not to be republished © NCERTbstbpc.gov.in/Bookpdf/class12/ChemistryPart1/lhch1ps.pdf · izFke...
Transcript of not to be republished © NCERTbstbpc.gov.in/Bookpdf/class12/ChemistryPart1/lhch1ps.pdf · izFke...
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
izFke laLdj.kvizSy 2007 oS'kk[k 1929iqueqZæ.kuoacj 2007 dk£rd 1929iQjojh 2009 ek?k 1930fnlacj 2009 ikS"k 1931tuojh 2011 ek?k 1932tuojh 2012 ikS?k 1933ekpZ 2013 iQkYxqu 1934tuojh 2014 ikS"k 1935
PD 8T RA
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~]2007
`
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isijij eqfnzrA
izdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSjizf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016}kjk izdkf'kr rFkk
}kjk eqfnzrA
ISBN 81-7450-732-9
lokZf/dkj lqjf{krq izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk
bysDVªkW fudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksxi¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjkm/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ(fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU;ugha gksxkA
izdk'ku lg;ksx
vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % v'kksd JhokLro
eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % f'ko oqQekj
eq[; O;kikj izca/d % xkSre xkaxqyh
eq[; laiknd (lafonk lsok) % ujs'k ;kno
laiknd % js[kk vxzoky
mRiknu lgk;d % nhid tSloky
vkoj.k ,oa lTtkCyw fiQ'k
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQilJh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708
108, 100 iQhV jksMgsyh ,DlVsasa'ku] gksLMsosQjscuk'kadjh III LVstcSaxyq# 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740
uothou VªLV HkouMkd?kj uothouvgenkckn 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQilfudV% /udy cl LVkWiifugVhdksydkrk 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDlekyhxkaoxqokgkVh 781021 Phone : 0361-2674869
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+ktkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS] ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkkvkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSjikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSA bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwrnhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesajk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kZr cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dki+ Qh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dksdYiuk'khy xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus rFkk lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHko ij fopkjdjus dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk,] rks cPps cM+ksa}kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lkèkuksa,oa lzksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dhizo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfØ;kesa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA
;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”aknxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dki+ Qh isQjcny dh ek¡ x djrs gSaA nSfudle;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS] ftruk ok£"kd oSQysaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.kosQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r;djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dkvuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvkssaus fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZèkkZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl rFkk gkFk ls dh tkus okyhxfrfofèk;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr osQ ifjJe osQfy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ foKku ,oa xf.kr dh ikB~;iqLrd osQ lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{kts-oh- ukyhZdj vkSj bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ eq[; lykgdkj izksi+ sQlj ch-,y- [kaMsyoky dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjhgSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks