NOTE NASA TN D-5738 · TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3....

N A S A T E C H N I C A L NOTE N A S A TN D-5738

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. APRIL 1970 1 d 1

I

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19700013851 2018-12-04T09:15:06+00:00Z

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TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

1. Report No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. 2. Government Accession No.

NASA TN D-5738 4. T i t l e and Subtitle EXPERIMENTAL CAVITATION AND 5. Report Date

FLASHING OF POTASSIUM FLOWING ADIABATICALLY THROUGH A VENTURI SIZED AS A BOILER INLET

lg70 6. Performing Organization Code

I E-5346 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Authods)

Orlando A. Gutierrez and David B. Fenn - "

9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.

Lewis Research Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration Cleveland, Ohio 44135 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

120-27 11. Contract or Gront No.

2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Note

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 20546 [14. Sponsoring Agency Code

~~~

5. Supplementary Notes

6 . Abstract

Subcooled liquid potassium was flashed adiabatically in a 0. 1015-in. - (0.2578-cm-) throat-diameter venturi. Data were obtained before, during, and after flashing at flow rates f rom 300 to 660 lbm/hr (38 to 83 g/sec) and temperatures from 1140' to 1460' F (889 to 1066 K). Flow rate after flashing depended only on inlet pressure and temperature. Liquid tensions/superheats were obtained prior to incipient flashing, with some pressures falling below absolute zero. Maximum liquid tensions were correlated by a force-balance equation for vapor bubbles with radii between lX10-4 and 0 . 5 ~ 1 0 - ~ in. ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ and 1 . 2 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm). Incipiency data are compared with nonadiabatic data for potassium in the literature.

17. Key Words ( S u g g e s t e d b y A u t h o t ( s ) )

Potassium Flashing Venturi Liquid tension/superheat Cavitation Experimental

18. Distribution Statement

Unclassified - unlimited

I 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 22. Price* 21. No. of Pages 20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified $3.00 72 Unclassified

*For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151

. "_ _" . " ... . . . . . . . ". . . . - .. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

CONTENTS

Page SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

INTROD UC TION . . . . . . . . . 1

BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

APPARATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Test Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Test Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Venturis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Control venturi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Test venturi without artificial throat cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Test venturi with artificial throat cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Research Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Preoperative Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Data-Taking Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Postoperative Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 General Venturi Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Liquid Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Flashed Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Incipiency Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Cavitation incipiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Flashing incipiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Comparison of incipiency resul ts with heat-addition

data in the literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Metallographic Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

SUMMARY OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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APPENDIXES

B . ACCURACY OF TEMPERATURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . 29

C . CALCULATION OF TEST VENTURI THROAT PRESSURE. DYNAMIC HEAD. AND THERMODYNAMIC EXIT QUALITY . . . . . . . . 32

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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EXPERIMENTAL CAVITATION AND FLASHING OF POTASSIUM

FLOWING ADIABATICALLY THROUGH A VENTURI

SIZED AS A BOILER INLET

by Orlando A. Gutierrez and David B. Fenn

Lewis Research Center

SUMMARY

Tests were conducted on the adiabatic initiation of vapor in a venturi with a 0.1015-inch (0.2578-cm) throat diameter, with high-purity potassium used as the test fluid. A venturi of this size could be used as a boiler tube inlet device. The ins'i'de su r - face of the venturi was machined and polished to a 6 rms finish. Data were obtained at constant flow rates and inlet temperatures by changing the pressure level in a recirculat- ing loop. Flow rates ranged from 300 to 660 pounds mass per hour (38 to 83 g/sec) at inlet temperatures from 1140' to 1460' F (889 to 1066 K).

The behavior of the venturi in the all-liquid and two-phase states is presented, as well as data for incipient cavitation and flashing. Flow rate in the flashed condition is dependent only on inlet pressure and temperature. Nonequilibrium conditions at incipiency are correlated by a force-balance equation for vapor bubbles with critical radii between lX10-4 and 0. inch ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ and 1 . 2 7 ~ 1 0 " ~ cm). These radii agree well with the maximum sizes of wall cavities detected by metallographic examination of the venturi inner surface. Some of the throat absolute pressures at incipiency are calculated to be below zero. The addition of an artificial cavity of 0.008 inch (0.020 cm) diameter in the wall at the venturi throat did not have any effect on incipient conditions. It did affect the flashed venturi performance, apparently by inducing vapor into the throat.

The incipient flashing data obtained adiabatically herein are compared with data on incipient boiling obtained with heat addition that are available in the literature for potassium.

INTRODUCTION

This investigation was conducted to study experimentally the conditions at initiation of two-phase flow in liquid potassium flowing adiabatically through a venturi sized as a

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boiler tube inlet, as well as the flow behavior in the venturi before and after such an initiation.

Two of the problems encountered with once-through boilers for use in low-specific- weight, Rankine-cycle systems are boiler'instability and the tendency of alkali metals used as cycle fluids to support large amounts of liquid superheat. Research has shown that the introduction of large pressure drops at the boiler inlet decreases the feed- system coupling instabilities. As for the second problem, the alkali metals considered as cycle fluids (potassium, sodium, etc. ) tend to remain in the liquid phase at temperatures well above saturation temperature. This is caused by their high purity and low gas solubility as well as their ability to wet the walls and flood cavities which otherwise might act as nucleating sites. This characteristic of the alkali metals makes it hard for designers to predict the location in a boiler where the vapor phase will develop, with the possibility that large boiler lengths may become adiabatic.

A cavitating venturi is a converging-diverging nozzle of such size that initially subcooled liquid flowing through it will reach a local static pressure well below its saturation vapor pressure, thus causing the formation of the vapor phase. Such a venturi will have a large pressure drop. It will also force the formation of vapor at a well- determined location. Therefore, a cavitating venturi at the entrance of a boiler tube should aid in the solution of both previously mentioned boiler problems.

This investigation was conducted at the Lewis Research Center. The venturi used had a throat diameter of 0.1015 inch (0.2578 cm) and was machined from type-316 stainless steel to very close tolerances. The inside surface was highly polished. The venturi was tested with and without an artificial cavity at the throat. Tests were conducted on a forced-circulation, well-insulated, closed loop.

g/sec) and at fluid temperatures from 1140' to 1460' F (889 to 1066 K). Results are presented and discussed for incipient cavitation, incipient flashing, liquid and two-phase performance of the venturi, and effects of the artificial throat cavity. Results obtained in this investigation are compared with the nonadiabatic liquid superheat data for potassium that are available in the literature.

Data were obtained over a flow range of 300 to 660 pounds mass per hour (38 to 83

BACKGROUND

Stone and Sekas (refs. 1 and 2) studied the performance of a cavitating venturi as a water-boiler inlet device. They concluded that its use would greatly reduce the feed- system coupling instabilities described by Dorsch (ref. 3). Hammitt and (ref. 4) examined the flows of water and mercury in a cavitating venturi.

Robinson Both refer -

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ences 2 and 4 state of outlet pressure).

that their flows behaved as vvchokedlq (i.e., flow rate was independent

Ruggeri, Gelder, and Moore studied cavitation of water (ref. 5) and Freon-114 (ref. 6) in a large-diameter, small-area-ratio venturi and reported liquid tensions supported by both fluids.

Many researchers have studied the superheating of alkali liquid metals, with most of the investigations done nonadiabatically. The results obtained vary greatly because of the large number of variables affecting this problem. Hsu (ref. 7) presents a theory that predicts bubble initiation in ether, water, and pentane based on the size range of active cavity sites in the wall. Holtz (ref. 8 ) notes the importance of pressure- temperature history on liquid superheats, and defines factors necessary to make a physical cavity become an active nucleation site. Edwards and Hoffman (ref. 9) present data on the superheating of liquid potassium and sodium obtained in a natural-convection boiling loop. They show how the addition of a series of 0.006-inch- (0.015-cm-) diameter drilled holes reduced the obtainable liquid superheat. Chen (ref. 10) points out the following factors which contribute to the ability of a liquid to maintain superheat without boiling: surface cavities, gas entrapment in the surface, pressure-temperature history of the surface and fluid, and the gas content and impurities present in the liquid. The present authors were unable to find reference to any previous experimental work on boiling initiation in potassium through adiabatic means.

The terms T f liquid superheat" and "liquid tension" appear in the literature and should be clarified. Liquid superheat is the temperature increment of the liquid in ex- cess of the saturation temperature at the local pressure. Liquid tension is the pressure decrement of the liquid below the saturation pressure at the local temperature. Both t e rms denote a nonequilibrium condition in the liquid. The use of one term over the other has been dictated mainly by the experimental process involved and the reporter's point of view. Those studying the change in fluid pressures at constant temperatures use the liquid-tension term. Those changing temperatures at constant pressures tend to use liquid superheat to denote the nonequilibrium state. However, at absolute pressures below zero, liquid superheat becomes infinite and meaningless.

absolute pressure, has long been known. Blake (ref. 11) in his introduction states that under suitable conditions liquids can withstand very considerable negative external pressures without rupturing. He attributes this phenomenon to the considerable magnitude of the intermolecular cohesive forces. Many experimental measurements of these negative absolute pressures in liquid water appear in the literature, among them those by Briggs (ref. 12) and Gavrilenko and Topchiyan (ref. 13). Briggs (ref. 14) also measured negative absolute pressures on such organic liquids as acetic acid, benzine, aniline, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform.

The existence of liquids at pressures below absolute zero, that is, under negative

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Two other terms that appear in this report should be defined: t t cavitation" and "flashing. ( ( In referring to the venturi, the term cavitation is applied when formation and collapse of vapor is indicated, without the venturi deviating noticeably from its liquid flow - pressure-drop characteristics. The term flashing is used when the cavitation causes the pressure-drop characteristics to change appreciably from the liquid behavior.

APPARATUS

Test Facility

A schematic diagram of the equipment used for these tests appears in figure 1. The closed loop had an electromagnetic (EM) pump which forced liquid potassium at rates up to 700 pounds per hour (88 g/sec) through two electric heaters. The heaters had a maximum capacity of 10 kilowatts each and were mounted in series. The potassium then passed through the horizontal test section and returned to the pump, flowing through an air-cooled section. This air-cooled section lowered the potassium temperature to prevent cavitation at the pump inlet. An expansion tank, located above the highest point in the loop, was connected to the system a t the cooler inlet. Loop pressure level was controlled through argon and vacuum lines connected to the top of this tank. Flow rate was controlled through a combination of throttle and bypass valves and pump speed control. Type-316 stainless steel was used throughout the loop. Piping size was primarily 0.50 inch outside diameter by 0.060 inch wall thickness (1.27 by 0.152 cm). The loop was heavily insulated except at the air cooler.

In addition, the test equipment incorporated a titanium-filled hot trap for liquid- metal purification. The hot trap was mounted on the pump bypass line. A sample tube that allowed sampling of the potassium while running and a dump tank to hold the potassium prior to f i l l completed the test loop.

There was an EM flowmeter located on the return line from the test section. The loop was also equipped with pressure and temperature instrumentation to facilitate operation. This instrumentation is not shown.

Test Section

The test section (fig. 1) consisted of two venturis of equal dimensions, mounted in series and separated by a valve. This valve was used for pressure and flow control (PFC). The PFC valve created enough pressure drop to allow the control venturi, lo-

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cated upstream of the valve, to operate always above saturation vapor pressure even when the test venturi downstream of the valve was cavitating.

The main purpose of the control venturi was to provide a means of determining the throat pressure in the test venturi without need of instrument penetrations into the throat of the test venturi. Such penetrations might have changed the behavior of the venturi. The schematic diagram of the test section (fig. 2) shows how the test venturi throat pressure was obtained from the measured pressure at the control venturi throat and from the similarity of the two venturis.

The test section also included two flow-straightening assemblies, one ahead of each venturi. These flow-straighteners eliminated any vorticity in the potassium flow ap- proaching the venturis. Details of the flow straighteners are shown in figure 3.

Venturis

The control venturi (fig. 4) and the test venturi (fig. 5) were two of a series of three identical venturis machined to the dimensions shown in figure 4. The inlet nozzle con- tour followed the dimensions of a 2:l ellipse. The conical diffuser had an included angle of 11.5'. These two sections blended together tangentially without an appreciable length of constant cross section in between. They were formed from a single rod of type-316 stainless steel by electric discharge machining (EDM). The inside surfaces were lapped to a mirror finish. Measurements of the surface after lapping showed between a 5 and 6 rms finish. The minimum diameter measured between 0.1010 and 0.1020 inch (0.2565 and 0.2591 cm). A value of 0.1015 inch (0.2578 cm) was used as the actual throat diameter for all venturis.

The third venturi in the series was made so that a venturi could be retained in the "as-received" condition. This as-received venturi was used for destructive metallographic comparisons after completion of tests. A water flow calibration was conducted on this venturi also.

The only differences between the control and test venturis were on the penetrations made into each to incorporate instrumentation and inserts.

Control venturi. - Three penetrations were made into the control venturi (fig. 4). These penetrations were 0.04 inch (0.10 cm) in diameter. The holes were drilled before the surface was lapped. As shown in figure 4, the holes were located at the venturi inlet, outlet, and throat. All three holes were connected to pressure-measuring devices. Thermocouples were spot welded to the venturi outside surface at the inlet TC1 and the outlet TC2.

Test venturi without artificial throat cavity. - The test venturi was tested first without any artificial throat cavities, as shown in figure 5(a). Only two holes were

"

"

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drilled through to the inside surface: at the venturi inlet and outlet. Both holes were 0.04 inch (0.10 cm) in diameter and were connected to pressure-measuring devices. The inside surface of the test venturi was unbroken by any penetrations in the zone of reduced area. Four holes 0.070 inch (0.178 cm) in diameter were drilled to within 0.06 inch (0.15 cm) of the inside surface at the locations shown in figure 5(a). Thermo- couples T1, T2, T3, and T4 were spot welded at the bottoms of these holes. In addition, two thermocouples, Tin and Tout, were spot welded to the outside surface of the venturi inlet and outlet, as was done on the control venturi. An accelerometer was mounted at the end of a 1/4-inch- (0.6-cm-) diameter, 10-inch- (25-cm-) long tube. This tube was attached to the test venturi near the throat area.

Test venturi with artificial throat cavity. - The test venturi was modified after the first ser ies of experiments, as shown in figure 5(b). The hole located in the plane of the throat was drilled through and reamed to 0.076 inch (0.193 cm) diameter. A throat cavity insert was placed in this hole, replacing thermocouple T1. The end of the inser t was seal welded to the outside surface of the venturi. This throat cavity insert is detailed in figure 6.

All the machining necessary to install the cavity insert was done with the venturi installed in the loop. In addition to the 0.008-inch- (0. 020-cm-) diameter reentrant cavity in the insert, there also was a 0.0005-inch- (0.0013-cm-) wide annular gap between the cavity insert and the hole drilled in the venturi wall after installation. Exam- ination after completion of tests showed that the inser t had twisted during mounting. This resulted in a mismatch of the contoured surfaces of insert and venturi. Part of the insert edge protruded into the flow passage as much as 0.005 inch (0.013 cm), while part of it was below surface level.

Research Instrumentation

Pressures . - Pressures were measured at the control venturi inlet PI, throat Pa,

The pressure-measuring devices were absolute pressure transducers of the unbonded and outlet P3; and also at the test venturi inlet P4 and outlet P5.

strain-gage type. Their range was 0 to 50 psia (0 to 34. 5 N/cm ) with a 0- to 10- millivolt output. All pressure transducers were mounted in a constant-temperature oven held at 190' F (361 K). Pressure transducers were connected by potassium-filled lines to the locations shown in figures 1, 2, 4, and 5. The signal from each transducer had two parallel readouts: a null-balance strip recorder and a multichannel oscillograph.

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The pressure-recording system was calibrated after the loop was filled with potassium. Calibration was made by applying known gas pressures at the top of the expansion tank with no flow in the system. Gas pressure was measured with a 0- to 100-psia

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(0- to 68.9-N/cm abs) Bourdon-type gage accurate to 0.1 percent of full scale. Calibra- tions were performed before and after running the two series of tests. Straight-line, least-squares f i t of all calibrations showed a deviation of *O. 2 psi (0.14 N/cm ) maximum and *O. 1 psi (0.07 N/cm ) average for the strip-recorder readings and double these figures for the oscillograph readings.

2

2 2

Temperatures. - Eight temperatures were measured, as shown in figures 4 and 5: outside wall temperatures at the control venturi inlet TC1 and outlet TC2 and at the test venturi inlet Tin and outlet Tout; and four temperatures TI, T2, T3, and T4 at the bottom of four holes drilled to within 0.060 inch (0.152 cm) of the inside surface of the test venturi. For the second series of tests, thermocouple T1 was removed to make room for the cavity insert.

Chromel-Alumel thermocouples were used to measure all temperatures. The thermocouple wire had a diameter of 0.020 inch (0.051 cm) and was purchased to ISA type-K special limit of e r r o r (rt3/8 percent). Thermocouple bare junctions were spot welded to the points of measurement. Outputs were recorded in one null-balance multipoint strip recorder with a range of 0' to 1800' F (255 to 1255 K). The record span was 11 inches (27.9 cm), and the smallest division was 10' F (5. 56 K).

Direct, in-place calibration of the thermocouples was not made because of the dif- ficulty of introducing an accurate reference in the loop. However, the test venturi outlet thermocouple Tout was compared with the potassium saturation temperature corresponding to the test venturi outlet pressure P5 on those runs where vapor phase was known to exist at that location. The measured temperature was 6.5 F (3.6 K) lower than the saturation temperature on the mean, with no allowances made for heat losses. In addition, a measure of the scatter between the six thermocouples around the test venturi was obtained by comparing their readings during liquid runs, when the venturi was isothermal. The mean deviations are all within the limit of e r r o r of the thermocouple wire. The results of these comparisons are discussed in more detail in appendix B. (Symbols are defined in appendix A. )

downstream of the test venturi. The liquid-metal flow member of the flowmeter was a type-316 stainless-steel tube with a 0.500 inch (1.27 cm) outside diameter and 0.065 inch (0.165 cm) wall thickness. The maximum field strength was 3307 gauss (0.3307 T) with a variation of 1 percent of the maximum throughout the field. The output of the flowmeter varied between 149 and 153 pounds mass per hour per millivolt (18.8 and 19.3 g/(sec) (mv)) depending on the liquid-metal temperature. The electrical output was recorded on a null-balance strip recorder, as well as in one of the channels of the multichannel oscillograph which was also recording the pressure transducer signals.

0

Flow. - Flow rate was measured by an electromagnetic (EM) flowmeter located

The pressure drop across the control venturi, together with the water flow calibration of the as-received venturi, was used as a secondary flow reading for cases where

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low quality vapor flowing through the EM flowmeter distorted its output. There was no direct calibration of the EM flowmeter. However, the flow rates

measured by it and the flow rates obtained from the control venturi agree within 5 per - cent, as shown in appendix B.

Noise. - A high-sensitivity, general-purpose piezoelectric accelerometer was attached at the end of a 10-inch- (25-cm-) long tube. The accelerometer was capable of measuring vibrations to 1000 g's over the frequency range of 2 to 7000 hertz. The tube was welded to the body of the test venturi in the neighborhood of the throat area. The purpose of the accelerometer was to detect pressure pulses that might indicate the formation and/or collapse of bubbles.

The output of the accelerometer was routed through a charge amplifier to a channel of the multichannel oscillograph which was also recording pressures and flow signals. The signal was also paralleled to an oscilloscope for visual monitoring.

No calibration of this device was attempted, as its purpose was to give qualitative rather than quantitative data.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Two series of tests were made: (1) Test venturi without artificial throat cavity (series I) (2) Test venturi with artificial throat cavity (series 11)

The same experimental procedure was followed for both series, unless otherwise specified. Considerable details are presented because of the possible effects of the pressure- temperature history of the surface and fluid on liquid superheats, as pointed out by Holtz (ref. 8) and Chen (ref. 10). However, only those steps in the procedure which may have bearing on the results are described.

The procedure can be divided into three parts: preoperative, data taking, and postoperative. It is worthwhile to note that operation of the loop was continuous for each series once liquid metal was introduced into the system.

Preoperative Procedure

The preoperative procedure was as follows: (1) The empty loop was pressurized with high-purity argon to 3 atmospheres, then

(2) The empty loop was pumped down to 0.010 torr, heated to 400' F (477 K), and evacuated to 0.030 torr. This step was repeated three times.

held under these conditions for 48 hours.

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(3) The potassium in the dump tank was melted and the liquid heated to 400' F (477 K) by trace heaters.

(4) Liquid potassium was forced into the loop until a predetermined level in the

(5) The pressure level of liquid potassium was increased to 30 -psia (20.7 N/cm ) by

(6) Liquid potassium was circulated at 700 pounds mass per hour (88 g/sec) and the

expansion tank was reached. 2

applying argon pressure above the potassium in the inventory tank.

temperature raised to 1300' F (978 K). Flow was maintained at these conditions fo r 60 hours for purification purposes. A potassium sample taken after this time showed an oxide concentration of less than 10 parts per million.

(7) The temperature of the circulating potassium was decreased to 800' F (700 K) and flow stopped. Pressure transducers were calibrated by varying the argon pressure at the inventory tank from 0 to 50 psia (0 to 34.5 N/cm abs). 2

(8) Flow was reestablished. Temperature level and flow rate were brought to those values required for the acquisition of data.

Data-Taking Procedure

The data-taking procedure was as follows: (1) All-liquid performance curves of the venturis were obtained. The pressure level

was maintained higher than the vapor pressure throughout the loop. Flow rate varied from 120 to 700 pounds mass per hour (15 to 88 g/sec).

(2) Cavitation and flashing data on the test venturi were obtained. For each set of runs, a given flow rate and temperature were established. Starting with the minimum loop pressure (at the test venturi throat) above vapor pressure, the pressure level in the loop was decreased in small steps by reducing the gas p ressure at the inventory tank. During time of change, an oscillograph recording was taken. After each change, a data point was recorded from the oscillograph as well as by readings from the str ip recorders. This procedure was continued until cavitation and/or flashing developed. The change in system pressure affected the flow rate in some cases. If so, corrections were made to bring the flow rate and temperature back to the preestablished conditions before the steady-state data points were taken. Sometimes the set of data was ended as soon as flashing developed; at other times, the pressure level was decreased even further. In some series, the pressure level was raised again until all-liquid performance was clearly reestablished. Some t'ramped'' data sets were a lso taken. These data differ from the data just described in two respects: the decrease or increase in pressure level was continuous, and the loop was not readjusted when flow rate was affected. During these runs, a continuous oscillograph recording was taken.

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(3) Another all-liquid performance curve of the venturis was obtained. After all the desired cavitation data were taken, the first step of the data-taking procedure was repeated. This step was not taken for the first series of tests, the one with the test venturi withoug artificial throat cavity.

Postoperative Procedure

The postoperative procedure was as follows: (1) Liquid-potassium temperature was decreased to 800' F (700 K) and flow stopped.

The pressure transducers were calibrated again. (2) Liquid potassium was forced from the loop into the dump tank by argon pressure.

Argon pressure was maintained at 20 psia (13.8 N/cm abs) in the empty loop. 2

(3) The post-test procedure differed in test series I and 11. (a) After series I (test venturi without artificial throat cavity), the insulation

around the test section was removed. Thermocouple T1 was pulled out and its blind hole drilled through to the inside of the venturi at the throat, as shown in figure 5(b). This operation was performed while the loop was pressurized above atmospheric pressure with argon. Care was exercised to minimize disturbances to the inside surface. The hole was drilled undersized and then reamed to required size with a series of drills. The cavity insert shown in figure 6 was installed and seal welded to the outside surface of the venturi. The test section was reinsulated; then the preoperational procedure already described was repeated for series II.

(b) After series 11 (test venturi with artificial throat cavity), the test section was cut out of the loop as one piece and capped while still full of argon gas. The control and test venturis were separated in a moisture- and oxygen-free atmosphere. Each of the venturis was placed in a vacuum and heated to evaporate any potassium traces. They were then sectioned to allow examination of the inside surface.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The conditions and nature of the experimental data acquired in this program are summarized in table I. Detailed data fo r all the runs appear in tables 11 and III. The runs are listed in the same sequence in which data were acquired. The tabulated data are measured values, with the exception of the dynamic head q, the test venturi throat pressure Pt, the exit thermodynamic quality X, the overall pressure-drop ratio (P4 - P )/(Pl - P3), and the saturation pressures Pvin and PVOUt, which a re ca l - culated from the measured data. Details of the calculations of q, Pt, and X appear in appendix C. 10

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The results are separated into different sections for discussion purposes as follows: (1) General venturi behavior (2) Liquid performance (3) Flashed performance (4) Incipient characteristics

