Nota grafik sains t3
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GRAFIKNotaBAB Respirasi
Respiration1
Organ-organ Respirasi/Respiratory Organ
Tarikan Nafas dan Hembusan NafasInhalation and Exhalation
Penafasan dan Pertukaran GasBreathing and the Exchange of Gases
Trakea/Trachea
Bronkus/Bronchus
Peparu/Lung
Rongga hidungNasal cavity
DiafragmaDiaphragm
Tulang rusukRib
Lubang hidung/Nostril
BronkiolBronchiole
Kapilari darahBlood capillary
AlveolusAlveolus
kapilari darahblood capillary
alveolusalveolus
Otot interkosta/Intercostal muscle
Tarikan nafas/Inhalation• Udara disedut ke dalam peparu Air is sucked into the lungs
Hembusan nafas/Exhalation• Udara dikeluarkan dari peparu Air is expelled from the lungs
MengecutContractMengendurRelaxNaik ke atas dan ke luarUpwards and outwardsMendatarBecomes �atBertambahIncreasesLebih rendahLowerUdara disedutAir is inhaled
Tarikan nafasInhalation
Hembusan nafasExhalation
Bahagian yang terlibatPart involved
Otot interkosta luarExternal intercostal musclesOtot interkosta dalamInternal intercostal musclesPergerakan tulang rusukMovement of ribsBentuk diafragmaShape of diaphragmIsi padu rongga toraksVolume of thoracic cavityTekanan udara di dalam rongga toraksAir pressure in the thoracic cavityPergerakan udaraAir movement
MengendurRelaxMengecutContractTurun ke bawah dan ke dalamDownwards and inwardsMelengkung ke atasCurves upwardsBerkurangDecreasesLebih tinggiHigherUdara terdesak keluarAir is forced out
Oksigen meresap masuk ke dalam kapilari darah dari alveolusOxygen diffuses into the blood capillary from the alveolus
Karbon dioksida meresap keluar dari kapilari darah ke dalam alveolusCarbon dioxide diffuses out from the blood capillary into the alveolus
N1
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 1 8/28/14 9:49 AM
GRAFIKNota
BAB Peredaran Darah dan PengangkutanBlood Circulation and Transport2
Struktur Jantung/Structure of Heart
Jenis Peredaran Darah dan Jenis Salur DarahTypes of Blood Circulation and Types of Blood Vessels
Aorta/Aorta
Peredaran pulmonariPulmonary circulation
Peredaran sistematikSystemic circulation
darahterdeoksigendeoxygenatedblood
darahberoksigenoxygenatedblood
Atrium kiri/Left atrium
Injap sabit/Semilunar valve
Injap bikuspid/Bicuspid valve
Arteri pulmonari/Pulmonary artery
Vena kava/Vena cava
Atrium kanan/Right atrium
Injap trikuspid/Tricuspid valve
Ventrikal kiri/Left ventricle
Ventrikal kanan/Right ventricle
Vena pulmonariPulmonary vein
• Vena mempunyai dinding nipis, kurang kenyal dan kurang berotot. Veins have thin, less elastic and less muscular walls.• Kapilari darah mempunyai dinding yang sangat nipis, iaitu setebal satu sel. Blood capillaries have very thin walls that are one-cell thick.• Arteri mempunyai dinding tebal, kenyal dan berotot. Arteries have thick, elastic and muscular walls.