LakHko cukus osQ fy, gemuosQ izkpk;ksZa osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh la LFkkvksa vkSj la xBuksa osQ izfr o`QrK gSa] ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa]lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kkfoHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izksi+ sQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr(ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, /U;okn nsrs gSaAO;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fuja rj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr le£ir ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh] ftuls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn yh tk losQA
funs'kdu;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj20 uoacj 2006 çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
izLrkouk
jlk;u us lekt ij xgjk vlj Mkyk gSA bldk ekuo tkfr osQ dY;k.k ls izxk<+ laca/ gSA jlk;uesa izxfr dh nj bruh vf/d gS fd ikB~;Øe fodkld lnSo blls lkeatL; cSBkus osQ fy,uhfr;k¡ cukrs jgrs gSaA blDsQ vfrfjDr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh izsfjr djus dh vko';drk gS tks Hkfo";esa ewyHkwr ekxZn'kZu djus esa ;ksxnku ns losaQxsA orZeku ikB~;iqLrd bl fn'kk esa okLrfod iz;kl gSA
bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ nks Hkkx gSa ftuesa DqQy lksyg ,dd gSaA ;|fi fofHkUu ,ddksa osQ 'kh"kZdns[kus ls yxrk gS fd fo"k;oLrq HkkSfrd] vdkcZfud ,oa dkcZfud jlk;u esa foHkkftr gS ijarqikBd ;g ik,¡xs fd bu mifo"k;ksa esa tgk¡ rd laHko gks ldk] ijLij laca/ LFkkfir fd;kx;k gS ftlls fo"k; dh ,dhÑr igq¡p cuh jgsA fo"k;oLrq dk izLrqrhdj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;U=korLej.k djus ls jksdrk gSA okLro esa fo"k; dks jlk;u osQ fu;eksa ,oa fl¼karksa osQ pkjksa vksjla?kfVr fd;k x;k gSA fo|kFkhZ bu fu;eksa ,oa fl¼karksa ij izoh.krk izkIr dj ysus osQ i'pkrizkxqfDr djus dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p tk,axsA
tgk¡ ij Hkh mfpr Fkk] ,sfrgkfld fodkl vkSj thou esa mi;ksx crkrs gq,] fo"k; esamRlqdrk tkxzr j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ewy&ikB dks ifjos'k ls mnkgj.k nsrs gq, Hkyhizdkj le>k;k x;k gS ftlls vo/kj.kk osQ xq.kkRed vkSj ek=kkRed i{kksa dks le>uk lqlkè;rFkk vklku gks tk,xkA
fofHkUu xq.k/eks± dh rqyuk vklku cukus osQ fy, iqLrd esa lHkh txg HkkSfrd vk¡dM+s SI
bdkb;ksa esa fn, x, gSaA ukedj.k osQ fy, IUPAC i¼fr osQ lkFk&lkFk lkekU; i¼fr dkHkh mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA jklk;fud ;kSfxdksa osQ lajpukRed lw=kksa osQ izdk;kZRed@milgla;ksthlewgksa dks bysDVªkWfud O;oLFkk lfgr vyx&vyx jaxksa esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA izR;sd ,dd esa le>kusosQ fy, vusd mnkgj.k vkSj muosQ gy fn, x, gSaA ikB~;fufgr iz'u Hkh gSa ftuesa ls oqQNosQ gy ,dd osQ var esa fn, x, gSaA ,dd osQ var esa vH;kl osQ fy, fn, x, iz'uksadh vfHkdYiuk bl izdkj dh xbZ gS fd mUgsa gy djus osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ fl¼karksa dk mi;ksxdjuk gksxk vkSj ;g fparu dh izo`fÙk dks c<+k,xkA vH;kl osQ oqQN iz'uksa osQ gy iqLrd osQvar esa fn, x, gSaA
oqQN oSKkfudksa osQ thou o`rkar vkSj izlax ls lacaf/r vf/d tkudkjh tSlh fofHkUu ikB~;lkexzh xgjs ihys jax osQ naM okys ?ksjs esa fn, x, gSaA xgjs ihys naM ls ;qDr ?ksjs esa nhxbZ fo"k;oLrq ikB~;lkexzh dks vfèkd jkspd cuus osQ fy, gS ijarq ;g ewY;kadu osQ fy,ugha gSA iqLrd esa fn, x, vf/d tfVy ;kSfxdksa dh lajpuk,a muosQ jlk;u dks le>us osQfy, gSaA mudk izLrqrhdj.k jVus dk dkj.k cusxk] vr% ewyikB dk ;g Hkkx Hkh ewY;kaduosQ fy, ugha gSA
tgk¡ ij laHko gks ldk gS osQoy lwpukvksa ij vk/kfjr Hkkx dks dkI+kQh de fd;k x;kgSA blosQ LFkku ij rF; fn, x, gSaA ijarq fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, vko';d gS fd mUgsa egRoiw.kZvkS|ksfxd jlk;uksa osQ mRiknu vkSj mlesa iz;qDr gksus okys dPps eky osQ Ïksr dk Kku gksA ;g
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