(a) Cavitation incipiency (b) Flashing incipiency (c) Comparison with heat-addition-data in the literature

(5) Metallographic inspection The effect of the artificial cavity at the venturi throat is discussed under each of these sections.

General Venturi Behavior

Classification of data points is given in the remarks column in tables I1 and III. The accelerometer output signal and the overall pressure-drop ratio form the basis far this classification. Liquid runs are those where the accelerometer outputs show no noise and the overall pressure-drop ratio of test to control venturi is approximately 1 (k0.15). Cavitated runs show appreciable noise but no increase in the overall pressure-drop ratio. Flashed runs have an increase in overall pressure-drop ratio (larger than 1.4). The two

remaining categories cover the conditions existing immediately before the appearance of noise (incipient cavitation), and before the change in overall pressure-drop ratio (incipient flashing).

Incipiency data were taken from oscillograms such as the one in figure 7. This particular oscillogram was taken during ramped change between runs 105 and 106. Two sections are shown: one covering the incipient cavitation point (run 105a), the other covering the incipient flashing condition (run 105b). The point where noise starts is obvious from the accelerometer trace, even though flow rate and pressure t races a re un- disturbed. With a further decrease in pressure, the high noise level becomes fully established until the point of incipient flashing is reached. At this point, the following events occur:

(1) The high level of noise disappears. (2) Flow rate decreases. (3) Overall pressure drop in the control venturi P1 - P3 decreases, reflecting the

(4) Overall pressure drop in the test venturi P4 - P5 increases. flow rate decrease.

The point of incipient flashing, run 105b in this case, consists of the operating conditions existing just prior to these changes.

11

The general behavior of the venturi without the artif icial throat cavity is shown in figure 8 by two typical sets of data. The throat pressure, calculated as shown in appendix C, was plotted against the outlet pressure for constant values of flow rate and inlet temperature after any necessary readjustments were made. In figures 8(a) and (b), the outlet pressure started at a high level, was decreased to a minimum, and then was raised again. The circles represent points taken during the pressure decreases; the squares are points taken during pressure increases. As the outlet pressure decreased, the throat pressure decreased an equal amount. This relation remained unchanged even after the appearance of cavitation. The incipiency of cavitation noise is shown by the first open circle encountered as the outlet pressure decreases. Figure 8 shows that cavitation did not appear until the throat pressure was appreciably below the vapor pressure corresponding to the inlet temperature Pvin. This indicated the liquid was under tension, at least in the throat area. Comparison of the outlet pressure P with the value of Pvin (superimposed on both ordinates of fig. 8) shows that in one case (fig. 8(a)) cavitation occurred while the venturi outlet pressure was still above the vapor pressure. When the diffuser dimensions and the corresponding dynamic head recovery are taken into account, this means that par t of the diffuser was also above vapor pressure. In the other case (fig. 8(b)), the venturi was all liquid even when the outlet pressure was below vapor pressure, which means that liquid tension existed throughout the diffuser. It is also worthy of note that three points in figure 8(b) show cavitation characteristics even though the whole diffuser is under tension.

5

Further decrease in outlet pressure resulted in a sudden and appreciable increase in throat pressure. After loop conditions were adjusted to restore the established values of flow rate and inlet temperature, any further decrease in outlet pressure did not affect the value of throat pressure, as shown in figure 8(a).

An appreciable hysteresis was encountered when the outlet pressure was increased. Increasing the outlet pressure from the flashed condition had no effect on the throat pressure, as shown by the square symbols in figure 8, until the outlet pressure reached a higher value than the value at which incipient flashing occurred during the pressure decrease. After deflashing, the venturi pressure -drop characteristics returned to original preflashed conditions, with the throat pressure again indicating liquid tension without cavitation when steady-state operating conditions were restored.

The limiting value of throat pressure achieved after flashing was slightly lower than the vapor pressure at inlet temperature Pvin. This difference could be the thermodynamic depression necessary to create vapor, as indicated in reference 6, and/or an indication of the vapor conglomeration (of whatever nature) occurring in the diffuser after a certain amount of pressure recovery had taken place.

Similar results for two sets of data for the test venturi with the artificial cavity at the throat are presented in figure 9. Each of these sets is composed of two different ex-

12

cursions in pressure. The cavitation characteristics fo r the venturi with the 0.008- inch (0.020-cm) artificial cavity were very similar to the ones obtained for the venturi without an artificial cavity: liquid tensions/superheats were observed, and the inception of cavitation did not change the pressure-drop characteristics. Again, a limiting calculated throat pressure was achieved after flashing. Flashing occurred sharply, as before. Hysteresis between flashing and unflashing points was again present. A major difference between the resul ts in f igure 9 and those described in figure 8 for the venturi without the artificial throat cavity was the level of the limiting throat pressure reached. For the venturi with the artificial throat cavity, the calculated throat pressure was higher than the vapor pressure at inlet temperature. This can be explained by the presence of vapor at the throat of the venturi, which would cause the effective minimum flow area to decrease. Therefore, equation (9) of appendix C is no longer applicable to the calculation of the throat pressure of the test venturi for flashed runs.

Another difference observed was that in some cases the venturi returned to a liquid- tension (but cavitated) condition after deflashing. This is probably nothing more than an indication of randomness in the behavior of cavitation inception.

In figure 9(a), the point of incipient cavitation for the first decrease in the set (highest open circle) occurs at higher pressures than the second incipiency point (highest open triangle). However, the points of incipient flashing are very close for both excur- sions. Set 12 (fig. 9(a)) is the first set of cavitating runs obtained after the system was filled with potassium for the second series of tests. The appearance of early cavitation in this set can be the result of residual gas from the f i l l procedure. This gas, accumu- lating in large-size cavities, may induce early cavitation. However, these cavities will soon be deactivated, as the gas is transported away without being replenished.

Figures 8 and 9 are composed of data points taken after flow rate and inlet temperature were returned to the preestablished constant values. As such they do not reflect the actual uncorrected changes taking place in pressures, temperatures, and flow, especially during flashing. The best way to describe the behavior of the venturi during an imposed change in outlet pressure is to plot all the venturi variables as a function of time. Such a graph is shown in figure 10. This figure covers the data taken during the ramped change between runs 105 and 106. The pressure, flow rate, and noise traces were taken from a continuous oscillogram, the temperatures from the recorder output. The vapor pressures Pvin and Pvout are the values corresponding to inlet temperature Tin and diffuser outlet temperature Tout, respectively. The pressure ramp was started at 0 seconds and continued until the venturi flashed (420 sec). At this time, the venturi outlet pressure was not reduced any further.

Figure 10 shows that from 0 seconds (at which time pressure level reduction started) to 330 seconds, all pressures were reduced equally, without any change in flow rate or temperature. The accelerometer trace gave no indication of pressure pulses associated

13

with the presence of bubbles. At 330 seconds, the throat pressure Pt indicated a large amount of tension. Actually, the indicated value of the throat pressure was below zero absolute pressure. At this time, the accelerometer trace increased in width, indicating bubble formation and/or collapse. This noise level was maintained until 420 seconds. During this interval, the pressures decreased in the same manner as before the appearance of bubbles; the temperatures were not affected, and the flow rate was not altered. Until this time, all the temperatures throughout the test venturi were equal. Flashing occurred at 420 seconds. The test venturi outlet pressure P5 was the only variable that did not change during flashing as it was directly controlled by the bias gas pressure in the expansion tank. The rest of the pressures at both venturis increased with a jump, the flow rate decreased sharply, the noise level decreased, and the temperatures along the venturi wall took different values.

The decrease in flow ra te is caused by the adjustment of the system to the higher pressure loss introduced by the flashed venturi. The reduced flow rate results in lower pressure drops in the all-liquid control venturi (Pl, P2, and P3). The test venturi pressure loss P4 - P5 has increased almost twofold. The calculated throat pressure Pt, which as indicated during the discussion of figure 9 is no longer a true estimate, appears higher than the vapor pressure at inlet temperature. The outlet pressure P5 cor res - ponds closely to the vapor pressure at the venturi outlet PVOUt, indicating the presence of vapor at equilibrium conditions at the venturi outlet.

The increase in the temperature of the liquid potassium entering the control venturi TC1 is caused by the decrease in flow rate through the constant-heat-input electric heaters. The increase in temperature drop from control to test venturi is also a reflec- tion of the reduced flow rate. The sudden drop occurring between the test venturi inlet temperature Tin and the venturi outlet temperature Tout is a measure of the thermodynamic depression necessary to produce the amount of vapor resulting from flashing (-1 percent quality at end of transient). The slow decay in the flow rate after flashing appears to be associated with the slow rise in inlet temperature Tin.

The nature of the change in the noise level can be explained by assuming that most of the pressure pulses are produced by bubble collapse, rather than formation. Before the appearance of vapor conglomerates, the bubbles are collapsing individually in essen- tially all liquid surroundings. After flashing, the compressible volume present dampens the pressure pulses.

All the data points obtained for the venturi with and without the artificial cavity at the throat are shown in figure 11. The overall pressure drop P4 - P5 is plotted as a function of superficial dynamic head at the throat q.

The nonflashed data, whether all-liquid o r cavitated, fall along the solid lines in figures l l(a) and (b). Flashing runs fall to the right of the dashed lines. It was not possible to obtain any data in the region between the solid and dashed lines, because the

14

.. "_

system jumped from the liquid line to the flashed area and the reverse. This jump, during the onset of flashing as well as during deflashing, was very sharp and it was not accompanied by oscillations between the two states, even though figure 7 shows small local fluctuations in the pressure traces. Stone and Sekas (ref. 2), performing similar tests in water, did not consistently experience the jump between liquid-cavitated and flashed conditions. Whenever they observed a jump, its magnitude was small. Also, their data at the inception of flashing were highly oscillatory, as a rule. The difference in behavior between potassium and water (as to the irreversibility of the jump during flashing and deflashing) seems to depend on the properties of potassium, which allow large liquid superheats/liquid tensions, with the consequent storage of energy in a metastable condition. Among these properties of potassium are the purity of the liquid phase and the low solubility of gases, which eliminates potential nucleating sites within the liquid bulk; its high surface tension and ability to destroy oxide films from the con- taining walls, which drowns out most of the potential nucleating sites at the wall; and its high thermal conductivity, which allows the transfer of the stored energy to the vapor phase (once i t is formed) with a minimum of temperature drop across the liquid bulk.

Liquid Performance

The solid lines in figures ll(a) and (b) represent the pressure-flow performance of the venturi when it is operating with potassium in the liquid phase. These liquid lines, over the Reynolds number range covered, indicate a constant loss coefficient

p4 - p5 = c

Equation (1) neglects the difference in dynamic head between the venturi inlet and outlet, even though the two diameters are not equal (see fig. 4). The maximum value of this difference over the flow range studied was about 0.15 psi (0.1 N/cm ), which is smaller than the scatter in the pressure readings.

fig. ll(a)) are correlated by

2

The liquid data for the venturi without the artificial throat cavity (sets 1 to 10,

p4 0.44

15

~ ..... , . _ _ __.__..._. ~ ".. . .

while the liquid data for the venturi with the artificial fig. ll(b)) f i t the relation

throat cavity (sets 11 to 20,

(3)

which represents about a 13 percent increase in pressure losses over the venturi without the throat cavity (eq. (2)). This increase in losses is attributed to the small pro- trusion of the cavity insert into the flow channel, as described under Test Section.

It should be noted that the loss coefficient for the control venturi had a constant value of 0.48. This value of 0.48 for the control venturi with the very-sharp-edged pressure tap at the throat fell between the 0.44 obtained for the test venturi without a throat cavity and the 0. 50 for the test venturi with the somewhat irregular throat cavity insert.

"

Flashed Performance

The pressure-flow characteristics of the venturi after flashing were quite different from those during liquid flow conditions. After flashing, the superficial dynamic head at the throat q is no longer a function of the venturi overall pressure drop (fig. 11). The overall pressure drop is now much larger than during the all-liquid operation. Dif- ferent values of overall pressure drop were obtained for a given value of q.

The difference in behavior shown in figure 11 between the flashed and the liquid data indicates that the relation between venturi upstream and downstream pressures is no longer controlled by liquid loss mechanisms, but by some other independent factor. This independent factor could be the presence of a vapor continuum somewhere in the small flow area of the venturi. This being the case, the flow rate after flashing should become a function of some value of the potassium saturation vapor pressure and the inlet pressure P4. Figure 12 shows that the flow rate after flashing is a function of the difference between the inlet pressure P4 and the potassium vapor pressure corresponding to the inlet liquid temperature Pvin. Plots similar to figure 12, but using vapor pressures corresponding to diffuser wall temperature Pv2, and outlet temperature PVOUt, showed that the flow rate did not correlate with these vapor pressures when these were different f rom Pvin. This leads to the possible conclusion that during flashed operation the liquid potassium reaches saturated liquid conditions before vaporizing and the flow rate is determined by the difference between venturi inlet pressure and the vapor pressure at the inlet liquid temperature.

Figure 12 also shows that during flashed operation the relation between flow and inlet overpressure P4 - Pvin is greatly affected by the presence of the artificial cavity

16

at the throat. This is evidenced by the difference in slope between the two correlating lines.

Figure 13 compares, against superficial dynamic head at the throat, the difference between inlet and throat pressure P4 - Pt for the liquid data, and the difference between inlet pressure and inlet temperature vapor pressure P4 - Pvin for the flashed data.

F o r the venturi without the artificial throat cavity, the liquid pressure drop to the throat P4 - Pt is higher than the inlet overpressure during the flashed runs P4 - Pvin, as shown in figure 13(a). Assuming that the liquid potassium is at equilibrium at the flashing location, the slight tension at the throat means that the equilibrium condition occurs downstream of the throat, after some pressure recovery has taken place. From the slope of the two curves in figure 13(a) and the geometric characteristics of the diffuser, and with the additional assumption that the nozzle performance did not change from the liquid condition, a distance of about 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) minimum between the throat and an effective interface location was estimated. This means, of course, that during flashed operation the liquid potassium remained under slight tension (equal to Pvin - Pt) while going through the venturi throat. Furthermore, the temperature readings at T2, located 0.4 inch (1.0 cm) downstream of the throat, show the presence of vapor continuum at this location already, when there is net vapor quality at the venturi outlet. Therefore, the location of the equivalent interface should be between a minimum of 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) downstream of the throat, as indicated by the pressure curves, and a maximum of 0.4 inch (1.0 cm) as indicated by the diffuser wall temperatures.

For the venturi with the artificial throat cavity, the results are reversed, as shown in figure 13(b). The inlet overpressure P4 - Pvin during flashing is higher than the liquid nozzle pressure drop P4 - Pt for a given value of superficial velocity head. This change can be explained by assuming that the artificial cavity induces vapor into the throat, thereby changing the minimum liquid flow area. Consequently, the superficial dynamic head at the throat q is no longer the maximum velocity head. E i t is assumed that (1) the liquid at the throat is at equilibrium and (2) the difference in slope of the curves in figure 13(b) is the measure of the change in throat dynamic head, a throat area reduction of 7.3 percent would explain the results. To indicate the absolute magnitude of this change, it could be expressed as an annular vapor ring thickness of only 0.0019 inch (0.0048 cm) at the throat.

The behavior of the diffuser portion of the venturi during flashing is shown in figure 14. The difference between inlet pressure and inlet temperature vapor pressure

'4 - is plotted as a function of overall pressure drop P4 - P5 in figure 14(a). The difference between inlet pressure and diffuser outlet vapor pressure P4 - Pvout is plotted in figure 14(b), also as a function of overall pressure drop. The solid symbols in both figures indicate those runs with a measurable temperature depression; that is, where temperature T2 in the diffuser was lower than the inlet liquid temperature.

17

I 1 l 1 1 l l 1 IIIIII I1 IlIl l l l I l l l IIIIIIII II

Figure 14(a) shows that the diffuser had a net pressure drop [(P4 - P5) > (P4 - Pvin)3 for those data where a temperature drop was measured. This diffuser net pressure drop, occurring with or without the artificial cavity at the throat, is to be expected f o r the higher fluid velocities associated with an exit vapor phase. As shown in tables II and ID, vapor qualities as high as 1.3 percent were obtained at the diffuser exit. The diffuser net pressure drop changed with the values of quality calculated from the temperature depression. For the flashed data in which no temperature depression was observed, the diffuser had a pressure recovery [(P4 - P5) < (P4 - Pvin)3 meaning that very little vapor phase is being generated, and that the flow is returning to the all-liquid condition before leaving the diffuser. The change in magnitude of the pressure recovery indicates that the return to the all-liquid state occurs at variable positions within the diffuser.

The plot of pressure difference between inlet pressure and vapor pressure at outlet temperature P4 - Pvout as a function of overall pressure drop (fig. 14(b)) shows that for the flashed runs where a temperature depression existed, the outlet venturi pressure was at equilibrium with its vapor pressure P4 - Pvout = P4 - P5. For those cases where no temperature depression existed, the outlet pressure P5 was higher than the vapor pressure at outlet temperature.

The behavior of the flashed venturi can be summarized as follows: (1) The overall flow rate is determined by the difference between the inlet pressure

and the vapor pressure corresponding to the inlet liquid temperature. (2) The overall pressure drop in the venturi determines the conditions of the mixture

leaving the venturi. If the back pressure is higher than the vapor pressure at inlet temperature, the vapor phase will collapse someplace in the venturi; if it is lower, it will generate an equilibrium two-phase mixture, with the quality being dependent on the dif - ference between outlet pressure and inlet vapor pressure. During these tests, exit qualities as high as 1 . 3 percent were measured.

(3) The location where flashing starts appears to be slightly downstream of the throat in the smooth venturi and at the throat when the artificial cavity is installed at the throat. For the smooth venturi, pressure recovery characteristics locate the interface at least 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) downstream of the throat; the temperature data indicate that it is no more than 0.4 inch (1.0 cm) from the throat.

Incipiency Characterist ics

An important aspect of the cavitating venturi as a potassium boiler inlet device is its behavior at the initial appearance of the vapor phase. The maximum amount of liquid tension/superheat supported before incipiency of vapor is of prime importance in deter-

18

mining how far a cavitating venturi backpressure must be lowered, or its flow rate increased, before two-phase flow is developed.

Two different types of incipiency points were detected program:

(1) Cavitation incipiency: Determined by the output of the venturi body. The sudden increase in amplitude of the an indication of bubble collapse.

during this experimental

the accelerometer attached to "noise" signal was taken as

(2) Flashing incipiency: Determined by the sudden change in pressure-drop charac- ter is t ics of the venturi. In some instances, as shown in the remarks column in table 11, the cavitation and flashing incipiency points coincided; in other cases, cavitation was detected prior to flashing.

The two-phase incipiency results obtained are presented in figures 15 to 17 in plots of pressure at the throat Pt as a function of inlet liquid temperature. This type of pre- sentation permits direct comparison of the data obtained in this project for potassium flowing adiabatically through a variable pressure field with the incipient data obtained by Chen (ref. lo) , Edwards and Hoffman (ref. 9), and others, in a constant-pressure field with heat addition.

Cavitation incipiency. - The minimum values of throat pressure Pt obtained before cavitation noise was detected by the accelerometer are plotted in figure 15 as a function of inlet temperature Tin. The throat pressures were determined from the venturi liquid characteristics, using equation (9) of appendix C. The results appearing in figure 15 cover both series of runs: with and without the artificial throat cavity. Also individually identified in this figure are the first and second chronological cavitation incipiency points obtained for each series. Superimposed on the data appear two types of reference curves:

(1) The potassium vapor pressure curve (solid) (2) A family of pressure-temperature curves (dashed) representing the liquid pres-

sures necessary to maintain a force balance around vapor bubbles of different radii at thermal equilibrium with the liquid. family of curves were obtained from

The liquid pressures for this

( 5)

for values of r ranging from 1. OX10m3 to 1. OX10-5 inch (2.54X10-3 to 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm). The potassium vapor pressure curve, of course, agrees with equation (5) fo r a value of r = QO.

The following conclusions can be drawn from figure 15:

19

(1) Fluid conditions at the throat of the venturi were not at equilibrium at cavitation incipiency. This nonequilibrium condition, for most of the data, fell between the curves obtained from equation (5), with the critical radii between 1. OX10-4 and 0 . 5 ~ 1 0 - ~ inch ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ and 1 . 2 7 ~ l O - ~ cm). A few data points did not show this trend. These excep- tions are discussed in conclusions 2 and 3.

(2) The first cavitation incipiency points in each series, with and without the artificial throat cavity, occurred very close to the potassium vapor pressure curve (see runs 4 and 77 in table 11). These two points definitely did not follow the depression pattern of the rest of the cavitation incipiency data. This difference in behavior appeared to be caused by the residual argon gas trapped in the surface cavities during fill (see section EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE). The residual argon must have accumulated in surface cavities of large size, preventing them from flooding and thus making them active cavitating sites, as indicated by Chen (ref. 10). During the first pressure decrease, the larger- size cavities probably caused cavitation at near-equilibrium conditions, After the first flashing and deflashing cycle, most of the large-size cavities were depleted of gas and were flooded, becoming inactive sites. Therefore, in successive pressure decreases the remaining smaller cavities caused larger decreases in pressure to be necessary in order to tr igger cavitation.

(3) The artificial cavity at the throat of the venturi did not have any effect on the mean value of the liquid tension obtained. This means that in an adiabatic field, where the walls were not hotter than the fluid bulk, neither the 0.008-inch- (0.020-cm-) diameter reentrant hole, nor the 0.0005-inch (0.0015-cm) annular gap between the cavity insert and the drilled hole, were dependable active cavitation sites. However, a few of the incipiency points obtained with the insert (other than the first of the series) approached the r = 0. M O - ~ inch ( 1 . 2 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm) line, indicating that the artificial cavity did act occasionally as a nucleating site.

(4) It can be seen that some points fall at a liquid pressure below absolute zero. These points can be described as having a finite liquid tension, but the corresponding liquid superheat would be infinite and meaningless.

Flashing incipiency. - The results obtained on flashing incipiency are presented in figure 16. The reference curves in this figure are the same as those already described for figure 15. The incipient flashing data consist of the pressure calculated at the venturi throat Pt immediately before the sudden change in venturi pressure-drop characteristics, as a function of inlet liquid temperature. As before, throat pressure was calculated by using equation (9) of appendix C. If the cavitating venturi is to be used as a boiler inlet, its flashing incipiency characteristics are more important than the point where cavitation noise first develops, but without vapor agglomeration.

The following conclusions can be drawn about the flashing incipiency: (1) Fluid conditions at the throat of the venturi were not at equilibrium at flashing

20

incipiency. Throat pressures Pt as much as 16.1 psi (11.1 N/cm ) below vapor pressure were measured. This occurred at a 1460' F (1066 K) liquid temperature.

(2) The point conditions at flashing incipiency also follow the surface-tension curves obtained from equation (5) fo r a crit ical radius between 1. O X ~ O - ~ and 0. inch ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ and 1 . 2 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm). No appreciable difference in the mean value of correlating critical radius between the flashing incipiency data and the cavitation incipiency data can be noted.

2

(3) There is no effect at all of the artificial throat cavity on the values obtained for pressure and temperature at flashing incipiency.

(4) Some of the throat pressures reached at flashing incipiency show large values of negative absolute pressure, as much as -6. 5 psia (-4.5 N/cm abs). 2

(5) The incipient flashing points (fig. 16), without exception, follow the trend indicated by the constant critical radius lines. Some of the incipient cavitation points (fig. 15), as discussed previously, deviate appreciably from the mean critical radius values. This appears to be the biggest difference between the incipient flashing and the incipient cavitation results.

Comparison of incipiency results with heat-addition data in the literature. - The incipient flashing results obtained in this project are replotted in figure 17, together with other potassium boiling incipiency data available in the literature. The reference curves shown are the same as those used in figures 15 and 16.

A search of the literature for potassium flashing initiation data did not yield any data obtained adiabatically through pressure decreases. A few investigators, however, have published data on the boiling incipiency of potassium with heat addition. Shown in figure 17 are data published by Edwards and Hoffman (ref. 9); Chen (ref. 10); Spiller, et al. (ref. 15); and Grass, et al. (ref. 16). The methods used by these investigators to promote boiling and to determine the point of incipiency are quite varied. Great variation also exists in the type of surfaces used, the range of heat fluxes, the potassium purity, gas content, and fluid velocity, among other factors, as pointed out by Fauske in reference 17. Some of these conditions for the data shown in figure 17 are summarized in the following table:

21

Edwards and Hoffman (ref. 9)

Chen (ref. 10)

This report Spiller, et al. (ref. 15)

l e a t addition

Grass , e t al. (ref. 16)

leat addition Test method Heat addition leat addition 4diabatic pressure decrease

Forced circulation Potassium flow Natural circulation ~~~ ~

porced circulation Stagnant Yatural and forced 5rculation

Heating method Electric clam-shell heaters around wall

Clectric clam-shell leaters around wall

Same as ref. 15 gone Electric current ’lowing through wall md liquid; heat Zenerated mostly within fluid

Not applicable Heat-flux range, Btu/(hr)(ft2) (W/m2)

16 000 to 37 000; (50 400 to 116 600)