vena/vein arteri/arterykapilari darahblood capillary
JantungHeart
JantungHeart
PeparuLungs
JantungHeart
JantungHeart
Tisu badanBody tissues
N2
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 2 8/28/14 9:49 AM
GRAFIKNota
Jenis-jenis Sel Darah/Types of Blood Cells
Transpirasi/Transpiration
Stoma Daun/Leaf Stoma
Bentuk/Shape:Ceper dwicekung/Biconcave discFungsi/Function:Mengangkut oksigen/To transport oxygen
Bentuk/Shape:Tidak tetap/IrregularFungsi/Function:Membunuh bakteria/To kill bacteria
Bentuk/Shape:Tidak tetap/IrregularFungsi/Function:Membekukan darah/To clot blood
Sel darah merahRed blood cells
PlatletPlatelets
Sel darah putihWhite blood cells
Transpirasi/Transpiration• Menyejukkan tumbuhan pada hari panas Cools the plant on hot days• Membantu mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke daun Helps in the transportation of water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
Sel pengawal/Guard cell• Mengawal saiz stoma Controls the size of the stoma
Stoma/Stoma• Membenarkan udara meresap ke dalam dan ke luar daun Allows air to diffuse in and out of the leaf
Floem/Phloem• Mengangkut makanan dari daun ke bahagian tumbuhan
yang lain To transport food from the leaves to other parts of the plant
Xilem/Xylem• Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke daun Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
Pengangkutan dalam TumbuhanTransportation in Plants
N3
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 3 8/28/14 9:49 AM
GRAFIKNota
BAB PerkumuhanExcretion3
Perkumuhan Manusia/Human Excretion
Sistem Urinari ManusiaThe Human Urinary System
Organ perkumuhanExcretory organs
Kulit/Skin Peparu/Lungs Ginjal/Kidneys
Vena kava/Vena cava
Arteri ginjal/Renal artery
Vena ginjal/Renal vein
Aorta/Aorta
Ginjal/Kidney• Menapis dan menyingkirkan urea, garam mineral dan air berlebihan daripada darah Filters and removes urea and excess mineral salts and water from the bloodUreter/Ureter
• Menyalurkan air kencing dari ginjal ke pundi kencing Channels urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Uretra/Urethra• Menyalurkan air kencing keluar dari badan Channels urine out of the body
Pundi kencing/Urinary bladder• Menyimpan air kencing Stores urine
Keratan Membujur GinjalA Longitudinal Section of the Kidney
Perkumuhan TumbuhanExcretion in Plants
Korteks/Cortex
Medula/Medulla
Pelvis/PelvisUreterUreter
Hasil perkumuhan yang kompleks mengenap pada daun, bunga atau kulit tumbuhan untuk digugurkan.Complex excretory products gather in the leaves, �owers or bark to be shed.
BerpeluhSweating
Air, garam mineral dan ureaWater, mineral salts and urea
Cara perkumuhanMethods of excretion
Hasil perkumuhanExcretory products
Menghembus nafasExhalation
Karbon dioksida dan airCarbon dioxide and water
KencingUrinating
Air, garam mineral dan ureaWater, mineral salts and urea
N4
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 4 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
BAB PembiakanReproduction4
Sistem Pembiakan Lelaki/The Male Reproductive System
Sistem Pembiakan Perempuan/The Female Reproductive System
Pembiakan AseksAsexual Reproduction
Duktus sperma/Sperm duct• Menyalurkan sperma dari testis Channels sperms from the testis
Uterus/Uterus• Menempatkan dan melindungi embrio Implants and protects the embryo
Serviks/Cervix• Menghasilkan lendir untuk pergerakan sperma Produces mucus for sperms to move
Tiub Falopio/Fallopian tube• Tempat berlakunya persenyawaan A place where fertilisation occurs
Ovari/Ovary• Menghasilkan ovum Produces ova
Faraj/Vagina• Menerima sperma dari zakar Receives sperms from the penis
Kelenjar prostat/Prostate gland• Menghasilkan bendalir yang mengaktifkan sperma Produces a �uid that activates sperms
Uretra/Urethra• Menyalurkan sperma dan air kencing Channels sperms and urine
Skrotum/Scrotum• Melindungi testis Protects the testis
Testis/Testis• Menghasilkan sperma Produces sperms
Bakteria/Bacteria
Setawar/Bryophyllum
Tapak sulaiman/Star�sh Halia/Ginger
Yis/Yeast
Pembentukan spora Spore formation
Pembiakan vegetatif Vegetative reproduction
Paku pakis/Fern
Belahan deduaBinary fission
Penjanaan semula Regeneration
PertunasanBudding
N5
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 5 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
Kitar Haid/The Menstrual Cycle
Struktur Bunga/The Structure of a Flower
Persenyawaan, Pengovulan dan PenempelanFertilisation, Ovulation and Implantation
stigmastigma
stilstyle
anteranther
filamenfilament
stamenstamen
pistilpistil
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5
tempoh haidmenstrual phase
tempoh haidmenstrual phase
fasa suburfertile phase
Persenyawaan/Fertilisation• Proses percantuman sperma dan ovum dalam tiub Falopio The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum in the Fallopian tube
Penempelan/Implantation• Proses pelekatan embrio
pada dinding uterus The process of the embryo
sticking to the wall of the uterus
Ovulasi/Ovulation• Proses pembebasan ovum dari ovari A process of releasing an ovum from the ovary
ranggipetal
sepalsepal
ovulovule
ovari/ovary
tangkai bungaflower stalk
• Stamen ialah organ jantan manakala pistil ialah organ betina bunga.
The stamens are the male organs while the pistil is the female organ of a �ower.
• Ovari menghasilkan ovul dan anter menghasilkan butir debunga.
