonialism.

An examination of Portuguese and early English and Dutch activities in Indonesia is to be found in Meilink-Roelofsz,Asian trade and European influence. Much material is also included in Tiele, 'Europeers in den Maleischen archipel'. A Malay chronicler's view of the conquest of Malacca is given in Brown, Sejarah Melayu.

Portuguese and Dutch activities in Maluku are analysed in de Graaf, Ambon en de Zuid-Molukken. On sixteenth-century Maluku see also Abdurachman, 'Moluccan responses to the first intrusions of the West'. Abdurachman et al., Bunga rampai sejarah Maluku (I), covers the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There is also interesting material collected in da Fran~a, Portuguese influence in Indonesia.

Documents concerning Coen's period are in Colen brander and Coolhaas, jan Pietersz. Coen. The events surrounding the conquest of Batavia are described in Ricklefs, 'Banten and the Dutch in 1619'.

Chapter 4: The Rise of New States, c. 1500-1650

There is much miscellaneous material on the states discussed above in Meilink­Roelofsz, Asian trade and European influence. On Aceh and the states of the western archipelago, see Djajadiningrat, 'Geschiedenis van het Soeltanaat van Atjeh'; and Lombard, Iskandar Muda; see also the earlier parts of Andaya, King­dom of johor.

On Java, see de Graaf and Pigeaud, 'Eerste Moslimse vorstendommen op Java'; de Graaf, 'Senapati Ingalaga'; and de Graaf, 'Sultan Agung'. The first of these books lacks an index, which is to be found along with English summaries of the

282 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

other books listed here and other of de Graaf's writings in Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'. On the later years of Majapahit see Noorduyn, 'Majahapit in the fifteenth century'.

The earliest Javanese chronicle so far discovered is published in Ricklefs, Modern j avanese historical tradition. Some Javanese chronicle views on the fall of Majapahit are also published in Ricklefs, 'Consideration of three versions of the Babad Tanab Djawi'. The Cirebon manuscript is published and translated into Indonesian in Atja, Tjarita Purwaka Tjaruban Nagari; its authenticity is doubtful: its paleography and use of Western rather than Javanese dates suggest in fact a twentieth-century origin for the text. See also the Indonesian translation in Sulendraningrat, Purwaka Tjaruban Nagari.

For sixteenth-century Java, of course Cortesao, Suma Oriental, is a major source. From the seventeenth century onwards, important VOC documents are published in de Jonge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandscb gezag. Van Goens's reports are in de Graaf, Vijf gezantscbapsreizen van Rijklof van Goens.

C. C. Berg's arguments concerning Senapati are found in several of this publi­cations, of which the most important for this purpose is 'Twee nieuwe publicaties betreffende de geschiedenis en de geschiedschrijving van Mataram'. A reply is found in de Graaf, 'Historische betrouwbaarheid der Javaanse overlevering'.

On Makasar see Pelras, 'Les premieres donnees occidentales concernant Celebes-Sud'; Noorduyn, 'Islamisering van Makasar'; Noorduyn, Kroniek van Wadjo '; and Stapel, Bonggaais verdrag. On the Makasarese and Balinese in the Lombok-Sumbawa area see de Graaf, 'Lombok in de 17e eeuw'.

ChapterS: Literary, Religious and Cultural Legacies

There is a vast literature on the subjects covered in the chapter. Excellent, but already rather out of date, introductions to the scholarship on Malay and Javanese are in Teeuw and Emanuels, Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia; and Uhlenbeck, Studies on the languages of java and Madura. Religious matters are discussed in Stohr and Zoetrnulder, Religionen Indonesiens (also available in a French edition).

The best introduction to classical Malay literature is Winstedt, History of classical Malay literature. On the seventeenth-century Acehnese mystics and their doctrines much has been written; see Lombard, Iskandar Muda; Johns, 'Malay Sufism' and 'Islam in Southeast Asia'; van Nieuwenhuijze, Samsu'l-Din van Pasai; al-Attas, Mysticism of Hamzab Fansuri and Ran"in and the Wujudiyyab of 17th century Acheb; and Ito, 'Why did Nuruddin ar-Raniri leave Aceh?'. Malay litera­ture available in translation is listed in Chambert-Loir, 'Bibliographie de la litterature malaise en traduction'.

The most comprehensive survey of Javanese literature is in vol. I of Pigeaud, Literature of java. Zoetrnulder, Pantbeisme en monisme, is still the best analysis of mystical Javanese Islam. Much useful information on Javanese Islam and on Yasadipura I, as well as a valuable text, is contained in Soebardi, Book ofCabolek. English versions of three Javanese shadow plays can be found in Brandon, On thrones of gold.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 283

On Old and Middle Javanese literature, see Zoetmulder, Kalangwan. On Middle Javanese see also Robson, Wang bang Wideya. Balinese babads are analysed in Worsley, Babad Buleleng; and Hinzler, 'Balinese babad'.

On Bugis and Makasarese, see especially Noorduyn, Kroniek van Wadjo' Noorduyn, 'Origins of South Celebes historical writing'; and Cense, 'Old Buginese and Macassarese diaries'.

An introduction to Indonesian art is in Holt, Art in Indonesia. A good intro­duction to Indonesian music is found in Hood and Maceda, Music; more exten­sive discussions are contained in Sadie, New Grove dictionary.

Chapter 6: Eastern Indonesia, c. 1630-1800

Events in South Maluku are described in detail in de Graaf, Ambon en de Zuid­Molukken. On the events in South Sulawesi see Andaya, 'Kingship in Bone'; Noorduyn, Kroniek van Wadjo '; Skinner, 'Sja'ir perang Mengkasar'; Stapel, Bonggaais verdrag; and Noorduyn, 'Arung Singkang'. There is also much infor­mation on the Makasarese and Bugis and their activities in the western archipelago in Andaya, Kingdom of johor. The Nusa Tenggaraareaissubjected to penetrating historical and anthropological analysis in Fox, Harvest of the palm. On the eco­nomic history of the VOC see Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic trade.

Chapter 7: java, c. 1640-82

An authoritative discussion of the reign of Amangkurat I is in de Graaf, 'Mangku-Rat I'; this work is summarised in English in Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'. There is also considerable material in Schrieke, Indonesian socio­logical studies. A major primary source is in de Graaf, Vijf gezantschapsreizen van Rijklof van Goens. A critical Javanese view which may be contemporaneous is in Ricklefs, Modern Javanese historical tradition.

On the period of the Trunajaya rebellion, see also de Graaf, 'Gevangenneming en dood van Raden Truna-Djaja'; and de Graaf, Expeditie van Anthonio Hurdt. Both of these are also summarised in Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'.

On Ban ten, see Djajadiningrat, Sadjarah Ban ten; and de J onge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandsch gezag.

Chapter 8: Java, Madura and the VOC, c. 1680-1745

This chapter concerns subjects upon which little has yet been published. The bulk of it is based upon research notes from VOC and Javanese sources compiled by the present writer. Some of the VOC material is available in de Jonge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandsch gezag; one Javanese source is in Ricklefs, Modern Javanese historical tradition.

Certain episodes and characters have, however, been covered. For a biography of Speelman, see Stapel, Cornelis ]anszoon Speelman. The Surapati episode is the subject of de Graaf, Moord op Kapitein Franfiois Tack (this is summarised in

284 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

Pigeaud and de Graaf, 'Islamic states'); and Kumar, Surapati. Concerning Raja Sakti, see Kathirithamby-Wells, 'Ahmad Shah ibn Iskandar'.

Vermeulen, Chineezen te Batavia, concerns the Chinese massacre and the associated conflict between Valckenier and van Imhoff. A biography of van Imhoff is to be found in Krom, Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff. The king's adventures after the fall of Kartasura are described in Gijsberti Hodenpijl, 'Zwerftocht van Sultan [sic) Pakoeboewana II'.

Chapter 9: Java and the VOC, c. 1745-92

On Central and East Java in this period see Ricklefs, jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi. The period is also discussed more briefly in Soekanto, Sekitar jogjakarta. See also Louw, Derde javaanscbe successie-oorlog. On Bant~n see de Jonge and van Deventer, Opkomst van bet Nederlandscb gezag.

Chapter 10: Java, 1792-1830

The most important work on this period is Carey, 'Pangeran Dipanagara'. See also Ricklefs, 'Dipanagara's early inspirational experience'. On Javanese percep­tions of relations with Batavia see Ricklefs,jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi; and on the Sepoy mutiny see Carey, 'Sepoy conspiracy of 1815 in Java'. The standard history of the Java War itself is Louw and de Klerck, java-oorlog; see also Sagimun, Pablawan Dipanagara berdjuang; there is a briefer description in Soekanto, Sekitar jogjakarta. Concerning the Mangkunegaran see Pringgodigdo, Ondernemingen van bet Mangkoenagorosche rijk. There is also much valuable information contained in Rouffaer, 'Vorstenlanden'.

On colonial issues see Bastin, Native policies of Sir Stamford Raffles and 'Raffles' ideas on the land rent system in Java'; Day, Dutch in java; Wright, East­Indian economic problems; and Levyssohn Norman, Britscbe heerscbappij over java en onderhoorigheden. A stimulating attempt to consider more fully the social impact of the colonial environment is found in Burger, Sociologiscb­economiscbe gescbiedenis.

Chapter 11: Java, 1830-1900

Important general surveys of the period discussed above are to be found in Day, Dutch in java; Burger, Sociologiscb-economiscbe gescbiedenis; and especially Furnivall, Netherlands India.

On the Cultivation System, all of the above works have been superseded by Fasseur, Kultuurstelsel en koloniale baten. Important contributions by Van Niel are to be found in his articles 'Function of landrent under the Cultivation System in Java' and 'Measurement of change under the Cultivation System in Java, 183 7-1851'. See also Elson, 'Impact of government sugar cultivation'; and Fasseur, 'Organisatie en sociaal-economische betekenis'.

An invaluable political survey of the years 1839-48 is contained in Arsip Nasional, Ikhtisar keadaan politik Hindia-Belanda, tabun 1839-1848, with the

NOTES AND REFERENCES 285

original Dutch text and summaries in English and Indonesian. A description of Java in the 1870s is found in Veth, java. On the Suryengalaga affair and other late-nineteenth-century conspiracies see Kumar, 'Born leaders in changed times'. VanDeventer, Overzicbt van den economiscben toestand der inlandscbe bevolking van java en Madoera, is an official report to the Minister of Colonies and a devastating revelation of the impact of the 'liberal' period upon indigenous society.

On Javanese cultural activities see Pigeaud, Literature of java; Soebardi, 'Santri-religious elements as reflected in the Book of Tjen!ini'; and Dewan tara, Beoefening van letteren en kunst in bet Pakoe-Alamscbe geslacbt. On nineteenth­century artists see Holt, Art in Indonesia; Maronier, Pictures of the tropics; and Bachtiar, 'Raden Saleh'. On Raden Saleh's family background see de Graaf, 'Semarangse geslacht Bustam'. The economic activities of the Mangkunegaran are analysed in Pringgodigdo, Ondernemingen van bet Mangkoenagoroscbe rijk.

On Javanese bupatis in this period see Soeria Nata Atmadja, Regenten-positie; and Sutherland, 'Notes on Java's regent families'. Drewes, 'Struggle between J a van ism and Islam', concerns late-nineteenth-century anti-Islamic writings. On the education of new priyayi see Brugmans, Gescbiedenis van bet onderwijs in Nederlandscb-Indiii.

Peasant protest is discussed in two works by Kartodirdjo: 'The peasants' revolt of Banten in 1888' and Protest movements in rural java; the first of these contains much information on Islam in this period; the second proposes a classi­fication of movements which has, however, been criticised. See also Drewes, Drie javaanscbe goeroe's; and Wiselius, 'Dj~j~ B~j~'.

Chapter 12: The Outer Islands, c. 1800-1910

There has been no full study of the outer islands in this period which analyses Dutch expansion throughout the area, and few local studies which reveal the Indonesian side of events. A survey of Dutch imperial aspects is, however, to be found in Fasseur, 'Een koloniale paradox', which covers 1830-70. A number of important essays is contained in Lapian and Day, Papers of the Dutch-Indonesian historical conference 1976. Much information is given in the regional articles in Paulus et al., Encyclopaedie van Nederlandscb-Indiii; and in a more abbreviated fashion in Bezemer, Beknopte encyclopaedic. Valuable colonial surveys of the whole Indonesian area are contained in Arsip Nasional, Laporan politik tabun 1837; and Arsip Nasional, Ikbtisar keadaan politik Hindia-Belanda, tabun 1839-1848; both volumes have the original Dutch texts and summaries in English and Indonesian. On Dutch missionary activity in the nineteenth century see vol. I of Swellengrebel 'In Leijdeckers voetspoor'.

On Madura see also Sutherland, 'Notes on Java's regent families'. On Bali and Lombok see Utrecht, Sedjarab bukum internasional di Bali dan Lombok. Events in Ambon are described in de Graaf, Ambon en de Zuid-Molukken. Fox, Harvest of the palm, concerns Nusa Tenggara.

Imperial rivalry in Kalimantan is described in Irwin, Nineteenth-century Borneo. See also Soeri Soeroto, 'Beratib Beamaal movement in the BanjarWar'. Brooke rule in Sarawak is analysed in Runciman, White rajahs; and Pringle, Rajahs and rebels.

Concerning Palembang, see Woelders, 'Sultanaat Palembang, 1811-1825'.

