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Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 1 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT


DIRECTIONAL DRILLING


Evolution of architecture over the last 30 years Source / Illustrations: TOTAL



Three major technology breakthrough

Directional drilling

Computer technology

Measurement While

Drilling





Computer technology

Measurement While

Drilling





Computer technology

Measurement While

Drilling

And, more recently …. new technologies and tools,

- Rotary Steerable Systems,

- Geosteering technics,

have helped in achieving maximum effective reservoir contact and

delivering wells ahead of schedule.



OFFSHORE SHORELINE RELIEF WELL

MULTIPLE ZONES

INACCESSIBLE SITE

Main applications

and,

SIDETRACKING (technical)



Directional wells are commonly drilled …

- for increasing well productivity (horizontal, multilateral wells),

- to gain access to remaining reserves from new wells or re-entries requiring

complex directional profiles,

- for a reduction of the number of wells,

=== > for a reduction of the $ / bbl



P&A section

deviated well =

directional drilling

GEOLOGICAL SIDE TRACKING



Onshore operations ….

Wells drilled from a “cluster”

Source / illustration: Books from IFP and

“Chambre Syndicale de la Recherche et de la Production du Pétrole et du gaz naturel”



Well implantation

on the WP

Offshore operations …

clustered wells on wellbay

on a wellhead platform

Well trajectories over the structure Template for clustered wells



Offshore operations ….

Subsea clustered wells with manifold

(Dalia field - TOTAL)



Blowout

on the WP

Subsea

wellhead

Surface

wellhead

1000 to 1500 m

Relief well Blowout

well

reservoir

relief well drilled

directionally



Floating

rig



0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Statfjord

Cretaceous

Paleocene

Eocene

26"26"

18"5/8 (20deg)

13"3/8 (3450m - 65 deg)

60 deg (d=1.45)

9"5/8 (6477m)

75deg (d=1.65)

(TD : 7800m)

75 deg (d=1.80)

West flank

Dunbar south

Platform

2 km

Central

Frontal

West flank

Dunbar south

Platform

2 km

Central

Frontal

Testing a new panel

from existing offshore facilities

Illustration / source: TOTAL

New panel

3500



CONTENTS

- Generalities,

Engineering

- Terminology and trajectories,

- Measurements, calculations,

Technology - tools : jetting & whipstocks

: rotary drilling with stabilized “conventional” BHA

: drilling motors

: rotary drilling with RSS tools



Terminology

500

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

departure

1000 1500 2000 2500

wellhead

K O P (Kick Off Point)

build up section & build up

rate/gradient

slant section &

inclination

drop off section & drop off rate/gradient

objective

N

T V

D =

Tru

e V

ert

ical D

ep

th

objective

E

Azimuth

(theoretical)

PROJECTION ON

HORIZONTAL

PLAN

PROJECTION ON

AZIMUTH

VERTICAL PLAN

T M D = True Metrage Depth

= length of the well

vertical section


Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 17 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT Presentation JB – AG – JCN

17


One example ….


RESERVOIR

J-shape

profile

S-shape

profile Horizontal

well

Extended Reach Drilling

(ERD-well) Multilateral

wells

departure

Main trajectories

departure



BUILD-RATE CLASSIFICATION (tentative)

Classification Build-rate (°/100ft) Radius (ft) Tools or equipment

(approx) (approx)

long radius 2 to 8 2800 to 715 Standard drlg. equipt.

medium radius 8 to 30 715 to 195 Std. or special drlg. equipt.

rotary and steering process

short radius 30 to 80 190 to 70 Special drlg. equipment

steering process

ultra-short radius > 80 to … 71 to ( ~ 40 ) Special drlg. Equipment

steering process only.