The ovary produces ovules and anthers produce pollen grains.
N6
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 6 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
Struktur Biji Benih/The Structure of Seeds
Jenis Pendebungaan/Types of Pollination
Burung/Birds Rama-rama/Butterflies Lebah/Bees
Plumul/Plumule• Tumbuh menjadi pucuk Grows into a shoot
Radikel/Radicle• Tumbuh menjadi akar Grows into a root
Testa/Testa• Melindungi biji benih Protects the seed
Kotiledon/Cotyledon• Menyimpan makanan untuk percambahan Stores food for seed germination
• Bunga bersaiz kecil, biasanya putih, tidak berbau, anter besar, banyak debunga dan berfilamen panjang.
Flowers are small in size, normally white, not fragrant, have big anthers, a lot of pollens and long �laments.
• Bunga bersaiz besar, berwarna cerah, berbau wangi, stigma melekit dan berfilamen pendek. Flowers are big in size, bright in colour, fragrant, have sticky stigma and short
�laments.
• Berlaku pada bunga atau pokok yang sama Occurs at the same �ower or the same plant
Pendebungaan kacuk/Cross-pollination
• Berlaku pada pokok yang berlainan Occurs at different plants
Agen Pendebungaan/Pollinating Agents
Pendebungaan sendiri/Self-pollination
Angin/Wind
N7
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 7 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
BAB PertumbuhanGrowth5
Kadar Pertumbuhan Manusia/The Human Growth Rate
Peringkat-peringkat Pertumbuhan ManusiaThe Growth Stages of Humans
3 13 20 650
Ketinggian (cm)Height (cm)
Umur (tahun)Age (years)
BayiInfancy
Kanak-kanakChildhood
RemajaAdolescence
DewasaAdulthood
TuaOld age
3 13 20 650
Ketinggian (cm)Height (cm)
Umur (tahun)Age (years)
pertumbuhanpesatrapid growth
pertumbuhanperlahanslow growth
pertumbuhanpesatrapid growth
pertumbuhanminimaminimal growth
pertumbuhannegatifnegative growth
BayiInfancy
Kanak-kanakChildhood
RemajaAdolescence
DewasaAdulthood
TuaOld age
N8
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 8 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
BAB Tanah dan SumbernyaLand and Its Resources6
Tindak Balas antara Logam dengan OksigenReaction betweena Metal and Oxygen
Tindak Balas antara Logam dengan SulfurReaction betweena Metal and Sulphur
Pemanasan Sulfida Logam/The Heating of Metal Sulphides
Mineral (Unsur)/Minerals (Elements)
MerkuriMercury
Tindak balas antara logam dengan oksigen membentuk oksida logamReaction between a metal and oxygen forms a metal oxide
Tindak balas antara logam dengan sulfur membentuk sul�da logamReaction between a metal and sulphur forms a metal sulphide
+MagnesiumMagnesium
oksigenoxygen
+ +plumbum oksidalead oxide
sulfur dioksidasulphur dioxide
Plumbum sul�daLead sulphide
oksigenoxygen
+ zink sul�dazinc sulphide
ZinkZinc
sulfursulphur
KarbonCarbon
PlatinumPlatinum
SulfurSulphur
panaskanheated
panaskanheated
larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasidacidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
tabung ujitest tube
plumbum sulfidalead sulphide
magnesium oksidamagnesium oxide
N9
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 9 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
Sebatian Silikon/Silicon Compounds
Penyulingan Berperingkat PetroleumFractional Distillation of Petroleum
Sebatian Kalsium Karbonat/Calcium Carbonate Compounds
• Sebatian silikon tidak larut dalam air, tidak bertindak balas dengan asid dan tidak terurai apabila dipanaskan.
Silicon compounds do not dissolve in water, do not react with acids and do not decompose when heated.