~~~

! 000 to 50 000 6 300 to 157 5001

Not applicable None

Surface Drawn tubing; type-347 s ta inless s teel 0.622-in. (1.58-cm) i.d.

~ ~ ~~

’ (a) As received , (b) With a s e r i e s of

eight 0.006-in.- (0. 015-cm-) diam holes (drilled)

h n drilling; laynes alloy 25; 1.622-in. (1.58-cm) . d. ; as received

Not important according to author as i t is colder than E h i d

Tube; 0,276-in. (0.7-cm: i. d. ; 78.7 in. (200 cm) long

Machined venturi, 5 to 6 r m s s u r f a c e finish; 0. 1015-in. (0.2578-cm) throat diam; type-316 stainless steel: (a) As received (b) With 0.008-in. -

(0.020-cm-) diam reentrant throat cavity (EDM)

Pressure and temperature measurements

Pressure and temperature measurements

~ ~~~~

Change in electric potential distributior along test section

Same as ref. 15 Determination of Maximum temperature superheat 1 at heated surface;

temperature at condenser

Not given Not given Given Detailed

The data of Spiller, et al. (ref. 15) on stagnant potassium, show a large scatter, and the results appear to have no relation to the surface-tension curves. The rest of the data appear to follow the surface-tension trends. However, the values of critical bubble radius vary largely from investigator to investigator. The adiabatic flashing data obtained herein seem to agree best with the data obtained by Chen (ref. 10). This result should be expected, because in his tests the f i l l and testing procedure and the nature of the test surface more closely approximated the conditions of the adiabatic tests in the venturi.

Comparison of our adiabatic results with those of Edwards and Hoffman (ref. 9) shows the difference in effect of relatively large-size cavities at the wall between the heat-addition case and the adiabatic case. With.heat addition, the presence of eight 0.006-inch- (0.015-cm-) diameter holes in the wall decreased the superheat at incipiency very markedly. Our adiabatic data, on the other hand, showed no effect whatsoever on incipiency from a reentrant cavity of 0.008 inch (0.020 cm) diameter or the annular gap 0.0005 inch (0.0012 cm) wide around the cavity insert. This indicates that potassium floods cavities of this size. These cavities may become active cavitation sites if heated, but will not do so adiabatically.

It should be noted that Chen's data (ref. 10) indicate a critical radius of inch (2. 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm), similar to our data; Edwards (ref. 9) suggests a critical radius smaller than lom5 inch ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm) for the as-received surface, while the stagnant potassium data of reference 15 show no critical radius value whatsoever, but indicate very high superheats.

Metallographic inspection

After completion of the tests, the inside surfaces of the test and control venturis were inspected. Also inspected was the venturi not used in the potassium tests (the as- received venturi). The results of these inspections appear in figures 18 and 19. The venturis were sectioned longitudinally. Figure 18(a) shows views normal to the diffuser surfaces of the three venturis. This figure shows what was apparent to the unaided eye: the surface finish had changed after approximately 250 hours of operation with potassium. The as-received surface had a high shine, whereas surfaces on test and control venturis had a dull finish.

Larger magnifications ("3%) of the same inside surface of the diffusers are shown in figure 18(b). The as-received venturi diffuser shows circumferential scratches caused by the polishing process. It also shows large-size pits, greater than 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ inch (1. 02X10-3 cm). Both the polishing scratches and large-size pits are absent from the surfaces of the control and test venturis. This must be attributed to the effect of liquid

23

potassium flow rather than cavitation or flashing, as the control venturi was not cavitated during operation.

The test and as-received venturis were cross sectioned at the beginning of the diffuser (near the throat). Photomicrographs (fig. 19) were taken of the inside surfaces of the venturis. The inside surfaces shown are perpendicular to the direction of flow. The surface of each venturi was observed under the microscope, and typical cross sections a r e shown. The inside surface of the test venturi appeared rougher than that of the as- received venturi at this magnification. It shows many cavities in the to 10-5-inch (2. 5 4 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ - to 2. 54x10-5-cm) size range, which coincides with the critical radii curves correlating the data in figures 15 and 16. Very few cavities of this type can be seen on the as-received surface. The cavities appearing on the test venturi surface cover a gamut of shapes: conical, spherical, reentrant. However, they did not penetrate deeply into the wall.

Of secondary importance is the change in structure noted in the type-316 stainless steel. The as-received venturi had a large grain structure with no carbide precipitation. After 250 hours of operation, mostly between 1300' and 1500' F (978 and 1089 K), there was a large amount of intergranular and matrix carbide precipitation. The grain size seemed to have decreased considerably. All venturis were made from the same bar of material and exposed to the same metalworking processes. There is no reason to believe that the structure of the test venturi was different at the start from that shown in figure 14(a).

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The behavior of an adiabatic venturi with subcooled-liquid-potassium feed was studied experimentally before, during, and after the development of two-phase flow. The results indicate that a venturi inlet that will cause flashing of the subcooled liquid into two-phase flow, without oscillations and with large pressure drops, can be designed f o r a potassium boiler tube. Prior to the start of flashing, a metastable condition with large liquid tensions/superheats may be encountered. After flashing, only a small amount of tension/superheat, if any, will be found, and the total liquid flow rate will be independent of downstream conditions and influenced only by the liquid temperature and inlet pressure.

The large pressure drop at the boiler tube inlet tends to improve boiler stability, as indicated by other investigators. The total flow rate independence from downstream pressure, also noted in water flow by others, should be most advantageous in establishing good flow distribution in multitube boilers, where differences in downstream condi-

24

tions between the parallel tubes are caused by such factors as mechanical tolerances, poor distribution of heating fluids, and wall deposits.

The lack of oscillations during flashing noted with the potassium venturi is a further advantage, not typically found in water tests by others. The sharpness of the potassium flashing initiation is attributed to the hysteresis encountered between flashing and unflashing conditions. This hysteresis, in turn, is probably a result of the-thermophysical properties of potassium, which allow the high local liquid superheats observed prior to flashing. However, this same superheating presents some startup difficulties which must be taken into consideration when establishing operating procedures.

Not evaluated in this study were the nature of the flow patterns obtained with two- phase flow or the behavior of the venturi with heat addition.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Experimental data were obtained on the flow of subcooled potassium through an adiabatic, smooth-wall venturi with a throat diameter of 0. 1015 inch (0.2578 cm). This venturi is in the size range suitable for use as a liquid-metal-boiler inlet device. Data were taken at flow rates ranging between 300 and 660 pounds mass per hour (38 to 83 g/sec) and fluid temperatures from 1140' to 1460' F (889 to 1060 K). Behavior of the venturi in the all-liquid and flashed states, as well as at incipient cavitation and flashing conditions was observed with the following major results:

1. Nonequilibrium conditions were measured in the venturi at flashing incipiency. This nonequilibrium consisted of liquid in tension at pressures below the vapor pressure corresponding to the liquid saturation temperature, as much as 16. 1 psi (11.1 N/cm ) 2

at a 1460' F (1066 K) liquid temperature. 2. Incipient cavitation and flashing pressures below saturation vapor pressure fol-

lowed the trends predicted by a force-balance equation ac ross bubbles of critical radii between lX10-4 and 0 . 5 ~ 1 0 - ~ inch ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ and 1 . 2 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm). Metallographic inspection of the inside surface of the venturi showed the largest cavities to be in the lom4- to 10m5-inch ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ - t o 2. 54x10-5-cm) range.

incipiency conditions. The largest negative absolute pressure calculated was -6. 5 psia (-4.5 N/cm abs).

3. Pressures lower than absolute zero existed at the venturi throat at some flashing

2

4. Total potassium flow rate through a flashed venturi with subcooled inlet conditions and a particular geometry is determined exclusively by the inlet pressure and the inlet temperature, which determine the vapor pressure at the interface. The effect of the backpressure on the flashed venturi behavior is limited to controlling either the quality

25

of the two-phase mixture leaving the venturi, or the location in the diffuser where the vapor phase will collapse. Exit vapor qualities as high as 1.3 percent were calculated.

5. Neither the unheated reentrant 0.008-inch- (0.020-cm-) diameter artificial throat cavity nor the 0.0005-inch- (0.0013-cm-) wide annular gap had any effect on incipiency conditions. The art if icial cavity did appear to induce vapor into the throat area after flashing, thereby producing a larger pressure drop for a given flow rate.

6. The data obtained adiabatically in this investigation were compared with data available in the literature for potassium boiling initiation through heat addition. Both types of data show similar trends, except for some data on boiling stagnant potassium of high purity.

7. The flow of hot liquid potassium through the venturi fo r a period of 250 hours changed the surface finish on the type-3 16 stainless-steel venturi. Large-size pits and polishing marks disappeared, and small cavities of the to 10-5-inch ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ - t o 2. 54X10-5-cm) diameter range were formed or exposed at the surface.

Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Cleveland, Ohio, November 10, 1969, 120-27.

26

APPENDIX A

SYMBOLS

C

c1

d

gC

%in

hfout

hfg, out

N

P

Pt

pV

constant

dimensional factor in eq. (10) of appendix C y 144 in. 2 /ft 2. , lo4 cm /m 2 2

diameter at venturi throat, in. ; cm

gravitational conversion factor, 4. 173X108 (lbm -ft) (hr2)/lbf; l(kg-m)(sec2)/N

saturated liquid enthalpy of potassium at venturi inlet temperature Tin, Btu/lbm; J/kg

saturated liquid enthalpy of potassium at venturi outlet temperature Tout, Btu/lbm; J/kg

heat of vaporization of potassium at venturi outlet temperature Tout, Btu/lbm; J/kg

number of runs

pressure, psia; N/cm abs

pressure at test venturi throat,

2

calculated from the five measured pressures (eq. (9) of appendix C)

pv2

p V i n

pvout

p1

p2

p3

p4

p5

q

r

T

TC 1

TC2

potassium vapor pressure corresponding to temperature

T2 potassium vapor pressure cor-

responding to temperature

Tin potassium vapor pressure cor -

responding to temperature

Tout measured pressure at control

venturi inlet (fig. 4)

measured pressure at control venturi throat (fig. 4)

measured pressure at control venturi outlet (fig. 4)

measured pressure at test venturi inlet (fig. 5)

measured pressure at test venturi outlet (fig. 5)

superficial dynamic head at venturi throat, psi; N/cm 2

bubble radius, in. ; cm

temperature, OF; K

measured wall temperature at control venturi inlet

measured wall temperature at 2st venturi inlet

potassium vapor pressure at Tin

Tout

measured wall temperature at saturation temperature Tv control venturi outlet

measured wall temperature at test venturi outlet

27

I I I I

TV potassium saturation tempera-

ture

T1 measured wall temperature at test venturi, 0.50 in. (1.27 cm) from inlet




W potassium liquid flow rate, lbm/hr; g/sec

wV potassium flow rate calculated

from venturi characterist ics, lbm/hr; g/sec

X thermodynamic quality at venturi outlet, percent

Y standard deviation as defined by eq. (7), OF; K

P potassium liquid density, lbm/ft3; g/m 3

0 potassium surface tension, lbf/in. ; N/cm

28

APPENDIX B

ACCURACY OF TEMPERATURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS

As-indicated in the Research Instrumentation section of the main text, no direct calibration of the temperature- or flow-measuring devices was attempted. However, indirect observations of the readings obtained give indications of their own validity.

Temperatures

The thermocouple readings of interest are the six around the test venturi (Tin, T1 to T4, and Tout). The data presented in tables 11 and 111 allow two comparisons to be made to show the validity of these temperature readings:

(1) Comparison of Tout with the saturation temperature of potassium corresponding to the measured outlet pressure P5 in those runs which show a net vapor quality leaving the venturi. This comparison measures the accuracy of the thermocouple Tout.

(2) Comparison of the other five thermocouples with Tout on the all-liquid runs. These runs are very near isothermal, as the potassium flow rates are large enough to prevent heat losses from creating a large temperature drop along the venturi length. This type of comparison shows the scatter in readings among the six thermocouples.

Comparison of Tout with saturation temperature of potassium. - The readings ob- ~ ~~

tained from thermocouple Tout are plotted in figure 20 against the values of potassium saturation temperature at the outlet pressure P5, for all the runs where net quality at the outlet was observed. Saturation temperatures were obtained from the potassium vapor curve reported in reference 14. The values of the measured temperature Tout were 6. 5' F (3.6 K) lower on the mean than the saturation temperature. The standard deviation of the mean difference was 3. 5' F (1.9 K).

heat losses. At the operating temperature level there should be about a 1.5' F (0.8 K) temperature drop across the stainless-steel wall. This would be the result a€ the heat leakage by conduction through 7 inches of ceramic fiber insulation. An additional 1.5' F (0.8 K) e r r o r should be expected from the thermocouple as a result of heat leakage by conduction along the leads. The additional error encountered is well within the combined limit of e r r o r of the thermocouple wire and the calibration error of the pressure-measuring device.

~~

About 3' F (1.7 K) of the mean difference in temperature can be accounted for by

As shown in figure 20, the readings with the larger discrepancies are those where the estimated exit quality is smaller than 0.4 percent. It is possible that in these runs

29

ii IiK

the venturi exit is no longer at saturation, making the comparison not applicable, Comparison of other thermocouples with Tout. - Comparison of the other five

thermocouples, Tin and T1 to T4, with Tout for those runs where the test venturi should be nearly isothermal gives an indication of the relative accuracy of the six thermocouples involved. Thermocouple Tout is singled out as the basis for comparison because its absolute accuracy was established from the potassium vapor pressure curve, as already described.

The test venturi should be isothermal during the all-liquid runs, when no change in phase occurs. The only deviation from constant temperature is that created by the heat losses through the insulated walls of the venturi. This small deviation from isothermal conditions along the length of the venturi was estimated for each of the five thermocouple stations. This estimate was obtained by a balance between the heat losses across the venturi wall and the 7 inch (18 cm) thickness of insulation and the temperature drop of the potassium flowing along the venturi. The correction, a function of potassium flow rate and temperature, was applied to each thermocouple reading before it was compared with Tout.

A between each temperature and Tout is the arithmetic mean of the differences for all the liquid runs

The results of the comparisons are summarized in figure 21. The mean difference -

where i denotes one of the subscripts in, 1, 2 , 3, o r 4. The number of all-liquid r u n s N was 158 for all the thermocouples, except T1 which was removed early in order to install the throat cavity insert . Only 56 runs were used to evaluate the mean difference between T1 and Tout. As shown in figure 21, the mean differences between Tout and the other thermocouples were less than 1.5' F (0.8 K), except f o r T3 which had a larger e r ror .

The standard deviation from the mean difference y was estimated from

where A. = T. - Tout and i denotes one of the subscripts in, 1, 2, 3, or 4. A s shown in figure 21, the standard deviations range from 1.1' F (0.6 K) for T4 to 2.2' F (1.2 K)

1 1

30

for T3. The distribution of runs fo r all five deviations is equal, with 73 percent of all readings being within ly of the mean difference.

These differences between the six thermocouples are well within the limits of error of the thermocouple wire. The temperature readings reported on all data tables are uncorrected values obtained from the thermocouples.

FI ow

No direct calibration of the electromagnetic (EM) flowmeter was attempted. An indication of the reliability of flow rate resul ts is given by comparison of the EM flowmeter readings with the flow rates obtained from the inlet-to-throat pressure drop in the control venturi.

The control venturi was not calibrated directly. However, a flow calibration was run on the as-received venturi using water and a weight tank. Flow coefficients obtained from the water calibration of the as-received venturi, when used with the pressure drops PI - P2, obtained in the control venturi during operation, provided a second source of flow measurement. The data shown in figure 22 for the all-liquid potassium runs show that the flow ra tes f rom both sources agree within 5 percent throughout the entire operating range.

The flow rates reported in the data tables are the values obtained from the EM flowmeter. For the runs where the EM flowmeter output was distorted, the pressure drop on the control venturi was used to determine the flow rate. In these cases, however, the flow rate was corrected by using the ratio of 0.95 from figure 22.

31

APPENDIX C

CALCULATION OF TEST VENTURI THROAT PRESSURE, DYNAMIC

HEAD, AND THERMODYNAMIC EXIT QUALITY

Test Ven tu r i Th roa t P ressu re

The test venturi throat pressure Pt was obtained from the measured pressures in the control and test venturis. It was not measured directly as no instrument penetrations into the reduced-area section of the test venturi were allowed. In figure 2, pressures P1 to P5 are the measured values. The control and test venturis are dimensionally equal. If there were absolutely no difference at all, Pt could be obtained from

Pt = P4 - (P1 - P2)

However, a small difference between the two venturis existed. Because of the small diameter at the throat of the venturis, even the close specified tolerances allowed a di f - f erence in overall performance between the two venturis. This is indicated by the overall pressure-drop ratio (P4 - P5)/(P1 - P3). If it is assumed that the overall pressure losses are a function of the dynamic head at the minimum throat diameter and that the pressure-drop distribution of the two venturis is similar, the test venturi throat pressure can be calculated from

Pt = P4 - (P1 - P2) p4 - p5 p1 - p3

Equation (9) is applicable to runs where flow is in the liquid phase through both venturis, and to those cavitating runs where the overall pressure-drop ratio does not deviate from the all-liquid value. For the runs where the overall pressure-drop ratio does vary from the all-liquid value, equation (9) was still used to calculate the throat pressure. For these cases, however, the value of the overall pressure-drop ratio from the preceding all-liquid run was used.

32

Dynamic Head at Venturi Throat

The dynamic head q was calculated as a superficial value at the test venturi throat:

q = C1" 8 2 4 = gcPd

The diameter d used for calculating the superficial dynamic head was the nominal room-temperature value of 0.1015 inch (0.2578 cm). The potassium liquid density was evaluated at the test venturi inlet temperature Tin. The potassium density, as well as all other thermodynamic and transport properties, was obtained from reference 14.

Thermodynamic Quality at Venturi Exit

The thermodynamic quality of potassium at the venturi exit X was calculated from

X = (%in - hfout )x100 , percent hfg, out

The values of enthalphy were all evaluated from the corresponding temperature readings. It w2s decided, after the resul ts of appendix B were studied, that discrepancies obtained in this way would be smaller than if some enthalpies obtained from pressure readings were compared with others obtained from temperature sources. However, the results obtained at quality values below 0.4 percent border on the value of possible error.

