NOTE D'ETUDE / TECHNICAL DOCUMENT - Support...

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Transcript of NOTE D'ETUDE / TECHNICAL DOCUMENT - Support...

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NOTE D'ETUDE / TECHNICAL DOCUMENT

REFERENCE

URD1 – OTL 5635.1– 014 /

ETUDE / PROJECT

NOM DE L’ETUDE

70473 Code

C

HiLo Module

TITRE / TITLE :

HILO Development kit application note

RESUME / SUMMARY

This document is the HILO Development kit documentation.

Mots clés / Keywords : Hilo, Development Kit

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NOTE D'ETUDE / TECHNICAL DOCUMENT

FICHE RECAPITULATIVE / SUMMARY SHEET

Ed Date

Date

Référence

Reference

Pages modifiées / Changed

pages

Observations

Comments

1 05/02/2008 URD1– OTL 5635.1– 014 / 70473

Création du document / Document creation

2

3

4

5

6

7

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SOMMAIRE / CONTENTS 1. Scope .............................................................................................. 4

1.1. Introduction................................................................................... 4 1.2. Reference .................................................................................... 4 1.3. Terms and abbreviation .................................................................... 4

2. Product Overview................................................................................ 5 2.1. Key features.................................................................................. 6 2.2. Functional diagram.......................................................................... 7 2.3. Interfaces location........................................................................... 8

2.3.1. Connectors .............................................................................. 8 2.3.2. Tests points.............................................................................. 9 2.3.3. Switches.................................................................................10 2.3.4. Jumpers .................................................................................11 2.3.5. Miscellaneous ..........................................................................12

3. Getting started with the Development Kit..................................................13 3.1. Power Supply not connected .............................................................13 3.2. Switch on the Development Kit ...........................................................13 3.3. Communication with the module .........................................................14

4. HILO Development Kit Interface..............................................................16 4.1. Test Points interface .......................................................................16 4.2. SIM interface ................................................................................18

4.2.1. SIM IC ...................................................................................18 4.2.2. SIM CARD .............................................................................18

4.3. Serial Interfaces ............................................................................19 4.3.1. UART 1..................................................................................19 4.3.2. UART 2..................................................................................19

4.4. GPIOs interface.............................................................................20 4.5. Analog audio interface .....................................................................21

4.5.1. Functional diagram ....................................................................22 4.6. SPI interface ................................................................................22 4.7. I²C interface .................................................................................22 4.8. 40-pins module interface ..................................................................23 4.9. Miscellaneous...............................................................................24

4.9.1. PWMs ...................................................................................24 4.9.2. BACKUP ................................................................................25 4.9.3. ADC......................................................................................25 4.9.4. GSM Antenna ..........................................................................25 4.9.5. Auto power-on..........................................................................26 4.9.6. Hardware reset. ........................................................................26

4.10. Overview of jumpers .......................................................................27 4.11. Overview of Switches ......................................................................28

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1. SCOPE

1.1. Introduction

The object of the document is to describe the interfaces and pin identifications of the Development Kit to test the Hilo module in operating mode.

1.2. Reference

Hilo Development Kit Schematic Hilo Specification: 5635.1 005 70086 ed 04 - Hilo technical specification.doc Hilo Application Note: 5635.1 007 70230 ed 01 - Hilo application note.doc Temperature sensor “ADT7302” specification: ADT7302.pdf Inertial sensor LIS3LV02DQ specification: LIS3LV02DQ.pdf URD1 - OTL 5625.1 - 010 - N°69846 - DEMOBOARD MO300 APPLICATION NOTE -

ED01.doc

1.3. Terms and abbreviation

ADC Analog to Digital Converter CTS Clear To Send DAC Digital to Analog Converter DAI Digital Audio Interface DCS Digital Communications System DSR Data Set Ready DTR Data Terminal Ready ESD Electrostatic Discharge GSM Global System for Mobile communication GPRS General Packet Radio Services I/O Input / Output Kbps Kbits per second LED Light Emitting Diode Mbps Mbits per second PCB Printed Circuit Board PSU Power supply unit RF Radio Frequency RI Ring Indication RTS Ready To Send RX Reception SIM Subscriber Identification Module TX Transmission UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter

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2. PRODUCT OVERVIEW

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2.1. Key features

Feature Implementation

GSM module interface Direct connection of GSM module via 40-pin board-to-board connector and mechanical fixing via 3 solder pads

Power supply Laboratory PSU set to 3.7V and 2A max. or

5V DC Adapter 2A max (with inner "+" and outer "-").