Silika(Silikon dioksida)Silica(Silicon dioxide)
Silikat/Silicate
Pecahan petroleum/Petroleum fractions
Pasir/Sand Kuarza/Quartz Batu api/Flint
Tanah liat/Clay Asbestos/Asbestos Mika/Mica
(a) Tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat dengan asid Reaction between calcium carbonate and acid
+ kalsium kloridacalcium chloride
Kalsium karbonatCalcium carbonate
asid hidroklorikhydrochloric acid
(b) Pemanasan kalsium karbonat The heating of calcium carbonate
+ karbon dioksidacarbon dioxide
Kalsium karbonatCalcium carbonate
panaskan
heatkalsium oksidacalcium oxide
+ karbon dioksidacarbon dioxide + air
water
Gas petroleum/Petroleum gas
Petrol/Petrol
Nafta/Naphta
Kerosin/Kerosene
Diesel/Diesel
Minyak pelincir/Lubricating oil
Minyak bahan api/Fuel oil
Bitumen/BitumenMenara penyulinganDistillation tower
N10
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 10 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
BABBAB KeelektrikanElectricity7
Fenomena yang Berkaitan dengan Cas-cas ElektrostatikPhenomena Related to Static Electrical Charges
Sumber-sumber Tenaga Elektrik/The Sources of Electrical Energy
Elektroskop/Electroscope
Akumulator asid-plumbumLead-acid accumulator
Sel keringDry cells
DinamoDynamo
KilatLightning
Konduktor kilatLightning conductors
Palam pencucuhSpark plug
• Elektroskop digunakan untuk mengesan cas-cas elektrik yang kecil.
The electroscope is used to detect small electrical charges.
• Kerajang emas mencapah apabila objek-objek yang bercas dibawa mendekati ceper logamnya.
The gold leaf diverges when charged objects are brought near to its metal disc.
• Cas elektrik statik dapat dihasilkan pada objek yang neutral dengan menggosokkannya dengan satu bahan yang lain seperti kain bulu atau kain sutera.
Static electrical charges can be produced on a neutral object by rubbing it with a different material such as a woollen cloth or silk cloth.
Awan dicaskan apabila wap air di dalamnya bergeser dengan zarah-zarah udara. Pemindahan cas-cas menghasilkan kilat.Clouds are charged when the water vapour in it rubs with air particles. The transfer of charges produces lightning.
Hujung konduktor kilat yang bercabang mengalirkan cas-cas elektrik daripada kilat ke Bumi.The end of a lightning conductor that is branched directs the electrical charges of the lightning to the Earth.
Cas-cas elektrik ‘melompat’ melintasi ruang bunga api pada palam pencucuh untuk menghasilkan bunga api yang menyalakan bahan api.Electric charges ‘jump’ across the spark space on the plug to produce sparks that ignite the fuel.
ceper logammetal disc
elektroskopelectroscope
kerajang emasgold leaf
N11
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 11 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
Jana Kuasa Van de Graaff, Ammeter dan VoltmeterVan de Graaff Generator, Ammeter and Voltmeter
Simbol Komponen Litar Elektrik/Symbols of Electrical Circuit Components
Medan Magnet/Magnetic Field
Jana kuasa Van de GraaffVan de Graaff generator
Alatan yang menghasilkan cas-cas elektrik yang bervoltan tinggi.A device that produces electrical charges at high voltages.
AmmeterAmmeter
MentolBulb
Perintang tetapFixed resistor
ReostatRheostat
SuisSwitch
AmmeterAmmeter
VoltmeterVoltmeter
FiusFuse
GalvanometerGalvanometer
PembumianEarthing
Alatan yang digunakan untuk menyukat arus elektrik dalam unit amphere (A).A device that is used to measure electric current in the unit of ampere (A).
VoltmeterVoltmeter
Medan magnet dapat ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan serbuk besi.A magnetic �eld can be shown by using iron �llings.
Medan magnet berbentuk bulat terbentuk di sekeliling konduktor lurus apabila arus elektrik mengalir melaluinya.A circular magnetic �eld is formed around a straight conductor when electricity �ows through it.
Alatan yang digunakan untuk menyukat voltan elektrik dalam unit volt (V).A device that is used to measure electric voltage in the unit of volt (V).
V GA
Sel keringDry cell
N12
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 12 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
BAB Penjanaan ElektrikGeneration of Electricity8
Jenis GeneratorTypes of Generators
Transformer/Transformers
generatorgenerator
turbinturbine
air/water
empangan/dam
Generator hidroelektrikHydroelectric generator
Generator nuklearNuclear generator
Generator turbin gasGas turbine generator
Generator termaThermal generator
Transformer injak naik/Step-up transformer
air panashot water
reaktor nuklearnuclear reactor
dandangboiler
bahan apifuel
turbinturbine
mentol menyaladengan terangbulb lights up brightly
mentol menyala dengan malapbulb lights up dimly
air panashot water
udaraair
pemampatcompressor
turbin/turbine
asap/smoke
bahan api/fuel
kebuk pembakarancombustion chamberGenerator diesel
Diesel generator
enjin dieseldiesel engine
arus elektrikelectric current
dinamodynamo
• Gegelung sekunder mempunyai bilangan lilitan dawai yang banyak.