286 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

The progress of Dutch imperialism in Sumatra is described in Schadee, Geschiedenis van Sumatra's oostkust.

Three important articles by Dobbin have greatly illuminated the Padri move­ment: 'Economic change in Minangkabau as a factor in the rise of the Padri movement'; 'Islamic revivalism in Minangkabau'; and 'Tuanku Imam Bondjol'. See also Abdullah, 'Adat and Islam: An examination of conflict in Minangkabau'; and Mansoer et al., Sedjarah Minangkabau. For information on the Wahhabis in Arabia, see Hourani, Arabic thought in the liberal age.

Reid, Contest for North Sumatra, is an analysis of the origins and progress of the Aceh War, with special attention to diplomatic aspects. For a description of the war itself see van't Veer, Atjeh-oorlog. See also Alfian, 'Acheh Sultanate under Sultan Mohammad Daudsyah'. Snouck Hurgronje's major study of Aceh is his Atjehers, available in English as Achehnese. A convenient analysis of Snouck Hurgronje's ideas is given in Benda, Crescent and the rising sun. Concerning the Batak region see Castles, 'Statelessness and stateforming tendencies among the Bataks'.

Chapter 13: A New Colonial Age

Furnivall 's Netherlands India is an unsurpassed source for subjects covered in this chapter, and for many other aspects of twentieth-century Dutch colonialism which are not discussed above; his Colonial policy and practice is also very valuable. On economic aspects see also Allen and Donnithorne, Western enterprise in Indonesia and Malaya; and Caldwell, 'Indonesian export and production'. A major survey of the economy in the later years of Dutch rule is found in vol. I of Sutter, Indonesianisasi. American economic interests are analysed in Gould, Americans in Sumatra. On East Sumatra see Pelzer, 'Planter and peasant'. Burger, Sociologisch·economischr! geschiedenis, also contains a stimulating analysis of this period. The beginnings of the oil industry are described in Schadee, Geschie­denis van Sumatra's Oostkust; see also Paulus et al., Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indiif (or Bezemer, Beknopte encyclopaedie). For a much more detailed account see Gerretson, Geschiedenis der 'Koninklijke', translated into English as History of the Royal Dutch.

A general survey is found in Van Niel, Emergence of the modern Indonesian elite. The most comprehensive statistical picture of the period is contained in Departement van Economische Zaken, Volkstelling 1930 I Census 1930. On educational reforms see Brugmans, Geschiedenis van hetonderwijsinNederlandscb­Indie; and on population matters see Widjojo, Population trends in Indonesia, The development of the Indonesian administrative corps in this new age is analysed in Sutherland, Making of a bureaucratic elite.

The works cited in chapters 14 and 15 which concentrate on indigenous Indonesian affairs also contain much material on colonial policy and practice.

Chapter 14: The First Steps towards National Revival, c. 1900-27

The events of this period have attracted much scholarly attention. Van Niel,

NOTES AND REFERENCES 287

Emergence of the modern Indonesian elite, is still a valuable survey; as is Pringgodigdo, Sedjarab pergerakan rakjat Indonesia.

On Budi Utomo see Nagazumi, Dawn of Indonesian nationalism. The best introduction to the Saminist phenomenon is Benda and Castles, 'Samin move­ment'; see also Bijleveld, 'Saminbeweging'.

McVey, Rise of Indonesian Communism, is the most authoritative study of PKI down to 1926-7, and contains much material on the other political move­ments of the period, particularly SI. On the rural SI see Kartodirdjo, Protest movements in rural java; and Oates, 'Afdeeling B'. The best analysis of Com­munism in Minangkabau is in Schrieke, Indonesian sociological studies, vol. I. Fox, Harvest of the palm, describes developments in Timor.

Noer, Modernist Muslim movement in Indonesia, 1900-1942, is a survey of Islamic reform. On the movement in Minangkabau see Abdullah, Schools and politics. The role of Singapore in this is described in Roff, Origins of Malay nationalism. On the major Islamic reform movements in Java, see also Federspiel's publications 'Muhammadijah' and Persatuan Islam. Islamic educational develop­ments are analysed in Steenbrink, Pesantren, madrasab, sekolab. Valuable essays on the reform movement in Java and on the government-recognised Islamic hierarchies are contained in Pijper, Studiiin over de gescbiedenis van de Islam in Indonesia, 1900-1950. Hourani, Arabic thought in the liberal age, describes the Middle Eastern background of Islamic reform.

Surjomihardjo, 'National education', describes Indonesian educational efforts, including women's movements. The origins of Taman Siswa are described in McVey, 'Taman Siswa and the Indonesian national awakening'. See also Surjomihardjo, 'Suwardi Surjaningrat's ideals and national-revolutionary actions'. On the Javanese priyayi elite in this period see Sutherland, Making of a bureau­cratic elite.

Chapter 15: The Pace Moderated, 1927-42

A general survey of the events of this period is in Pluvier, Overzicht van de ontwikkeling der nationalistiscbe beweging in Indonesii! in de jaren 1930 tot 1942. Pringgodigdo, Sedjarab pergerakan rakjat Indonesia, also covers this period. For a detailed analysis concentrating on the urban 'secular' movements of 1927-34 see Ingleson, Road to exile. For the period 1936-42 seeAbeyasekere's publications 'Partai Indonesia Raja'; 'Soetardjo petition'; and One band clapping. See also O'Malley, 'Pakempalan Kawulo Ngajogjakarta'.

There have been several studies of Sukarno; the best is Legge, Sukarno: A political biography. There is also much valuable material on Sukarno's thinking in Dahm, Sukarnos Kampf um Indonesiens Unabbiingigkeit (in English under the title Sukarno and the struggle /or Indonesian independence), but Dahm's inter­pretations of this material and his attempt to link it closely to traditional Javanese cultural phenomena have been criticised. The Javanese bureaucratic class is treated in Sutherland, Making of a bureaucratic elite. The background to World War II in Indonesia is covered in Aziz, japan's colonialism and Indonesia.

On Islamic matters, see Noer, Modernist Muslim movement in Indonesia, 1900-1942. Events in Minangkabau are treated in detail in Abdullah, Schools and politics. See also Federspiel, Persatuan Islam.

288 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

On the development of modern Indonesian literature, see Teeuw, Modern Indonesian Literature, which analyses these works briefly and includes extensive bibliographies. See also Teeuw, 'Impact of Balai Pustaka on modern Indonesian literature'; Sutherland, 'Pudjangga Baru'; Jassin, Pudjangga Baru; and Jassin, Amir Hamzah.

Chapter 16: World War II and the Japanese Occupation, 1942-5

No entirely satisfactory work covering the whole of Indonesia during World War II has been published. The best available survey is Aziz, japan's colonialism and Indonesia. A comprehensive, but rather undigested, collection of material is in Waseda University, japanese military administration in Indonesia. Benda, Crescent and the rising sun, is a valuable work, but its isolation of Islam as the primary topic tends to obscure other aspects. A substantial analysis emphasising economic matters is in vol. I of Sutter, Indonesianisasi.

B. Anderson has greatly illuminated the later stages of the occupation in Java; see his 'Japan: "The light of Asia"'; Some aspects of Indonesian politics under the japanese occupation; and java in a time of revolution. Legge, Sukarno: A political biography, is also valuable. Some important interpretative issues concern­ing Java under the Japanese are considered in Sluimers, ' "Nieuwe orde" op Java'.

There has so far been no serious study of areas occupied by the navy, but on Sumatra see Piekaar, Atjeh en de oorlog met japan; Reid, 'Japanese occupation and rival Indonesian elites'; and Reid, Blood of the people.

A good survey of the Japanese background to events can be found in Beasley, Modern history of japan. See also F. Jones, japan's new order in East Asia; and Elsbree, japan's role in Southeast Asian nationalist movements.

Chapter 17: The Revolution, 1945-50

The Revolution has produced much scholarly wntmg of high quality. Reid, Indonesian national revolution, is the best guide to the Revolution throughout Indonesia. An earlier and more detailed study which concentrates on Java, and which ranks as one of the classic works of Indonesian history, is Kahin, Nationalism and revolution. Legge, Sukarno: A political biography, is also valuable. For an extensive study by a major participant, see Nasution, Sekitar perang kemerdekaan Indonesia. Vol. II of Sutter, Indonesianisasi, covers the Revolution with an emphasis on economic aspects.

The years 1945-6 in Java are analysed in B. Anderson, java in a time of revolution. On West Java in the same period see Smail, Bandung in the early revolution. Lucas, 'Social revolution in Pemalang', covers the three regions affair. Events in Surakarta are described in Soejatno (Sujatno), 'Revolution and social tensions in Surakarta' and 'Perubahan-perubahan sosial politik di Surakarta'. On Yogyakarta see Selosoemardjan, Social changes in ]ogjakarta. The Madiun rebel­lion is discussed in D. Anderson, 'Military aspects of the Madiun affair'. For a study of Soedirman see Nugroho, 'Soedirman: Panglima yang menepati janjinya'.

The Revolution in Sumatra has not yet received as much attention as Java.

NOTES AND REFERENCES 289

Reid, Blood of the people, covers the early years of the Revolution in Aceh and East Sumatra. On the initial stages in Aceh, see also Piekaar, Atjeh en de oorlog met japan. See also Reid, 'Birth of the Republic in Sumatra'. Areas outside of Java and Sumatra have yet to receive serious study.

The final stages of the Revolution are covered in Feith, Decline of constitu­tional democracy. On international diplomatic aspects see A. Taylor, Indonesian independence and the United Nations; the more general diplomatic context is described in Colbert, Southeast Asia in international politics.

Islamic aspects are covered in Boland, 'Struggle of Islam'. See Horikoshi, 'Dar ul-Islam movement', on Kartosuwirjo and Darul Islam. On literature see Teeuw, Modern Indonesian literature; on art see Holt, Art in Indonesia.

Chapter 18: The Democratic Experiment, 1950-7

Feith, Decline of constitutional democracy, is an exhaustive study of this period. Studies of various constituents of the political scene may be found in Hindley, Communist party of Indonesia; Mortimer ,Indonesian Communism under Sukarno; McVey, 'Post-revolutionary transformation of the Indonesian army'; Legge, Sukarno: A political biography; and Boland, 'Struggle of Islam'.

On population growth see Widjojo, Population trends in Indonesia. A brief collection of useful statistics is given in Brand, 'Some statistical data'. Economic affairs down to 1955 are analysed in vols. III and IV of Sutter, Indonesianisasi.

Local studies of Javanese society are found in Selosoemardjan, Social changes in jogjakarta; Castles, Religion, politics and economic behaviour in java; Jay, Religion and politics in rural Central java; and Kuntowidjojo, 'Sikap ekonomi dan keagamaan pengusaha didesa industri' (available in English as 'Economic and religious attitudes of entrepreneurs in a village industry'). Geertz, Religion of java, contains much information, but has been criticised for appearing to equate communal identities (santri and abangan) with a social class category (priyayi).

An analysis of the 1955 (and 1971) elections is in van Marie, 'Indonesian electoral geography'. On foreign policy see Fifield, Diplomacy of Southeast Asia; Bone, Dynamics of the Western New Guinea (Irian Barat) problem; and Mozingo, Chinese policy toward Indonesia. Concerning regional crises, see Mattulada, 'Kahar Muzakkar'; Smail, 'Military politics of North Sumatra'; and Harvey, Permesta.

Chapter 19: Guided Democracy, 1957-65

No general survey of the guided democracy period has yet been published. The years 1957-9 are covered in detail in Lev, Transition to guided democracy. Analyses extending to 1962 are found in Feith's 'Dynamics of guided democracy' and 'Indonesia'. Hindley, Communist Party of Indonesia, extends to 1963. See also Reeve, 'Sukarnoism and Indonesia's "functional group" state'. The PRRI rebellion is still in need of scholarly study; Mossman, Rebels in paradise, is a useful account. On the Sulaw~si rebellion see Harvey, Permesta.

Studies covering the whole period with emphasis on particular aspects are

290 A HISTORY OF MODERN INDONESIA

found in Crouch, Anny and politics; Mortimer, Indonesian Communism under Sukarno; Legge, Sukarno: A political biography; Boland 'Struggle of Islam'; and McVey, 'Post-revolutionary transformation of the Indonesian army'; all but the last of these include analyses of the 1965 coup attempt and its various inter­pretations. The economic troubles of the period are described in Mackie, Prob­lems of the Indonesian inflation. Other valuable studies are found in Foulcher, 'Survey of events surrounding "Manikebu"'; Lee, 'Taman Siswa in postwar Indonesia'; and Rocamora, 'Partai Nasional Indonesia, 1963-1965'. Teeuw, Modern Indonesian literature, includes the writers of this period.

Feith and Castles, Indonesian political thinking, contains valuable primary sources for this period (and before). Sukarno's own Autobiography as told to Cindy Adams gives much insight into his mind in this period. The general incli­naticn of scholars to see Sukarno as a social conservative despite his revolutionary rhetoric is challenged in Hauswedell, 'Sukarno: Radical or conservative?'.

The foreign policy of this period has received considerable attention. See Bunnell, 'Guided democracy foreign policy'; and Mackie, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia dispute. Weinstein, Indonesian foreign policy, concentrates on the post-Sukarno years but includes material on this period. On China's role see Mozingo, Chinese policy toward Indonesia; and J. Taylor, China and Southeast Asia; both of these include analyses of the 1965 coup attempt. American involvement is discussed in Bunnell, 'Central Intelligence Agency­Deputy Directorate for Plans 1961 secret memorandum'; and Fifield, Southeast Asia in United States policy, which extends to c. 1962. A radical American critique is found in Scott, 'Exporting military-economic development: America and the overthrow of Sukarno'.