The effect of axial heat conduction along the thick venturi wall on Tout was neglected as the flashed data showed very small differences between the readings of thermocouples T4 and Tout. The inlet temperature Tin was measured too far upstream of the area where temperature changes occurred to be affected by the gradient.

33

REFERENCES

1. Stone, James R. ; and Sekas, Nick J. : Tests of a Single Tube-in-Shell Water- Boiling Heat Exchanger with a Helical-Wire Insert and Several Inlet Flow- Stabilizing Devices. NASA TN D-4767, 1968.

2. Stone, James R. ; and Sekas, Nick J. : Water Flow and Cavitation in Converging- Diverging Boiler -Inlet Nozzle. NASA TM X-1689, 1968.

3. Dorsch, Robert G. : Frequency Response of a Forced-Flow Single-Tube Boiler. Presented at Symposium on Two-Phase Flow Dynamics, Technological University of Eindhoven and Euratom, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Sept. 4-9, 1967.

4. Hammitt, Frederick G. ; and Robinson, M. John: Choked Flow Analogy for Very Low Quality Two-Phase Flows. Rep. 03424-18-T, Univ. Michigan (NASA CR- 75127), Mar. 1966.

5. Ruggeri, Robert S. ; and Gelder, Thomas F. : Effects of Air Content and Water Purity on Liquid Tension at Incipient Cavitation In Venturi Flow. NASA TN D- 1459, 1963.

6. Gelder, Thomas F. ; Ruggeri, Robert S. ; and Moore, Royce D. : Cavitation Simi- larity Considerations Based on Measured Pressure and Temperature Depressions in Cavitated Regions of Freon-114. NASA TN D-3509, 1966.

7. Hsu, Y. Y. : On the Size Range of Active Nucleation Cavities on a Heating Surface. J. Heat Transfer, vol. 84, no. 3, Aug. 1962, pp. 207-216.

8. Holtz, Robert E. : The Effect of the Pressure-Temperature History Upon Incipient- Boiling Superheats in Liquid Metals. Rep. ANL-7184, Argonne National Lab., June 1966.

9. Edwards, J. A. ; and Hoffmann, H. W. : Superheats with Boiling Alkali Metals. Proceedings of the Conference on Application of High Temperature Instrumentation to Liquid-Metal Experiments. Rep. ANL-7100, Argonne National Lab. (NASA CR- 76450), 1965, pp. 515-534.

10. Chen, J. C. : Incipient Boiling Superheats in Liquid Metals. J. Heat Transfer, vol. 90, no. 3, Aug. 1968, pp. 303-312.

11. Blake, F. G. , Jr. : The Tensile Strength of Liquids: A Review of the Literature. Tech. Memo 9, Harvard Univ. , Acoustic Res. Lab. , June 11, 1949.

12. Briggs, Lyman J. : Limiting Negative Pressure of Water. J. Appl. Phys. , vol. 21, no. 7, July 1950, pp. 721-722.

34

13. Gavrilenko, T. P. ; and Topchiyan, M. E . : Dynamic Tensile Strength of Water. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., vol. 7, no. 4, July-Aug. 1966, pp. 128-129.

14. Briggs, Lyman J. : The Limiting Negative Pressure of Acetic Acid, Benzene, Aniline, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Chloroform. J. Chem. Phys., vol. 19, no. 7, July 1951, pp. 970-972.

15. Spiller, K. H. ; Grass, G. ; and Perschke, D. : Superheating and Single Bubble Ejection in the Vaporization of Stagnating Liquid Metals. Rep. AERE-Trans- 1078, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, June 1967.

16. Grass, G. ; Kottowski, H. ; and Warnsing, R. : Boiling of Liquid Alkali Metals. Rep. ANL-Trans-390, Argonne National Lab., Sept. 1966.

17. Fauske, Hans K. : Liquid Metal Boiling in Relation to Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Safety Design. Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser . , vol. 65, no. 92, 1969, pp. 138-149.

18. Weatherford, W. D . , Jr. ; Tyler, John C. ; and Ku, P. M. : Properties of Inorganic Energy-Conversion and Heat-Transfer Fluids for Space Applications. Southwest Research Inst. (WADD-TR-61-96), Nov. 1961.

35

TABLE I. - SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA

(a) U. S. customary units 0) SI units

Pressure Flow rate Inlet temperature, change

1 Set I Runs IPressure change

Flow rate I Inlet t e Z T r a t u r e ,

Mode Maximur Minimum Range, lbm/hr

Series I: Test venturi without artificial throat cavity Series I: Test venturi without artificial throat cavity - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -

- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 -

T Steps Constant

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -

- 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 -

994 921 918 939 1068 1066 99 1 994 9 56 1019

15.8 to 88.2 80.0 to 83.4 65.8 to 67.2 51.2 to 51.7 64.9 to 66.4 55.8 to 56.3 62.1 to 62.7 46.6 to 47.3 62.1 to 56.1 62.7 to 50.1

882 908 890 928 1065 1050 984 984 934 1005

1330 1199 1193 1230 1462 1460 1325 1330 1261 1375

1128 1174 1142 1210 1458 1430 1312 1311 1221 1349

a to g 1 to 8 9 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 36 37 to 40 41 to 55 56 to 68 69 to 70 71 to 72

(a)

370 to 375 493 to 498 443 to 447 515 to 527 406 to 410 522 to 533 635 to 662 Constant Steps 125 to 700 Variable a to g

1 to 8 9 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 36 37 to 40 41 to 55 56 to 68 I 1 69 to 70

498 to 398 ------- Ramp 71 to 72 493 to 445 ------- Ramp

Series II. Test venturi wi th artificial throat cavity Series II: Test venturi with artificial throat cavity I Variable Constant

~~

""-" Constant

I """_ Variable

Variable Constant """_ Constant

I - - - - - - - Variable

1003 1026 971 989 982 1003 944 96 1 978 988 1038 1058 1028 1043 1032 1039 1028 1039 711 783

15.0 to 75.6 60.9 to 61.6 61.7 to 46.4 44.7 to 45.7 44.7 to 45.7 44.4 to 45.6 60.2 to 61.1 53.0 to 54.1 53.4 to 53.8 16.3 to 83.2

1346 1321 1289 1388

1410 1390 1411 1398 1418 139 1 1445 1408 1318 1301 1271 1240 1345 1308

820 949

h to r 73 to 104 105 to 107 108 to 123 124 to 144 145 to 176 177 to 204 205 to 214 215 to 219

s to x

(a) Steps Ramp Steps

I Ramp

(a)

119 to 600 483 to 489 490 to 368 355 to 363 355 to 363 352 to 362 478 to 485 421 to 429 424 to 427 129 to 660

h to r 73 to 104 105 to 107 108 to 123 124 to 144 145 to 176 177 to 204 205 to 214 215 to 219

s to x

aNot applicable, all-liquid run.

TABLE 11. - DETAILED DATA FOR VENTURI WITHOUT ARTIFICIAL THROAT CAVITY (SERIES I )

)"IlVl,

P-

__ 27.9 25.9 2 6 . 2 26. 6 28.0 28.5 28.9

ill.O:Lt

Pl

- 16. 0 25. 3 24, 2 22.0 18.6 15. 7 11.8

- . 9 111. ,

T2 - 1330 1202 1128 1159 1168

1240 I188

-

1342 3 G . G 26. 3

I140 2 7 . 9 1170 30.3 I I I F 3 4 . 4 1194 38. 0 1248 41.3

"" 1 b 125 . O 26.9 1 25.8 26 .3 1 - - - - , c 255 3 . 9 30. I ' 25.8 2 8 . 2 ~ 1140 ' d 375 8. 5 35.4 1 2 5 . 6 31.0 1170

e 494 14.8 42.8 ' 25.9 ~ 35.5 1180

f 610 22.6 50.9 25.0 39.9 1195

5 700 30.2 58, 2 23.8 43. 7 1248

1202 1202

I159 ~

1159

1 1 6 8 , 1168 1188 1 1188

1128 1128

I240 1240 " "

1209 1205 1200 1195 11Y3 1191 1188 ""

1183

1200 1202

-

1196 I199

1190 1187 1184 1183 1176 1 I74 1174

1190 "

I

1196 1198 1199 , 1200

1190 1191 1187 1188 1184 1185 1183 1184 1176 1178 . . - - . - -. 1174 1173

1190 1190 -"

' I I

0.86 . 8 6 .86 .87 .89 . 8 8 .87 .86

I. 40

I 0.84 . 8 5

"

2 I 662 2G.8 56.2 25.8 43 .3 2 662 26.8 53.6 22.9 40 .7 3 659 26.6 50.6 20. I 37.8 4 655 2 6 . 2 41. 5 17.4 35 .0 5 655 26.2 45.3 15. I 32.0 6 659 26. 5 43. 3 13. 1 30.9 7 654 26. 0 40. 0 9 . 8 27.4 I n 654 26 .0 36.6 6 . 4 24. 1 8 635 24 .5 41.8 13 .5 29.8

21. 5 32. 8 17. 7 29.0

I206 39. I 28. I 13. 1

1203 36.4 25.3 10.0 1200 33. 6 22. 5 7.2 1194 30, I 19.7 4 .4 1191 28.7 17.6 1 . 7 1190 26. 7 15 .7 0 . 0 1187 23. 2 12. 4 -2.9

1181 , 26.0 9 . 2 1 . 8

"" 19.7 8 .9 -6. 5

"

1200 30.0 2 3 . 0 13. 5 I 26 .2 1 9 . 2 ' 8 . 5

1200 1200 1198 None 1198 1199 1197 None 1191 1192 1190 None 1188 1189 1188 High 1185 1185 1184

1178 , 1179 1177 I 1174 1175 1173 Medlun~

.". .... ..-~ Mediunl

1184 1185 1186

4 . 8 - - - - ~ - - - - Liquid 4.7 "" "" Liquid

4 . 5 "" , "" lnclpient c a ~ i t a l ~ o n 4 . 4 - - - - - - - - Cavilaled 4.4 - - - - - - - - Cawuled 4.1 - - - - I - - - - Cavitaled 4. 1 - - - - i - - - - ;lnckpienl flashing 4.1 4 .1 "" Fhshed

4 . 5 "" , ""

4. 5 ...- , _.._ Liquid

""

Liquid I 1 3 9 527 16.9 41. I

' IO 37.3 I 1 35. 1

13 12 I :::: 11 I 30.2 15 525 ' 16.8 28.8

18 524 ' 16.8 , 27.6 17 522 16 .1 26 .0

18 , 530 17. 1 25. 5

119 533 1 17 .2 29 .5 'Ma , 530 17. 1 , 2 3 . 6

i

1 1191

1191 I 1191 1192 1192 1192

""

15.5 26.8 I201 1 4 . 3 25 .6 1201 12.6 23.9 1202 1201

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

3.2

t 1191 6 .4 4 .2 1 1191 2.4 ~ 1191

' 9. 5 20.7 1203 1 1202 I 18.0 1 10.8 1 1 . 0 1192 ' 8 . 3 19.4 1203 ' 1202 16.7 ' 9. 7 . 4 1193

6 . 6 I 17.6 ~ 1203 i 1202 1 14.9 7 .9 i -1.9 1192

3.8 ~ 5.5 I 17. 1 1200 1200 j 14.3 ' 7.0 1 -3.2 1191

' 15.3 "" ~ "" ' 12.4 5. 2 -4. 7 1185

1192 1192 1194 1194 1194 1191 ""

1141 - 1211

1215 1217 1219 1219 1220 1231 ."_ 1219 1219 1220 -

1190 1 I89 1191

1192 1192

1190 ""

1139 - 1212 1214 1217 1219 1219 1220 1230 ""

1220

1219 1220 -

1191 1191 1192 1192

1191 1192

""

1141

1210 I212 1215 1215 1216 1220 1231

-

""

1219 1219 1219 -

1191 1191 I192 1192

1191 1192

1141

_."

"" Inclplenl cavilallon - - - - 1Cavi;ated

""

"" Incipient Ilashing "" Flashed

LOW . 8 5 High High High .84 Medium Medium ~ ::: I 4.4 Medium I 1. 59 3. 2

1 None '

! . 93 5 .3 . 9 0 1 5.3 . 9 2 5.3

High . 9 2 5.4 High

I

1 1:;; 1 ;:;

I + I

! I

~

I

21. 1 ' I150 1 1150 118.2 4 . 8 ~ . 6 1142 I

1141 9. 7 I" -"

13.6 9 . 9 8 . 3 8. 8 6.4 6 . 0 6. 1

11. 6

L c I""- - 32. 1 20.0 16. 2 14. 7 13. 1 12.7 12.2 12. 5 17.9

18.0 17.9

-

- 1224 I229 1229 1229 1230 1235 1245 ""

1235 1232 1230 -

I222 ~ 28. 2 23.8 1226 16. I ~ 11.6

8.8 4.4

1 l 4 . O i 5 .2 8.3: 4 . 0

l I 4 . O l 6 .4

i 1 4 . 0 1 9.6

18.1 ! 1210 I 1210 1210 4 120 407 10.2 36.9 , 2 1 409 10.3 24.9 ' 2 2 407 10.2 ~ 21.0 23 , 406 I I O . 1 , 19. 5

5 . 7 2. 0 .I

-. 9 -1. 3 -1 .3 -2.0 4.3 4.2 3 . 9 -

1211 1 1212 1212 1214 1215 I 1215 1215 1215 , I215 1214 1215 1216

1220 ~ 1231

1219 1219

1232 1245 ""

1235 1230 1230 __ I 1

- 30.3 26.0 23.0 20. 1 19.2 18. 0 16. 3

28.1

26.3 26.4

23. I

33.9

20. 3 24. 5

18.3 16. 2 21. I 21.6 21. 4 20.9 20.6 18.9 21. 1 21. 5 21. 5 11.9 28. 1

25. 8 18. 1 13.4 11. I 9.9 8. 0 I. 9

14.9 I. 3

14.3 15. I 11.7 17.2

25.4 14. 5 13.9 11.6

29. 5 17.4 14.8 21.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 41.4 31. 1 34.2 31. 0 30. 1 28. I 26.9

36.0 34.3 34. 1 31.6

43.8 34.3 30. 1 28.1 28. 0 31.5 31. 3 31.3 30.6 30.3 28.8 30.9 31.3 31.3 27.4 31.8

31.5 23.5 18.9 11.2 15.3 13. 5 13.4 13. 1 20.3

21.3 19.8

23.2 22.9

35.2 24. 5 23.8 25. 6

39.3 21.3 24.7 28.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 1413 1411 1416 1418

1481 1418

1478

1489 145C 1452 1448

1339 1338 1332 1334

-

-

""

1335 1335 1335 1342 1343 1345 1345 1342 1345 1342 1340 - 1351 1352 1341 1350 1342 1347 1342 1342 1342 1343 1345 1342 1341 - 1243 ""

1281

1313

""

-

""

""

1410 -

_.

5 31 30

33 32

34 35 36

j 31 38 39 40

I 41 42 43 44

45 44a

46 41 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

I 56 51 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 61 68

"

"

"

"

I 69 69a 69b IO

I 1 71a

"

71b 12 -

- 521 526 526 521 520 520 515

447 446 443 446

198 495

-

-

I

I

194 195 195 191 196 193

195

313 170 310 3 73 313 372

-

1 175 115

193 I93 193 145

190 190 190 198

-

-

-

- 1412 1415 1415 1478 1418 1480 1477

1488 1449 1450 1446

1338 1338 1332 1335

-

-

1335 1335 1335 1340 1342 1342 1345 1342 1345 1340 1338

1350 1350 1345 1350 1342 1345 1340 1340 1340 1343 1345 1340 1340

""

-

- 1240 _."

""

1219 - 1313 ""

""

- 1408

- 35.0 30. I 21.8 24.7 23.8 22. 5 20.8

31.4 29. I 29.6 21.0

36.6 21.1 22. 8 20.8 18.6 24.6 24. 1 24. 0 24.3 24.4 24.6 24.4 24.8 25.0 21.0 31. 6

28. I 20.2 15. 7 13.9 12. I 10. 1 10.2

17.0 9 .5

16. 9 17.3 17.4 17. 3

-

-

-

- 26.9 16. 1 15.4 18. I

31. 2 19.2 16. 5 22.6

-

-

- 21.6 23.2 20.3 11.4 16. 5 15. 2 13.6

18.9 18.4 20.9 21.6

29. 5 20. 0 15. 7 13. 6 11. 6 10.3 10. 1

9.1 8.6 8 . 6 8. 6 8 .8

10.4 13.2 14.0 24. 6

23.9 16. 1 11.6 9 . 8 8.0 6. 0 6 . 0 5.4 I . 3 7 . 5 I . 5 9 .0

12.1

30.0 8.9 8. 5 I. 4

!4.2 12.2 9 . 5

LO. 4

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 13. 1 11.8

10. 1 7. 5 6 . 8

4.0 5. 6

18.6 11. 1

17. 1 14. 3

20.2 11. 1 6. 6 4.3 2. 4 8. 1

8.0 I. 6 7 . 9 8 .2 8 . 3 8. 1 8. 5 8. 7 5. 2

15.8

18.4 11.1 6 . 3 4.6 3 . 0

. 9

. 8 -. 3 I. 7 7.9 I. 8 I . 7 7.3

11.2 -. 8

5. I -. 9

15.2 2. I

. o 11.9

-

-

-

-

__

__

- 1456 1461 1458 1461 1462 1464 1460

1461 1431 1431 1430

1324 1321 1312 1319 1319 1311 1316 1311 1319 1321 1321 i320 1322 1325 1324 1321

1330 1330 I326 1326 I321 1323 1320 1320 1311 1312 1312 1315 1321

1221 1239 1248 1261

-

-

-

-

- 1356 1349 1351 1315 -

- 1455 1460 1459 1462 1462 1464 1460 - 1462 1431 1432 1429

1322 1320 1312 1319

-

""

1316 1316 1311 1319 1320 1320 1320 1321

1322 1325

1320

1329 1330 1325 1325 1320 1322 1320 1320 1310 1312 1313 1315 1320

1222

-

-

""

""

1260

1355 -

""

""

1315 -

- 1460 1456

1460 1462 1463 1466 1461

1448 1431 1432 1430

1322 1320 1312 1319

-

-

1316 1315 1302

1310 1309

1310 1310 1321 1325 1322 1320

""

- 1329 1330 1325 1325 1320 1322 1320 1320 1292 1293 1298

1319 1303

1223 -

""

1260

1358

""

__

_."

""

1355 -

- 1455 1460 1460 1463 1465 1466 1463

1439 1431 1434 1430

1321 1320 1310 1319

-

-

""

1314 1312 1299 1290 1290 1290

1319 1291

1325 1321 1320 - 1329 1329 1322 1324 1320 1321 1319 1320 1210 1212 1273 1295 1318

1222 __

""

."_

1258

1353 __

""

""

1328 __

- 1462 1456

1462 1464 1466 1468 1464

1439 1432 1435 1432

1325 1321

1320 1315

-

-

1318 1315 1300

1290 1290

1289 1289

1322 1329 1329 1321

1330 1330 1325 1329 1321 1325 1321

1266 1321

1212 1268

1320 1298

""

-

__ 1225 ""

1261

1358

""

__

""

1324

""

__

- 1455 1460 1461 1462 1463 1461 1463 - 1438 1431 1435 1431

1323 1321 1316 1319

-

""

1316 1315 1299 1290 1289 1288 1289 1320 1328 1321 1320

1329 1330 1323 1326 1320 1323 1320 1320 1264 1266 1211 1297 1320

-

- 1223 ""

""

1260

1356 -

""

""

1322 -

- 0.89

.92

.91

. 9 1

. 9 0

.89

.90

2.00 1.93 1.48 .92

0.94

.93

.92

.94

.92 1.82 1.85 1.96

2.01 2.02

2. 14 2.05

1.54 1.86

.93

. 9 1

0.96 .94 .96 .94 .93 . 9 3 .96

2.23 .98

2.33 2.25 1.86 .96

0.90 . 9 1 .95

1. 80

0. 92 .96

2.44 .96

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 20. 1 19.7

20. 1 20.3

20. 5 20. 3

20.1

- ""

""

""

""

""

""

"" - 18.2 11.6 17.9 "" - ""

""

""

" - - _ _ " 9 .5 9.5 8.6 8.2 8. 1 8.1 8 .1 9.8

10.2 ""

"" - ""

""

""

""

""

_."