Reminder

Radius = 573 / BUR with: R in m BUR in ° / 10m

Radius = ~ 5730 / BUR with: R in ft BUR in ° / 100 ft



BUILD-RATE CLASSIFICATION (tentative)

Classification Build-rate (°/100ft) Radius (ft) Practical lateral length

(approx) (approx) (approx)

long radius 2 to 8 2800 to 715 4000 to 6000 ft

medium radius 8 to 30 715 to 195 1500 to 3500 ft

short radius 30 to 80 190 to 70 300 to 1000 ft

ultra-short > 80 to … 71 to ( ~ 40 )

Reminder

Radius = 573 / BUR with: R in m BUR in ° / 10m

Radius = ~ 5730 / BUR with: R in ft BUR in ° / 100 ft



Variables for survey

calculations

Station 1

( Î1, Â1 === > x1, y1, z1)

Station 2

( Î2, Â2 === > x2, y2, z2,)



Measurements

NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS,

- reach the objective,

- full knowledge of the well trajectory (collision avoidance or relief well)

- locate and avoid/minimise impact of dog-leg(s),

USE OF MEASUREMENTS

- drawing of the real well profile; the real trajectory is calculated from measurements,

- to know the bit position (x, y, z coordinates),

- to correct the trajectory as necessary during the drilling process.

MAIN PARAMETERS TO MEASURE

- drilled length (with length of drillpipes or wireline),

- inclination,

- azimuth and tool face (tool face = angle of the bit-axis with the (just drilled) hole axis).



Directional survey

calculations

(calculation of projections)

Source: Drilling Engineering – Penn Well / NJ Adams

Note: once selected, stick to the

same method of calculation

No more used/ bad accuracy

can be used - manual calculations

and “minimum curvature” == > widely used with computers


Calculations


MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIONAL & FORMATION EVALUATION PARAMETERS

Measurements needed to control trajectories are inclination ( Î ), azimuth ( Â ) and

tool face (TF)

Measurements of parameters …

- are recovered after POOH the bit == > delayed time tools,

- or, are transmitted in real time == > steering tools, MWD / LWD tools.

DELAYED TIME TOOLS:

-- inclinometers (Î), magnetic single shot (Î, Â, TF): used during the drilled

sections,

-- magnetic multi-shots or gyroscopic multi-shots: used after a section has

been drilled (or before completion); gyroscopic tools can be used in

cased hole (and for reference of final trajectory).



MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIONAL & FORMATION EVALUATION PARAMETERS

REAL TIME TOOLS:

-- Steering tools: data (Î, Â, TF) are transmitted to surface via a conductor

cable. (drawbacks: need of a side-entry sub, operating

implementation is difficult) .

-- MWD / LWD tools:

- are located permanently at the bottom of BHA (near the bit),

- NO CABLE for transmission of data,

- data are transmitted to surface at regular intervals through the drilling

fluids or via electromagnetic transmission.

Nowadays more and more parameters are measured and transmitted in

real time: torque, pressure, formation-evaluation data ...



Transmission:

- mud pulses transmission, when a drilling fluid is used,

- electromagnetic transmission (air drilling application),

- wired-drill pipes are under development

Outside diameters of MWD tools: typically from 3 ½” to 9 ½” (for drilling 4 ¾” to 17 ½”

bore holes)

Telemetry - NEW technologies

Telemetry through wired-drillpipe system up to

57000 bits/sec; (mud-pulse pressure system (10000 bits/sec)

-- applications:

. Steering highly deviated wells (ERD),

. Under Balanced Drilling: independence on drilling fluid properties,

. Telemetry at any flow rates (even with no circulation !)

. Drilling with continuous monitoring of annulus pressure (MPD),

Source: IntelliPipeTM



Different measurements with a MWD and/or a LWD deviation parameters Formation evaluation Drilling parameters

parameters

Inclination Gamma ray Torque

Azimuth Resistivity WOB

Tool face Density Vibrations

Temperature Neutron (porosity) Annular pressure

Sonic



SISI : MWPS (WPS1) - WPS2 - WPS4 platforms and wells Layout

Directional drilling and collision avoidance Directional drilling

for relief well



SISI : MWPS (WPS1) - WPS2 - WPS4 platforms and wells Layout

Directional drilling and collision avoidance


Main root causes of well collision …

- Human error,

- Inadequate survey practices,

- Software problems,

- Lack of integrity of databases.

Wells proximity issues require the

ability to nudge and steer wells

at any point along the trajectory.


Presentation JB – AG 32

Start of “build up” section

with a whipstock



Note: nowadays they are mainly used

for casing exits (multilateral well

application).



necessity

to survey !... Directional drilling with

stabilised BHA --inclination: pendulum device

--azimuth: magnetic tools, gyroscopic

compass

(stop drilling, pull the bit ….)