Chapter 20: The New Order since 1965

The new order has yet to become the subject of a major historical survey. The most substantial analysis down to c. 1976 is in Crouch, Army and politics, which concentrates on military aspects. Polomka, Indonesia since Sukarno, is a valuable analysis down to c. 1970. Roeder, Smiling general, is an authorised biography of Soeharto extending to 1968. Oey, Indonesia after the 1971 elections, contains several useful articles; the essays in Caldwell, Ten years' military terror, attack the regime from a leftist viewpoint.

The period of transition from old to new order is described in Paget, 'Military in Indonesian politics'; and Hindley, 'Alirans and the fall of the old order'. Studies of various aspects of domestic politics are found in McVey, 'Post-revolutionary transformation of the Indonesian army', which extends to 1969; Mcintyre, 'Divisions and power in the Indonesian National Party, 1965-1966'; Nishihara, Golkar and the Indonesian elections of 1971; and Ward, Foundation of the Partai Muslimin Indonesia. Boland, 'Struggle of Islam', extends to 1969. On the 1971 elections see van Marie, 'Indonesian electoral geography'; and on the 1977 elec­tions Tjan Silalahi, '1977 general elections'.

Political imprisonment down to mid-1977 is analysed in Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report; the Indonesian edition of this (Indonesia: Sebuah

NOTES AND REFERENCES 291

laporan Amnesti Internasional) has an introduction covering developments between mid-1977 and October 1978.

Religious issues are discussed in several of the works listed above. On Chris­tianisation see also G. Jones, 'Religion and education'. Concerning Kebatinan see Hadiwijono, Man in the present Javanese mysticism. An overview of religious issues is in Ricklefs, 'Six centuries of Islamisation'. Islamic educational work and related matters are discussed in Steen brink, Pesantren, madrasah, sekolah; and Sudjoko Prasodjo et al., Profil pesantren.

On the ending of confrontation see Weinstein, Indonesia abandons confron­tation; and Mackie, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia dispute. For foreign relations in general see Weinstein, Indonesian foreign policy, which extends to c. 1974; and Heinzlmeir, Indonesiens Aussenpolitik nach Sukarno, 1965-1970. Mozingo, Chinese policy toward Indonesia, extends to 1967; ]. Taylor, China and Southeast Asia, extends to 1972.

Economic affairs down to 1976 are analysed from a critical standpoint in Palmer, Indonesian economy since 1965; or see Palmer's briefer discussion 'Economy 1965--1975 '. Radical criticism is also found in Payer, 'International Monetary Fund and Indonesian debt slavery'. Robison, 'Toward a class analysis of the Indonesian military bureaucratic state',looks at the business affairs of the new order elite. On oil see especially Carlson, Indonesia's oil. Indonesia's econ­omy and society are seen within a wider ASEAN context in Kuhne, Bevolkerungs­und Beschiiftigungsentwicklung, which extends to c. 1971; and Wong, ASEAN economies in perspective, which extends to c. 1976.

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Index

Note: Readers who fail to locate a twentieth-century Indonesian personal name or publication tide under the expected spelling should check possible alternate spellings (seep. xiii above).

abangan (Javanese nominal Muslims), 155-6,166,172,173,207,209,215, 217,228,232,237,262,273,274

'Abduh, Muhammad, 160, 161 Abdul Aziz, Sayyid, 9 Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of Pontianak,

213, 221 Abdul Kadir, 95 Abdul Karim Amrullah, Haji, see Rasul, Haji Abdu1Rahman,Tengku,261,263 Abdullah Muhammad Maulana Matarani,

Sultan, 44 Abdurrauf of Singkil, 48 Abendanon, J. H., 148-9 Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso, 190, 196 Abulmafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir,

Sultan of Banten, 44 Aceh, 15, 22, 26, 27, 29-33, 47-8, 51,

133, 134, 135-9, 144, 188, 191, 208, 218,235,238,250, 253-4,257,276; foundation of, 5; Islamisation of, 5, 6; becomes Special District, 253; Aceh War, 107, 136-8, 144

'act of free choice' in Irian Jaya, 259, 275 Adabiyah school, 161 adat (customary law), 111, 133-4,

137-8,160,161,162,167,253 Adat, Raja. 13 3 Adi Sannka, Pangeran Arya, 102 Adityavarman, 132 'Afdeeling B', see Section B Affandi, 203 Afghani, Jamal ad-Din al-, 160 Africa, 18, 19,20,23,26,136,236 Agam, 133 Ageng, Ratu, 111 Agen~. Sultan of Banten, 75-6, 79 Agranan Law, 118 Agung, Sultan of Mataram, 31, 37-8,

40-5,51, 66,68, 70, 71,92, 101, 120,245

Ahmad, Sultan of Malacca, 21 Ahmad HanaP.i, 50 Ahmad Khanb, Shaikh, 161, 162 Ahmad Syah, Sultan of Pahang, 31, 32 Ahmad Syah ibn Iskandar, 80-1 Ahmat Majana/Majanu, 5 Aidit, D.N., 216, 217, 229, 231, 239-40,

242,247,256,257,259,262-3,266, 268-70, 274; father of, 231

Akbarnama, 49 Alam, Raja, 133 Alas, 136

Alauddin Riayat Syah I, Sultan of Johor, 29, 30

Alauddin Riayat Syah II, Sultan of Johor, 31

Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahar, Sultan of Aceh, 30

Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Mukamil, Sultan of Aceh, 30

Albuquerque, Afonso de, 21 Alexander the Great, 49 Algemeene Studieclub, 174 Ali, Mohammad, 236 Ali Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan of Aceh

(Tuanku Ibrahim), 13 5 'Ali-Baba' firms, 235 Ali Mughayat Syah, Sultan of Aceh, 5,

29-30 Ali Murtopo, 264 Ali Sastroamidjojo, 175, 234-7, 239,

241-3,252,267,269 Alimin Prawirodirdjo, 169, 170, 173,

239-40 a/iran, 229 Alit, Pangeran, 66-7 All-Aceh Union of Ulamas, see PUSA All-Indonesia Congress of Islamic Scholars

(1957), 249 Alor, 128 Amangkurat, Ratu (mother of Pakubuwana

II), 85, 86, 88 Amangkurat I, Susuhunan of Mataram,

38, 44, 66-72 Amangkurat II, Susuhunan of Mataram and

Kartasura: as crown prince, 69-73; as king, 73-4, 76-7, 78-81

Amangkurat III, Susuhunan of Kartasura, 81-3, 89, 95

Amangkurat IV, Susuhunan of Kartasura, 84-5

Ambarawa, 204 Ambon, Ambonese, 22-3, 25-6, 27, 36,

59-61,62,66,81,82,83, 101,102, 10~ 11~ 113, 129-30, 134, 139, 152,159,204,221,230,251

'Amboyna Massacre', 27 ambtsvelden, 117 America, United States of, Americans, 115,

133, 135, 136, 137, 152, 181, 184, 189, 201,213,214,216,218,219,242, 250-1,257,259-69,278

Amir Hamzah (poet), 182, 208-9 Amir Hamzah (uncle of the Prophet), 49,

50

320 INDEX

Amir Sjarifuddin, 181, 191, 205, 206, 209, 210, 213-18

Amnesty International, 278 AMS (General Middle School), 150, 152,

179 AJnongraga,Seh,51, 120 Amuntai, 191 Anbi.ta, 52 Angger-Agen~;o 96 Angger-Arubiru, 96 angliatan 45, 203 Anno javanico, adoption of, 43 Anrangkusuma, patib of Kartasura,

79-80 Ansor, 247, 262 Antasari, Pangeran, 131 Antwerp, 26 Aqsa, al-, 35 Arabia, Arabs, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 19, 33, 101,

119,120,133,161,162,175,181,255. See also Mecca

Arabic language and literature, 4, 8, 9, 11, 49, 50, 51, 53,159,161,162,182, 192

areca, 19 Arjuna Sasrabau, 50, 51 Arjunawijaya, 50 Arjuna'Wiwiiba, 50 Armed Forces Day, 268 army, Indonesian: in Revolution, 202,

205, 206, 207, 209-10, 211, 216-20; since independence, 227 ff. passim; size of, 216,227, 233, 257; pre­ponderance of Javanese in, 252. See also Banteng Division, Brawijaya Division, Diponegoro Division, Kostrad, paracommandos, Siliwangi Division

Aru, 30, 31, 130 arumpone (Kin~ of Bone), 62, 202 ASEAN (Association of South East

Asian Nations), 275 Ashanti War, 136 Asian-African Conference (Bandung),

235-6 Asrama Indonesia Merdeka, 195 Asrar al- 'arijin, 48 Assembly for Federal Consultation, 214 atomic bomb, 197, 265, 268 attoriolong, 53 Australia, Australians, 184, 204, 210,

213,214 Austria, 182 Azahari, Shaikh A.M., 260

Baab Ullah, Sultan of Temate, 23 babad, see chronicles and historical

traditions and individual titles Babad Giyanti, 52 Babad Kartasura, 51 Babad Kraton, 97-8 Babad Tanab jawi, 9-10, 38, 51 Bacan, 7 Badaruddin, Mahmud, Sultan of Palem­

bang, 131-2

Badruddin of Demak, 3 3 Bad~g, 127-8 Bagelen, 116 Baghdad,12 Bagus Buang, Ratu, 102 Bahrum Rangkuti, 203 Bajra, Carik, 51 Balai Pustaka, 176-7, 181-2 Balambangan, 10, 36, 39, 41, 44, 87, 96 Bali, Balinese, 7, 13, 16, 19, 44, 45, 66,

67,78,79,80,81,82,84,86,87,89, 90,95-6,102,152,172,195,202,204, 212,228,238,243,262, 264,274; literature of, 52, 53; music of, 54; Dutch conquest, 126-8, 135; cattle, 129

Balikpapan,203 Banda, Bandanese, 7, 26, 27, 60, 82, 83,

130, 132, 176, 180 Banda Aceh (Kutaraja), 136, 137, 138,

208 Bandung, 102, 148, 150,156, 168, 173,

174,176,179,195,202,204,208, 210, 213, 220, 226, 253. See also Asian-African Conference

Bangil, 82 Bangka, 125,131,210 Bangkalan, 126 Bangkara, 134 Bangli, 127-8 Banjarmasin, 43, 44, 64, 90, 130-1,

195; Banjarmasin War, 131 Bank of China, 265 Banten, 24, 26, 27-8, 32, 33, 39, 41,

42,43,44,66,67,68, 70,71, 72, 75-6, 79,80,81,83,86,87, 101-2, 116, 170, 188, 213, 217; foundation of, 34-5

Banteng, Barisan, 211 Banteng Division, 242 Barabudhur, 37 Bari, Seh, text ascribed to, 11 Barisan Tani Indonesia, see Peasant Front,

Indonesian. Baron Sakendber, 106 Barus, 134 Bastin, John, 110 Bataks, 30, 133,134,149, 176, 181, 188,

208-9,210,240,242 Batavia, passim; foundation of, 28;

Javanese attacks on, 42-3; epidemics in, 86; massacre of Chinese in, 87, 90; renamed Jakarta, 189

batik (dyed fabric), 53, 54, 121, 158 Batuah, Haji Datuk, 167 bauxite, 183 Bayat,Sunan,9,43, 70 Bebeluk, Ki, 51 Beijing (Peking), 247 Belenggoe, 182 Belgium, 24, 114, 214 Belitung, 131, 210 Bendara, Ratu, 95 ~Jsngal, 11 Bengkulu (Bencoolen), 76, 132, 135,

180

benteng-stelsel, 112 benzoin, 18 Berg, C.C., 16, 37-8 Bergson, H., 157 'Berkeley mafia', 275 Berlin blockade, 218 bestuursberoormingwet (1922), 152 Besuki, 70 betel, 133 Bbiiratayuddba, 49, 50, 52 bbinneka tunggal ika, 244 bid'a, 160 Bijeenkomst voor Federale Overleg, 214 Bintan, 31 Bintang, Zacharias, 81 birds of paradise, 130 'black Portuguese', 64 Blitar, 44, 196, 275 Blitar, Pangeran (brother of Amangkurat

IV), 84 Blora, 159 Bodi Caniago, 13 3 Body for the Supporters (or Spreaders)

of Sukarnoism, 264 Bogor (Buitenzorg),102, 158,231, 256,

270, 275 bonang. 54 Bonang, Sunan,9, 10 Bone,45, 61-2,64-5,73,129,202,210 Bonjol, 134 Borneo, 197, 198, 260. See also

Kalimantan Borneo Oil Company, 144 Bosch, Johannes van den,114-15, 125 Both, Pieter, 40 Boven Digul, 1 70, 180 Brantas river, 14, 39, 40, 80 Bratar.uda, 50, 51 Brawtjaya Division, 251, 252, 265,

269-70 Brazil, 23 Brebes, 201 Britain, British, English, 26, 27, 28, 46,

75, 76, 90, 102, 106, 107, 108-10, 115, 118, 120, 125, 126, 129-37 passim, 145, 160-1, 184, 201, 203-6,210,212,213,227,246, 26Q-1, 263-4, 267. See also East India Company