""

""

I. 1 I. 1 I. 3 8. 5 "" - ""

""

""

6.9 - ""

""

""

9.9 -

11.9 45.3 11.8 49. I

34.9 11.1 36. 7 11. 4 38.2 11.4 39.0 17.5 42.4 11.8

12.8 42. 1 12.1 40.2 12. 5 39.9 12.1 31. 5

15. 5 51. 3 15.3 42.0

37. I 35. I 1 E

15.2 38.9 15.3 38.9

39.0 15.3 38. 5 15.2 36.3 15.4 31.9 15. 5 38.4 15.3

38.9 i 8.7

21.5 8.1 23.2 8 . 6 21.8 8.6 36.0

19. I 1 ;;:: 8.6

25.1 8 .6 24. 1 8.6 24.6

8.8 27.3 8.8 21.7

14.9 42.8 14.9 31.9 14.9 31. 1

12.3 31. 9

15. 1 46.8 15.1 34.6 15.1 32.0 10.0 33. 0

None None None High High Medium Medium

Liquld Llquid

Inclpient cavltatlon Cavilaled Cavllated

Incipient flashlng

Flashed Flashed Liquid

Medium Medium High None

20.3 11.6 11. I 11.4

9.9 9.8 9.3 9.7 9.7 9. 5 9. 5 9 .3 9.7 9.8

1 10.0 9.9 9.8

10.3 10. 3

10.0 10.0

9.8 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.8

-

None

1 I i

Medium

LOW

Medium High None None

None

1 None/Hig High LOW

1 Medium None

"" Liquid

:::: "" I "" Incipient flashing and cavihtioi "" Flashed

I ""

I. 27 .64 .69 . I 1 .66 ."_ ."_ .--- Liquid ."_ Liquid

Liquid

I ."_ .--- Incipient cavilalion

Cavitaled Incipienl flashing ."_

I . 03 Flashed

I::: .39 1

Liquid

None High LOW LOW

5.6 6.2 6.4 6.9

_"_

11.9 11.4 11.6 13.3 -

Liquid Incipient cavltation Pressure f..f IInclpienl flashing ] r amp

I. 15 Flashed

None High Medium LOW

hown only lor flashed runs.

w W

TABLE Il. - Concluded. DETAILED DATA FOR VENTURl WITHOUT ARTIFICIAL THROAT CAVITY (SERIES 1)

(b) SI unitsa - lun

- a b C

d e I

g

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7: 8

9

10 11 12 13 14 1 5 16 17 18

19 18;

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26; 27 28 29

-

-

-

-

r T - 'low 'a te ,

w, / s e i

- 73. 1 1 5 . 8 32. 1 17 .3 32.2 76.8 38.2

33.4 33.4 43.0 32.5 32.5 83. c 82.4 82.4 80. c

66.4

-

-

1 66.2 66. ( 65. E 66. f 66. f 67. i

51.2 51. : 51. : 51. i

-

1 51.: 51. > 51. I -

Contro l ventur i Tes t ventur i Noise ind ica-

tion

I p ' r e s s u r e - Vapor Vapor d r o p

N/cm2 abs N/cm2 abs '1 - '3 Pvouts 'vin. Q

b at T~~~ , a t r a t io , p r e s s u r e p r e s s u r e TF N,'cm2 a b s

P r e s s u r e . N/cm2 abs P r e s s u r e . T e m p e r a t u r e ,

K e m p r r a t u r e

K

I le t , Out le t ,

r c 1 T C 2

1001 1001

889 889 905 905 911 909 919 919 949 919

927 925 925 924 922 922 919 919 918 917 917 916 915 915

913 911

922 922

924

- h t l e t ,

p 3

- 26. 5 1 8 . 1 19.4 21.4 24. 5 27. 5 30. 1

29.9 2 8 . 1 26. 1 24. 1 2 2 . 7 21. 3 18. 9 16 .6 20. 5

22.6 20 .0 18. 5 1 7 . 7 16. 5 15. 0 14. 3 13 .4 12. 1 11 .8 10. 5 14. 5

22. 1 13 .8 11 .2 10. 1 9 . 0 8 . 8 8 . 4 8 . 6

1 2 . 3 12 .3 12 .4

__

-

-

-

- hroa t

P t

- 11.0 17.4 16. 7 15. 2 13. 5 10 .8 8. 1

9 .0 6 .9 5. 0 3. 0 1 .2 0

-2 .0 -4 .5

1 . 2

9 . 3 6.6 5. 0 4 . 4 2 .9 1. 7

. 7

. 3 -1.3 -2.2 -3.2

. 4

12. 5 3 .9 1 .4 . 5

-. 6 -. 9 -. 9

-1 .4 3 .0 2. 9 2. I

_.

-

-

-

- utie

TOUl

- 994 923 882 898 904 915 944

921 920 916 915 913 914 909

-

- nlet ,

P 1

- 13.4 18.5 !O. 8 24.4 !9. 5 15.1 IO. 1

18. 7 37.0 34.9 32.8 31.2 29.9 27.6 25.2 28.8

38.3 25. 7 34.2 23.4 22.2

20. 8 19 .9 19.0 17 .9 17 .6 1 6 . 3 20.3

25.4 17 .2 14. 5 13 .4 12 .3 12.1 11 .9 11 .7 15. 7 15. I 1 5 . 9

-

-

-

-

- Inlet,

p4

- 25.2 18.1 1 9 . 2 20.9 23.7 26.2 2 8 . 5

27 .0 25. 1 23. 2 21.2 19.8 18.4 16 .0 13 .6 17 .9

20.7 18 .1 16. 6 15 .8 14.6 13 .2 12.4 11. 5 10 .3

9 .9 8. 5

12 .5

19.4 11.1 8. 5 7.4 6.4 6. 1 5. 1 5.1 9 . 1 9.1 9 . 1

-

-

-

-

- lutlet

p 5

- 19.2 17 .9 18. 1 1 8 . 3 19 .3 19 .7 19 .9

19.4 17.4 15. 5 13 .6 1 2 . 1 10. 8 8. 5 6 . 1 6. 3

15 .9 13 .2 11 .7 10.9

9 . 7 8 . 3 I. 4 6. I 5.4 4.8 3 . 6 3 . 3

16.4 8 .0 5.4 4.4 3 . 3 3.0 2. 8 2 .8 3 . 6 4 .4 6.6

-

-

-

-

- nlet ,

Tin

- 994 923 882 899 904 915 944

921 920 916 915 913 913 909 908 908

916

-

-

1 917 917 918 918 918 917 914 890

928 928 930 930 930 933 939 936 933 933 932

-

-

r L Dls lance I rom in le t h r o a t

p 2

- 1 7 . 0 17 .8 17 .8 17. 7 17 .9 17 .2 16.4

17 .8 15 .8 13 .9 12 .0 10.4

9 . 0 6. 8 4 .4 9 . 3

14 .8 12.2 10. 7

9.9 8 . 7 7. 2 6. 6 5. 7 4 .6 3 . 8 2 . 6 6. 7

17 .8 9.4 6 . 8 5. 7 4. 7 4 .4 4. 1 4 . 2 8 . 0 8 .0 8. 0

-

-

-

-

- . 3 cm.

T4

- . 3 cm

T 2 - 994 923 882 899 904 915 944

922 921 917 915 914 913 910

-

""

907

916 -

I 917 917 918 918 918 917 ""

889

928 929 930 930 931 933 939

-

""

933 933 933 -

- 1.3 cni

T 3 - 994 923 882 899 904 915 944

922 921 917 915 914 913 910

-

""

908

916 -

I 911 917 918 918 918 911 ""

889

928 929 930 930 931 933 939

-

""

933 933 933 -

3 cnl.

T 1

14. 5 . 6

2. 7 5. 9

10.2 15. 6 20.8

994 923 882 899 904 915 944

994 923 882 899 905 916 94 5

922 921 918 916 914 914 910

-

""

908

0 .87 ~ I. 1 ""

. 54 3 .4

. 8 6 1 2 . 1 ,135 2.6 ----

""

""

""

. 8 6

0.86 ""

. 8 6 3 . 1 1 - ---

. 8 1 3 . 1 ' ""

. 8 9 3.0 ""

. 8 8 , 3 . 0 ""

. 87 2 .8 ""

. 86 2 .8 1 .40 2 .8 2. 8

""

Jone

l - Jane (one i o n e Ugh

1

18. 5 18. 5 1 8 . 3 18. 1 18. 1 18 .3 17 .9 17 .9 16 .9

11 .7 -

I 1 1 . 6 11. 6 11 .5 11 .8 11 .8 11 .9

921 920 916 915 913 913 909 ""

908

"" Medium 907 Medium

-I 916

1 917 917 918 918 918 917 ""

889

917

I 9 18 918 919 919 919 917 ""

889

0.84 . 8 5 . 8 6 . 8 4 . 8 6 . 8 5 . 8 8 . 8 4 .84 . 8 1 . 8 1

1. 59

3. 1 "" 1 ""

""

3.2 ""

""

I ""

""

""

""

3.0 ""

2.2 2 . 2

""

916 None

911 916 916 Low 917 /High 918 ,High 918 'High 316 Medium ----. 1 Medium 888 Medium

- ~ _ _ _ " . 929 None 0.90 3.5 ""

. 9 1 3 . 6 ----

. 9 3 3 . 1 ::: 1 1 . 9 0 933 933 .92 933 High .92 939 High .86 4 .0

""

"" I ""

""

"" Medium

933 Medium 1.84 3.8 .96 3 .9 ' ----

3.8 933 Medium ' 1.56 3 .7 3 .7 933 None 1 . 8 9 3 . 1

""

-~ ""

928 929 930 930 930 933 939 ""

934 933 933 -

928 930 931 933 933 933 939 ""

933 933 933 -

7 . 0 7. 1 7. 0

f 7. 1 7. 0 I. 1

- 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

31 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 44 45 46 41 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

56 51 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 61 68

69 69; 691 IO

I1 71; 71t 12

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 66.4 66.3 66.3 65.6 65. 5 65. 5 64.9

56.3 56.2 55.8 56.2

62. I 62.4

-

-

1 62.2 62.4 62.4 62. 6 62.5 62.1

1 62.4

47.0 46.6 46.6 41.0 47.0 46.9

-

I 41.3 41.3

62. 1 62. 1 62.1 56.1

61. I 61. I 61. I 50. 1

-

-

-

- 34.3 31.2 29.2 26.9 26.3 25.3 24.1

29.0 21. I 27. 5 25.9

35.4 29.0 26. 0 24.6 23.2 27.2 26.8 26.8 26.5 26. 1 25.0 26.5 26.9 26.8 24.1 31.4

24.8 19: 2 16.0 14.8 13.6 12.3 12.2 11.9 11. 0 16.6 11. I 19. 1 18.8

29.5 22.0 21.4 22.0

32.3 23.9 22.1 22. I

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 20.9 17.9 15.9 13.9 13.2 12. 4 11.2

19.4 18.2 18.1 16.3

23.4 16.9 14. 0 12.6 11.2 15.0 14.9 14.8 14.4 14. 2 13.0 14. 5 14.8 14.8 12.3 19.4

17.8 12. 5 9.2 8.1 6.8 5. 5 5.4 5.0 IO. 3 9.9 LO. 8 LZ. 2 11.9

17. 5 LO. 0 9.6 12.1

!O. 3 12. 0 LO. 2 14.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 28.5 25. 6 23.6 21.4 20.8 19.8 18. 5

24.8 23.6 23. 5 21.8

30.2 23.6 20.8 19.4 11.9 21. I 21.6 21. 6 21.1 20.9 19.9 21.3 21. 6 21.6 18.9 26. 1

21. I 16.2 13.0 11.9 10. 5 9. 3 9.2 9.0 14.0 13. I 14. I 16. 0 15.8

-

-

-

- 24.3 16.9 16.4 17. I

27. 1 18.8 11. 0 19.3

-

-

- 12.3 9.0 I. 0 5.2 4. I 3. 9 2.8

12.8 11.8 11.8 9.9

13.9 I. I 4. 6 3.0 1.7 5.6 5. 5 5.2 5.4 5. I 5. I 5. 6 5.9 6.0 3.6 10.9

12.7 7.7 4.3 3.2 2. 1

. 6

. 6 -. 2 5. 3 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.0

I. I -. 6 -. 6 3.9

10. 5 1.9 0 8.2

__

-

-

-

-

-

- ,064 ,067 .06! 067

06E 06s .06f

061 05C 0 50 050

991 989 984 988 988 981 986 984 988 989 989 989 990 991 991 989

994 994 992 992 989 990 989 989 984 984 984 986 989

934 944 949 956

009 .oo: .ooe ,015

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 1064 1066 1066 1068 1069 1070 1068

1055 1050 1052 1050

989 989 983 988

-

-

""

985 984 911 972 912 912 913 988 99 1 989 989

994 994 990 991 989 989 988 989 961 962 963 974 988

934

-

- ""

""

9 54

1007 - ""

""

- 991

- 1064 1068 1068 1069 1010 1011 1069

1055 1051 1053 1051

99 1 989 986 989

-

-

""

988 986 978 912 9 72 971 971 990 994 994 989

994 994 991 994 989 991 989 989 9 59 960 962 916 989

936

-

- ""

""

956

1010 - ""

""

991 -

12.3 12.3 12.3 12.1 12.0 12. 0 11.8

8.8 8.8 8.6 8.8

~

1064 1066 1066 1066 1068 1069 1066

1068 1050 1051 1049

__

1064 1066 1066 1068 1068 1070 1067 __ 1060 1050 1051 1050

1074 1013 1016 1015 1015 1015 1016 1076 1076 1016 1078 1018 1076 1016

1083 1082 1061 1060 1062 1061 1060 1059

999 999 999 999 995 995 996 991

- - - - - - - - 991 997 997 991 997 991 1001 1000 1001 1001 1003 1001 1003 1003 1001 1001 1003 1003 1001 1000 1000 999

- - - - - - - - 967 966

1018 1018 L - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - 1039 1038

24. 1

16.0 21.2 19.0

9.4 14.3 10. 5 15. 5 11.4 16.4 12.0 11.0 14.0 19.2

21.7 13.0 20.5 12.1 20. 4 14.4 18.6 14.9

25. 2 20.3 18.7 13.8 15. I 10. 8 14.3 9.4 12.8 8.0 17.0 7.1 16.6 7.0 16. 5 6.3 16.8 5.9 16. 8 5. 9 17.0 5.9 16.8

1.2 11.1 6. 1

11.0 21.8 9.1 14.5 9.1 11.2

19.4 16. 5 13.9 11.1 .8 8.0

9.6 6.8 8.3 5. 5 1.0 4.1 1.0 4.1 6.6 3.1 11. I 5.0 11.7 5. 2 11.9 5.2 12. 0 6.2 11.9 8.8

18. 5 13.8 11. 1 6.1 10.6 5.9 12.9 5. 1

21. 5 16.7 13.2 8.4 11.4 6.6 15.6 7.2

1064 None 1066 None

Medium 1068 Medium 1070 High 1068 High 1068 None 1067

1054 Medium 1050 Medium 1053 High 1050 None

990 None 989 986 1 988 ""

986 986 917 1 912 Low

Medium

::: 1 911 989 993

Medium

None 989 None 993 High

994 None

:ii I 992 989 990

High 989 None/High

LOW 989

E 1 961 976

None 989 Medium

935 None ""

LOW 955 LOW ""

High

0.89 .92 .91 .91 .89 .90 .90

2.00 1.93 1.48 .92

0.94 .92 .93 .94 .92 1.82 1.85 .l. 96 2.02 2.01 2.14 2.05 1.86 1. 54 .93 .91

0.96 .94 .96 .94 .93 .93 .96 .98

2.23 2.33 2.25 1.86 .96

0.90 .91 .95 1. 80

0.92 .96 .96 2.44

13.6 13.9 1s. 9 14. 0 14.0 14. 1 13.9

14.0 12.1 12.2 12.0

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

12. 5 12.1 12. 3 ""

""

""

""

""

""

6.6 6.6 5.9 5. I 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.8 7.0 ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

4.9 5.0 5.0 5.9 ""

""

""

""

4.8

""

""

""

6.8

990 989 984 988 ""

986 986 984 988 989

i 991 990 989

994 994 991 991 989 990 989 989 983 984 985 986 989

-

990 989 984 988 ""

986 986 919 983

i 989 99 1 990 989

994 994 99 1 991 989 990 989 989 973 974 916 919 988

-

10. I 10. 5

v 10. 7 10.6 10. 5

- 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0

1 5.9 5.9 5.9 6. 1 6.1

6.8 6.8 6. 4 6. I 6. I 6.6 6.6 6.4 6. I 6.8

I 6.9 6.8 6.8

7.1 I. 1 6.9 6.9 6.8

1 6.3 6.4 6.4 6. 5 6.8

10. 3 10.3 10.3 8.5

934 ""

""

955

935 ""

""

955

3.9 4.3 4.4 4.8

8.2 7.9 8.0 9.2

10.4 10.4 10.4 6.9 -

1008 ""

1019

""

-

1010 ""

""

1008 - i 1009 LOW High

---- Medium 990 LOW

s e e table II(a).

TABLE UI. - DETAILED DATA FOR VENTURI WITH ARTIFIClAL THROAT CAVITY (SERIES 11)

(a) U. S. customary units - !un

- h i k m n

P 9 r

13 14 15 16 77 18 19 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 81 88 89 90 91 92

93 94 95 96 91 98 98 99

100 101 102 103 104

-

-

- 'low ate, W,

bm hr

- 545 500 181 119 360 291 240 119

486 489 481 484 486 481 481 487 483 484 484 484 489 486 483 48 6 489 488 488 486

486 486 483 483 489

485 484

484 483

484 484

483 483

-

-

r - .essure drop ratio,

)4'pg '1 - p3

- 1. 04 1. 08 1.10 1.01 1.01 1.06 1. 03 .81

1.08 1. 14

1.01 1. 05

1. 06 1. 01 1. 05 1. 06 2.89 2.92 2.99 3. 09 3.04 2.14 2. 54 1.09 1. 08 1.01 1.08 1.01

1.09 1. 10 1.08 1.01 1.06 1.01

3.06 1.04

2.80 2. 57 1.10 1.11 1.01

-

-

- irapor essurf

Tout' a

VOUt ' P i a

- "_ "_ "_ "_ "_ "_ "_ "_ - "_ "_ ."

".

"_ "_ "_ 9.6 8.3 I. 6 I. 6

9.2 8. 1

9.1

"-

"_ "_ "-

"- "_

"_ _" _ " "_ "_ _" _"

9.6 8. I

9.8 "_ "_ ." -

- jxit ality,

X, rcenl

- ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

"" - ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

0. 31 .63 .54 .36

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

0. 20 ""

""

""

""

""

"" -

namic ead,

psi 9 ,

Control venturi I Vapor 'essurc It Tin,

Pyin'

psia

- 13.0 12.8 13.0 11.6 11.3

12. 1 12.8

14.2

Remarks Test venturi Noise indlca- 1- r T Temperalure,

OF

Pressure, 'emperature, OF psia

iroat -

p2

- 31. 3 31. 2 31. 5 31.5 31. 5 31. 4 31. 3 40. 5

38.4 35. 0 28. I 25. 5 23. I 22.1 20. 5 18.1 29. 1 21.1 25.9 25. 1 35.3 26. 6

20. I 26.3

22.0 23.9 23.8 25. I

-

23.2 21.3 20.2 19.1 18.4 17.0

26. 2 16. I

26.8 26.8 19.2 20. 7 23.6 -

- psin

utiet,

p5

- 32.9 33.2 32. 5 32.3 32.0 31. I 31. 5 40. 6

31.4 21.9 21.5 18.2 16.4 14.6 13.0

10. 7 10.6

8.8 8.1 I. 9

10. 0 8.3

11.1 13. I 15. 1 16.9 16.9 18.8

16.3 14.3 13.2 12. 1 11.3 10.0 9. 5 9.0 10.6 12.4 14. I 16.2 19.2

-

-

- utlet,

rC3

- 382 314 381 ,367. 358 ,386 ,318 1414 - ,316

1322 322

320 1315 1318 1318 1311 1335 1330 1321 1325 1325 1325 1318 1295 1303 1305 1306 1302

1310 1310 1320 1320 1320 1323 ""

1328 1333 1335 1330 1322 1318 -

- IuUet,

p3

- 43.3 45.8 40. I 38.5 36.7 34.9 33.5 41. 1

44. 6 48.0

38. 1 34.8 33. 1 31.6 30. 0 21. I 38. 5 36.6 35.2 34. I

36.0 34.9

35. I 30.3 31.6 33.5 33.4 35.3

30.9 32.9

29.6 28.5 28.0 26.6 26. 2 35. I 36.3 36.4 28.8 30.3 33.1

-

-

- woat

Pt

- !O. 5 11. 5 !2.3 !4.8 !EL 4 !8. 0 z9.2 IO. 0

!O. 4 17.6 11.6 8.1 6.4 4.4 3.0

12. I .5

11. 7 11.6 11.6 11.8 11. 6 11. 4 3.3 4. I 6. I 6. 5 8.5

3.8 5. 1

3. 1 2.1 1. 1 -. 2 -. 4 12. 1 12.4 12.4 4.1

9.0 5.6

-

-

- !let,

P1

- 52.0 i6. 1 11.3 13.7 IO. 5 11.6 15.3 11.6

54. 5 51.4 15. 1 11.1 IO. 1 38.6 31. 0 34.7 15.1 13.5 $2.2 41. 5 41.8 43.0 42.8 31. 2 38.5 40.5 40.4 42.3

39.8 31.7 36. 5 35.4 35. 1 33.6 33.3 42.4 43.2 43.3 35.8 31. 1 40.2

-

-

- nlet,

rc 1

- 1388 1380 1388 1368 1364 1383 1384 1411

1322 1321 1321 1325 1320 1322 1323 1323 1340 1335 1332 1331

1328 1331

1322 1301 1308 1309 1310 130:

-

1311 1315

1325 1321 1326 1328 ""

1333 1336 134C 1331 11328

t2

- nlet,

Tin

- 1312 1368 1311 1350 1346 1360 1360 1388

1303 1309 1309 1301 1302 1305 1306 1307 1320 1310 1308 1303

1310 1305

1308 1289 129C 129C 1291 1289

-

1299 1299

1309 1306

131C 1309

1310 131C 1319 1321 1319 131C 1301 -

Distance from inlet utlet,

Tout I 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 I

I

1

I

1

I

I

I -

- I in.

T4 - 1311 1310 1313 1352 1348

1359 1362

1388

1310 1306

1310 1309

1308 1303

1308 1309 1319 1295 1281 1219

1310 1288

1309 1289 1290 1291 1292 1290

-

1300 1300 1309 1310

1311 1310

""

1301 1318 1321 1319 1312 1301 -

- 9 in.