Two Leds for power status.

Power supplies automatically switched.

Power regulation for the Development Kit needs (2.9V and 3.1V).

Antenna interfaces Integrated connection between spring contacts or module’s mini-coaxial connector and SMA connector for GSM uses.

Integrated connection between module’s mini-coaxial connector and SMA connector for the GPS uses (evolution of the HILO).

SIM interface SIM card connector with card detection.

Supported SIM cards: 3V and 1.8V.

Audios interfaces Analog audio interfaces with filters and RJ11 connector for connecting a handset, headset or speakerphone.

I2C interface (Sagem use) Host mode (Sagem use).

Connected to a temperature sensor on board (Sagem use).

Serial interfaces RS-232 interfaces with SubD9 connectors:

UART1 – full serial interface (all modem status are available).

Status Led for each lines.

GPIOs 8 GPIOs.

Able to be switched in/out and pull-up/pull-down resistors.

Status Led for each I/Os.

SPI Interface For debug purpose ONLY, bus converted into UART2 by a dedicated chip on the development board.

ADC interface One analog input (0 to 1.8V).

Backup battery One battery CR2032 receptacle.

Protections ESD and EMC protections on each pin headers and connectors of the Development Kit.

Physical characteristics Size : 158mm x 118mm x 30mm (PCB)

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2.2. Functional diagram

5V DC AdapterPower Supply

3.7V/2AOr

HiLoModule

HiLo Development Kit

GSMAntenna

Connector

Sim CardHolder

SIM CardTests points

LEDLED

Analog AudioTests Points

RJ11Receptacle

MicrophoneSpeaker

UART1Tests Points

RS232Transceive

rSubD9

05 GPIO'sTests Points

05 StatusLED

05 Switches I/O Selection

05 Switches1/0 Selection

battery

VBat

BACKUP

GPSAntenna

Connector

8 StatusLED

Sim Card ICSIM IC

Tests points

HardwareReset

VBAT

Hilo ON(Pok_IN)

SIM Card detect ToGPIO2

PWM TestsPoints

2 StatusLED

Buzzer TestsPoints

ADCTests Points

Buzzer

SPITestsPoints

RS232Transceiver

DebugSubD9

SPI toUART

converter

4 StatusLED

UART2Tests Points

Reset

03 GPIO'sTests Points

03 StatusLED

03 Switches I/O Selection

03 Switches1/0

Selection

I2CTests Points

TEMPERATURESENSOR��

T° ALARMTo GPIO1

RESETfrom GPIO3

SAGEM reserveduse

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2.3. Interfaces location

2.3.1. Connectors

Location Connector’s Type Function

E101 E102

Spring contacts

P101 40 pins female connector Module interface

P202 UART1

P402 Sub-D 9 Connector

UART2 (Debug)

P501 RJ11 Receptacle Analog audio

P102 SMA Connector 50 Ohms

P104 Mini Coaxial Connector 50 Ohms

(GPS)

P103 SMA Connector 50 Ohms

Antenna GSM / (GPS)

TB801

TB802

Laboratory power supply receptacle

Ø 4mm Power supply 1

P801 Mini DC jack (+ inner, - outer)

Ø 2.5mm Power supply 2

P601 Sim card holder SIM

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2.3.2. Tests points

Location Connector’s Type Function

TB201 Pin Headers UART1

TB402 Pin Headers UART2

TB701 TB702

Pin Headers GPIO

TB501 Pin Headers Analog audio

TB401 Pin Headers SPI (for UART2 debug only)

TB603 Pin Headers SIM IC

TB601 Pin Headers SIM CARD

TB301 Pin Headers PWON, ADC, BACKUP

TB602 Pin Headers PWM

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2.3.3. Switches

Location Connector’s Type Function

S701 DIP switches GPIO (I/O) INPUT OR OUTPUT

S702 DIP switches GPIO (H/L) HIGH LEVEL OR LOW LEVEL

S301 Push button POWER ON

S302 Switch Inverter BACKUP BATTERY (2) OR VBAT (1)