Brooke, James, 130-1 Brunei, 19, 131, 260-1; early gravestones

at, 5-6; Islamisation of, 7, 8 bubonic plague, 14 7 Buddhism, see Hindu-Buddhism budi and buda, 122 Budi Utomo, 156-7, 158, 159, 162, 163-4,

174, 180 Bugis, 7, 15, 19, 33,45-6, 61-3,64, 73,

82,100,129,130, 139,202,212; literature, 45, 53. See also Bone

Buitenzorg, see Bogor Bukittingi, 250-1 Buleleng, 126-7 bupati: (Javanese lords, senior courtiers),

106, 107, 112; (Javanese officials of Dutch colonial regime), 115, 121-2,

INDEX 321

126, 13~ 14~ 150, 152, 15~ 15~ 165; (during Revolution), 207; (in 19th-century Minangkabau), 134

Bupatis' Union, 157, 164 bureaucracy, size of, 226-7 Burhanuddin Harahap, 237-9, 25Q-1,

258 Burma, 17,193,196,197,218,235,

253; (Pegu),19 'business cabinet', 246 Bustan as-Salatin, 48 Butung, 61, 62

Cabolek, Ki (Serat Cabolek), 51, 52 Cairo, 160, 161, 169, 179 Cakraj~a, patib of Kartasura, 85 Cakranegara, 128 Cakraningrat II, Panembahan of Madura, 82 Cakraningrat III, Pangeran of Madura, 83-4 Cakraningrat IV, Pangeran of Madura,

84-6,88-90 Cakraningrat line of Madura, 41, 126 Caliph, Caliphate, 8, 168, 179 Caton Arang. 52 Caltex, 144, 227, 250-1, 266 Calvinism, see Protestantism Cambodia, 1 7 camphor, 18-19 cannibalism, 134, 138 Canton, 36 Cape of Good Hope, 76, 85, 90, 108 Capellen, G.A.G. Ph. van der, 111, 129 Carter, J ., 278 cassava, 145 Catholic Party, see Partai Katholik Catholicism, Catholics, 23, 24, 25, 60,

159, 163, 228. See also Christianity cattle, 129 Cek Ko-po, 33 celempung. 54 c,r,, tbini, 120 Centraal Sarekat Islam, see CSI Central Advisory Board (Chuo Sangi-in):

in Java, 193, 196; in Sumatra, 195 Central Intelligence Agency (American),

264, 269 Central Intelligence Board (Indonesian),

260 centuries, cycle of, in Java, 70, 97 Ceylon, 81, 82-3, 84, 85, 102, 235 Chaerul Saleh, 246, 254, 263, 264, 266,

269, 274 Chairil Anwar, 203 Champa, 17 Chen Yi, 265 China, Chinese, 17, 18, 19, 23, 26, 28,

33, 36, 75, 87-9, 90, 95, 110, 111, 112, 116, 11~ 119, 130, 131, 135, 144,147,150,151,153,158,161, 163,164,175,181,191,204,213, 217,218,226,227,235,236,237, 240,255,257,260,262,268,274, 276, 278; role in Islamisation, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 33. See also China, People's Republic of

322 INDEX

China, People's Republic of, relations with Indonesia, 236, 241, 255, 256, 261, 262,264,265-8,274

cholera, 111, 112, 137 Christian Party, see Parkindo Christianity, Christians, 23, 31, 45, 59,

60,61,64, 71, 72, 76,81,128-9, 134, 149, 152, 162, 174-5, 181, 201,202,209,210,212,221,228, 238, 240, 273; Christian population, 273. See also Catholicism, Protestantism

Christison, Sir Philip, 204 chronicles and historical tradition's: Balinese,

52, 53; Bugis and Makasarese, 53; Javanese, 9-10, 17, 33, 34, 37-8, 39, 40,43, 51, 52, 53, 72,97-8, 111; Malay, 8-9, 49, 53. See also individual titles.

Chuo Sangi-in, 193; Sumatra Chuo Sangi-in, 195

Cik di Tiro, Teungku, 137 Cikini, attempt to assassinate Sukamo at,

249,250 Ciliwung river, 42 cinnamon, 118 Cirebon, 35, 39, 41, 42, 67, 71, 76-7, 80,

82,83,87, 108,117,188, 198,212; foundation of, 34

Cloon, Dirk van, 86 clove, 19, 20, 26, 59-61, 102, 118 coal, 131, 213 cockfighting, 133 coconut, 145 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 27-8, 43, 79 coffee, 63, 83, 86, 102, 108, 111,

114-19,121,133,144,145 Colijn, Hendrikus, 177 Colombo powers, 235 Comintem, 163, 169 Comite voor het Javaansch Nationalisme,

167 'Communism, national', 209,217,228 Communist Party of Indonesia, see PKI 'confrontation', 260-4, 268, 274 Constantinople, 20 Constituent Assembly, 234, 238-9, 249,

252,253,254 Constitution, Indonesian: of 1945, 197,

201, 206, 252-3, 254, 255; of 1950, 221, 230. See also Constituent Assembly

Constitutional Regulation of 1854, 116 copper, 275 copra, 144 Coral Sea, battle of, 189 Coromandel, 11 corruption: before 19th century, 21-2,

25, 60, 78-9, 87, 102, 106; in 19th century, 111, 115-16, 118; in 20th century, 148, 189, 207, 227, 235, 241,242,249,253,264,271,273, 275-7

cotton, 18 Council of the Indies (Raad van Indie):

creation of, 26; reduction of powers of, 153

councils, 152-3. See also Volksraad coup attempt of 1965, 268-71,

273-4; killings which followed, 274; imprisonment which followed, 274, 278

Crawford, John, 109 CSI (Sarekat Islam Central headquarters),

159, 164-7 Cultural Manifesto, 26·3 cultuurstelsel (cultivation system, 'culture

system'), 114-18, 120, 121, 122 Czechoslovakia, 182

Daendels, Herman Willem, 107-8, 109, 110, 113, 126, 130

Daha (Kediri), 1 Dahlan, Kyai Haji Ahmad, 162 Dalat, 198 Dale, Thomas, 28 Daludalu, 134 Damais, Louis-charles, 4 Dama~Wulan (Damar Bulan) stories,

49, 50 dance, 53-4 Danes, 46, 7 5 DanurV.a, patih of Kartasura, 85 Danureja I, patih of Yogyakarta, 106 Danureja II, patib of Yogyakarta, 106,

108, 109 Danureja IV, patih of Yogyakarta, 112 Darsono,166, 167,170 Darul Islam, 215-16, 228, 232, 234, 235,

243, 250, 257-8 Daud Beureu'eh, Mohammed, 188, 218,

235, 253-4 Daud Syah, Tuanku Muhammad

(Sultan Ibrahim Mansur Syah) of Aceh, 137-8

Daya,29 Dayaks, 191 'debt of honour', 143, 146 decentralisation, 152-3 Delacroix, F., 120 oelanggu, 215 ~i. 30, 31, 136, 188 Demak, 8, 15, 17, 33-5, 37, 38, 39, 51,

81,82,88,97 Democratic League, 256 oemung, 70 Den Pasar, 128, 212 Depression of 1930s, 145, 147, 151, 153,

172, 178,183,188 desascbolen, 151 Deventer, C. Th. van, 119, 143 Dewa Agung: of Gelgel, 44; of Klungkung,

127-8 Dewa Ruci, 52 Dewantara, Ki Hadjar (Suwardi Surjaning-

rat), 163, 167-8, 173, 180, 192, 196, 239

Dharma!iinya kakawin, SO diamonds, 19 Dias, Bartolomeo, 20 Diem, Ngo Dinh, 263 Dieman, Antonio, 59-60 Diniyah School, 161

Dipanagara, Pangeran (son of Hameng­kubuwana III), 111-13, 166

Dipanagara, Pangeran (son of Pakubuwana I), 84

Diponegoro Division, 251, 252, 265, 269-70

Djajaadiningrat, Raden Adipati Arya, 149

Djajadiningrat, Hoesein, 30, 150 Djambek, Shaikh Muhammad Djamil,

161 Djawi Hisworo, 167 Djuanda Kartawidjaja, 246-54, 263 doctors, numbers of: in 1930, 147-8;

in 1974, 273 'Dokt~r-Jawa' school, 123, 149, 156,

157 Door duisternis tot Iicht, 149 Douwes Dekker, Eduard, 118, 163 Douwes Dekker, E.F.E., 163, 165, 184 DPR (Peoples' Representative Council):

established, 230; in 1945 constitution, 252; dissolved, 256; re-established, 276-7

DPR-GR (Mutual Cooperation Peoples' Representative Council), appointment of, 256

Drake, Sir Francis, 26 Drewes, G.W.J., 11 Du Bus, Fort, 130 Dulles, J.F., 251 Dutch, passim; arrival in Indonesia of,

23-8 Dwiwarna (red and white Indonesian

flag), 193, 198

East India Company, Dutch, see VOC East India Company, English, 26, 42,

80. See also British East Indonesia state (NIT), 212, 219, 221 East Java state, 214 East Sumatra state, 214, 221 Eastern Salient (Oostboek) of Java, 10, 35,

36,40,44,66,67,80, 84,86,89, 95-6, 213. See also Balambangan, Pasuruhan

Eberfeld, Pieter, 87 eclipses, 7 0 Edam island, 102 education: Rotinese, 64, 129; in 19th­

century Java, 122-3; Ethical period reforms of, 148-52, 154; Western, Indonesian desire for, 156; Islamic, 161,162-3,167,169,179,182,188, 191, 192-3, 273; during World War II, 189, 190; in 1950s, 226; after 1965, 272-3. See also Taman Siswa, pesantren

'Eereschuld, Een', 143 Egypt,11,161,168,175,233,237 elections: Volksraad, 153, 164, 165;

of1955,234,236,238, 240, 243;of1957,239,248,250;of 1971 and 1977, 276

elephants, 31 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 26

INDEX 323

elmu nabi Adam, 159 emigration (from Java to outer islands),

147 English, see British English War, Fourth, 105 Eru Cakra, 158 Ethical policy, 127, 143-54, 157, 165,

176, 177, 181

Fadhillah Khan, 3 5 Fakhruddin, Muhammad, Sultan of

Jambi, 132 'Falatehan', 35 Fasseur, C., 116 Fatahillah, 35 Ficus elastica, 144 'fifth force', 266-8 First Class schools, 150, 151 Flores, 7, 64, 128, 180 Fock, Dirk, 149, 153 Formosa, see Taiwan Fox, James J., 129 France, French, 26, 46, 86, 102, 106,

108, 135, 136, 137, 184 Frederikse, Jochum, 84 Freitas, J ordllo de, 22 Fretilin, 278 Front Demokrasi Rakyat, see People's

Democratic Front functional groups, 243, 247, 252-3, 256

Gajah Mada University, 208 Gama, Vasco da, 20 gambier, 133 gam!Jling, 13 3 game/an (orchestra), 54, 156 ganyang Malaysia, 261 GAPI, 183 Gare'ndi, Raden Mas, 89, 95 Garibaldi, G., 174 Garut, 165, 215 Gelgel, 44 Generation of 45, 203 Gerakan Hidup Baru, 248 ~rakan Rakyat Baru, 196-7, 248 ~rinda (local Yogyakarta party), 178 ~rindo (Indonesian People's Movement),

181, 188 Germany, Germans, 165, 182, 184, 187,

197,267 ~rwani (Indonesian Women's Movement),

259,269,270 Gianyar, 127-8 Gibraltar, Straits of, 26 Gids, de, 143 'Gilchrist letter', 267 Girl, 36, 43-4 Girl, Panembahan, 71, 73 Gi~Sunan,9,10, 36,37,38,43,59 Girindrawardhana R~awijaya, king of

Jdajapahit, 33 Girisawardhana, king of Majapahit, 17 Gjyugun, 194, 202 Goa (India), 21, 259 Goddess of the Southern Ocean, 38, 41,

44,97,98,111,113

324 INDEX

Goens, Rijklof van, 37, 59, 67, 73 Gogodog, 71 gold, 15, 18, 19, 20, 131, 133, 233 Gold Coast, 136 Golkar (Sekber Golkar, Joint Secretariat

of Functional Groups), 264-5, 276-7 Gombong, 184 gong, 54 Good Offices Committee, 214, 218 Gorontalo, 62, 251 go tong royong, 243 Governor-General of VOC, creation of

position of, 26 Gowa, 45-6, 59-63, 67, 69, 129 Graaff, Simon de, 15 3 Graeff, Andries C.D. de, 176, 178 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,

187,189 Greeve, Jan, 100 Gresik, 10, 36, 39, 40; early gravestone at,

5,11 Guadalcanal, 189 Guiana, Dutch, see Surinam 'guided democracy': origins of, 239, 241,

242-3; general nature of, 245-6 guitar, 23 Gujerat, Gujeratis, 11, 19, 42, 48 Gunseikan (Military Governor), 190,

192,194,198 Guntur, Raden Mas, 83, 95 Gunungjati, Sunan, 9, 10, 34-5 Gunungsitoli, 135 Guomindang, 252 guru ordonnantie (teacher ordinance):

ofl905,169;of1925,169,193

Hadhramis, 161 Hadikusomo, Ki Bagus, 193, 196 Hadisubeno Sosrowerdojo, 267 Haditb, 160 Haji, Sultan of Ban ten, 7 5-6, 80 baJiS (pilgrims who have been to Mecca):

as money lenders and landowners, 119, 123, 164; 19th-century numbers of, 12 3; as religious and popular leaders, 123-4, 133, 165, 194; travel via Singapore, 160-1