T2 - 1372 1368 1311 1350 1346 1359 1358 1381

1303 1309 1309 1301

1305 1302

1306 1306 1319 1299 1290 1288 1290 1308

1281 1305

1290 1290 1290 1289

1299 1299 1306 1309 1309 1310

-

""

1301 1318 1320 1316

1305 1308

-

- 3 in . ,

T3 - 1371 1366 1310 1349 1344 1358 1356 1384

1300 1305 1304 1302 1299 1302 1302 1302 1315 1290 1280 1215 1281 1302

1281 1301

1289 1289 1289 1285

-

1294 1294 1301 1306

1308 1304

""

1299 1313 1319 1311 1305 1302 -

p4

- 12.0 14.4 19. I 37.8 16. 1 33.6 13.3 $1.0

18.8 15.3 28.9 25.5 23.8 22.1 20.4 18.1 29. I 29. 1 28.9 29.0 29.3 29.0 28.9 21.2 22.6 24.4 24.4 26.3

-

23.8 21.8 20. I 19.5 18.8 11.5 16.9 29.4 29.9 30. 1 22.4 23.8 26.8 -

18.8 22.8 14.6 i l . 1 8.2

3.6 5.6

.9

.Il-llquld flow alibratlon

1315 None 1369 1371 1351 1347 1361 1359 1386

1306 None

1308 1303 None/High 1301 High 1301 High 1308 Medium 1311 LOW 1293

1288 1309 1301 Medlum 1288 High 1289 Hlgh 1290 High 1290 None 1288 None

1299 None 1299

1310 1310 High ---- Medlum/Lov 1301 Low 1318 Medium 1321 High 1318 High 1311 None 1301 None

14. I 14.9 14.8 14. I 14. I 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.6

I 14.9 14.8 14.6 14. I 14.9 14.8 14.8 14.7

14. I 14. I 14.6 14.6 14.9 14. 1 14. I

14. I 14. E

14.7 14. I 14.6 14.6

8.9 9.2 9.2 9.1 8.8 9.0 9.0

9.8 9. 1

9.1 9.2

8.9 9.0 9.2 9. 1 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8. 1

8. I 8. I 9.0 9.2

! 9. I 9.8 9. I 9.2 9.0 -

iquld

nciplent cavitation :avitated :aviated nciplent flaahing 'Luhed

t :avitated :avlhted :avihted Jquld Jquld

Jquld

nciplent cavltation

plashed nclplent flashing

plashed Flashed :avitated .iquld .Quid

__

- 490 490

490 368 483

362 361

3 58 358 355 360 355 355 358 353 363

-

I 360 360

361

361 360

-

1 361 360 360 360

- 23.7 14. 6 13. 0 21.4 23. 5

35. I 31.4 28. 1 28. I 26. 2 24. I 22. 5 21.6 20.9 20.4 11.8 18. 1 20. 0 20. I 22.5 24.4 26. 5 28.0

28. 0 26.0 24. 5 30. 9 31. 1 21.6 20. 6

-

-

I 18. 7

20.0 18.4 16. I 1 5 . 4 22. 3 22.2 23. 0 22.9 22.9 23.0 22.9 19.8 -

- 1320 ""

""

1380 1320

1286 I285 _.

""

1286 1284 I273 1270 1268 1265 1265 1261 I255 ""

1257 1258 1260 1262 1263

1330 ,332

-

""

1335 1340 1335 1330 1330 1328 1322 !321

1325 ,325 1330

1335 335 I336 335 340

334 332

334 -

- 27.0 17. 5 16. 2 23.2 26.8

22. 6 18.9

15. 5 15. 6

13.6 12. I IO. 6

8.9 9.7

8.9 8.7

I O . 0 8.7

16.3 16.4 13. 6 15.8

17.2

17.2

15. 0 13.4 ! O . 0 20.3 20.2 20. 0 to . 0 20, 1 t o . 0 16. 9

18.3 16. 6 15. 0 13. 5 20. 6 20.5 ;o. 5 !O. 4 !O. 4

!O. 6 !O. 4 11.3

-

-

-

- 19.3 . 0. 0 8. I 8.9 9. 2

8.6 4. i 1. 6 I . 6

8.0 9. 6

6. 7 5.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.6

6 . 0 6. 0

i . 8 9.7

3. 1

1.8

3. I

9. 5 1.0

9.2 8.0 7.4 7.0 8.0 9 . 7 0. 6 2. 8

4 . 3 2. 5

9 . 5 0.9

8.0 9.7

7. 5 i. 3 9.5 0. 3

3. 1 1. i

-

-

-

- R . 4 -. 5

12.6 -2.2

8.8

13. 3 8.8 6.8 6 4

4.4 2. I 1. 6

. 4

-. 2

- . t i -. 3

-. 9 . 5 6.9

4 . 3 7. 1

6.6 I. 6

7.6 5. i 3 . 5 10.8 11.0 11. I IO. 3 10.8 IO. 8 10. 5 i . 6

9. 0 7 . 3 5. 5 3.9

11.1

11.0 11.1 10.9 11. 1

I I . 1 11.0

7. 4

-

-

-

-

1310

1308

1 3 4 5 1311

1308

1271 1268

1270 1210

1258 1268

1254 1252

1248 1250

1248 1240 1240 1240 1241 1242 1244 I249

1312 1315 1315 1315 1311 1309 1301 1304 1310 1309 1305

1310 1310 1318 1318 1318 1310 1310 1309 1318

-

-

I -

__ 1308 ""

""

1319 1306

1268 1268 -

126n ""

1265 1256 1253

1250 1248 1248 1245 1238 ""

1229 1238 1242 1245 1246

1311 1315

__

1301 1290 1281

1285 1278

1305

I305 1304

1309 1309 1318

""

""

1306

1281 1290

1281 1309 1311 1314

1316 -

- I305 .."

1302 1304

1267 1266

."

__

""

1266 1263 1253 1250

1246 1248

1243 1245

I236

1225 1231

1242 1238

1244

1310 1311

""

-

""

1299 1280 1270 I261 1216 1301 1301 1301

1305 1305 1314 ""

1300 1279 1210 1268 1301 1310 1311 1312 -

- 1310 ""

1300 1308

1272 1272

""

-

""

1272 1267

1255 1258

1252 1250 1250 1241 1240 ""

1228 124 I 1242 1247 1248

1313 1319

-

""

1301 1281 1270 1261 1280 1309 1309 1308

1310 1310 1318 ""

1303 1281 1270 1268 1305 1312 1318 1319 -

- I309 ""

""

1299 1307

1270 1269

-

""

1269 1265 1256 1251 3251 1250

1245 1248

1238

1226 1240 1240 1246 124i

1310 1311

""

-

""

1300 1219 1269 1260 1278 1302 1302 1306

1308 I308 1316 .." 1300 I280 I269 1265 1302 I310 1316

1317 -

- I . I I I . 07

3.45 1.10

I . 10

1.02 1. 12 .97

1. 03 1. 07 1.06

I . 08 1. 06

1.06 1.04

1. 04 1. 10

2.15 1. 05

2. 31 I . 06 1.04 1. 07

1.08 1.04

2.81 1. 15

3. 11 3.38 3.32 3.08 2.05 2.39 I . 05

I . 06 1.03 1 .05 1.05 2.88 3.24 3.44 3.49 2.89

2.28 2.71

1.11

-

-

-

- "_ "_ 8.6 " _ "_ - " _ "_ "_ " _ ".

"_ -"

"_ "_ ."

".

".

" _

6. 1 5. 6

" _ ".

- "_ ".

".

8.7 7. I 7.2 6.9 I. 6 8.8 8.8

_"

."

".

."

."

."

8.7 7. 7 7.2

8.8 I. 1

9.2 9. 5

- "_

- ""

""

""

1.00 "" - ""

""

""

""

""

""

."_

"._

""

."_ _"_ ""

""

0. 30 ""

""

""

_.

""

""

""

""

0 .33 .70 .87 .89 . 5 7 ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

0.40 . 6 5 .a9 .83 . 3 5 . 11 ""

- ""

x 1' -t 1' I H H

N

N H H L

"

N

N

I L \I N -

9. 1

9.2 9.2

11.2 9. 1

7. 2 7.4 I. 4 7.3 7.2 6.8 6. 7

6. 6 6. 5

6. 4 6. 4

6.2

-

I 6. 3 6.4

33. 5

"" 22.9 - - - - 24.3 1325

3 3 . 1 1324 26.9 1385

40.3 1290 3 6 . 7

- - - - 33.2 1290 33. I

1290

31. I 1288 29.1 1271 21.3 1275 26.5 1272 25.8 1270 25.2 1270 16.9 1265 23.1 1261 25.1 - - - - 25. 1

1267 3 3 . 1 1265 31.5 1263 29.4 1261 27.6 1261

33.2 1335 31.1 1339 30.0 - - - - 35.9 1340 36.2 1345 26.6 1340 25.6 1335 25.5 1335 25.6 1332 25.1 1329 23.7 1328

25.0 1330 23.5 1331 21.8 1335 20.7 ""

27. 5 1340 27.4 1341 28.2 1341 28.3 1340 28.0 1343 28.2 1338 28. 1 1339 24.9 1339

lquid

lashed iquld

lquid iquid lclpient cavilation avitaled

39.9

44.3 8. 1 40.4 7.9 31. 3 7.9 36.9 7.8 34.8 8.0 32.9 7.8 31.1 7.8 30.2 7.9 29.6

8. I 20.9 1.7 28.9

26.8

31.2 8.0 33.2 8.0 35.3 8.1 37.0

8.1 35.0 8.2 36.9

33.4

8.2 30.4 8.1 29.5

29. 5 29. 5

7.9 28.8 8.1 21.4

24. 5 25.8

31. 3 31. 2

109

110 1092

111 112 113 114

116 115

1 I7 118 1 I83 119 120 I21 122 123

5 124 125 12% 126 127

129 128

130 131

"

I

clpient flashlng lashed Lashed avitated avltated iquid

9.3 9. 5 9.5 9. 5 9.3 9.2 8.8 8.9 9.2 9.2 9. 0

9.2 9.2 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.2 9.2 9.2 9. 7

i -

iquld cipienl cavitation clplent flashlng lashed

C

C

iquid

iquid iquid lquid

lashed cipient flashing

I

iquid 1 I,"

Pdium me -

Shown only for flashed runs

T m L E 111. - Contlnued. DETAILED DATA FOR VENTURI WITH ARTIFICIAL THROAT CAVITY (SERIES U)

(a) Concluded. U.S. customary units - :un

- 45 46 $1 % l a 4% 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 51 58

59 60 61 61; 611

63 62

.64

.65 166 166, 161 168 I69

170 I l l 112 113 I13

114 175 115 116 -

- .ION

ate W, @ hr

"

3 52 352 3 54 3 57

J 3 54 3 52 3 54 3 54 352 354 352 355 355

360 358

I 1

3 51 36C

3%

356

36( 35:

35' 3 5: 3 5' 3 51 35'

3 51 35' 35' 29' -

- rnamic lend,

psi q,

__ I. 9 I. 9 8 . 0 6 .1

i 8.0 I . 9 8 . 0 8.0

8.0 I . 9

8 . 1 1 . 9

8.1

8.3 8 .2

1

I 8. 1 8 . 3

8 .2

8 . 0 8 .2 8.3

8 .2 8 .0 8. 1 8 .2 8. 1

8. 1 8. 1 8 .1 5.6 -

r - . R

1. 1, 1. 1. 1. 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 I 1

T r __ .essure.

ralio, drop

'1 - p3

__ 1.10 1 .11 1. 06 1. 11

3.65 1. 06

3.81 3.71 3. GI 3.35 3.14 2.98 2.17 2.16 2.45 1.11

1.08 1.06 1. 04 1.03

3.54 1. 03

3. 50

1.06 1.06 1.06

3.81 1.00

2. 69 1.06

1.02 1. 06 1.03 1.03 1.11

1. 06 1.06 1.03 3.64 -

- ?apor 'essurc t Tin,

'"in' psia

__ 16. I 16 .8 16.9 16.9 16.9 15. 7 15. 8 15.8 16. 0 16.0 16.3 16. I 16.7 11.5 11. 5 11.2

12.0 16. 9 17. 1

11. 1 11.1

16.2 11.3

11.7 18.5 18.8 18.8 16.7 18.5 18.6

18.4 18.0 11.2 11.1 11.1

16.9 16. 7 16.7 15. 1 -

- ?apor essurc

Tout, a

vout 9

psia

__ "" " _ _ ""

"_.

""

11. I 11.4 11. 7 12.5 13. 5 14.3 15. 1 I O . 1 16. I 11.3 ""

""

""

""

""

""

12. 5 14.0

""

""

""

""

13.5 11. I ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

11. 6 -

- Exit uality,

X, ercenl

Control venturi Test venturi Noise Indica-

tion

Remarks t Pressu re , P res su re Temperature , OF

m p e r a l u r e OF

445 1440 445 1440 441 1440 . -. - . - -. . . . . -. 455 1446 1455 1450 !455 1448 1459 1452 1455 1445 1450 1445 1449 1440 i445 1440 1453 1441 1452 1441 I450 1445

1448 1442 1446 1442 1450 1445

- -. . . . . . 1461 1455 1410 1464

1468 1461 1458 1451

1470 1464 - -. - -. . 1410 1462 1468 1464 1468 1461

1465 1460 1458 1458 1448! 1445 1450 1443 - -. - . - - -

1443 1438 1446 1440

14511. 1442

-. - - -

psia

r o a r -

p 2

- ! I . I !5.9 ! O . 2 .a. I 18. 4 !8. I !8. 6 !8 .5 Z8.9 l8.8 18.8 !9. 1 30.2 30. 1 30. 1 36.3

26.8 24.0 21.2 19.3

28.5 18.9

29. 6

24.5 22.8 20. 5

28. 8 19.4

35.8 35.6

30.4 27.4 25. 5 23. I 22.2

26.8 24.8 23.1 26.4 -

- ltlet

p 3

- 32.8 31.0 25.2 23.9 23.6 33.8 33. I 33.6 34.1 34.0 34.0 34.2 35.3 35. 1 35. 3 41. 5

32.5 29. ( 26. 1 24.2 23.I 33. t 34. t

29. k

21. t 25.1 24.: 33.1 40.1 40. I

35. ' 32. a

30.1 28. ' 21. :

31. 29., 28. 30. =

1p5ia

)Illlet, __

p5

__ 21. 3 19.4 13. 6 12 .0 11.9 12.3 11.9 12.4

13.9 13. 1

14.9 16. 0 17.4 18.3 19.3 21. 0

20. I 11.9 15. 0 13.2 12.8 12.9 14. 6

18. 5 16. 6 14.4 13.2 13 .3

24.9 19. 1

19. I 16. 6 14. 5 12.6 11. 2

13.7 16. 0

12.0 12.0 -

- lroat

Pt

- 15. I 13.8 8 .2 6.2

16.8 6.4

16.8 16.8 11.1 17.0 17.1 11. 5 18.4 19.2 19. 1 15.2

14. E 12. E 9. E 8.1

11. 1 I.

18. :

13. : 11.:

8. ' 9.1

17. I 20.1 19. !

14. I 11.3 9. . I . ' 5.I

10. 8., 6. '

15. -

- utlel,

Tout

- 1419 1420 1420 ""

""

1352 1348 1353 1365 1318 1389 1399 1413 1420 1428 1423

1422 1420 1425 ""

""

1386 1364

1431 1440 1441 ""

1369 1432 1442

1440

1426 1434

1424 ""

142C 1410 "..

- 135C

- nlet

P1

- 6. 5 4. I 9 . 0 I. 5 I. 2 I. 6 7. 5 7. 3 il. I , I . 7 81.1 17. 8 i9.0 18.8 19. 0 15. 2

36, 1 32. I 30. ( 28. 1 27. t 31. ! 38. !

33. ' 91.' 29. ! 28. : 31. I 44. I 44. I

39.,

34. 36.

32. ' 30.

35. 33. 31. 32. -

- #let,

' in

- 419 421 422 ,422 ,422 ,408 1409 1409 1411 i411 1415 i4 1E i42C 142: 143( 1 4 2

142< 142: 1421 142! 142! 1418 1421

143: 144: 144

142 144

144 144

144 143 142 142 142

142 142 142 140 -

r - ~ l e t ,

p4

5.4 3 . 5 I. I 6 .0 5. I 6 . 3 16. 2 '6. 1 !6. 4 !6. 4 !6. 5 !6.8 !7.8 !8. 5 !8.5 15.1

24.7 22. ( 19. 1 17. : 16. t 26. I 21. '

22. I 20. ' 18. ' 11. 27. I 29., 29. I

23. 20. 18. 16. 15.

20. 11.

21. 15.

=

let

I i n . ,

-

T4 - 1420 1421 1421 ""

""

1352 1349 1355 1365 1319 1389 1400 1415

1430 I422

1426

1424 1423 1424 ""

""

1385 1364

1432 1442 1442 ""

1369 1433 1441

1441 1435 1427 1426 ""

1420 1418 "_.

- 1350

Dist - . 9 in .

T2 - 1419 1420 1421 ""

""

1372 1372 1376 1381 1384 1391 1401 1415 1421 1426 1422

1422 1418 1425 ""

""

1382 1398

1430 1439 1443

1386 1433 1442

""

1440 1432 1425 1423 ""

1420 1418 ""

1363 -

e i ron __ 3 in.

T3 _.

1416 1419 1419 ""

""

1353 1351 1358 1361 1376 1389 1399 1412 1420 1422 1421

1420 1418 1423

"_.

""

1365 1386

1428 1438 1440 ""

1389 1430 1440

1438 1432 1424 1422 ""

1418 1416

1350 ""

-

"

1 1 1 1

1 I I I 1

I

I

, I

I > I , 1

I I I 3 I I

, 4 4 5 4

7 4 9 0

""

""

_"_ ""

""

1.23 1.33 I . 23 1.01 .72 .58 .44 .15 .20 ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

1.01 .92

""

""

""

""

1.06 .31 ""

_."

""

""

""

""

""

_".

1.10

""

ione I one lone ledium row

1 ,Tedium (one

ione Vone qone Vone/Medium Medium/Low LOW

LOW

\lone

I

None

1 Yone/High/Lo!

None None Mone/Low/Nor None

Aquid Aquid >iquid ncipient cavitation

'lashed nciplent flashing

I Liquid

Liquid Llquid Liquid Inclpient cavitation Incipient flashing Flashed Flashed

Liquld Liquld Liquid Incipient flashing Flashed Flashed Liquid

Liquid

1 Inclpient cavitation and f k h l n g

Liquid Liquid lnciplent cavItai3on and iIashing Flashed

i

I

- l7 i

175 178

l8C 181 182 183 184 185 186

188 187

189 190 191

192 193 193 194 I95 196 I91 I98

199 100 !01 102 102 103 !04

!05 206 '07 !08 !09 'IO !lo: !IO1 !11 !I2 !13 !I4

'15 '16 11 18 19

-

-

- S

t U

V

W

Y -

- 481

482 419

481 482 481 482 479 479 481 481 481

484 482

481

481

1 481 419

478 479

478 48 5 481

427 429 424 429 424 421 425 425 424 224 421 224

121 127 125 125 124

124 !48 173 195 i19 i60

-

-

-

-

- 14.' 14.: 14. t 14. i 14.8 14.i 14. 8 14. t 14. f 14.6

1

1

14.9 14.1

14.1

14.8 14.1 14.7 14. 7

14.7

I 14.5 15.0

11.6 11. I 11. 5 11.1 11. 5 11.3

11.5 11. 5

11.4

11.3 11.5

11. 5

-

- 11.6 11.6 11. 5 11. 5 11.4

0.9 3.6

14.0 8 .0

21.9 25.0

-

-

- 47. :

42. i 44. i

40. i 39. I 37. 1

45. I 45. i 45.4 48.: 50. t 51. f

46. 5 52. E

48. B

41. f 39.2 38. I

46.9 41. 3

45. c 49.2

48.4

61. C 55.9 52. 3

49.8 50. 5

49.0 41.9

38. 7 34.1 31. 5

27.9 30. 3

25. 5 25. 0 29.8 36. 8 40.0 42. 2 39.0

42. 5 26.8 25. 2 29. I 40. 6

13.0 15.4 38.6 15.4 54. 1

-

-

-

%

- 28.5 31.0

26. 5 24.4 22.5 20. 6 29.0 29. 2

31. 9 29.1

35. I 34.2

36. 1 29.8 32.2

25.0

21.3 22.7

30.9 30.3 32.6 28.5 31.9

44.8 39.7 36. 1

33.5 34.4

32.6 31. 5

25. 8 21.1 18. I 11.1 15. 1 12.9 12.2

24.0 17. 1

21.4 29.6 26. 2

29.4

12.3 13.9

16.8 21.9

12.0 11.5 29.6 29.6 29. 7 29.6

-

-

-

-

-

38.0 40. 5

35.9 33.8 31.9

38.5 30. 1

38.8

41.4 38.6

43. I 44.6 45.5 39.5 41.6

34.7 32.2 31. 1 40.7 39.7 42.2 38.1 41. 5

54.0 49.1

43.8 45. 6

43.1 42. 1 41.0

33.2 28.5 26. 0 24. I

20. 1 22.4

19.5 24.3 3 1 . 3 34. I 31.0 33.8

31.0 21.2 19. I 24.3 35.1

42. 6

-

-

-

43. I 1

1425 1425 1430 142C

1425 1430

1429 1423 1428 142C

1430 I425 1430

1435

1425

1431 1430

1 :::: 1430

1425 1431

1425

1416 1425 1416 1425

1422 1430

i422 1428

. . - - - - -. 1425

1423 1430 1422 1427

1430 1435 1420

1411 1422

1421 I427 1420 1421

1422 1421

1420 1425

. . . . . - - - 1422

1410 I415 I416

I425 1420 1425 1420 I429 1424

1421

1435 1431 1422 1430 1419

- -. . - . . . . . - - . . - 1435

1421 1433 1430 1439 1440 1445 1430

1431 1427 !435 1425

. - - - -. . - , - - - -. . - 432 1425

965 962 924

838 851 851 828 828 922

850 853 835

- 31. f

26. 5 29. (

24.8 22. a

35. 8 21. c

35.8 35.9

36. 2 36.4 36. 2 36. U 29. 8 32. 1

24.9 22.5 21.3 35.3 36. I 36. 2 29.2 32. 7

32.6 21.3 23. 6 21.1 20.4 35.3 28. 5

26.5 21.1 19.3 17.8 15. 7 13.5

11. 6 12.8

30. 2 30.8 30. 1 27.3

-

- 30. 6 14. I 12.9 11.6 '9.9

11.7 13. 4 14. 1 17. 6 12. 2 13.9

-

-

-

21. f 24.2

19.4 17.2 15. i 13. f 13.2 12. i 14. I 16. I 1l.a

20. a 19.3

22.2 24. E

17.3 14.9 13.9 13. 3 11.5 20. I 21.6 25. 1

25. 1

18. I 19.8

14.3 13. 1 12. I 21.0

20. 6 15. 8 13. 5 11.8 9 .8 I. 6

11.9 I. 3

11.9 12.4 13.4 21.3

24. 5

-

-

a. 8 I. 0

i l . 7 11.8

11. 3 11. 6 '9. 9 IO. 4 11. 1

-

!l.3-

- 14.0 11. 5 9.4 I. 4 5. 3

17. 8 3. 1

17.9 18.2 i s . 5 18. I 18. 4

11.7 18.2

15. 0

6. I 4.6

11. 5 3 . 4

18.8 18.3 11.2 14. 5

15. 2 9 .5

3.8 5. 6

2.6 11. I 10.7

12. I 8 . 0 5. 6 3 . I 2. I -. 3 . 1

4 .3 16.3 17.0 17.0 12. 6

__

__ 16. 1

I . 1

3.5 -. 8

16. 6

40. I 39.3

20.9 24.4

16. 1 14.2

_.