fooj.k iqLrd esa fn;k x;k gSA ,sls ;kSfxdksa osQ fooj.k dks mudh lajpukvksa vkSj vfHkfØ;k'khyrkdks egRo nsdj jkspd cukus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa dks Å"ekxfrdh]jklk;fud cyxfrdh rFkk oS|qrjlk;u i{k }kjk le>k;k x;k gS tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g le>usesa ykHkizn gksxk fd veqd vfHkfØ;k D;ksa gksrh gS ,oa mRikn }kjk dksbZ fo'ks"k xq.k D;ksa iznf'kZrfd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa i;kZoj.k ,oa ÅtkZ osQ fo"k; esa vR;f/d tkx:drk gS ftldk lhèkklaca/ jlk;u ls gSA bu fo"k;ksa dks iqLrd esa ;FkkLFkku mHkkjk x;k gS vkSj mu ij fopkj fd;kx;k gSA
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ }kjk xfBr fo}kuksa dh Vhe }kjk iqLrd dhikaM qfyfi rS;kj dh xbZ gSA eq>s Vhe osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dks muosQ cgqewY; ;ksxnku osQ fy, vkHkkjizdV djrs gq, vR;ar g"kZ gks jgk gSA bl iqLrd dks orZeku :i esa izLrqr djus osQ fy, laikndksa}kjk fd, x, cgqewY; vkSj vFkd ;ksxnku osQ izfr Hkh eSa vkHkkj izdV djrk gw¡A eSa izksI+ksQljczã izdk'k dks Hkh lefiZr iz;kl ,oa cgqewY; ;ksxnku osQ fy, /U;okn Kkfir djrk gw¡ vkSjvkHkkj izdV djrk gw¡ ftUgksaus u osQoy bl laiw.kZ dk;ZØe dk leUo;u fd;k vfirq bl iqLrdosQ ys[ku rFkk laiknu esa Hkh lfØ; Hkkx fy;kA vè;kidksa vkSj fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa dk Hkh vkHkkjizdV djrk gw¡ ftUgksaus iqujoyksdu dk;Z'kkyk esa Hkkx ysdj ;ksxnku fn;k] ftlls gesa iqLrd dksfo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vuqowQy cukus esa lgk;rk feyhA eSa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ rduhdh ,oa iz'kklfudLVkiQ dks Hkh èkU;okn nsrk gw¡ ftUgksaus laiw.kZ izfØ;k esa lgk;rk dhA
bl iqLrd dh ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr fo'okl djrh gS fd ;g iqLrd ikBdksa esa blfo"k; dks i<+us dh mRlqdrk vkSj vkd"kZ.k mRiUu djsxhA iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd iqLrd =kqfVjfgrgksA fiQj Hkh bl izdkj dh iqLrd esa tfVyrk osQ dkj.k dHkh&dHkh =kqfV;k¡ gks tkrh gSaA blizdkj dh =kqfV;ksa dks ikBdksa ls tkudj mUgsa nwj djus esa gesa izlUurk gksxhA
ch-,y- [kaMsyoky
vi
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr
vè;{k] foKku vkSj xf.kr ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lfefrt;ar fo".kq ukyhZdj] izksI+ksQlj] vè;{k] lykgdkj lfefrA varj&fo'ofo|ky; osaQnz] [kxksyfoKkuvkSj [kxksy HkkSfrdh] (IUCAA)] xus'k¯[kn] iq.ks fo'ofo|ky; ifjlj] iq.ksA
eq[; lykgdkjch-,y- [kaMsyoky] izksI+ksQlj] funs'kd] fn'kk baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ eSustesaV rFkk VSDuksyksth] jk;iqj]NÙkhlx<+] iwoZ vè;{k] jlk;u foHkkx] bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ VSDuksykWth] u;h fnYyhA
lnL;czã izdk'k] izksI+ksQlj (lnL; ,oa leUo;d] vaxzs”kh laLdj.k)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;hfnYyhA
,-,l- cjkj] izksI+ksQlj] jlk;u foHkkx] bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ VsDuksykWth] u;h fnYyhA
,-D;w- dkWUVªsDVj] izksI+ksQlj] jlk;u foHkkx] bafM;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ VsDuksykWth] iksokbZ] eqacbZA
vatuh dkSy] izoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
vkbZ-ih- vxzoky] izksI+ksQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] {ks=kh; f'k{k.k laLFkku] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] HkksikyA
osQ-osQ- vjksM+k] jhMj] jlk;u foHkkx] ”kkfdj gqlSu egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyhA
osQ-,u- mikè;k;] vè;{k (vodk'kizkIr)] jlk;u foHkkx] jketl egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]fnYyhA
dfork 'kekZ] izoDrk] Mh-bZ-bZ-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
,e-ih- egktu] izksI+ksQlj] jlk;u foHkkx] xq# ukud nso fo'ofo|ky;] ve`rlj] iatkcA
,e-,y- vxzoky] iz/kukpk;Z (vodk'kizkIr)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] t;iqj] jktLFkkuA
iwju pan] izksI+ksQlj] la;qDr funs'kd (vodk'kizkIr) lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
vkj-,- oekZ] miiz/kukpk;Z] 'kghn clUr oqQekj fcLokl loksZn; fo|ky;] flfoy ykbal] u;hfnYyhA