BHA with PDM and bent sub === > not necessary to pull the bit

BHA with PDM + mud pulse telemetry === > not necessary to stop drilling

sliding & rotating are possible

BHA with RSS === > not necessary to stop rotating

monitoring the tool by human

intervention at surface

the future …

BHA with RSS === > RSS systems which steer themselves

without intervention from surface

1920 1970

1995 2000

1975 -- 1980



CONTROL OF THE TRAJECTORY -- GENERAL PRINCIPLE

In general ** control of the well deviation will be monitored with the

stiffness of the BHA (at the very bottom part of the BHA)

… to get:

. a fulcrum effect (fulcrum BHA),

. a angle-holding effect (packed-hole BHA),

. a pendulum effect.

… by selecting:

. size of DC,

. number, position (from the bit) and size of stabilizers === >

different contact points with the well bore,

. weight on bit (WOB).

** Nowadays also, use of PDM motors , RSS tools for monitoring

complex directional trajectories.



NB

FG

D

C A

m

BU

ILD

UP

B

HA

DR

OP

OF

F B

HA

AN

GL

E-H

OL

DIN

G (

pa

ck

ed

-ho

le)

STA

BIL

IZE

D

BH

A

DC

A

m

SS

FG

NB

FG

3 to

8 f

t

500

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

departure

1000 1500 2000 2500

wellhead

build up section

slant section

drop off section

objective

“Typical” Stabilized rotary BHA

Source / illustration: Books from IFP and “Chambre Syndicale de la Recherche et de la Production du Pétrole et du gaz naturel”

multiple stabilization points

to customize BHA

response.



necessity

to survey !... Directional drilling with

stabilised BHA --inclination: pendulum device

--azimuth: magnetic tools, gyroscopic

compass

(stop drilling, pull the bit ….)

BHA with PDM and bent sub === > not necessary to pull the bit

BHA with PDM + mud pulse telemetry === > not necessary to stop drilling

sliding & rotating are possible




the future …



1920 1970

1995 2000

1975 -- 1980



DEPLOYMENT OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIRECTIONAL

DRILLING (contd.)

Down-hole drilling motors: Positive Displacement Drilling Motors (PDM)

PDM are fluid-driven drilling tools that turn the bit independent of drillstring rotation.

PDM have large application; low speed (100 to 250 RPM) and torque up to

10 000 ft.lbs,

The typical drilling motor configuration was a straight motor (about 20 ft long) with a

bent-sub in the external housing and two or more stabilizers

Limitation in application due to elastomer properties vs. temperature and/or oil based

muds.



Positive-displacement motor (PDM) components


Rotor: steel external helix

Stator : elastomer internal helix

Stator has one more lobe than the rotor;

motor 1 / 2 lobes = high speed x low torque == > good tool for tool face control

motor 7 / 8 lobes = low speed x high torque == > good tool for long straight

sections

Adjustable

bent housing

Bit



Typical steerable motor configuration


UBHO

UBHO = (Universal Bottom Hole Orienting Sub);

it is a seat for a measuring tool to take

measurement of the tool face


Bent housing for changing direction

when sliding the drillstring


Source: Schlumberger – Oilfield Review

In sliding mode only the bit rotates and the hole follows the axis of the bent

housing below the bent sub.

In rotary mode both the bit and the drillstring rotate and the bit cuts a straight

path parallel to the axis of the drillstring above the bent sub,

Bent sub

DEPLOYMENT OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING






the future …



1990 -- 1995 2000

directional tools that allow

well trajectory (inclination AND azimuth)

to be actively guided while rotating.