Halim P~rdanakusumah air base, 267, 269-70

Halmahera, 19 5 Hamengkubuwana I, Sultan of Yogyakarta

(Pangeran/Sultan Mangkubumi), 89, 91-101, 105

Hamengkubuwana II, Sultan of Yogya­karta: as crown prince, 97, 98-9, 100; as Sultan, 101, 105-9, 111, 112

Hamengkubuwana III, Sultan of Yogya­karta, 106, 108, 109, 111

Hamengkubuwana IV, Sultan of Yogya­karta, 111

Hamengkubuwana V, Sultan of Yogya­karta, 111, 120

Hamengkubuwana VIII, Sultan of Yogya­karta,207

Hamengkubuwana IX, Sultan of Yogya-

karta, 207-8, 219, 220, 231, 233-4, 250-1

Hamzah Pansuri, 47-8, 49 Hanafi school of law, 4 Hanbali school of law, 4, 168 Hardi, 247, 252, 267 Harian Rakjat, 236, 257, 270 Ha~awijaya, 52 Hartingh, Nicolaas, 9 3 Hartsinck, Andries, 100 Hasanuddin, king of Banten, 35 Hasanuddin, Sultan of Gowa, 62, 67 Hasjim Asjari, Kyai Haji, 169, 194, 195 Hassan, A., 168, 179 Harta, Mohammad, 175, 176, 178, 180,

19Q-8,201,205,206, 211,213,214, 216-20, 232, 241-3, 246, 248-52, 256

Hayam Wuruk, king of Majapahit, 17 HBS (Higher middle-class school), 1 50,

172-3 head-hunting, 138 Heeren XVII (Directors of the VOC):

role of, 25-6; dismissal of, 106 Hegel, G.W.F., 157 Heiho (Auxiliary Forces), 192, 194, 198,

202,203,210 Henry 'the Navigator', prince, 20 Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan), 205 Heutsz, Joannes Benedictus van, 137-8,

148,149,157 Hevea brasiliensis, 145 bijrab (non-cooperative movement), 167,

168, 181 Hikayat Aceb, 49 Hikayat Amir Hamzab, 49, 52 Hikayat Iskandar Dbulkarnain, 49 Hikayat Pandawa ]aya, 49 Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, 8-9, 12 Hikayat Seri Rama, 49 Hindu-Buddhism, Hinduism, Buddhism,

xi, 7, 11, 12-13, 16-17, 18, 33-4, 35, 36, 37,49,50,52,53,96,134, 156, 159,173, 228; revival of, 273. See also Old Javanese literature

Hiroshima, 197 HIS (Dutch-Native school), 150, 151, 152 Hider, A., 182, 183 'Hitoe, Kapitein', 59-60 Hitu, 22, 25, 36, 59-60 Hizbullah, Barisan (God's Forces), 196,

203,215,228 Hoamoal, 59-61, 63 Hohendorff, Johan Andries Baron von,

88-9,92 Hollandsch-chineesche schools, 1 50 honey, 18-19 Hong Kong, 184 hongi, 61 boofdenscbolen (chiefs' school), 122,

148 Hoorn, Joan van, 81 Horie Choso, 191-2 bormat circulaire (etiquette circular),

122,123 horses, 19, 31, 69, 129

Houtman, Comelis de, 24 Hud, Sharif, 6 Hurdt, Anthonio, 73 'hydraulic' society, 15

Ibadat, Raja, 133 Ibn Battuta, 3 Ibn Sa'ud, 168 Ibnu Sutowo, 250, 276, 278 Ibrahim, Seh, 93 Ibrahim, Tuanku (Sultan Ali Alauddin

Mansur Syah) of Aceh, 13 S-6, 13 7 Ibrahim Mansur Syah, Sultan of Aceh,

137-8 Idenburg, Alexander W.F., 143, 148,

159 Idham Chalid, Kyai Haji, 247, 253, 254 iima', 160 ijtibad, bab al- ijtibad, 160 Iljas Jacub, 179, 180 Imagiri, 44 imam (religious leader) in Aceh, 33 Imam. al-, 161 Imam Bonjol, Tuanku, 133-4 Imhoff, Gustaaf Willem Baron van, 90,

91-2 Inderagiri, 31, 134 India, Indians, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12. 19, 21, 43,

75,109,110,120,130,135,136, 144,161,168,176,204,205,213, 235,255,259

Indiii weerbaar (defence of the Indies) movement, 153, 163-4

indigo, 83,111, 115, 11). Indische Partij, 157, 163, 167, 173 Indische Vereeniging, 175 Indochina, French, 184. See also Vietnam,

Cambodia Indo-Europeans, 157, 163, 173, 181,

204 Indonesia, University of, 263 Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia):

origins of, 176; during World War II, 190; used in educational system, 226

Indonesian literature, modem, 176-7, 181-2, 203

Indonesian Nationalist Party, see PNI 'Indonesia Raya', 193, 198, 212 Indonesia tumpab darabku, 177 inflation, 189, 215, 227, 235, 255, 259,

263,268,275.277 Ingalaga, Susuhunan, see Pakubuwana I Inggit Garnasih, 173 inlander, 183 Insulinde, 163, 165 International Monetary Fund, 260, 268 Interpol, 268 Investigating Committee for Preparatory

Work for Indonesian Independence, 196, 197

Iqbal, Muhammad, 203 Iraq, 175 Irian Jaya, 130, 166, 170, 203, 220,

23D-1,236,239,240,243, 249, 250,257-9,260,261,275

iron, 18

INDEX 325

irrigation, expansion of, under Ethical policy, 146

Irshad, a!-, 162, 182 ISDV (Indies Social-Democratic Associa­

tion), 163, 164-6 Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Aceh, 30, 31-3,

48,49 Iskandar Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 18 Iskandar Thani Alauddin Mughayat Syah,

Sultan of Aceh, 32-3, 48 Islam, passim; coming of, 3-13, 17, 18, 36,

37, 45, 96, 129, 133, 134; influence on indigenous literatures, 47-52, 53; reform movements, 122, 132-4, 160 ff. passim. See also Modernism, Orthodox Islam, Shafi'i school of law, Sufis, and indiflidual names and terms

Islam dan k~bangsaan, 179 Islamic Communism, 165, 166, 167 Islamic Community, Preparatory Union

of, 190 Ismail, Shaikh, 8 Israel, 236 Italy, 184 Itinerario naer Oost ofte Portugaels

Indien, 24 Iwojima, 197

Jagaraga, 39, 84 Jaka Tingkir, 37, 38 Jakarta, 189 ff. passim; becomes capital

of Indonesia, 221; population, 226. See also Jayakerta

Jakarta Charter, 197, 201, 252, 253, 254 Jakarta-Pnompenh-Hanoi-Beijing-

Pyongyanga~s,268 Jambi, 27, 31, 67, 132, 135 Jami'yyat Khair, 162 Jangrana II, 83 Jangrana III, 84 Jangrana IV, 84 Janssens, Jan Willem, 108-9 Japan, Japanese, 19, 23, 26, 27, 75,

83,120,123,138, 154, 172, 180, 181, 182-208passim, 209,215,225, 227,231,246,247,267,272,277-8

Jassin, H.B., 263 Java Sea, battle of, 184 Java War, 107, 108, 112-13, 114, 129,

134, 166 Javanese literature, 9-10, 49-52, 53,

97-8, 111, 120. See also chronicles and historical ttaditions and indiflidual titles

Javanese Wars of Sucession: First, 82; Second, 84; Third, 92-4, 101, 102

Jawa Hokokai, 194, 195-6, 201 Jayakerta, 27, 28, 34 Jayalengkara, king of Surabaya, 41 Jayanagara, king of Majapahit, 17 Jayapuspita, 83-4 Jazirat al- Muluk, 22 Jembrana, 127 Jepara, 27, 29, 35-6, ~o. 42, 68, 70,

73, 78,80,81,84,89,91, 149 Jerusalem, 35

326 INDEX

jesuit order, 2 3 Jipang, 37, 39 johns, A.H., 13 Johor, 15,21,22,29-33,35,72,80 jolo, 6. See also Sulu archipelago J ombang, 169, 194 Jongjava,159,173 J ong Minahasa, 159 Jonge, Bonifacius C. de, 177, 180 Jonker, Captain, 81 Jortan, 40 'July 3rd Affair', 211-12 Juwana, 71, 82, 88

Kabinet Karya, 246 Kabinet Kerja, 254 kafir, 168, 192 Kahar Muzakkar, 232, 257 Kajoran, Raden, 70, 7 3 Kakiali, 36, 59-60 Kalijaga, Sunan, 9-10, 37, 38 Kalimantan, 7, 15, 17, 19, 27, 39, 63,

64,67,83,90, 102,144,169,187, 188,191,197,203,212-13,220,221, 242, 250, 257, 263-4; Dutch conquest of, 13G-1, 135. See also individual place-names

Kahnyamat, Ratu, queen of Jepara, 35 Kaliurang, 218 Kamaruddin of oemak, 3 3 Kampar, 31 Kant, 1., 157 Kapaha,60 kapok, 145 Karangasem (Bali), 126-8 Karta, 41, 67 Kartasura, 50, 51, 74-91 passim, 98;

foundation of, 74, 97; conquests of, 89, 98; abandonment of, 91

Kartini, Raden Ajen,, 149 Kartini Fonds, 'Kartmi schools', 149 Kartosuwirjo, S.M., 215-16, 230, 232, 235,

258 Kilum (in Aceh), 30 Kaum Betawi, 159, 1 77 Kauman (in java), 158 kawin gantung, 173 Kebatinan, 273 Kedah, 3t Kediri, 1, 34, 38, 39, 72-3, 76 Kedu,116 Keibodan, 192 Kennedy, J.F., 257, 259 Kennedy, R.F., 259, 263 Kenpeitai (Japanese Military Police), 190,

191,204 Keper, 73 keroncong, 2 3 Kertarijasa Jayawardhana, king of Majapahit,

17 'Kew letters', 108 Khrushchev, N., 257, 265 Kidul, Kangjeng Ratu or Nyai Lara, see

Goddess of the Southern Ocean kidung, 52 Klungkung, 127-8

KNIP (Central Indonesian National Committee), 201,206, 213, 214; Badan Pekerja KNIP, 206

Kop (Vigilance Command), 263, 264 K01so Kuniaki, 195, 197 kongsi, 131 Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij

tot Exploitatie van Petroleum-bronnen in Nederlandsch-Indie, 'de Koninklijke', 144

Korea, 236, 251 Korean War, 230, 233 Kostrad (Army Strategic Reserve), 262,

264,269-70 Kota Pilian~ 133 Kotawaringm, 130 KPM line, 227, 249 kris (dagger), 53, 54, 128 Kuala Lumpur, 261 Kucing, 131 Kudus, 35 Kudus,Sunan,9, 35, 37,39 Kuning, Sultan (in Banjarmasin), 131 Kuning, Sunan (in Java), 89 Kupan~e 64 Kuta Gede, 39, 41 Kutaraja, see Banda Aceh Kutei, xi, 36, 64, 144 Kwajalein, 195 kweekscbolen, see teacher-training schools kyai (religious teacher), 124, 158,

169,192,193,194,203,205,216, 228

La Galigo, 53 La Ma'dukelleng, 64 La Mappanjuki, 202 La Tenritatta toUnru', see Arung Palakka Lajar terkembang, 182 Lampun~ 32, 35,83,101,147 Lancaster, Sir james, 26 'land rent' (land tax), 110, 114-15, 117, 119 Langkat, 136, 144 Lasl!m, 40 lasykar rakyat, 208 Law College (Rechtshoogeschool), 150 League of Supporters of Indonesian

Independence, 2 53 Lee Kuan Yew, 268 Left Wing (Sayap Kiri), 213, 214, 215 Leiden University, 137, 207 Leimena, Johannes, 247, 254, 263, 265,

269 Lekra (People's Cultural Institute),

247,259,263 Lenin, V., 166 Leran gravestone, 3 Lesser Sunda Islands, see Nusa Tenggara Leyte Gulf, 196 'liberal' period, 119, 121-4, 143 Limapuluh Kota, 133 Limboto, 62 Limburg Stirum, J.P. Count van, 164, 165 lincoln, A., 174 Linggajati agreement, 212, 213 Unschoten, Jan Huygen van, 24

Lintau, 134 Lipura, 38 Lisbon, 24, 26 literacy: in 1930, 152; in 1961, 226 LKN (National Cultural Institute), 259,263 Lobo,130 Lokapala, SO, 51 Lombard, Denys, 30, 32 Lombok,7, 16, 19, 36,44,45, 52,63,

83, 127, 152, 204; Dutch conquest of, 128

Loyola, St. Ignatius, 23 Lubis, Zulkifli, 241, 248, 249, 250, 257 Lukman, M.H., 216,217,229,231,256,

269,274 Luwu, 210 Luzon, 196

macapat, SO, 52 Macao, 23 Macapagal, Diosdado, 261, 263 mace, 19, 20, 59 Madiun, 34, 38, 81, 84, 270; PKI

rebellion at, 216-17, 218, 228, 229, 232,252

Madiun river, 38-9 Madura, Madurese, 7, 24, 36, 41, 44, 70-1,

74, 78, 82, 83-4, 88-90, 100, 105, 112,126,139,146,147,152,156, 157, 164, 187, 211, 213; literature of, 53; music of, 54; state of, 214. See also Cakraningrat

