Note 07 class about environmental engineering

8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering

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Sustainable Resource Technology NOTE 7(Principles in Sustainable Energy Technologies)

Joonhong Park

Yonsei CEE Department2015. 11. 18.


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Energy Conversion Efficiencies

Chemical

Energy (fossil

fels etc.!

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

$0%&5 '

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '


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Cogeneration/CHP

Chemical

Energy (fossil

fels etc.!

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

$0%&5 '

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

Recovery of Waste

Heat (Combined

Heat and Power)


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Solar Power

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

)eco*ery of +aste

,eat (Com-ine

,eat an Po/er!

Solar Power


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olar Po/er ystems

• o/ temperatre

• ,igh temperatre

% Dish collectors % tirling engines

% Po/er to/ers

% "rogh collectors


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Sun-induced Heat

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

)eco*ery of +aste

,eat (Com-ine

,eat an Po/er!

Sun-induced Heat


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perational principle of an ocean

thermal energy con*erter

(pilot scale!

Pmp

ConenserE*aporator

"r-ine

Electric po/er generator

Ammonia

Liquid

Ammonia

a!or

Col

+ater

(5oC!

+arm+ater

(25oC!


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Photovoltaics (Solar Light)

nlight

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

100 '85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

P"otovoltaics

&0%&5 '

"rning snlight into

Electricity /ith high efficiency

at lo/ cost sing common

materials.

(n%p 3nction in a solar cell!


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Wind power

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electricalenergy

#echanicalenergy

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

Wind !ower

,ori4ontal ais /in tr-ine6 rotor iameter7 machine rating7

rotational spee nm-er of -laes7 the generator

En*ironmental impacts6 electromagnetic interference7 ecological impact7 noise


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Wave power

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electricalenergy

#echanicalenergy

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

Wave !ower

9lo-al energy ensities6 :e/ ;ealan (100!7 oth orea%Japan ( 15!

Po/er is a fnction of /a*e height (h!

nshore e*ices7 ffshore e*ices (alter Dck7 Pelamis!


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"io!ass

Chemical

Energy

(?iomass!

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

$0%&5 '

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

Recovery of Waste

Heat (Combined

Heat and Power)

C2

iation

C%fiation


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#eother!al

"hermalEnergy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanicalenergy

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

)eco*ery of +aste

,eat (Com-ine

,eat an Po/er!

$eot"ermal

En*ironmental impact@


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$ast "reeder % $usion

:clearEnergy

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

$0%&5 '

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

Recovery of Waste

Heat (Combined

Heat and Power)

%ast &reeder

%usion


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$ast "reeder ($ission)

100 fissions

2&2 netrons proce

A&

lost

A2 -y P

121 -y 2A8B

8 in P

1A in 2A8 B

A in 2A5 B


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& variety of ther!al reactors

#y!e #"ermal

Power('W)

Coolant 'oderator Core

olume(m)

ol P*

('W+m)

%uel

Ratin,('W+

tonne)

.it

Coolant#em!

(oC)

#agno 225%

18$5

C2 9raphite &%

21

0.5%

0.8$

2.2%

A.15

00


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$usion

:clearEnergy

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

$0%&5 '

20%0 '

100 '

85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

Recovery of Waste

Heat (Combined

Heat and Power)%usion


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Potential uses of $usion technology

S/LAR

01CLAR

=ast

=ission

"hermal

=ission

=sion

9eothermal

(raioacti*ity!

,eat

#HR'ALElectricity

LC#R2CAL

?iomass=ossil

=els,yrogen ?atteries

CH'2CAL

+in

+a*e

#echanical

,yro "ial

9eothermal

(original accretion!

$RA2#A#2/0AL

320#2C


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$uel Cells

ChemicalEnergy

"hermal

Energy

(heat!

Electrical

energy

#echanical

energy

100 '85%&5 '

&0%&5 '

%uel Cells

&0%&5 '


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"he crrent ses of nsstaina-le energy technologies. ,o/

a-ot the potential ses of sstaina-le energy technologies@


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Sustainability

• General Definition: meeting the needs of the present generation withoutcompromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.

• Don’t do these: exhausting a natural resource, leaving large costs for future

generations or doing irreversible harm to the planet.

• An energy technology is considered sustainable if:

1. t contributes little to manmade climate change.

!. t is capable of providing power for many generations w"o

significant reduction in the si#e of the resource, and

$. t does not leave a burden to future generation.

☞ t is very difficult to say if an energy technology is truly sustainable or not.

21


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he !a'or energy transfor!ations fuels and groupings

S/LAR

01CLAR

=ast

=ission

"hermal

=ission

=sion

9eothermal

(raioacti*ity!

,eat

#HR'ALElectricity

LC#R2CAL

?iomass=ossil

=els,yrogen ?atteries

CH'2CAL

+in

+a*e

#echanical

,yro "ial

9eothermal

(original accretion!

$RA2#A#2/0AL

320#2C


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1nsustainables vs Sustainables

Unsustainable : Fossil fuels, Large-scalehydropower, Thermal unclear reactors

Sustainable : Solar, Wind, Wave, Tidal, Small-scale

Hydropower, Biomass, eothermal, Fastnuclear reactors, !uclear fusion

☞ Do you accept the classification%

☞ &hat are your rationales for it%

2A


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Capaility to provide energy for !any generations


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Radiative %orcin, 4

$lobal #em!erature C"an,e

25

,alocar-ons

:2

C,

C2

tratospheric

o4one

"ropospheric

o4one

lfate

=ossil

=el

?rning

(?lack C!

=ossil

=el

?rning

(rganic C!