The secondary coil has many turns of wire.• Voltan output tinggi. High output voltage.
• Gegelung primer mempunyai bilangan lilitan dawai yang kurang.
The primary coil has few turns of wire.• Voltan input rendah. Low input voltage.
mentol menyaladengan malapbulb lights up dimly
mentol menyala dengan terangbulb lights up brightly
• Gegelung sekunder mempunyai bilangan lilitan dawai yang kurang.
The secondary coil has few turns of wire.• Voltan output rendah. Low output voltage.
• Gegelung primer mempunyai bilangan lilitan dawai yang banyak.
The primary coil has many turns of wire.• Voltan input tinggi. High input voltage.
Transformer injak turun/Step-down transformer
N13
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 13 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
Pendawaian Palam 3-Pin/The Wiring in a 3-Pin Plug
Sistem Penghantaran dan Pengagihan ElektrikThe Electricity Transmission and Distribution System
stesen jana kuasapower station 132 kV
11 kV
industriringanlightindustry
industriberatheavyindustry
rumahhouse
bandarcity
lapangan suisswitch zone
pencawang masuk utamamain substation
pencawang bahagianbranch substation
pencawang bahagianbranch substation
Rangkaian GridNasionalNational GridNetwork
11 kV 33 kV
Transformer injak turunStep-downtransformer Transformer injak turun
Step-down transformer
Transformer injak naikStep-up transformer
415 V240 V
Fius/Fuse• Menghalang arus berlebihan daripada mengalir melaluinya Prevents excessive current from �owing through it
Dawai hidup/Live wire• Membawa arus ke alat elektrik Carries current to the electrical appliances
Arus yang mengalir/Current that flows
Kuasa/Power (W) Voltan/Voltage (V)=
Dawai bumi/Earth wire• Membawa arus bocor ke bumi Carries leaked electric current
to the earth
Dawai neutral/Neutral wire• Membawa arus kembali ke
sumbernya Carries current back to the
source
N14
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 14 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
BAB Bintang dan GalaksiStars and Galaxies9
Struktur MatahariThe Structure of the Sun
Galaksi/Galaxy
Korona/Corona
Teras/Core
Kromosfera/Chromosphere
Fotosfera/Photosphere
Fenomena dalam MatahariPhenomena in the Sun
Objek Hasil Kematian BintangThe Objects as a Result of the Death of Stars
Kelahiran BintangThe Birth of Stars
Tarikan graviti bertambah.The gravitational pull increases.
Objek yang terbentuk bergantung pada saiz bintang.The objects formed depend on the size of the stars.
Tindak balas nuklear berlaku. Bintang terbentuk.Nuclear reactions occur. A star is born.
Prominen/Prominence
Nebula/Nebula
Nyala suria/Solar �are Tompok matahari/Sunspots
Berbentuk pilinSpiral shape
Bintang kerdil putihWhite dwarf star
SupernovaSupernova
Bintang neutronNeutron star
Lohong hitamBlack hole
Raksasa merahRed giant
N15
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 15 8/28/14 9:50 AM
GRAFIKNota
BABBAB Penerokaan Angkasa LepasSpace Exploration10
Sumbangan Ahli AstronomiThe Contributions of Astronomers
Teknologi Berkaitan Penerokaan Angkasa LepasTechnology Related to Space Exploration
Menyediakan tempat di angkasa lepas untuk menjalankan kajian.Provides a place in outer space for carrying out studies.
Stesen angkasa lepasSpace station
Claudius Ptolemy
Kapal angkasa yang tidak membawa manusia yang dilancarkan ke angkasa lepas.A spaceship that does not carry humans and is launched to outer space.
ProbProbe
Menjalankan penderiaan jauh untuk mengkaji keadaan di Bumi dari angkasa lepas.Carries out remote sensing to study the conditions on the Earth from outer space.
SatelitSatellite
Mencadangkan Bumi adalah pusat Sistem Suria.Suggested that the Earth is the centre of the Solar System.
Galileo Galilei
Mencipta teleskop astronomi yang pertama.Invented the �rst astronomical telescope.
Nicholas Copernicus
Mencadangkan Matahari adalah pusat Sistem Suria.Suggested that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System.
Johannes Kepler
Menyatakan orbit Bumi berbentuk elips.Stated that the Earth’s orbit is elliptical.
Aristotle
Mencadangkan Bumi berbentuk sfera.Suggested that the Earth is spherical in shape.
Isaac Newton
Memperkenalkan hukum graviti.Introduced the law of gravity.
N16
00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 16 8/28/14 9:50 AM