Maeda Tadashi, 195, 198 Maetsuycker, joan, 59, 62, 73 MagiHang, 113, 148, 204, 206 Ma#tan, 84 Mababbiirata, 49 Mabkota Segala Raja-t'aja, 48-9 Mahmud Syah, Sultan of Aceh, 137 Mahmud Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 21, 29 Ma Huan, 5 Maimun, daughter of, 3 MaJa, Kyai, 112, 166 MaJa Agung, 40 Majakl!rta, 122, 172 Majapahit, 4-5, 8, 10, 12-13, 14, 16-18,

33-4,35,36, 37, 38,40,44, 52,71, 97, 132; golden crown of, 73, 80

Makasar, Makasarese, 7, 27, 36, 44, 45-6, 59-63,64-5,69,70-3,75,78,81,82, 83,102,113,129,130,195,202, 221, 243; literature, 45, 53. See also Gowa

Malabar, 11 Malacca, 18-19, 21-2, 25, 29-32, 35-6,

40, 43, 47, 72; as centre of Islamisa­tion, 5; Islamisation legend concern­ing, 9; Portuguese conquest of, 21 ; Dutch conquest of, 33, 59, 61; British occupation of, 108, 135

Malang, 34,40,82,94,95-6,202, 210 Malaria, 112, 130, 147 Malay literature, 8-9, 47-9, 53. See also

chronicles and historical traditions and individual titles

Malaya: British,145, 184,197,198,

INDEX 327

218; Federation of, 251, 260. See also Malaysia

Malaysia, Federation of, 260-4, 266, 268, 274. See also Malaya

Malik, Adam, 210, 211, 264, 266 Malik as-Salih, Sultan of Samudra, 3, 8, 11 Malik az-Zahir, Sultan, 4 Malik Ibrahim, 5, 11 Maliki school of law, 4 Malino conference, 212 Mallaby, A.W.S., 205 Maluku (Moluccas, 'Spice Islands'),

7,8, 18,19,20-8, 36,40,59-61,63, 66, 91, 152, 242, 243. See also Ambon, Banda, Hitu, South Maluku, Teruate, Tid ore

Manar, al-, 3 5 mancanegara (outer districts of Javanese

kingdom), 106,108,113 Manchuria, 182, 197 Mandarsyah, king of Ternate, 6o-1 Mangkubumi, Pangeran (brother of

Pakubuwana II), see Hamengku­buwana I

Mangkubumi, Pangeran (son of Hamengku­buwana II), 112

Mangkunegara, Pangeran Arya (brother of Pakubuwana II), 85

Mangkunegara I, Pangeran Adipati (Raden Mas Said), 85, 89, 91-100

Mangkunegara II, Pangeran Adipati Arya, 106-7, 109, 113

Mangkunegara IV, Pangeran Adipati, 120, 121

Mangkunegara VIII, Pangeran Adipati Arya, 211

Mangkunegaran: status under Dutch rule, 119-20; success in adjusting to colonial rule, 121

Mangkunegaran Legion, 107, 109, 110, 112, 121

Manikebu, 263 Manila, 195, 196 Manipol (-USDEK), 255, 259, 263 Mansur, al-, king of Tidore, 7 Mansur, Kyai Haji Mas, 192, 194, 196 Mansur Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 5 mantri-guru, 123 Manuel, Dom, of Ternate, 22 Maphilindo, 261 Marah Rusli, 176 Mardijkers, 82 Maring, G., 163 martabat, 48 Ma'ruf Syah, Sultan of Pedir, 5 Marxism, 171, 173, 174, 175, 178, 210,

256. See also PKI Masjid al-Haram, 161 Masyumi, 194, 196, 203, 205, 209,

214-17, 228-43, 247-56, 258, 26S;banned,253,256

Mataram (in Java), 28, 36ff. rassim; foundation of, 36-40; fal of, 72

Mataram (in Lombok), 127, 128 Mataram, Pangeran Arya (uncle of

Amangkurat IV), 84

328 INDEX

Matulesia, Thomas, 129-30 Mauritius, 102, 108 Max Ha'Velaar, 118, 143 Mecca, 8, 34, 44, 68, 123, 133, 160,

161, 162, 167, 168-9, 179,192, 237,253

Medan, 204, 213, 226, 231, 234, 242, 251, 266

Medan Merdeka, 203, 269-70 Medical College (Geneeskundige

Hoogeschool), 150 Mediterranean, 18, 19 Megat Iskandar Syah, Sultan of Malacca,

18 Melaka, see Malacca Mempawah, 130 Menado,62, 113,119,132,134,202,

251 Menak Amir Hamsa, 50, 51-2 Menak stories, 50, 51-2 Mengwi, 121 Mentawai, 138 Merah Silau/Silu, 8 Merapi, Mt., 70, 111, 270 Merbabu, Mt., 270 MIAI (Supreme Islamic Council of

Indonesia), 182, 183, 191, 193, 194 Middle Javanese literature, 16, 52 Middleton, Sir Henry, 26 Midway,189 Minahasa,62, 149,159,240 Minangkabau,Minangkabaus,S0-1,

132-4, 155,161-3, 164, 166,167, 169,170,175,176,179-80,181, 184, 188; Islamisation of, 7, 133; language and literature, 53, 176

Mindanao,6 Mintaraga, SO, 51 Minye Tujoh gravestones, 4 Misbach, Haji, 165, 166 Mochtar Lubis, 203, 241 Modernism, Islamic, 160 ff. passim;

origins and nature of, 160-3 Molana Usalam, 10 Mol ana Yusup, king of Ban ten, 3 5 Moluccas, see Maluku Mongolia, Outer, 236 Mongols, 12 Mook, Hubertus J. van, 204, 205, 206,

211, 213, 214; van Mook line, 214, 217,218

Moro, Morotai, 23, 195, 203 Moses, story of, 10 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 203-4 MPR (People's Consultative Assembly):

in 1945 constitution, 252; established, 277

MPRS (Provisional People's Consultative Assembly), appointment of, 256

Muarakumpe, 132 Muchtar Lutfi, 179, 180 Muhammad, the Prophet, 8, 48, 49,

so, 160,167,247 Muhammad Syah, Sultan of Aceh, 135 Muhammad Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 9,

18

Muhammad Syah, Sultan of Pahang, 5 Muhamrnadiyah, 162-3, 166, 167, 168,

178,182,191,192,193,194,196, 209

Muis, Abdul, 164, 165, 166-7, 182 mukim (in Aceh), 32 MULO (More Extended Lower Education

school), 150, 151, 152, 168 Multatuli, 118, 163 Munir, al-, 161 Murba, Partai (Proletarian Party),

217,228,230,238, 241-3,264; banned,266

Murya, Sunan, 9 music, 23, 54, 120, 156 Muslimin, wong, 1 58 Musso, 169, 170, 173, 216-17, 262 Musyawarah Nasional, Musyawarah

Nasional Pembangunan (1957), 248 Muwardi, 211 Muzaffar Syah, Sultan of Malacca, 18 Muzaffar Syah, Sultan of Pedir, 5 mysticism, Islamic, see Sufis

Niigarakertiigama, 16, 17 Nagasaki, 197 Nahdatul Ulama, see NU Najamuddin, Ahmad, Sultan of Palembang,

132 Napoleon, Louis, 106 Napoleon Bonaparte, 106; Napoleonic

Wars, 108, 110, 114 Napoleon Ill, 136 Naqshabandiyah order, 134, 160 Nasakom, 256, 263, 266-8 Nasiruddin, Abdul Rahman, Sultan of

Jambi, 132 Nasser, G.A., 236 Nasution, A.H., 210, 215-16, 219,

228, 233-4, 237, 239, 24Q-1, 243,247-62,265,267-70

Natadiningrat, Pangeran, 108 Natakusuma, Pangeran (brother of

Hamengkubuwana II), see Pakualam I Natakusuma, patib of Kartasura, 86, 88-9 National Conference, National Develop­

ment Conference (1957), 248 National Council, 243, 247, 248, 254 National Front (of guided democracy

period), 257, 263 National Front for the Liberation of West

Irian, 2 SO, 2 57 National Front government (Madiun

rebellion), 217 National Party (Nationale Fractie), 177 National Planning Council, 254 'national united front' strategy: adopted

by PKI, 2 31; endangered by PKI, 262 nationalism, 'secular': beginnings of,

171, 172, 173-6; Islamic opposition to, 168,174, 179

Natsir, Mohammad, 179, 209, 228, 230-1, 232,241,250-3,257-8

Neck, Jacob van, 24 Nederlandsch Indische Vrijzinnige Bond,

165

negara ikut tutm, 212 Nejara Islam Indonesia, 215 Nehru, J., 236, 259 Neighborhood Associations, 194 Netherlands Trading Company (NHM:

Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij); 115,118

New Life Movement, 248 'new order': oripn of term, 272;

compared With Dutch rule, 272-3 New People's Movement, 196-7, 248 newspapers: numbers of, 176, 255;

circula~.n of, 226, 236, 255 Npmpel-Denta, Sunan, 9, 41, 43 N1as, 31, 135 NitiSiistra kakawin, 52 Njono Prawiro, 274 Njoto, 216, 229, 231, 257, 259, 269,

274 'November promises', 165 NU (Nahdatul Ulama, the Rise of the

Religious Scholars), 169, 175, 182, 191, 194, 205, 209, 232-43 passim, 247-56 passim, 262, 264, 266, 271, 276

Nu, U, 236 Nur ad-daqa'iq, 48 Nusa Tenggara, 64, 128-9, 135, 243.

See also individual place-names nutmeg,l9,20,59,118

'October 17 affair', 233-4, 237, 239, 240

Oetoesan Hindill, 173 Office for Religious Affairs, 190, 191,

195 'official fields', 117 oil, 144, 145, 183, 213, 227, 242, 250,

261,277-8 Okinawa, 197 Old Javanese literature, 16-17, 49-50,

51, 52 Omar Dhani, 258, 263-4, 267, 268,

269-70,274 Oosthoek, see Eastern Salient opium, 73, 77, 78, 79, 83, 119, 128,

133, 159, 167 Opsus, 264 orang kaya (in Aceh), 32 orang laut, 18 Ormuz, 21 Orthodox Islam, 160, 168-9, 172,

175,179,182,207,228,232, 247,249,254,256,270.See also Shafi'i school of law, NU

OSVIA (Training School for Native Officials), 148-9, 150, 156, 158

Outhoom, Willem van, 81

Padan~ 102, 108, 134, 135, 161, 162, 204,213,250,251

Padangpanjan~ 161, 162 Padris, Padri War, 112, 133-4, 155 Pahang, 5, 31, 32 painting, 12o-1, 203 Pajajaran, 7, 34-5, 38, 106

INDEX 329

Pajang, 36-8,40, 51, 73, 74, 97 Pakempalan Kawula Ngayogyakarta, 178 Pakempalan Politik Katolik Jawi, 159 Pa~stan,203,235,253 Pakualam I, Pangeran (Pangeran

Natakusuma), 106, 108, 109-10 Pakualam II, Pangeran Adipati, 120 Pakualam lll, Pangeran Adipati, 120 Pakualam Vlll, Pangeran Adipati, 207 Pakualaman: status under Dutch rule,

119-20; members play roles in early anti-colonialism, 156, 167

Pakualaman Corps, 110 Pakubuwana I, Susuhunan of Kartasura

(Pangeran Puger, Susuhunan Ingalaga), 70,72,74,80,81-4,85,95

Pakubuwana II, Susuhunan of Kartasura and Surakarta, 85-6, 88-92

Pakubuwana III, Susuhunan of Surakarta, 92-9

Pakubuwana IV, Susuhunan of Surakarta, 95,99-100,105-10

Pakubuwsna V, Susuhunan of Surakarta, 120

Pakubuwana VI, Susuhunan of Surakarta, 113

Pakubuwana XII, Susuhunan of Surakarta, 211

Palakka, Arung, 61-3, 70, 73 Palembang, 6, 17, 18, 31, 35, 44, 67, 68,

80,102,131-2,135,144,159,174, 204,213,226,249

Palm, W.A., 99 Pamanahan, Kyai GC:dhe, 37 Pam$cutan, 128 Pamekasan, 70, 126 Panaraga, 39, 84 Panarukan, 34, 44 Pan-Asianism, 166 Pancasila (five principles), 234, 235, 249,

252, 263, 279; origin of, 197 Pane, Armijo, 181-2 Pane, Sanusi, 176, 182 panembaban, 71 Panggung, Sunan, 51 Pan-Islam,164,166,169,171,172,179 Panji stories, 49, 50,51, 52 pantun (Malay verse form), 49, 176 paracommandos (RPKAD), 270 Paramayoga, 120 Parameswara, 18 Parameswsra Dews Syah, king of Malacca,18 Pararaton, 16, 52 Pariaman, 27 Parindra (Greater Indonesia Party), 180, 181,

183 Parkindo (Indonesian Christian Party),

228,230,238,253,254 Parman, S., 265, 269 Partai Islam Indonesia, 182 Partai Katholik (Catholic Party), 228,

230,238,243,247 Partai Sarekat Islam, 167, 174, 175 Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia, see PSII Partai Sosialis (Socialist Party), 209, 213 Partai Sosialis Indonesia, see PSI