-

1408 1410 1411 1405

1410 1411

1410 1409 1410 1409

1400 1319 1410

1318 1400 1385 1402

1410

1412 1403 1412 1410 1411 I410 1410 1409 1411 1411 1410 1410

1405 1405 1408 1403

1405 1408 I409 1410 I410 1410 1413 1418 1378 1398

- - - - 1408

1410 1409 1409 1409 1409 1408 1404 1402 1404 - - - - 1391 1370 1400 1399

1401 1401 1405 1405 1409 1401 1403 I401 1410 1409

1409 1

lllp 1

:I:: 1398

1411 411 1380 402 1375 402 1369

410 1410

392 1368

949 949 905

845 842 830 828 845 842 820 822 903

__ 1401 1409 1409

1406 1405

1369 1409

1360 1319 1400 1409 1409 1406 1410 1408

1402 1402

1369 1411 1405 1405 1402

1403 1408

1403 1400

""

""

1360 1393

1399 1401 1402 1400 1404 1405

__

""

""

1350 1359 1310 1410 __ 1408 1409 ""

1350

""

-

900 942

842 818

828 843 -

- I405

1411 1411

141C 1411

131U 1411

136C 138U 1402 1411 1411 1410 1412 1410

1406 1408 ."_

I310 14 I8 1411 1410 1408

1411 1410 1410 1405 ""

1360 1400

1402

1409 1409

1403 1410 1410

-

""

""

1350 1359 1310 1412

1411 1411

-

""

1350

946 903 820 845 830 846

""

-

-

1406

None Hlxh Lor 1410 Low 1369

1 1409

None

:::: J I401

1410 1410

Medium 1409

None 1411

M?dlum

None 1406 None 1404

None 1409

Medium

"" Norw Hlgh 1369

None 1407 None 1409 Medlum 1410 Lou' 1416 Low

1409 None

: E J 1404 "" None' Hlgh, Lou 1360

None 1399 Low

1402 None 1406 None

None 1407

1408 Hlgh 1402 High

1409 Low ""

""

I350 1358 1369

None 1411 I

1409 None 1410 None,'Hlgh

LOW LOW

1349 Low

900 945 None

""

""

829 845

- I . 08 1 .01 I . 06

I . 06 1. 06

I . 09 3. 15

3.31 3.20 2.94 2.73 2.42 2. 07

1.03 1.08

1.09 1.08

3.31 1. 06

2.69 2. 23 1.09 1. IO

1.08 1. I O 1. I1 1.11 1.09 3.30 1. 08

1.01

1.07 1. 06

1.01 1.06 1.09 1.00

3.33 1.04

3.43 3. 30 1. 15

1.11 1. 05 1. 07 1.09 3.32

I . 00 1.06 1.08 1. 06 1.07 1.01

-

-

-

__ 15. 7 16. 0 16. 0

15.9 15.9

15.9 15. 1

15. 1 15. 3 16. 1 16. 1 16.0 15.9 16.0 15. 9

15. I 15. 5

15. I 15.0 16. 6 15.9 15.9 15. 7

15.9 15.8 15.8 15.4 15.4 14. 5 15. 1

15.2

15.8 15. 5

15.9 15. 3

1 15.0 15. 3 15.3 16.0

15.9

1 14. 5

0.7 . 4 . 2

- ""

" _ _ ""

""

""

""

12.5 12.2 13. 5 15.2 15.9 15. 9 15.8 ""

""

""

""

""

12.8 16.3 15.9 ""

- " - ""

""

""

""

""

12.2

- ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

12.1 11.6

12.8 "" - ""

""

""

""

11. 5 - ""

""

""

""

""

- ""

-

"_. ""

"_. _".

"_. 0.68 .88 .62 .24 "_. ""

"._

""

""

""

""

0.33

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

0.68 "" - ""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

1. 05 .SI .73

- ""

""

""

""

0.94

""

- ""

""

""

""

~ " ~

- ""

Liquid

I

Incipient cavilation and ilashlni Flashed

' +

Llquid Liquid

Liquid Liquid Incipient cavitallan and flashing Flashed Flashed Flashed Llquid Llquid

Liquid

Incipient cavilatlon and flashlng Flashed Liquid

Liquid Liquid Liquid Inciplenl cavilatlon Cavitated Cavttaled Cavitated Incipient ilashing Flashed Flashed Flashed Liauid

Liauid -l

Cavitated incipient ilashing Flashed J All-liquld ilow callbratlon

hown only lor [lashed runs.

TARLE 111. - Continued. DETAILED DATA FOR VENTURI WlTH ARTlFlClAL THROAT CAVITY (SERIES II)

(11) SI unitsa

Set Vapor Vapor P res su re - Noise Test venturi Dynamtc Control venturi Flow Run

rale,

Pvouts 'vi"' K N / C ~ ' ahs K N/cm2 N/cnlZ g/sec

at Toutb, at Tin, ratio, tion pressure pressure drop indica- head,

w, q, Pressu re , TL'lIlpCralUl'e, P re s su re , Temperature,

Inlet, Tout 4 , 3 Cm. 3.3 cm, . 2 , 3 c m , Tin '1 '5 '4 T ~ 2 T ~ l '3 '2 '1

Outlet, Distance from inlet Inlel, Throat, Outlet. lnlrl, Outlet, Inlcl, Outlet, Throat, '1 '3 N/cm2 abs N/cm2 abs

T2 T4 T3

11 None 1019 1020 1011 1018 1018 14.1 22 .1 29.0 1023 1026 29.9 21.6 35.9 13.0 68.7 h

j 75.6 15.7 38.1 21 .5 31.6 110221 1019 30.6 22.9 I 12.1 1015 1015 1014 1016 1016 k 60.6 10. 1 32 .6 21.1 28. 1 1026 1023 27.4 22.4 15.4 1011 1011 1016 1018 1017 m 52.8 2 6 . 5 1015 1012 26.1 22.3 17.1 1005 1005 1005 1006 1006 I n 45. 4 5. I 27. 9 25.3 1013 1010 24.9 22.1 18.2 1003 1003 1002 1004 1004

p 31.4 3.9 25.9 24.1 1024 1025 23.9 21.9 19.3 1011 1010 1010 1012 1011 q 30.2 2. 5 24.3 21.6 23.1 1024 1021 23.0 21 .7 20.1 1011 1010 1009 1010 1010 r 15.0 .6 28.7 27.9 28.3 1043 1041 28.3 28.0 27.6 1026 1026 1024 1026 1025

1.04 9 . 0 8.8 9 . 0 8.0

I 1.08 "_ "_

7 . 7 I 30.1

"_ _" _ "

8.8 1. 03 8 . 3

9.8

1. 14 6 .1 "- 1. 08 6.3 "_ 1.05 6.3 "_

_" _" _"

"_ 6 .1

1. 07 6 .2 1. 05 6.2

_" 1.06 6.3 2.89 6.8

5.7 2.92 6.3 6. 6

83 61.0 2.99 6.3 5. 2

84 61.0 3.09 6. 1 5. 2

85 61.6 10.3 28.8 17.4 24. I 991 20.3 5.7 8.1 980 972 967 971 911 86 61 .2 10.2 29.6 18.3 24.8 991 20.0 6.9 8.0 983 982 979 983 983

3. 04 6.2 2.74

5.6 6.3 6 .3

87 80.9 10.1 29.5 18.1 24.6 990 988 19.9 7.7 1 . 9 982 980 978 983 981 Medium 2.54 6.3 6.3

88 61.2 10. I 25.6 14.3 20.9 978 975 14.6 9.4 2 . 3 971 910 967 971 971 High 1.09

5. 7 I . 07 High 972 973 971 912 972 4.6 11.1 16.8 980 983 23. 1 16. 5 27.9 10.2 61.5 go

5. 7 1. 08 High 971 972 911 912 972 3 . 2 10.4 15.6 979 982 21.8 1 5 . 2 26. 5 10.9 61.6 89

5. 6

912 971 973 912 None 1.08 5. 7 1.07 5.6

1.09 6.0 ."

1.10 6.0 "- 6 . 2 6.3

"-

"_ _"

"- "- ".

_" "-

94 61.2 95 60.9 96 60.9 24.4 13.2 19.7

"_ -"

_ " 98a 61.1 23.0 11.5 18.1 - - - - ---- 11.7 6.8 -.3 . - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - Medium/Low 1.04

99 60.9 29.2 18.1 24.6 996 993 2 0 . 3 8.2 8.3 918 977 978 918 LOW 3.06

100

6.2 1.07 None 981 981 979 980 980 6.2 13.2 18.5 986 990 22.8 16.3 21.7 y 60.9 104

None 984 984 980 982 983 3.9 11.2 16.4 990 993 20.9 14.3 25.6 60.9 103

High 988 988 984 986 988 2.8 IO. 1 15.4 994 997 19.9 13.2 24.7 61.0 102

High 989 989 988 989 989 8 . 5 8 .5 20.8 997 1000 25.1 18.5 29.9 61.0 101

Medium 988 988 985 988 988 8.5 1.3 20.6 996 999 25.0 18 .5 29.8 61.0 2. 80

_" 6.3 1.11

_" 6 . 7 1. 10 6.0 6.8 2.57

6.6 6.7

_"

13 105 61.1 ! 10.3 27.9 16.3 23.1 991 989 18. 6 13.3 5.8 982 982 , 980 983 983 None 1.11 6.3 "- 105a 61.1, 10.3 21.6 10.1 16.8 - - - - - - - -

' 10%. 61.1' 10.3 20.5 9.0 15.8 - - - - - - - - 12, I 6.9 . . 3 983 .._. .... ._._ _...

11.2 6.0 - 1 . 5 984, .._. .... __._ .... i 106 46.4 I 5.9 21.4 I 14.8 18. 5 1025 1022 ~ 16.0 6. I . 8.1 1003 988 ' 919 918 911 Loa

High 1.01 6.3 High'Low ' 1.10

3.45 6 . 3 I. I 5.9

"_ "_ 1 '101: 60.9 1 10.1 121.51 16.2 ' 22.8 991; 989 ~ 18.51 13.2 I 6.1 982 981 , 980 983 981 :None 1.10 6 . 3

, 14 108 45.5 5 . 6 30.5 24.2 27.8 912 969 15.6 12.8 I 9.2 I 960 960 , 959 962 961 'None 1.02 5 . 0

"_ "_

109 , 45.6 5.6 21.9 21.1 ' 25.3 972 910 13.0 10.1 , 6.1 961, 960 959 962 960 None 1. 12 5. 1 "- "" NoneiHigh .91 960 High

5. 1 I. 03 5 .0

9 58 1.01 5.0 953 I 1.06 4.7 952 1.06 950 Medium

4.6 1.08 4.6

950 Low 1.04 949 1. 06

4. 5

941 1 4.4 1. 04 4.4 "-

"- I "_ .

"_ "_ "_ "_ "_ "-

45.1 5.4 25.1 19.4 22.9 - - - - 10.8 8.0 4.7, 961 .___ .___ .._. 109 110 111

I113 112

' 114 1115 116 117 118 118 119 120 121 122 123

i5 124 125 125; 126 121 128 129

131 130

132 133

134 135 136 136

137 138 139 140 14 1 142 143 144

-

45.1 6.4 25.4 19.4 22.8 > 972 910 10.1 8.0 , 4.4 44.1 5.4 24.0 18.1 21.4 911 969 9.4 6 . 6 ' 3.0 45.4 5.5 22.1, 16.6 20.1 965 963 8.3 5.5' 1.9 44.1' 5.4 21.41 15.5 18.8 964 961 7.3 4.6 1.1

961 960 959 962 960 958 , 951 959 954 953 951 ' 954 952 951 950 ' 953 951. 950 I 949 951 9501 949 949 950

9491 949 941 950 949; 941 946 948 9441 943 942 944 944 - -_. "" ""

9441 938 936 938

946 ;:: ' i:: 1 :;: 943 , 943 945

i

5.4 20.8 14.9 18.3 962 960 6.1 3.9' .3

I ' i 44.7

45.1 44.: 45. i

1 45.4 45.4 45. I

45.5 45.4

-

I 45.5 45.4 45.4 45.4 45. I 45.4

44. I 45.4

t 45. c 45. 1 45.1 45.4 -

5.4 20.4, 14.4, 17.8 961 958 6.1 3.4 5.3 19.9 14.1,11.4 961 958 6 . 0 3.3 5.6 ,14.41 8.1 11.1 958 956 6.1 3.3

-. 1 -. 2 -. 4 -. 6

. 3 4.8 5. 4 3. 0 4. 6 5.2

3.9 5.2

2.4 I. 4

I. I I. 6

I. 1 I. 4 I. 4 I. 2 5. 2

6.2

3.8 5.0

2. 7 I. I I. 6 I. I I. 5 I. I I. I I. 6 5. 1

-

-

18.5: 12.5 15.9 943 ""

944 936

944 948 948

983 981

-

""

918 966 960 955 965 919 919 981

982 982 986 ""

918 966 961 958 919

986 983

981 -

9 S I _CJ?: 6 . 0 3.2

956' 954 1 11.2 I 6.91 4.1

4.1 5.4 956 954 11.3

""

9511 955 I 9.4 6.1

959 8. 1 958 956 10.9 9.0 11.9 951

991 994 11.9

6 . 6 9.2 . - - - . -. - 1.6 10.3 995 999 9.0

I000 991 13.8 6.3

1000 991 13.9 5 .5 14.0 1000 1003 5.1

997 994 13.8 4.8 991 994 13.8 5 . 5 995 993 13.9

8.8 11.1 989 993 1.3 13.8 990 994 6 . 6

994 991 12.6 9.9 995 991 11.4 8.6 991 994 10.3 1.5

1000 991 14.2 6.7 9.3 6 .6

991 14.1 5 . 5 1 ;:: I 5.0 5.2

1001 1000 999 995 14.2 7.0

6.6

999 996 14.1 8.1 999 996 11.9 9.0

- - - - - -. -

1.10 4.3 _" "_ 3.9

2.37 , 4.2

I --- High ' 1.06 , High I 1.04 1 None

None I 1.08 I

j "_ 1.01 4.4 I "_

I 5. 5 5. 5 5. 6

5. I 5. 6

-

I 5. I 5.6

I 5.4 5.6

I

5.6 5. 5

5 . 6 5 . 6 -

19.9' 13.8 19.91 13.9

L 20.3 20.4

19.9 13.8

11.8 11. 5 18.9 12.1

21.6 15.4 16.9 10.6

22.1 15.9 21. 5 15.3

22. 1 15.8 21.9 15.8 22. I 15. 9 22. 0 15.8 19.9 13.1

11.3 11.3

20.3 19. 0

21. I 22.8

22.9 21. 4 20. I 24.8 25. 0 18.3 11. I 11.6 11. I 11.7 16.3

11.2 16. 2 15. 0 14.3 19.0

19.4 18.9

19. 5 19.3 19.4 19.4 17.2

-

-

i I I > "

I

-

949 948

984 984 986

918 986 ---- 986 986

983 961 984 912

919 965 980 969 983 980 983 980 980 980

983 983 983 983 988 988 988 ""

988 981

983 961 983 972

983 961 988 983

984

946

985 983

949

988 984 " _ _ ""

971

961 961

919 961 966

956 956 964 966 978 983 978 918

983 982

980 983 980 983 985 988

- - -. - - - - 918

988 984

984 983 988 984

980 978 960 960

967 966 961 961

919

_" "- _" 6.0 5.3

4.8 5.0

5.2 6. I 6.1 "_ _" "_ "_ _" 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.9 6.1 6.3 6.6

6.4

6 . 6 6 .6

6 .6 6.4 6 . 3 6.1

6.3 6 . 1

6 . 3 6.2

6 . 3 6.3 6. I 6.7 6. I 6 . 3 6.3 6 . 3 6. I

High High/Low LOW

1.04

2.81 1.15

3.11 3.38 3.32 3.08 2.05 2.39 v

None I I 1.05

None 1.06 1.03 1.05

2.88 1. 05

3.44 3. 24

3.49 2.89 2. 71 2.28 1.11

v

I I ---

LOW Medium None

bShown only for flashed runs. 'For quality values and remarks see table UI(a).

TABLE 111. - Concluded. DETAILED DATA FOR VENTURI WlTH ARTlFlClAL THROAT CAVITY (SERIES 11)

(b) Concluded. SI unitsa - i u n

- 145 .46 147 14% 147t 148 149 I50 I51 I52 153 154 155 156 151 158

159 I60 I61 161; I611 162 163

164 165 166 166; 167 168 169

110 I71 172 173 173

114 115 115 116 -

- law ale.

w , 5eC

- 84.3 4.3

14. 6 85, 0

1 14.6 14.4 14. E 14.1 14.4 14. L 14.1 14.; 14. '

IS. 4 15. 1

1

1

45. I 15.1

15. 1

44. I 45. I 45.1

45. I 44.I 45. I 45., 45. ~

45. 44.

44. 31. -

r r r mnnnllc

lead.

9, , cm

- 5. 4 5 .4 5 . 5 5. 6

I 5 . 5 5.4 5. 5 5.5 5.4 5. 5 5.4 5.6 5.6

5 .7

1 5. ti 5. I

5. I

J 5 . 5 5. I 5. I

5. I 5. 5 5 . 6 5.7 5.6

5. 6 5.6 5 .6 3 .9

Control venturi Noise indlca-

lion

Vapor Nressure

' To":! PYOUt'

/cm2 abs

t t T' r 'eniperature. K -

IutleL

p3

- 22.6 21.4

16. 5 17.4

23.3 16.3

23.2 23.2 23.5 23.4 23.4 23. 6 24.3 24. 2 24.3 28. 6

22.4 20.0 18.0 16.8 16. 5 23.2 24.0

20. 3 19.2 17. I 16.8 23.4

28 .1 28.1

24.4 22.3 21.0 19.8 18.8

21.9 20. 5 19.4 20.8 -

- utlel.

rcz

- 1055 IO55 IO55 ""

""

1059 1061 1060 1061 1058 1058 1055 IO55 IO59 1059 1058

1056 1056 1058 ""

"_.

I064 1069

1061 1067 1069 ""

1068 1069 1061

1066 1065 1058 1051 ""

1055 1054 ""

1056 -

- n.Lla1,

PI

- 0.8 9.5 5.7 4.3 4.4 1 6 1 .6 1.6 1 . 8 I . I 1.8

.2. 1

.2. I 13.2 13.2 IO. 5

0. 1 8 .7 6.8 5.6 5.2

11.8 12. 5

9. 1 7.8 6.2 5.8

12.3 13.8 13.4

IO. 1 I. 9 6. 5 5. 2 3.7

I. 4

4.8 5.8

10.3 -

lei. Throal z - nlet.

rc 1

-

,058 058

1059 ""

""

1064 1064 LO64 1066 1064 1061 1060 1058 1063 1062 LO61

1060 1059 IO61 ""

""

1061 1012

1065 IO11 1012 ""

1012 1011 1011

1069

1060 IO65

1061 ""

1059 1057

1061

""

-

- !let,

p4

- I. 5 6 . 2 2.2 1. 0 0. 8 8. 1 .8. I 8.0

18.2

18.2 18.3 18. f 19.2 19. i 19. i 17.:

11. c 15. I 13. I 11.6 11.4 18. : 19. I

15. C

14.: 12. t 11. t 18. I 20. : 20. 1

16.: 14.: 12. I 11. ' 10. '

13.1 12.:

14. I 11. I

-

- Itlet,

p 5

- 14. I 13.4 9.4 8 .3 8.2 8. 5 8.2 8 . 5 9 . 0 9. 6

10.3 11.0 12.0 12.6 13.3 14. 5

14.3 12.3 10.3 9. 1 8 . 8 8.9

10.1

12.8 11.4

9.9 9.1 9.2

13.2 11.2

13.6 11.4 10.0 8.1 7.7

11. C

9.4 8.2 8.2 -

- nlel,

T i n

-

.045 044

I 1038 1038 1038 1039 1039 1041 1044 1044 1049 1050 104n

1046 IO45 1047 1041 1041 104 1

1049

1051 1056 1058 1058 1044 1056 1056

1056 1053 1048 1041 104 7

1045 1044 1044 1033 -

r - ullel,

r o d

- 1044 1044 IO44

."_

1006 1004 1007

1021 1014

1027 1033 1040 1044 1049 1046

1045 1044 1041 ""

Distance from inlet Th

1

1

1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I

I

I :

- 3 cm.

T4 - 1044 1045 1045 ""

""

1006 IO05 I008 1014 1021 1021 1033 104 I 1045 IO50 1048

1046

1046 1046

""

__ 3 ctn

T2 - 1044 1044 IO45 ""

""

I018 1018 1020 1023 1024 1028

1041 1034

1045 1048 1045

1045 1043 1041 ""

""

1023 1032

1050 1055 1057 ""

1025 1051 1056

1055 1051 1041 1046 ""

1044 1043

1013 ""

-

- 3 cm,

T3 - 042 044 04 4 ."

1006 001

010 ,015 1020 1021 1033 1040 IO44 1045 LO4 5

1044 1043 1046 ""

""

1014 1025

1049 1054 1055 ""

1016 1050 1055

1054 1051 1046 1045 ""

1043 1042 ""

1005 __

1.10 1.11 1. 06 1.11 1.06 3.65 3.81 3. I 1 3.67 3.35 3. 14 2.98 2.77

2.45 2. 76

I . 11

1.08 1. 06 1. 04

11. 5 11.6 11.7 11.7 11 .1 10.8 10.9 10.9 11. 0 11.0 11.2 11. 5 11. 5 12. 1 12. 1 11.9

8.3

""

""

""

""

""

8.1 7.9 8. I 8.6 9.3

10.4 9 .9

11. 1 11. 5 11.9 ""

""

Jane ?one 4one bfedium 201

t Medium Yone

None None None

11.9 13.9 12.9 12. I 19.8 19. I 19. I 19.9 19.9 19.9 20. 1 20.8 20.8 20.8 25. 0

18.5 16. 5 14.6 13.3 13. 0 19.7 20.4

16.9 15. I 14. 1 13.4 1Y. 9 24. 7 24.5

21.0 18.9

16.3 11. E

15. 3

18.5 17. 1 15. 6 18. : -

'0. 0 3 .9

9 . 0 8 . 8 15.9 !5.9 !5. I !6.0 !6.0 !6.0 ?6, 1 !6.9 26.8 l6 .9 11.2

!4.9 !2. I LO. 7 19.4 19.0 25. 9 26. 5

23.0 21.9 20.3 19.4 25.9 30. 8 30.8

21. 1

24.9 23.6 22.5 21.2

24. 5 23.2 21.9 22. 5 -

11.1 ; ""

11.8 ' ""

11.8 ""

11.8 , ""

None/Medlum , 1.03 Medium/Low , 1.03 L O W 3. 54 LOW 3. 50

None I 1.06

1013 IO25

1050 1055 1056 ""

IO16 IO51 1056

IO55 1052 1048 1046 ""

1044 1043 ""

- 1005

1013 1025

1051 1056 1056 ""

1016 1051 1059

1056 1053 1048 1048 ""

1044 1043 ""

1005 -

11.2 11.9

12.2 12.8 13.0 13.0 11. 5 12.8 12.8

12. I 12.4 11.9 11 .8 11.8

11.1 11. 5 11.5 10.4

8 . 6 9. 7

""

""

""

""

12.2 9.3

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

8.0

1. 06 1.06 1.00 3.81 2.69 1.06

1.02 1.06 1. 03 1.03 1.11

1.06 1.06 1.03 3.64 -

v None

I None/High/Low

None None

None None/Low/None

- 17 I : p G l y 31.5' 21.4 1 21.9 , 104

1 , 60.4 1 10.1 30.9 19. I 26.2 105

""

'

"

7 . 80 ,

- 16. 14. ' 13: 11. 10. 9. 9. ~

8. I 9. I

11. 12. : 13.: 14.: 15.