S303 Switch Inverter I²C ADDRESS TOGGLE (Sagem Use)

S601 Switch Inverter SIM CARD (1) OR SIM IC (2)

S401 Push button RESET SPI CHIP (UART2)

S100 Push button Switch OFF / ON the module power supply

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2.3.4. Jumpers

Location Connector’s Type Function

TB101 Pin Headers VBAT

TB102 Pin Headers RESET FROM GPIO3

TB302 Pin Headers I²C CLK (Sagem Use)

TB303 Pin Headers I²C DATA(Sagem Use)

TB404 Pin Headers SPI CHIP (SEL) for UART2

TB405 Pin Headers SPI CHIP (OUT) for UART2

TB604 Pin Headers BUZZER

TB703 Pin Headers TEMP° SENSOR CHIP ALARM TO

GPIO1

TB704 Pin Headers SIM CARD DETECTION TO GPIO2

Details on jumper function are given in chapter 4.10: Overview of jumpers.

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2.3.5. Miscellaneous

Location Connector’s Type Function

TB301-BIS Pin Headers ADC INPUT

E301 Battery connector Backup battery

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3. GETTING STARTED WITH THE

DEVELOPMENT KIT

Follow these steps to start the HILO module on Development Kit

3.1. Power Supply not connected

Plug the HILO module on the Development Kit Screw the antenna into the SMA connector Insert the SIM card into the holder

Select the SIM card location on position 1 or the SIM IC on position 2 with the switch

S601. Plug Data Cables (RS-232) into UART1 connector.

3.2. Switch on the Development Kit

Connect TB101 Jumper. Connect the DC 5V adapter or a laboratory power supply unit set to 3.7V and 2A to the

Development Kit. One of the green DS801 or DS802 lights on, the HILO development Kit is therefore ready

to work.

Push “ON” S301 Button for around one second to start the module.

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3.3. Communication with the module

On the computer side, launch HyperTerminal : Under windows operating system.

Select: Menu -> Start -> Programs -> Accessories -> Communication -> HyperTerminal

Select the port on which is connected the communication cable (UART1) of the Development Kit:

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Set the port parameters and validate with OK: In this picture ("Aucun" means None),others possible choices are Xon/Xoff or hardware.

In the terminal window, type: at and validate with the “Enter” key.

The module must answer: OK For the AT command specification please refer to the "AT command" document provided.

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4. HILO DEVELOPMENT KIT INTERFACE

4.1. Test Points interface

All signals provided by the module are directly connected to pin headers and divided by interface. For signals features please refer to :“ URD1 5635.1 005 70086 - Hilo technical specification “ document provided.

INTERFACE PINNING

UART 1

TXD

RXD

GND

DTR

VBAT

NC

RI

DCD

DSR

RTS

CTS

GND

1

3

5

7

9

11

TB

201

2

4

6

8

10

12

UART2

CTS2

RTS2

RXD2

TXD2

GND

1

2

3

4

5

TB

402

SPI

VCC_2V9

SPI_IN

SPI_CLK

SPI_RST

SPI_IRQ

VCC_3V1

VBAT

SPI_SEL

GND

GND

SPI_OUT

GND

1

3

5

7

9

11

TB

401

2

4

6

8

10

12

GPIO

TB

701

GPIO4

GPIO3

GPIO2

GPIO1

VCC_GPIO 1

2

3

4

5

TB

702

GND

GPIO8

GPIO7

GPIO6

GPIO51

2

3

4

5

Analog audio

MIC

HSET_P

HSET_N

GND

TB

501

1

2

3

4

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INTERFACE PINNING

SIM IC

GND

RST

CLK

DAT

VCC 1

2

3

4

5T

B603

PWM

GND

PWM0

PWM1

PWM2

TB

602

1

2

3

4

ADC / BACKUP / PWON

ADC

BACKUP

PWON

GND

TB

301

1

2

3

4

ADC

ADC

GND

GND

GND TB

301-B

IS

1

2

3

4

SIM CARD

GND

RST

CLK

DAT

VCC 1

2

3

4

5

TB

601

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4.2. SIM interface

4.2.1. SIM IC

This optional chip located on the development kit can emulate a SIM card. It has the following specification.