330 INDEX

Partindo (Indonesian Pany), 177-8, 179, 180,181,209

Pasai, 3, 6-7, 11, 30, 34 Pasir, 36, 64 Pasundan: (organisation), 159; state, 214,

219, 220 Pasuruhan, 34, 36, 39, 40, 80, 82, 90 Patah, Raden, of Demak, 34 Pati, 39, 42, 82 patib (administrative grade under Dutch

rule), 121-2 patib (chief official of Javanese kingdem), 70,

79,85,86,88-9,91,93,96,98,106, 108, 109, 112; abolition of position in Yogyakarta, 207

Patras, Abraham, 86 Pattimura, 129 patturioloang, 53 pawn1hops, 119,123,159 POI (Indonesian Democratic Party), 276 Peace Corps, 266 pearl, mother-of pearl, 130 Pearl Harbor, 184 Peasant Front (Indonesian) (BTl), 236,

259,266 P~dir, 30, 133 Pegu,19 ~kalongan, 116,204,207 Pekik,Pangeran,41,43,67,69 pelog, 54 Pelopor, Barisan, 195 Pemalang, 207 Pemuda Rakyat (People's Youth), 236,

247,259,269,270 Penang, 26, 109, 133, 134 Penanggungan, Mt., 34 Penangsang,Arya, 37 Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia, see PNI­

Baru Pengging, 37 pengbuTu (Minangkabau clan head),

133-4, 138, 188 Pengkalan Kempas stone, s Penyedar PSII, Barisan, 181 People's Congress, Indonesian, 183 People's Council, see Volksraad People's Democratic Front, 215, 216-17 People's Pany, Brunei, 260' People's Security Army, 205 pepper, 15, 18, 19, 20, 24, 26, 32, 35,

63,66,68,75,77,79,101, 111,118, 131, 135-6, 144,145

'pepper rajas', 135-6 Perak, 30 Perdjuangan kita, 206 Perhimpunan Indonesia, 175, 232 penntab balus, 151 p~rjuangan, 200; badtm p'etjuangtm, 203 Perlak, 3 Permesta rebellion, 243, 247, 248, 25G-1,257 Permi (Indonesian Muslims' Union),

u 179-80 Permina, 250 P~mufakatan Islam, 168 Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia (Indonesian

People's Union), 177, 180

Persatuan Islam (Islamic Union), 168, 173,17t182

Persatuan Ferjuangan, 210 Perserikatan Kommunist di India, 166 Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia, 174 Persia, Persian, 11, 19, 48, 49, 75, 83,

175; Persian horses, 31, 69 'Persis', 168 Persyarikatan Ulama, 162 Pertamina (State Oil and Natural Gas

Mining Enterprise), 276, 278 pesantren (Islamic religious schools in

Java), 111, 158, 162, 169, 192, 193,194,205

Pesindo (Indonesian Socialist Youth), 209,210,236

Peta (Protectors of the Fatherland), 194, 196,198,202,203,210

Pham Van Dong, 236 Philippine Sea, batde, of, 195 Philippines, Filipino, 20, 25, 75, 120,

152, 181, 193, 195, 196, 218, 251, 260-1, 263, 275. See also Mindanao, Sulu

Piagam Jakarta, see Jakarta Charter Pidari, orang, 133 Pinang, Pulau, see Penang Pires, Tome, 6-7, 11, 12, 18, 29, 33, 36 pitch, 18-19 PKI (Indonesian Communist Party):

1920-7 period, 153, 166-7, 169-70, 172, 174; underground 1935-45 period, 207, 216; in Revolution, 209, 216-17; after independence, 229-43, 247-71,273-4,275;oudawed,274; membership, 166, 231, 236, 259, 267

PKN, 178 Plered, 67, 69, 72, 74, 97 PNI (Indonesian Nationalist Party):

before World War II, 174, 176, 177; in Revolution, 201, 209, 214, 217; after independence, 228-43, 247-67,274

PNI-Baru, 178,179,180, 183, 190 Poedjangga Baroe, 181-2 poison,69,84,85,132 Poland, 183 Polem Muhammad Daud, Panglima, 138 'police actions': first, 213-14; second,

218-19 political prisoners, since 1965, 274, 277,

278 Polo, Marco, 3 Pontianak, 130,131,213,221 Population: before ca. 1800, 14-15;

in Java in 19th century, 105, 116, 117, 119, 120; in Indonesia in 1905, 138; growth of 1905-30, 146-7; in Indonesia in 1939, 153; during World War II, 189; growth of 1950-61, 225; urban, 226; in 1971 and after, 273; movements of, 83, 86, 96, 116-17, 117-18; of Euro­peans in Indonesia, 119, 147; of Chinese in Indonesia, 14 7

Portugal, Portuguese, 6, 19, 2Q-5, 26, 27, 29-32, 34, 35, 43, 45, 46, 61, 64, 128, 259, 278; language, 23 47,82

Potsdam, 197 PPP (United Development Party), 276 PPPKI, 175 Prabalingga, 148 Prambanan, 37 Pramudya Ananta Tur, 203, 247, 259 Prangwadana, Pangeran (Mangkunegara

II), 106 Prawata, Sultan of Demak, 35 Preparatory Committee for Indonesian

Independence, 197, 201 Priangan, 73, 76, 83, 101, 102, 114, 115,

118,134,169,170,194 primbon, 16th-century Javanese, 10-11 Pringgalaya, patib of Kattasura and

Surakarta, 91 priyayi (member of the official class),

122, 158, 159, 165, 169,173, 178, 188, 194, 202; 'new' or 'lesser' priyayi, 122-3, 155-7,174,230

Protestantism, Protestants, 24, 25, 60, 129, 228. See also Christianity, Parkin do

PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic), 250-3, 256, 257-8,260

PSI (Indonesian Socialist Party), 214, 228-43 passim, 247, 248, 250-6, 258,265;banned,253,256

PSII (Indonesian Islamic Union Party), 175,179-80, 181,182,190,191, 196,215,238

Puger, Pangeran (half-brother to Krapyak), 39

Puger, Pangeran (son of Amangkurat 1), see Pakubuwana I

puputan, 128 Purbaya, Pangeran (brother of Amangkurat

IV), 84 Purbaya, Pangeran (brother of Sultan

Agung), 67, 71 Purbaya, Pangeran Arya, patib of

Kartasura, 86 Purwaka Caruban Nagari, 35, 282 PUSA (AII-Aceh Union of Ulamas), 188,

235 pusaka (holy regalia in Java), 38, 72-3,

82-3,98 Pustakaraja Purwa, 120 Putl!ra, 192, 194 putihan, 15 8 Putri Cina, 34

Qadiriyah order, 134, 160 Quds, al-, 3 5 Qur'an, 8, 10, 49, 152, 160

Raad van Indie, see Council of the Indies Radjiman Wediodiningrat, 157, 164,

196,197 Raffles, Thomas Stamford,109-10, 113,

126, 132, 135

INDEX 331

railways and tramways, construction of, 146

'raja mogok', 166 Rijasanagara (Hayam Wuruk), king of

Majapahit, 17 Rijasawardhana, king of Majapahit, 1 7 Rama, 50, 51 Rarna, Panembahan, see Kajoran,

Raden RanMya~~ 49,50, 52 Rangga, Raden, 108 Rangga Lawe, 52 Ran~oon, 197 Ramri, Nuruddin ar-, 48, 53 Rasul, Haji (Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah);

161-3,167,184,192 rattan, 19 Ratu, Pangeran, king of Banten, 44 Ratu Adil, 158, 166, 178 Ratulangie, G.S.S.J., 202, 210 Raymond, George, 26 rehab, 54 Red Sea,123 Reede tot de Parkeler, J.Fr. Baron van,

106 regent, 115, 134 R~ntenbond, see Bupatis' Union Rembang 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 144, 149 Rengasdengklok, 198 Renville, USS, agreement aboard, 214, 215 Retnadboemilab, 156 Riau, 210 Rida, Muhammad Rashid, 160, 161 Rivai, Abdul, 165 'Rodim', 33 Roeslan Abdulgani, 241, 247 romusba, 193-4 Ronggawarsita, Raden Ngabei, 120 rosewater, 19 Roti, Rotinese, 64, 128-9, 159 'Rotterdam', 62 Round Table Conference, 219, 220,

236,239,240 Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (KPM),

227,249 RPKAD, 270 rubber,144-5,183,188,213,227,233 Rukun Tetangga, 194 Russia, Russians, see Soviet Union

Sabah, 26Q-1 Sabang, 208 Sabilillah, Barisan (Forces in the Path of

God), 203, 228 Said, Raden Mas, see Mangkunegara I Said, Sultan of Ternate, 23 Saigon, 197 Saipan, 195 Saka era, abandonment of, in Java, 43 Sakirman, 265 Sakti, Raja, SQ-1 S:Ua (SQ}o), see Surakatta Salah asuhan, 182 salab Idenburg. 159 Sala river, 14, 38-9, 82, 91, 146 Salahuddin, Sultan of Aceh, 30

332 INDEX

Salatiga, 94, 109 Saleh, Raden, 120 Salim, Haji Agus, 164, 166, 167, 169,

173,174,179,181,196,218 salt, 126, 133 Samanhudi, Haji, 158 Sambas, 130, 131 Samin, Surantika, 159 Sampang, 41 Samudra, 3, 6, 8-9 sandalwood, 8, 19, 64 Sang Merah-Putih (red and white

Indonesian flag), 193, 198 Sangihe, 62 Sanskrit, 4, 34 santri (Javanese strict Muslim), 158, 207,

215,216,217,237,247,262,274 sanyo (advisers), 193, 196, 201; Dewan

Sanyo, 196 Saparua, 129-30 Sarawak, 13Q-1, 26Q-1 Sarekat Adat Alam Minangkabau, 167 Sarekat Ambon, 159 Sarekat Dagang Islamiyah, 158 sarekat bijau, 169 Sarekat Islam, see SI 'Sarekat Islam B', see Section B Sarekat Kaum Buruh Indonesia, 176 Sarekat Rakyat (People's Union), 167, 169 Sarekat Sumatra, 159 sarengat, 51 Sarifa, Ratu, 101-2 Sasaks, 128 Sasraningrat, Raden Mas Adipati Arya,

149 Savu, Savunese, 64, 128-9, 159 Schakelschool, 151 schools, see education scripts: Arabic, 5, 11, 49, 50, 53, 169;

Bugis and Makasarese, 53; Javanese, 11, 49, 50, 53; Indian, 5, 49, 53; paleo-Sumatran, 4

Second Class schools, 150-1 Section B (of SI), 164, 165, 169, 173 Seda ing Krapyak, Panembahan, 39-40 Seinendan, 192 Sij_arab Banten, 10, 150 Sejarab Melayu, 8-9, 4 7 Sekber Golkar, see Golkar S12,la Gilang, 38, 72 Semarang, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88-9,

91,95, 109,120,144,149,164,204, 213,226

Semaun, 164,166-7,170,173,175 Senapati Ingalaga, Panembahan, 37-9,

41,72 Sentot, 108, 112, 166 Sepoys, 109, 110 September 30 Movement, 269-70 Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, 21 Seram, 59, 60. See also Hoarnoa. Serdang, 136 Serrao, Francisco, 22 Shafi'i school of law, 4, 48, 160.161,

162, 168, 182, 192. See also Orthodox Islam

Shanghai, 265 Sbarab al- 'asbiqin, 48 Sbari'ab, 51, 160 Shattariyah order, 133, 134, 160 Shell, Royal Dutch, 144, 145, 177,

227,249,250,266 Shell Transport and Trading Company,

144 Shi'ah, 160 Shibata Yaichiro, 205 Shu Sangi-kai, 193 SI (Islamic Union), 158-9, 163-9, 172,

173, 174, 178. See also Partai Sarekat Islam, PSII

Siak, 31, 134, 136 Siam, 17, 18, 19, 63, 75, 80, 193. See

also Thailand Sidayu, 24, 39, 85 Sidenreng, 65 Sihanouk, N., 236 Siliwangi Division, 210, 214, 215-18, 241,

251,252,269 silk, 18 Simatupang, T.B., 210, 228, 233-4 Simbolon, Maludin, 240, 241, 242,

248, 250, 257-8 Singapore, 110, 130, 13 5, 136, 138,

160-1,168,170,184,187,192,197, 251,260-1,268,275

Singasari, Pangeran (brother of Pakubu­wana II), 89, 91, 95-6

Singasari, Pangeran (son of Amangkurat 1), 71

Singhawikramawardhana, king of Majapahit, 1 7

Singkang, Arung, 64-5 Singkil, 134 Si Singamangaraja, 134 Siti Inggil, 86 Sitijenar, Sunan, 9, 51 Sitor Situmorang, 259 Sitti Nurbaja, 176 Siwa (Siva), 17 Siwalan, 40 Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, 230, 250-1,

257-8 Sjahrir, Sutan, 175, 178, 180, 190, 195,

198,201,206,209-13,214,218, 228, 232, 233, 258

Sjam (Kamarusaman bin Ahmad Mubaidah), 247,264,265,269,274

slavery, slaves, 18-19, 23, 32, 45, 64, 76, 78,79,87, 115,117,126,127,128, 135, 138

slendro, 54 Sloot, Jan Albert, 73 smallpox, 129 Sneevliet, H.J.F.M., 163, 164, 165, 173 Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan, 137-8,

148,149,160 SOBSI (Central All-Indonesia Workers'