17. I

ll.! 10. : 9. I 9. : 12.1 14. : 14.5 11.:

11. z 13. i 11.1 9. E 9. c 8.6 14. 5

14.2 10.9 9.3 8.1 6.8 5. 2 5. 0 8.2 8.2 8.5 9. 2 .4. I

6.9 6.1 4.8 8.1 8. I

8.5 8. I 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.6

-

-

-

-

- 9.7

6. 5 I. 9

3 . 1 5. 1

2. 1 12.3

12.5 12.3

12.9 12.8

12.7 12.5 8.1 10.3

4. 6 3. 2 2.3 12.1 13.0 12.6 I. I 10.0

10. 5

3.9 6. 6

2.6 1.6 11.8 I. 4

8.8

3.9 5. 5

2. 5 1.4 -. 2 .1 3.0 11.2 11.7 11. I 8. I

1.1 .8

2.4 -. 6

1. 4

8. 1 7. I 6.8 4.4 1.1 9.8

-

-

-

-

- 103 103

1 103 103 103

104 104

103'

1 1031 1031 1031 103: 104: 103! 103! 1031

103: 1031 1031 103! 103! 1021 103:

103' 103 1031 103: 103I

-

i 1031 1034 I034 1039 - 039

1 029

783 758 712 723 715 123

-

-

- 1036 1039 1039 1038 1038 1039 1021 1021 1025 1035

1039 1039

1039 1038

1039

1035 1036 ""

1040 1021

1038 1039

1036

1038 1038 1038 1034 ""

1011 1033

1034

1037 1036

1034 1038 1038

-

""

1016 1019 1022 IO39

""

- 1039 LO39 ""

."_ IO15

151 183

I11 125 116 125

-

-

- 1038 1034

1038 1036 1036 1038 1016 1011 1021 1033 1038 1038 1036 1039 1038

1034 1034 ""

I016 1039 1036 1036 1034

,038 1035 035 ,033

01 1 .029

034 033

034 033 035 036

-

"_ "_ 005 010 017 039 - 038 036 "_ ".

005

179 155 110 123 115 124

-

-

- 1038 1039

I 1016

1022 1011

1039 1034

1039 1039 1040 1039

1036 1038 ""

1016 1043 1039 IO39 1038

1039 1039 1039 1036 ""

1011 1033

1034 !038 1038 1035 ,039 1039

-

005 010 01 I 040 - 039 039 _" 005

781 757 711 125 116 125 ,

."

-

-

- 1.08 1.01 1.06 1. 06 1.06

3. 15 1.09

3.31 3.20 2.94 2. 73 2.42 2.07 1. 08 1.03

1.09

1.06 1.08

3.31 2. 69 2.23 1.09 1. 10

1. 08 1.10 1.11 1.11

3.30 1.09

1.08

1.07 1.06 1.07

1.06 1.07

1.09 1.00 1.04 3.33 3.43 3.30 1.15

1.11 1.05 1.07 1.09 3.32

1.06 1.00

1.06 1. 08

1.01 1.01

-

-

-

-

"

10.8 , "

1044 21.'

1

I

1 "

I I I 1 1

1 2 2 2 1

2 1

1 2

2 2 2 2 2 3

104 I

1044 1041

1046 1047 1047 1050 1050 1050 1049 1041 1045 1047 1045

1042 1042 ""

1044 1050 I046 1045 1044

1045 1045 1044 ,043

,042 ,039

,044 044 04 5 044 04 5 053

-

."

050

050 055

048

047 048

-

".

."

047

190 168 115 128 719 128

-

-

20.1 18. ' 11. 15. ' 14. ~

24. ' 24. I 24. ' 25. I 25. . 25. I 24. I 20. ! 22. I

11. : 15. 14. i 24. 25. z 25. [ 10. 1 12. :

t2.5 18.6 16.3 15. C 14. 1

l4.3 19.7

18. 3 :5.0 13.3 12.3 0. 8 9.3 8.8 2. 1 10.8 !I. 2 '1. 2 8.6

1.1

8.9 0. 1

2.1 0. 6

8.8 9.9 3.5 5. 9 9. 1 0.3

-

-

-

-

11.0

1 10.4

10. 5 10.4

11.1 11.1

11.0

1 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.3 11.4 11.0 11.0 10.8

11.0 10.9 10.9 10. 6 10.6 10.0 10.4

10.5 10. I 10.9

11.0 10.5

-

1

1

10.3 10. 5 10. 5 11.0

11.0 -

10.0

0.5 .3

-

105

104 104

105 105

105

1 105 104 105 105

104 104 ".

104 105 105' 1041 104'

1041 1041

104' 1041

104! 104

" _

- 104' 104' 104! 1041 1051 1051

"_ 105: 1051 105! 1051 - 1050 1053 ""

""

1051

I9 I 169 115 728 721 729

-

-

80 9 9 0 0 3

0 9 0 0

7 7 . . I 3 1 0 ' E 1 1 1

3 1 9 1

3 1

5 1 . . 5 1 I 1

1 1 7 1 I 1 5 1 1 1 1 1

"

24. 1

22. [ 23. >

20. L 26. 5

26.6 26.8

30. 1 28.5

30.8 31.4 21.2 28.7

23.9 22.2 21.4 28. 1 27.4 29. 1 26.3 28.6

37.2 33.9 31.4 30.2 29. I 29.0 28.3

22.9 19. 5 17.9

15.4 11.0

13.4 13.9

16.8 21.6 23.9 25. 5 23.3

-

- 25. 5 14.6 13.6 16.8 24. 2

29.4 30. 1 23.9 26. 6 30.1 31.4

! EI(a

-

-

1038 1038 1039 Low/High/Low 1016 Low 1011 1021 1034 1 1039 Medium 1039 Medium 1038 Medium 1039 None 1038 None

! 26.91 15.5

31.4 20.0 25.6 14.2

31.6 20. 1 31.3 20. 1

34.9 23. 6 33.2 22.0

35.6 24.2 36.2 24.9 32.1 20. 5 33.6 22.2

28.7 17.2 27.0 15. I 26.3 14.1 32.61 21.3 32.3 20.9 33.9 22.5 31.0 19.1 33.4 22.0

12. 1 30.9 38.5 21.4 36. 1 24.9 14.8 23.7 J4.3 23. I 13.8 22. 5 33.0 21. 7

35.7 17.8 !3. 5 14. 5 !1.7 12.9 zo.9 11.8 19.2 10.4 17.6 8.9 11.2 8.4 !0.5 11.8 15.4 16.5 !1.6 18.9 !9.1 20.4 !6.9 18. 1

9.3 20.3 8. 5 9.6 7.4 8. 5

8. 0 19.2 0.5 11.6

9.6 29.0 1.3 28.6 6. 6 20.4 1.3 20.4 1.3 20.5 9.6 20.4

10.1 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.2

1

i

10.3 10. 1

10.1

10.2

10.1 10.1

10.1

10.1

1 10.0 10.3

I

I 192 I193 193; 194 195 196 197 198

199 200 201 202 202: 203

217

W

or qua

1035 1036 ""

1016 1042 1039 IO38 1037

None None None/Hlgh

LOW LOW

Medium None None 1

60. 6 60.4 60.4 60. 2 60.2 61. 1 60. 6

54.1 53.8

53.4 54. 1 53.4 53.0 53.6 53.6 53.4 53.4 53.0 53.4

53.8 53. 8 53.6 53.6

53.4

15.6 11.2 11.0 i2.4 18.0 13.2

v y a !

-

-

-

-

1038 None

I035 - - - - None/High/Lou 1011 LOW LO33 None

1038 High I038 Low ""

LO10 1016 1039 None

038 None 039 NonejHigh ". LOW "_ LOW

005 LOW

155 180 None

116 125

8.0 8.1 I. 9

I. 9 8. 1

I. 9 7.8

1 I. 8 1.9

~' 2 1

2 2

2 3 2 3 3

8.0

7. 9 8.0

I. 9 7. 9

2.5 0.6

5.5 9.7 15.1 17.2 - 13 s and remarks see t a l

hown only ior flaehed Tuns.

ul 0

r"""""""""" 1

IO-kW electric heater (immersion)

[" Hot trap

L

I I Pressure and flow

I Control control valve Test I

10-kW electric heater (direct) I venturi venturi I I

I I I Vacuum

L

e Q Expansion

Vacuum

Argon

:ank

0 0 EM flowmeter

Throttling valve

-@- On-off valve

Pressure regulator

b Pressure transducer

Figure 1. - Schematic diagram of test equipment.

0 Measured pressure 0 Calculated pressure

PFC valve Flow

straiqhtener

Flow - Y

Figure 2. - Diagram of test section showing how test-venturi throat pressure is calculated from control-venturi-measured throat pressure, Pt = P4 - (PI - P$[(P4 - P5)/(P1 - p3)].

Outside diameter, 5116 (0.791; wall,

0 (2.54); 3 (2.11)

__L

Flow

Figure 3. - Flow straighteners used directly upstream of both venturis. Material, type-316 stainless steel; dimensions are in inches (cm).

51

2.'05 (5.21)

3.00 (7.62)

~~~~~ ~

Venturi dimensions

Tolerance Tolerance Y X dimension in Y radius __

in. - I ( .050 . 100 .150 . MO .250 .300 .350 .400 1 ,450 1

.500 1 .550 1 .600 1 .650 1 .700 1

L

cm in. c m in. cm in.

1 0.300 0.762 tO.010 tO.025 0.750 .I27 ,189 .480 t.005 t.013

.950 .508 ,100 .254 t.004 t.010

.9m .381 .I21 .307 +.OM t.010

.850 .254 .150 .381 t.005 t.013

.800

1.000 .635 .084 .213 t.002 f.005 .762 .071 .I80 t.002 t.005 1.100 .889 .062 .157 f.002 t.005 1.200 .016 .055 .140 t.001 t.003 1.300 .143 .051 .I30 1.400

.270 .050 .127

.524 .055 .140 t. 002 t.005 1.700

.651 -060 .I52 t.002 t.005 1.800

.778 .Ob5 .165 t.002 t.005 1.900 1.950 2.050

.397 .051 .130 1 1 ;:Zl

2.794 . lo5 .257 t.001 3.048 .I15 .B2 +. 0 0 1 3.307 .125 .318 3.556 .I35 .343 3.810 .145 .369 4.064 .155 .394

4.318 .165 .419 1.572 .I75 .445 1.826 .185 .470 1.953 .I90 .483 5.M7 .I90 .483

cm

to. 00

1 +. 011

t. 011 f. 01:

t

Figure 4. - Control venturi. Dimensions are in inches (cm); all tolerances, -0.ooO.

52

Accelerometer -

1 i1 i a inside surface

2.05 (5.21)

(a) Test venturi without artif icial throat cavity,

Accelerometer

insert, replaces T ~ J '

(b) Test ventur i w i th ar t i f ic ia l throat Cavity.

Figure 5. -Test venturi. Dimensions are in inches (cm).

53

Cylindrical radius (to match ven tu r i i nne r surface), 0.0505+0.001 (0.1283+0. 0 0 2 5 ) ~

118

(0.3

<-Press f it and seal weld

centered on ,/ conical surface 1

Figure 6. -Throat cavity insert. Material, type-316 stainless steel; dimensions are in inches Icm).

54

Referenci t F c e

P

P

P

P

P

Acceler- ometer

trace Reference

4" Incipient

cavitation - c_

I_

-

Rur

-iquid

Flow rate, w

ipient tation,

"

-10 sec +

15a

Cavitated

Time -

Inc fla!

" - "

R U I

Flashed

lcwrrull

m High noise

n l

(a) Change from l iquid to cavitated flow. (b) Change from cavitated to flashed flow.

Figure 7. - Pressure decrease ramp between r u n s 105 and 106, set 13. Sections of oscillogram showing points of incipient cavitation and incipient flashing.

55

Outlet pressure decrease

0 First in set A Second in set

Outlet pressure increase 0 First in set 0 Second in set

flashed points Open symbols denote cavitated andlor

Solid symbols denote all-liquid points

I

- i

-10 I I

I I

0 10 20 30 40 Outlet pressure, P5, psia

r t

u 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 25

Outlet pressure, P5, Nlcm'abs

(a) Set 12, r u n s 73 to 104. Flow rate, (b) Set 15, r u n s 124 to 144. 485 pounds mass per hour (61.1 glsec); Flow rate, 360 pounds mass inlet temperature, 1310' F (983 K). per hour (45.4 glsec); in let

temperature, 1315' F (986 K).

Figure 9. -Test ventur i wi th ar t i f ic ia l throat cavity: throat pressure as fundion of outlet pressure.

56

I

c i I

-10 I I I I 0 10 20 30 0

- 0 Outlet pressure decrease 0 Outlet pressure increase Open symbols denote cavitated andlor

- Solid symbols denote all-liquid p i n t s f lashed runs

P

"""

r a -k I

10 20 30 Outlet pressure, P5 psia - -

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 Outlet pressure, P5, Nlcm' abs

(a) Set 7, r u n s 4 1 to 55. Flow rate, 495 pounds (b) Set 8, r u n s 56 to 68. Flow rate, 373 pounds mass per hour (62.4 glsec). Inlet tempera- mass per hour (47.0 glsec). Inlet temperature, 1315" F (986 K). ture, 1315" F (986 K).

Figure 8. -Tes t venturi without art i f ic ial throat cavity: throat pressure as function of outlet pressure.

57

I l l 1 I l l 1 IllllIIllIlIIll111111 I

I

Liquid w- Flashed - I Cavitated Tc 1 l o 5 ’ ~ LL 1mr

P- I

L Background

L

25 ’F

0

-5 1

400

m 600[1 I , - f I I I , I 1. 1 J

I I “Incipient cavitation I-

I 40 ‘.

:I 10 0

‘\ I !

P1

p3 p4 p2

Pt P5 !Controlled variable)

Run 106- -10

-300 0 300 600 900 1200 Elapsed time from start of ramp, sec

- -1-1

Figure 10. - Behavior of test ventur i dur ing pressure ramp between r u n s 105 and 106. Exit quality at 1200 seconds, approximately 1 percent; controlled variable, Pg.

58

24 'F

Liquid and

(a) Test venturi without artificial throat cavity.

9 d L i q u i d and cavitated line

Overall pressure drop, P4 - Pg. psi

Set Inlet temperature,

Tin* O F (KI

0 1 """"" 0 2 1185 (914) 0 3 1170 ~9Ll5l fl 4 1220 (933) v 5 1460 (1066) V 6 1445 (1058) \ 7 1320 (9891 b 8 1320 (989) A 9 1240 (944) D 10 1360 (1011)

I I I I I I I 0 5 10 15

Overall pressure drop. P4 - P5 N/cmP (bl Test venturi with artificial throat cavity.

Figure 11. -Overall pressure drop as function of superficial dynamic head for all runs.

Set Inlet temperature,

Tin, "F (KI

0 11 "" ""_ 0 13 1325 (9911 0 12 1305 19801

fl 14 1255 (953) V 15 1310 (983)

V 17 1405 (10%) V 16 1425 (1W7)

b 18 1405 (1036) 4 19 14W 11033)

"".""

59

0 Venturi without artificial throat

0 Venturi with artificial throat cavity cavity (series I)

(series 11)

1.36

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Inlet overpressure, P4 - Pvin. psi

I I I 0 5 10 15

I

Inlet overpressure, p4 - pVin, N / C ~

Figure 12. -Flashed venturi performance. Difference between venturi inlet pressure and potassium vapor pressure corresponding to inlet temperature P4 - Pyin (inlet overpressure) a s function o f superficial dynamlc head at throat.

60

mc d

Pressure difference, psi

I 1 I I I I I I I I I 0 5 10 15 2 0 0 - 5 10 15 20

Pressure difference, NkmZ

(a) Venturi without artif icial throat cavity (series I). (b) Venturi with artif icial throat cavity (series 11).

Figure 13. - Flashed ventur i performance, nozzle section. Comparison of inlet overpressure for flashed

dynamic heaJa? throat. runs P4 - P with all-liquid nozzle pressure drop to the throat P4 - Pt as function of superficial

F 0 Liquid data, (P4 - Pt) against q H Flashed data, (P4 - P,in) against q

t

0 10 30

61

N

; 201 V E

a 0 >

.- VI CI - c 3 0 > a

a I

L 0 - .- fl > a

E 3 VI VI

a, L a

30r

0 Ventu r i w i thou t a r t i f i c i a l t h roa t cav i t y (se r ies I) 0 Ven tu r i w i th a r t i f i c i a l t h roa t cav i t y ( se r ies 11)

Open symbols denote no temperature depression in

Solid symbols denote temperature depression in v e n t u r i ventur i d i f fuser, Tin = T2; X = 0.

diffuser, Tin > Tp; X > 0.

/ ,/ /

I I O 10 20 30

Overall pressure drop, P4 - P5, psi

1 I I I I J 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Overall pressure drop, P4 - P5, Nlcm'

(a) Pressure d i f ference between in let pressure and (b) Pressure d i f ference between in let pressure and vapor pressure at inlet temperature, P4 - PVin. vapor pressure at outlet temperature. P4 - Pvout,

F igu re 14. - Flashed venturi performance, diffuser section. Effect of ventur i backpressure on d i f fuser temperature and pressure drop.

62

Data 0 Without artif icial throat cavity (series I) 0 With artif icial throat cavity (series 11)

denote f i rst point of series second point of series

Reference curves Potassium vapor pressure, Pv against Tv. Family of l iquid pressures around equil ibrlum

vapor bubbles of different radii, (p = [pv - (g) J against T,

“ T

I

I

Temperature, “F

u 750 loo0 12%

Temperature, K Figure 15. - Cavitation incipiency. Throat pressure as function of inlet temperature for incipient

cavitation.

63

Data 0 Without artif icial throat cavity (series I) 0 With artif icial throat cavity (series 11)

Solid tailed symbols denote first point of series Solid symbols denote second point of series

Reference curves Potassium vapor pressure, P, against Tv

70 -"" Family of liquid pressures around equilib-

45 r

YI rl m

N

..... 6 z

-

40-

-

35 -

-

30 -

-

25 -

-

20-

-

15 -

-

10 -

-

5 -

-

0 -

- -5 -

1000 1500 2000 2500 Temperature, O F

, 750 loo0 12% 1500

Temperature, K Figure 16. - Flashing incipiency. Throat pressure as function of inlet

temperature for incipient flashing.

64

Data 0 This report, no artif icial throat cavity (series I) rn This report, with artif icial throat cavity (series 11) A Chen (ref. 10) Q As-reieived tube

cavities at wall A Tubewith 0.006-in. (0.015-cm) Edwards and

0 Spiller, et al. (ref. 15) 0 Grass, et al. (ref. 16)

Reference curves

Potassium vapor pressure, Pv against Tv Familvof l iquid Dressures around equil ibrium mwr

bubbles o f different radii, (p = [pv -(&I I} against T,

TV

Bubble radius,

n n

' J i o i I

-10 I I ,'I I / I I I ux) loo0 lux) m 2600 3000

Temperature, OF

, 750 1oM) 1250 1500

Temperature, K Figure 17. -Comparison of incipient flashing data with potassium data from other

table in corresponding section of tests for comparison of test conditions. ihvestigators; liquid minimum pressure as function of liquid temperature. See

65

t a - 1 ) As-received venturi. (a-2) Test venturi. (a-3) Control venturi.

( a ) Longitudinal sections of portion of diffusers. As-received venturi was not used. Sections from test and control venturis exposed to potassium flow for approximately 2% hours; note change in surface shine.

- Intended flow direction

cb-1) As-received venturi.

Flow direction

(b-2) Test venturi.

Flow direction

(b-3) Control venturi.

(bl Photomicrographs of venturi diffusers inside surfaces. Note polishing scratches and large-size pits in as-received venturi, and

Figure 18. - Photographs of ven tur i taken normal to inside surface at diffuser.

disappearance of these features in test and control venturis.

(a) As-received venturi. Very smooth inside surface; no disturbances in surface can be appreciated. Notice large grains and absence of carbide precipitation in metal.

(bl Test venturi. Rougher surface; small cavities in range of to i n c h ( 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ t o 2 . 5 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ cm) can be seen on surface. Notice

change in st ructure wi th in metal and presence of intergranular and matrix carbide precipitation.

Figure 19. - Photomicrographs of venturi cross section showing edge of inside surface, taken at beginning of diffuser near throat. Material, type-316 stainless steel.

66

1450 r

Y 0

" a c 3 0

- 4-4 m

T3 m L

2 2 m

-I 1350

1250[ ,,<' /

Exit quality, percent

0 >0.4 0 (0.4

/ 1200 I I I I I I

12M1 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 Potassium saturation temperature at outlet pressure, TSat, " F

I I I I I I I 925 950 975 1oM) 1025 1050

Potassium saturation temperature at outlet pressure, TSat, K

with corresponding potassium saturation temperature at outlet pressure. Flashed runs.

Figure 20. -Comparison of test venturi measured outlet temperature

67

Thermo- -Deviation couple, 4

Ti O F (K) O;/K)

0 Tin -0.9 (-0.5) 1.6 (0.9)

0 T2 -1.2 (-0.7) 1.5 (0.8) T3 -2.7 (-1.5) 2.2 (1.2)

0 T4 1.2 (0.7) 1. l(O.6)

a T~ -I. 4 (-0.8) 1.5 (0.8)

Deviation from mean difference between Ti and Tout, 7

Figure 21. - Distr ibut ion of thermocouple reading dejriations for thermocouples Tin, TI, T2, T3, and T4 when compared to thermocouple Tout Al l - l iquid runs.

Ai = (Ti -Tout) where Ni = number of readings ( 5 6 for T1, 158 for all others).

7 i =[I(Ai - ii)2/Ni]1’2; = 1 AilNi;

68

I

700

'OF GOO

0 Test venturi without throat cavity insert (seriesl) 0 Test venturi with throat cavity insert (series 11)

0 100 200 300 400 m 600 700 800 Flow rate from control venturi, W,, lbmlhr

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 0 10 iD 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Flow rate from control venturi, W,, glsec

Figure 22. - Comparison of potassium flow rate data from electromagnetic flowmeter with those obtained from control venturi using results of water calibration of as-received venturi.

NASA-Langley, 1970 - 33 E-5346 69

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