3GPP TS 51.011, 51.014, 43.019, 23.040, 23.140

3GPP TS 23.048

3GPP TS 22.048

ETSI TS 102 221, 102 222

ISO / IEC 7816

The SIM IC is compatible with the ISO 7816-3 IC standard required by the GSM 11.11 Phase 2+ standard.

The SIM IC interface insures the power on (SIMVCC) of the SIM Chip and the communication with it through a data signal (SIMDAT), a clock signal (SIMCLK) and a reset signal (SIMRST).

Switch S601 to position "2" to use this SIM.

4.2.2. SIM CARD

The SIM Card interface is compatible with the ISO 7816-3 IC card standard required by the GSM 11.11 Phase 2+ standard. The module also supports Release 99 of the SIM Toolkit recommendation and supports a Fixed Dialling Number directory.

The SIM Card interface insures the detection (SIMCD), the power on (SIMVCC) of the SIM Card and the communication with it through a data signal (SIMDAT), a clock signal (SIMCLK) and a reset signal (SIMRST).

Switch S601 to position "1" to use this SIM card.

The jumper TB704 connects the SIM card presence detection to the GPIO2 (IO2)

The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic:

8

6

7

5

4

2

3

1

10 9

NC

SIMCLK

SIMRST

SIMVCC

NC

SIM DATA

SIMVCC

GND

SIM DETECT

SIM

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4.3. Serial Interfaces

4.3.1. UART 1

A V24 interface is provided on external pins of the module with the following signals:

RTS/CTS RX/TX DSR DTR DCD RI

The signals levels are adapted and connected to the male Sub-D9 connector “UART 1” on P202. It supports speeds up to 115.2 KBPS and may be used in auto bauding mode.

Eight LEDs are provided on Development Kit to show the status of the UART 1 signal. The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic:

HILO

DCD

RDX

TXD

DTR

GND

DSR

RTS

CTS

RI

1

5

6

9

SignalTranslation

0/2.8V <=> -5.5 / + 5.5V

8 Status Leds

UART 1

12

345678

9

4.3.2. UART 2

4 signals are provided on external pins of the module with the following functions:

RXD2/TXD2 RTS2/CTS2

The signals levels are adapted and connected to the male Sub-D9 connector “UART 2”.

Four LEDs are provided on Development Kit to show the status of the UART 2 signal.

This UART is only available for the software debug, signals from SPI bus are converted into RS232 signals and their voltage adapted.

The 2 jumpers TB404 and TB405 must be set. The UART 2 interface is therefore enabled on the Sub-D 9 connector.

In case of malfunction, push S401 for around one second to reset the SPI/RS232 converter chip.

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The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic:

HILO

RXD2

TXD2

1

5

6

9

S401

SignalProcessing

andTranslation0/2.8V <=>-5. / + /5.5V

4 Status Leds

UART 2

RESET

2

3

RTS2 7

CTS2 8

TB404

TB405

4.4. GPIOs interface

GPIOs interface is provided on external pins of the module with the 8 signals.

S701 Is used to set up GPIOs as input or output. When the switch is closed, the GPIO is configured as input. When the switch is opened, the GPIO is configured as output.

S702 allow to drive the input. When the switch is closed, the GPIO level is at low level. When the switch is opened, the GPIO level is at high level.

5 GPIOs are available and named IO1 to IO5

3 other signals named IO6 to IO8 are reserved for SAGEM use.

The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic.

I/OSelection

HILO

IO 1

IO 2

IO 4

IO 6

IO 7

IO 8

8 status LED

1/0Selection

S701

1

IO 5

IO 3

S702

1

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4.5. Analog audio interface

The HILO can manage an external microphone (MIC) in single mode and external speaker (32 ohms HSET_N/HSET_P) in differential mode.

Thus, one receiver and one microphone can be connected to the module with the following characteristics (see SAGEM references in the document “URD1 5635.1 007 70230 - Hilo application note”):

Receiver 32 ohms up to 120 ohms The microphone can be supplied using the internal HILO bias supply (recommended but

not mandatory) or any other external bias system compliant with selected microphone within the HILO inputs limits.

The Development Kit includes all protections which are advised in the document “ URD1 5635.1 007 70230 - Hilo application note ”.