Pistons/pads retracted

Pistons/pads extended

“push the bit” system

“point the bit” system

The shaft in the tool is

pushed to point the bit

in direction

The pads of the tool are

pushed against the bore-hole

to change bit orientation



DEPLOYMENT OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (contd)

Rotary steerable systems for directional drilling

Main Advantages - being able to rotate continuously the drillstring ---- > better weight transmission to the bit, --- > higher ROP = higher drilling performance, ---- > better hole cleaning, less torque and drag, less chance of stuck pipe, give greater reach for ERD .… ---- > smoother trajectory: reduce hole spiralling, more hole in gauge = easier tripping, less reaming, better log quality, casing operations - being able to activate the RSS tools from surface ---- > directional drilling without having to pull the bit = fewer trips -- > saving time -- > saving costs = drill more complex well paths - rotation + steering use in conjonction with MWD+LWD (geosteering), ---- > better well placement = better performance with less water or undesired gas


Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 44 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT Presentation JB

- AG

Source: internet

Maersk, Al Shaheen field, Qatar

99

96 94 90

EXTENDED REACH DRILLING LV

ExxonNeftegaz Odoptu field Sakhalin

11


Thanks to directional techniques and technologies, it is now

possible to drill:

- Complex drilling trajectory

- Horizontal wells,

- Extended Reach Wells (ERD),

- Multilateral wells.



Shallow gas

carbonates

Avoiding shallow gas

Avoiding losses

Reservoir Targets

13”3/8

9”5/8

COMPLEX 3-D TRAJECTORIES

Keep dog leg and angle at reasonable level to allow logging and well servicing

50o inclination maximum in front of Gravel Pack section



KOP

tangent

section

Departure + / - 300 m

One BU section

Two BU sections

Horizontal well - profiles

Hor. drain

Hor. drain

First build up section

Second build up section

Pilot hole




“geometric drilling section” refers to

drilling along a fixed, predermined

trajectory using the directional drilling

data in real time,

“geosteering drilling section” refers to

navigating the borehole using geological

data (nature and properties of drilled

formation (in addition to directional

drilling data) in real time.

DEPLOYMENT OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING





Thanks to geosteering techniques … Pilot hole is no more mandatory


Example of a horizontal

gas development

Source & illustrations: TOTAL

HORIZONTAL DRILLING TECHNIQUES


Source / Illustrations: TOTAL

Hidra field – Tierra del Fuego

Argentina



(10+ km Departure)

1 Extended Reach Well

drilled in 1999

Horizontal Departure 10422 m

VD 1666 m

MD 11021 m

ratio H/V 6.24

Progressive Build Up (BUR = 1.5 to 3.5°/30 m)

13’’3/8 csg at 1135m MD

9’’5/8 csg at 6350m MD

Long Slant Section (5215 m, Inc 81°)

20’’ csg

Lateral Branch

Long Sub Horizontal Reservoir approach (88°)

7” liner at 10025m MD

10585 m

6.39

11184 m

Source / Illustrations: TOTAL



BP -- Witch Farm – Extended Reach Drilling project

Source: Photo : BP Exporation Operating Co Ltd. + MMS documentation



Source: internet

Sakhalin 1 - project

Early 2011,

Exxon Neftegaz - Sakhalin project

Well: OP 11 -- Odoptu field 40502 ft (TMD); 37648 ft (departure)

Well duration (drilling) = 60 days !

Rig: Yastreb (Parker Drilling)



A multilateral well drilled offshore Norway ….

44 429 ft (13 542 m) of reservoir

exposed from a single slot !

Source: Baker Hughes INTEQ / Hart’s E&P / Aug 2007

MULTILATERAL WELLS


Main applications

Multilateral wells ....

MULTILATERAL WELLS


Slides were prepared for presentation and information to Students of Schools and Universities only.

References

Slides presented were prepared with illustrations from the following referenced documents:

- API Standards and Recommended Practices,

- Neal J. Adams, Drilling Engineering , PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985,

- (Halliburton) - Petroleum Well Construction – J Willey & Sons

- Miscellaneous books from “Chambre Syndicale de la Recherche et de la Production du Pétrole et du gaz naturel”

- IFP Drilling data handbook

- Miscellaneous documentation from TOTAL Drilling Division

- Halliburton Completion Services

- Miscellaneous books from IFP

- Leading Edge Advantage Ltd (Under Balance Drilling).

- Miscellaneous documentation from web-sites: O&GJ, World Oil, SPE

- Transocean, Saipem, Pride Drilling Contractors

- Baker Hughes, Schlumberger, Weatherford, Wild Well Control Service Companies

- Cameron, Hydril, Companies.

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