Organization), 229, 232, 235, 248, 249,259

Sociaal Democratische Arbeiderspartij, 165

'social revolutions', 206-7. 208-9

SoCialist t"arty ot Indonesia, see PSI, Partai Sosialis

Socotra, 21 Soedirman, 194, 210-12, 216-17, 218,

219,252 Soeharto, 184, 219, 258, 262, 264, 265,

269-70, 272-8 Soeharto, Siti Hartinah, 276 Soentin$ Melajoe, 162 SoetardJO Kartohadikoesoemo, 181, 183,

196 Soetomo ('Bung Torno'), 205. See also

Sutomo, Dr Sokawati, 91 Solor, 7, 128 Soppeng,62 Sorandaka, 52 Sosrokardono, 164, 165, 169 Soumokil, 221 South Africa, 236 South Maluku, Republic of, 221 South Sumatra state, 214 Southeast Asia Command, 203, 210 Soviet Union, Russia, Russians, 163, 165,

166,170,197,213,216,218,239, 241,246,247,257,259,261,262, 264-6,268

Spain, Spanish, 24, 25, 26, 27, 45, 46, 59, 60, 61, 62; Spanish Civil War, 182

SpeciaJ Bureau (Biro Khusus), 265, 269 Special Operations (Opsus), 264 Speelman, Comelis Janszoon, 59, 62,

63, 72-3, 78-9 Spice Islands, see MaJuku Sri Lanka, see Ceylon Sri Tanjung, 52 staatsinricbting of 1925, 153 StaJinism, 209, 216, 217 Standaardscholen, 151 Stanvac, 144, 227, 250, 266 Starkenborgh Stachouwer, W.L. Tjarda

van, 177, 183, 184 States-General (of the Netherlands), 25,

118, 143, 164 steam navigation, impact of, 118, 125 Stevenson Rubber Restriction Scheme,

145 STOVIA (School for Training Native

Doctors), 149, 150, 156 Struggle Union, 210 study clubs, 174, 177 Subandrio,246,254, 256,26o-4,266,

269,274 Sudamala, 52 Sudan, 162,253 Surusman,216,229,274 Sudjojono, 203 Suez CanaJ, 118, 123 Suffah Institute, 215 Sufis, Sufism (Islamic mystics, mysticism):

in Islamisation, 5, 11, 12-13; in pre­coloniaJ Aceh and Java: 48, 51; in 19th century, 124, 133, 134; in 20th century, 160, 161, 166, 167, 215

INDEX 333

sugar, 23, 73, 78, 86, 87, 111,115,117, 118, 121, 144, 145, 147, 159, 189, 213 ; sugar beet, 121

Sugar Law, 118 Suhiti, queen of Majapahit, 1 7 Sukadana,27, 39,41,44 Sukamiskin prison, 176 Sukamo, 172-4,176,177,178-9,180,

19Q-275 passim Sukiman Wirjosandjojo, 174, 175, 182,

209,228,231-2,251 sukue, 30 Sulaiman, Sultan of Aceh, 135 Sulawesi, see individual ethnic and place

names suling, 54 sulphur, 18 Sulu archipelago, 6, 8, 261 Suma Oriental, 6, 33, 36 Sumatra ThawaJib, 167 Sumatranen Bond, 159 Sumba, 8, 19, 64, 128-9 Sumbawa, 7, 19, 44, 45, 62, 63, 128 Sumedang, 43 Sumenep, 126 Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, 248, 250,

257 SumuaJ, H.N.V., 243, 248, 257 sunan, 9 Sunda, Kidung, 52 Sunda, Straits of, 26, 102 Sunda, Sundanese, 7, 19, 34-5, 54, 116,

117, 118, 139, 146, 156, 159, 216, 240; literature of, 53

Sunda KaJapa, 34 Sunnab, 160 Sunni, 160. See also Orthodox Islam Supa, 212 Supardjo, 269, 274 Supreme Advisory Council, 254, 257 Supreme Operations Command (KOTI),

258,262 Surabaya, 7, 33, 34, 36, 39-41, 42, 43, 67,

69, 71,72,81,82,83-4,89,90,126, 144, 149, 162, 164, 165, 172-3, 174, 203, 204-6, 213, 226, 265; battle of, 205

Surakarta (Javanese court city), 51, 91 ff. passim; foundation, 91; status under Dutch rule, 119-20

Surakarta (name for }ayakerta), 34 Surapati, 79-82; descendants of, 82, 84,

85, 90, 94, 95-6 Surat, 83 Surengrana, 84 Surinam (Dutch Guiana), 117, 136 Surjadarma, Surjadi, 256, 258 Surjoruningrat, Pangeran, 1 78 Surjopranoto, 167-8, 169, 182 Surkati, Shaikh Ahmad, 162 Surya Raja, 97, 98 SuryengaJaga, Pangeran, 119 Susuruh, Raden, 38 Sutan Maharadja, Datuk, 162, 167 Sutomo, Dr, 17 4, 177, 180. See also

Soetomo ('Bung Torno')

334 INDEX

Suwardi Surjaningrat, see Dewan tara, Ki Hadjar

Suzuki Kantaro, 197 Switzerland, 258 syabbandar (port master), 92 syair (Malay verse form), 49, 176 Syarnsuddin of Pasai, 4 7-8 syari'at, 51 Syria, 19, 26

Tabanan, 127-8 Tabariji/Tabarija, king of Ternate, 22 Tack, Fran~ois, 73, 76, 80 'Tagaril', 35 Taha Saifuddin, Ratu, of Jambi, 132 Tahir Jalaluddin, Shaikh (Muhammad

Tahir bin Jalaluddin al-Azhari), 161 Taiwan (Formosa), 189, 251-2, 261 Taj as-Salatin, Tajusalatin, 48-9, 52 Taj ul-Alani, queen of Aceh, 33, 48 Takdir Alisjahbana, 181-2 Talaud, 62 Taman Siswa, 168, 173, 177,180,192,

239,247 tamarind, 19 Tamjid Illah, Sultan of Banjarmasin, 131 TanMalaka, 166-7,170,175,209,210,

212,216,217,219,228,241,246 Tanah Datar, 133 Tanaka Kakuei, 277 Tanimbar, 130 Tapa, Kyai, 101-2 Tapanuli, 133, 209, 21·5, 242 Tape/ Adam, 52 Tarakan, 203 tarekat (Islamic mystical brotherhood),

see Sufis, Sufism te~63, 102,118,131,144,145,189 Teacher Ordinance, see guru ordonnantie teacher-training schools, 150, 15 7, 168 Technical College (Technische Hoogeschool),

150,173,174 T~.42, 72,73,81 T~reja, 111, 112 Tegal-Wangi, 72 Telukabesi, 60 T~mbayatt. 43, 70 Tentara Keamanan Rakyat, 205 Tentara Nabi Muhammad, 167 Terauchi Hisaichi, 197-8 Ternate, 7, 22-3, 25, 26, 36, 59-61,

62, 63, 83, 132 textiles, 18-19,63, 73, 76, 78, 79, 83,

119, 133, 184. See also batik Thailand, 233, 253, 261, 275. See also

Siam Thamrin, Muhammad H., 177, 180, 183,

184 Thawalib school, 161 Thedens, Johannes, 90 Theosophy, 122, 157, 172 'three regions affair', 207 Tidore, 7, 22, 25, 61, 63 Tien, lbu, 276 timber, 28, 40, 66, 68, 78, 80, 83

Timor, 7, 8, 19, 64, 81, 102, 128-'9, 139, 159, 278

Timorsch Verbond, 159 tin, 18, 125, 128, 144, 145, 183 Tirtawiguna, 51 Tirtayasa, Sultan of Banten (Sultan

Ageng), 75-6, 79 Tirtoadisurjo, 158 Tjipto Mangunkusumo, 157, 163, 165,

173,176 Tjokroaminoto, H.O.S., 158, 164-9,

172-3,179,180,190,215 tobacco, 118, 133, 144, 145, 189 To-Indo, 19 5 Tojo Hideki, 193, 195 Tokyo,263 Tolitoli, 165 'Topasses', 64 Toraja, 129 Tralaya gravestones, 4-5, 7 'transmigration', 147 Trawulan gravestone, 4-5, 7 Treaties, contracts, and agreements: of

Bungaya, 62, 129; Dutch-Banten, 75; Dutch-Javanese, 68, 72, 73, 78, 83, 85-6,89,92,93,94, 100,106,107, 108, 126; Dutch-Palembang, 68; of Giyanti, 93, 94; Dutch-Balinese, 127; Dutch-Lombok, 128; Dutch­Portuguese, 128; Dutch-Kalimantan, 130; Dutch-Jambi, 132; Dutch-Minang­kabau, 134; Dutch-lnderagiri, 134; Dutch-Siak, 134, 135, 136; Anglo­Dutch, 135, 136; of London, 135, 136; of Sumatra, 136; of Revolutionary period, 212, 213, 214, 215; Indonesian­USA, 232; Indonesian-chinese, 236; ASEAN, 274-5

Trenggana, king of Demak, 33-5, 37 Trengganu stone, 4, 8 Tribhuwani Wijayottunga Dew!, queen

of Majapahit, 17 Tripartite Pact, 184 Triple A Movement, 190, 192 Trunajaya, Raden, 63, 70-3, 76, 78, 81,

82,89 tuanku, 133 Tuban,7, 34,39,40,71 Tulang Bawang, 101 Turkey, Turks, 20, 93, 136, 137, 168,

175

Ujungpandang, 62. See also Gowa, Makasar

Ukur, 43 ulama (Islamic scholars) in Aceh, 33,

137-8,155,188,191,208,235 uleiibalang (bulubalang) (war leaders,

Acehnese aristocrats), 32, 3 3, 137-8, 188, 208

umbul, 69 'unilateral action' campaign, 262, 264,

266 Union, Netherlands-Indonesian, 212, 220,

236,239,240

unions, 159-60, 163, 164, 166-7, 168, 176. See also SOBSI

United Nations (UN), 210, 213-14, 218-19,230,249,259,266

United States of Indonesia, 212, 214, 22Q-1

Untung, 269, 274 urbanization, 226 USSR, see Soviet Union

Valckenier, Adriaan, 87, 90 Valentyn, Fr., 39 Van Niel, Robert, 116 Velsen, Johannes van, 88 Venice, 20 Vereenigde Oost-Indiscbe Compagnie,

see VOC Vervolgscholen, Inlandsche, 1 S 1 Vichy, 184 Victoria, fort, 2 S Vienna, Congress of, 114 Vietnam, Vietnamese, 17, 75, 120, 184,

197,217,261,263,265,266,278 Village Regulation of 1906, 148 villa:ge schools, 1 S 1 Vlaming van Outshoorn, Arnold de,

60-1 VOC (Dutch East India Company),

2 5-l 06 passim, 11 7; foundation and organisation of, 25-6; military role of in Java, 74-S; dissolution of, 105-6

Volksraad, 153, 163-S, 167, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 196

volksscbolen, 1 S 1 vorstenlanden (Central Javanese

principalities), 119, 202. See also individual principalities and rulers

Vrije woord, bet, 166 VSTP (Railway and Tram Workers'

Union), 164, 167

Wachid Hasjim, Kyai Haji, 194, 195, 196, 232

Wahhabi, 133, 168 Wahidin Soedirohoesodo, 156-7 Wajo, 64-5 Walilanang, Sunan, 9 walis (apostles of Islam in Java), 5, 9, 34,

35, 36, 40, 43, SO, 51. See also indi­vidual names

Washingron, G., 174 wax, 18-19 wayang (shadow play), 49, SO, 52-3,

54,120,121,155,156,246 wedana, 121-2 Wedatama, 120 Weltevreden, 123, 149, 156

INDEX 335

West Indies, 26 West Kalimantan state, 213, 221 West New Guinea, see Irian Jaya Westerling, Raymond 'Turk', 212, 220 widow-burning, 7, 127, 138 Wijayaparakramawardhana, king of

Majapahit, 17 Wikramawardhana, king of Majapahit, 17 Wilatikta, Tumenggung, 1 o 'wild schools ordinance', 180 wilde vaart, 24 Wilhelmina, queen of the Netherlands,

143, 164 William V of the Netherlands, 108 Wilopo, 232-4 Wiraguna, Tumenggung, 66 Wirasaba, 39, 40 Wisnu (Visnu), 17 Wiwoho p()erbohadidjojo, 182, 183 'working cabinet', 254 World Bank, 268 World War I, 146, 163-5 World War II: approach of, 182-4; in

Indonesia, 184-99

Xavier, St. Francis, 2 3

Yamin, Muhammad, 176, 177, 181, 196, 197,210,211,212,231,234,246, 254

Yani, Achmad, 251, 258-9, 262, 263-S, 267-8, 269

Yasadipura I, 51-2 Yogyakarta (Yogya), 92 ff. passim;

foundation of court, 94; conquest of in 1812, 107, 109-10; status under Dutch rule, 119-20; capital of Republic, 208

Youth Congress, Youth Pledge, of 1928,177

Yudanagara Wulang, 51 Yunus, king of Demak and Jepara, 33, 35 Yusup, SO Yusup, Shaikh, 75-6

Zainal Abidin, king of Ternate, 36 Zainuddin, Ahmad, Sultan of Jambi,

132 Zainul Arifin, Sultan of Banten, 101-2 Zainul Asyikin, Sultan of Banten, 102 Zeeland, 24 Zeven Provinciiin, 180 Zheng He (Cheng Ho), 18 Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai), 236, 265, 266,

267 Zijlker, A.]., 144