HiLo INTMIC_P

MIC

Ferrite Bead

18pF ESD protection

HiLo HSET_OUT_P

HSET_OUT_N

speaker

Ferrite Bead

Ferrite Bead

18pF

18pF

ESD protection

ESD protection

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4.5.1. Functional diagram The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic on the Development Kit:

RJ11Audio1

HILO

1

2

3

4

P501

GND_Analog

MIC

HSET_N

HSET_P Filters

4.6. SPI interface

Reserved for UART2 conversion. The 2 jumpers TB404 and TB405 must be set to activate

the SPI to UART converter. This interface is multiplexed with the I²C interface as well as

the IO6 to IO8 and is reserved for SAGEM use.

4.7. I²C interface

Reserved for SAGEM use. The 2 Jumpers must be set in TB302 and TB303 and S303 must be

toggled to the required I²C address. The Jumper TB703 can be used to connect the Alarm

output from the temperature sensor to the GPIO1 (IO1).

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4.8. 40-pins module interface

N° Name of signal Type of signal (HILO) Comments

1 VBAT Power supply input +3.7 V power supply (nominal)

2 VBAT Power supply input +3.7 V power supply (nominal)

3 GND Ground GND

4 GND Ground GND

5 SPI_CLK Digital bi-directional buffer SPI clock output

6 SPI_IRQ Digital input buffer SPI interrupt request input

7 SPI_OUT Digital output buffer SPI data output

8 GPIO4 Digital bi-directional buffer General purpose input/output 4

9 GPIO2 Digital bi-directional buffer General purpose input/output 2

10 VGPIO Power supply output +2.8V power supply output

11 UART_DSR Digital output buffer UART data set ready

12 UART_DCD Digital output buffer UART data carrier detect

13 UART_TX Digital output buffer UART transmit

14 UART_CTS Digital output buffer UART clear to send

15 SIM_RST Digital output buffer SIM reset

16 SIM_CLK Digital output buffer SIM clock

17 PWM0 Digital output buffer DC PWM 0

18 PWM2 Digital output buffer Buzzer PWM

19 ADC Analog input Analog input to digital converter

20 MIC Analog input Single input from microphone

21 HSET_P Analog output Differential out to earphone 32 ohms

22 HSET_N Analog output Differential out to earphone 32 ohms

23 PWM1 Digital output buffer DC PWM 1

24 VSIM Power supply output SIM power supply

25 SIM_DATA Digital bi-directional buffer SIM data

26 UART_RX Digital input buffer UART receive

27 UART_RTS Digital input buffer UART request to send

28 UART_RI Digital output buffer UART ring indicator

29 UART_DTR Digital input buffer UART data terminal ready

30 VBACKUP Power supply input/output power supply for RTC backup

31 POK_IN Digital input Module power on signal

32 GPIO1 Digital bi-directional buffer General purpose input/output 1

33 GPIO3 Digital bi-directional buffer General purpose input/output 3

34 GPIO5 Digital bi-directional buffer General purpose input/output 5

35 SPI_IN Digital bi-directional buffer SPI data input

36 SPI_SEL Digital bi-directional buffer SPI chip select output

37 GND Ground GND

38 GND Ground GND

39 VBAT Power supply input +3.7V battery power supply (nominal)

40 VBAT Power supply input +3.7V battery power supply (nominal)

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4.9. Miscellaneous

4.9.1. PWMs a) Case of PWM0 & PWM1

The PWM0 and PWM1 outputs are provided on external pins of the module. PWM0 line drives the green led and PWM1 line drives the other green led located in front of the test pins in TB602.

The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic:

HILO DRIVER

PWM0

PWM1

VCC_2V9

b) Case of PWM2

This output is dedicated to drive a Buzzer.

Connect the jumper TB604 to enable the Buzzer supply.

The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic:

R1

R2

HILO

VBAT

PWM2

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4.9.2. BACKUP

The BACKUP input is provided on external pins of the module. The backup line can be connected to the battery or directly shunted to VBat.

The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic:

HILO

battery

VBat

BACKUPS302

E301

With S302, BACKUP must be connected to VBAT, if no backup battery is present, and to BACKUP, if backup battery is present.

The battery type is CR2032 inserted with the "+" side up.

4.9.3. ADC

An ADC input is provided on external pins of the module. An external analogical voltage can be plugged on TB301-BIS pin 1 to be measured. The ADC can measure from 0 to 1V.