) a . i a t i * e =

o r c e ( + m % 2

!

C o o l i n g

+ a r m i n g A

%2

%1

0

1

2

?iomass

?rning

#ineral

Dst

an se

(al-eo!

olar


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*ther Concerns

9eneral Polltion


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#eneral Pollution Concerns

Source Potential causes for concern

il 9lo-al climate change7 air polltion -y *ehicles7 aci rain7 oil spills7 oil rig accients

:atral gas 9lo-al climate change7 methane leakage from pipes7 methane eplosions7 gas rigaccients

Coal 9lo-al climate change7 aci rain7 en*ironmental spoliation -y open%cast polltion7mining accients7 health effects on miners

:clear po/er )aioacti*ity7 misse of fissile an other raioacti*e material -y terrorists7

proliferation of nclear /eapons7 lan polltion -y mine tailings7 health effects onranim miners

?iomass Effect on lanscape an -ioi*ersity7 gron/ater polltion e to fertili4ers7 se ofscarce /ater7 competition /ith foo procing

,yroelectricity Displacement of poplations7 effect on ri*ers an gron/ater7 ams (*isalintrsion an risk of accient!7 seismic effects7 o/nstream effects on agricltre7

methane emissions from s-mergen -iomass

+in po/erisal intrsion in lanscapes7 noise7 -ir strikes7 interference /ith

telecommnications

"ial po/er isal intrsion an estrction of /illife ha-itat7 rece ispersal of efflents(these concerns apply manly to tial -arrages7 not tial crrent tr-ines!

9eothermal energy )elease of pollting gases (27 ,27 etc!7 gron/ater polltion -y chemicalsincling hea*y metals7 seismic effects

olar energy eestration of large lan areas (in the case of centrali4e plant!7 se of toicmaterials in manfactre of some P cells7 *isal intrsion in rral an r-an

en*ironments

#l l l di f i ll t t


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#loal loading fro! various pollutants

and hu!an disruption

2nsult 0atural

&aseline(tonnes+

year)

Human

*isru!tion2nde.

Commercial

ner,ySu!!ly

#raditional

ner,ySu!!ly

A,riculture 'anufacturin,5

ot"er

ea emission to air 127000 18 0.1 negligi-le negligi-le 0.5&

il aition to oceans 2007000 10 0. negligi-le negligi-le 0.5

Camim to air 1700 5. 0.1A 0.05 0.12 0.$0

lphr to air A1 mil 2.$ 0.85 0.005 0.01 0.1A

#ethane flo/ to air 10 mil 2.A 0.18 0.05 0.5 0.12

:itrogen fiation 10 mil 1.5 0.A0 0.02 0.$ 0.01

#ercry emission to air 27500 1. 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.$$

:2 flo/s to air AA mil 0.5 0.12 0.08 0.80 negligi-le

Particlate to air A7100 mil 0.12 0.A5 0.10 0.0 0.15

:on%methane hyrocar-on

to air

1 -illion 0.12 0.A5 0.05 0.0 0.A0

Car-on ioie to air 150

-illion

0.05 0.$5 0.0A 0.15 0.0$

& id + i C t t


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&cid +ain, Caronate syste!

& id + i S* d .*

http://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg


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&cid +ain, S* and .*

2(g! H ,2 ,2A

22(g! H 2 2A (g!

A(g! H ,2 ,2

2:2 (g! H ,2 ,:2 H ,:A


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Strong vs Wea &cids

A1

S*0 d .* E i i f E h l i


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S*0 and .* E!issions of Energy echnologies

#ec"nolo,y S/6 t+#W" 0/6 t+#W"

,yro /ith reser*oir $ 150

Diesel (0.25' ! 1285 A10%127000

,ea*y oil (1.5' ! /ithot

scr--ing

801A 17A00%27000

,yro rn%of%ri*er 1 120

Coal (1'! /Io scr--ing 52$ $00%57000

Coal /ith 2 scr--ing 10 &0%57000

:clear A 150

:atral gas A1 $$%17500

=el cell $0 %

?iomass plantation 2 17100%27500

a/mill /aste 2 &%17&00

+in po/er & $$%1A0

P 2 150

L d


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Land use

#ec"nolo,y 3m6 !er #W"

(min a!!ro.)

3m6 !er #W"

(ma. a!!ro.),yro /ith reser*oir 0 200

,yro rn%of%ri*er 1 5

Coal 10

:clear 0.5 5

?iomass plantation 5AA 2200

a/mill /aste 1 A

+in po/er 25 115

P A0 5

E P


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Energy Payac

#ec"nolo,y ner,y out!ut+

ner,y in!ut

,yro /ith reser*oir 205

,yro rn%of%ri*er 20

Coal(1'! /ithot 2 scr--ing $

Coal (2'! /ith 2 scr--ing 5

:clear 1

:atral gas 5

=el cell A

?iomass plantation 5

a/mill /aste 2$

+in po/er 80

P &

E t l t (E t liti )


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Eternal cost (Eternalities)

Eternality6 the cost for polltant etc. that the technology creates.

S !!ari ed List of $actors to e considered


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Su!!ari1ed List of $actors to e considered

when ea!ining sustainaility

Potential sstaina-le energy sorces

9lo-al change (especially 9,9 emissions!

9eneral Polltion (/ater7 soilIgron/ater7 ocean7 air7 /astes!


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2iscussion, hydro-electro-power with a reservoir

vs3 with a run-off-river

Potential sstaina-le energy sorces

9lo-al change (especially 9,9 emissions!

9eneral Polltion (/ater7 soilIgron/ater7 ocean7 air7 /astes!

Note 07 class about environmental engineering

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