The figure below shows the simplified interface schematic:

HILO

TB301-BIS

ADC

VCC

4.9.4. GSM Antenna

The two antennas connectors can be connected to the HILO module either via a mini coaxial connector or via 2 spring contacts.

When the spring contact E101 and E102 are chosen, simply plug the Hilo module and connect an antenna to P102.

When the mini coaxial cable is used : connect the cable to P104 on one side and to the Hilo module coaxial antenna out on the other side. Then connect an antenna to P103. In this configuration, if the Hilo development kit is used to make some accurate radio performances measurements, please add a tape on the E101 and E102 to avoid to create a "stub" effect resulting in radio performance losses.

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4.9.5. Auto power-on The HILO can power on automatically on the development board when a jumper is set on

TB301 between position 4 and 3, low level active PWON is therefore set to ground level.

4.9.6. Hardware reset.

The Hilo module can control an external reset device via the GPIO3 (IO3).

Connect the jumper TB102 to enable the connection between the chip and the GPIO.

It can also be done manually by using S100 to provoke a hardware reset.

In both cases, a jumper must be set in TB301 between position 4 and 3. This pull-down PWON signal and then enable an auto power-on whenever the power supply is available.

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4.10. Overview of jumpers

Function Reference

Jumper set Jumper not set

TB101 Power supply the Hilo from VBAT. Module HILO is not powered.

TB102 The GPIO3 (IO3) is connected to the Reset chip and then the module is able to perform a hardware reset.

External hardware reset not controlled by the HILO module.

TB302

I²C DATA is connected from the module to the digital temperature sensor. In this case SPI link is not use as SPI protocol but as I²C bus and 3 GPIO. Reserved for SAGEM use only. This position is reserved for SAGEM use only.

I²C DATA is not connected to the digital temperature sensor. In this case SPI link is normally used and converted into RS232 UART2 link by the dedicated chip. This it the normal position.

TB303

I²C CLK is connected from the module to the digital temperature sensor. In this case SPI link is not use as SPI protocol but as I²C bus and 3 GPIO. This position is reserved for SAGEM use only.

I²C CLK is not connected to the digital temperature sensor. In this case SPI link is normally used and converted into RS232 UART2 link by the dedicated chip. This it the normal position.

TB404

SPI CHIP (SEL) is connected to the converter chip. It enables the conversion from the SPI to the RS232 for UART2.

SPI CHIP (SEL) is not connected to the converter chip. It disables the conversion from the SPI to the RS232 for UART2.

TB405

SPI CHIP (OUT) is connected to the converter chip. It enables the conversion from the SPI to the RS232 for UART2.

SPI CHIP (OUT) is not connected to the converter chip. It disables the conversion from the SPI to the RS232 for UART2.

TB604 It enables the connection to the buzzer device.

Buzzer device is not connected to its control circuit.

TB703 The pin ALARM from the digital temperature sensor is connected to the GPIO1 (IO1).

The pin ALARM from the digital temperature sensor is not connected to the GPIO1 (IO1).

TB704 The pin SIM card presence detection from the SIM card holder pins 9 & 10 is connected to the GPIO2 (IO2).

The pin SIM card presence detection from the SIM card holder pins 9 & 10 is not connected to the GPIO2 (IO2).

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4.11. Overview of Switches

Function Reference

Switch on Switch off

S701 To set up GPIO1 to GPIO5 as an input.

To set up GPIO1 to GPIO5 as an output.

S702 Pulls down GPIO1 to GPIO5 when they are set up as input.

Pulls up GPIO1 to GPIO5 when they are set up as input.

S301 POWER ON the HILO module. No action.

S100 Hardware reset by switching off the power supply.

Enables the module to be supplied by VBAT.

S401 RESET SPI CHIP (UART2) No action.

Function Reference

Position 1 Position 2

S302 Connects BACKUP signal of module to the backup battery. (CR2032 : lithium battery of 3V)

Connects BACKUP signal of module to the VBAT.

S303 I²C ADDRESS TOGGLE to 1 (SAGEM Use)

I²C ADDRESS TOGGLE to 0 (SAGEM Use)

S601 SIM CARD is selected. SIM IC is selected.

~END OF DOCUMENT ~