vkj-osQ- oekZ] izksI+ksQlj] jlk;u foHkkx] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] fcgkjA
vkj-osQ- ikjk'kj] izoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
vkj-,l- fLak/w] izksI+ksQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
,l-osQ- xqIrk] jhMj] LowQy vkWI+kQ LVMh”k bu osQesLVªh] ftokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] eè; izns'kA
,l-osQ- Mksxjk] izksI+ksQlj] MkW- ch-vkj- vacsMdj lsaVj iQkWj ck;ksesfMdy fjlpZ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]fnYyhA
loZthr lpnsok] ih-th-Vh- (jlk;u)] lsaV dksyacl LowQy] u;h fnYyhA
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
,l- c/okj] izoDrk] Msyh dkWyst] bankSj] eè; izns'kA
oh-,u- ikBd] izksI+ksQlj] jlk;u foHkkx] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj] jktLFkkuA
fot; lkjnk] jhMj] jlk;u foHkkx] ”kkfdj gqlSu egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyhA
oh-osQ- oekZ] izksI+ksQlj] (vodk'k izkIr)] baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ VsDuksykWth] cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky;]okjk.klh] mÙkj izns'kA
oh-ih- xqIrk] izksI+ksQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] {ks=kh; f'k{k.k laLFkku] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] Hkksiky] eè; izns'kA
lnL;&leUo;dvydk esgjks=kk] jhMj (leUo;d] fganh laLdj.k) Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
fganh :ikarjvkj-osQ- mikè;k;] ofj"B izoDrk] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesjA
vkyksd prqosZnh] ofj"B izoDrk] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesj
v#.k ikjhd] izoDrk] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesjA
vrqy 'kekZ] izoDrk] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] ukxkSjA
vydk esgjks=kk] jhMj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
,l-ih- ekFkqj] foHkkxkè;{k] fo'kq¼ ,oa vuqiz;qDr jlk;u foHkkx] e-n-l- fo'ofo|ky;] vtesjA
osQ-th- vks>k] ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] fo'kq¼ ,oa vuqiz;qDr jlk;u foHkkx] e-n-l- fo'ofo|ky;] vtesjA
js.kq ikjk'kj] izoDrk] galjkt egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA
vkj-osQ- ikjk'kj] izoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
lqjsUnz vjksM+k] ofj"B izoDrk] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesjA
viii
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
vkHkkjjk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ mu lHkh laLFkkvksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa osQ izfr vkHkkj izdV djrhgS ftUgksaus jlk;u foKku dh d{kk 12 dh ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa vewY; ;ksxnku fn;kA ifj"kn~fuEufyf[kr fo}kuksa dk Hkh vkHkkj izdV djrh gS ftUgksaus fganh ikaMqfyfi osQ iqujoyksdu] laiknu rFkklqèkkj esa vewY; ;ksxnku fn;kµ
v#.k ikjhd] ysDpjj] jlk;u foHkkx jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesj_ vfuy oqQekj 'kekZ] ih-th-Vh-(jlk;u)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] fodkliqjh] u;h fnYyh_ vrqy oqQekj 'kekZ] ysDpjj] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh;egkfo|ky;] ukxkSj_ vkyksd prqosZnh] ofj"B ysDpjj] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesj_ vkj-,y- firfy;k] miiz/kukpk;Z] ,e-,y-oh- jktdh; ih-th- dkWyst] HkhyokM+k] jktLFkku_vkj-osQ- mikè;k;] ofj"B ysDpjj] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesj_ miek flag] ih-th-Vh-(jlk;u)] foosdkuUn LowQy] fnYyh_ ,l-ih- ekFkqj] foHkkxkè;{k] fo'kq¼ ,oa vuqiz;qDr jlk;u foHkkx]e-n-l- fo'ofo|ky;] vtesj_ osQ-osQ- 'kekZ] miiz/kukpk;Z (vodk'kizkIr)] dkWyst vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku]jktLFkku ljdkj] vtesj_ osQ-th- vks>k] ,lksf'k,V izksI+ksQlj] fo'kq¼ ,oa vuqiz;qDr jlk;u foHkkx]e-n-l- fo'ofo|ky;] vtesj_ fnus'k xqIrk] foHkkxkè;{k] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesj_fctsUnz flag] jhMj] jlk;u foHkkx] galjkt dkWyst] fnYyh_ lehj O;kl] vuqla/ku lgk;d] osaQnzh; e`nk,oa lkexzh vuqla/ku'kkyk] u;h fnYyh_ latho oqQekj] jhMj] jlk;u foHkkx] ns'kca/q dkWyst (fnYyhfo'ofo|ky;)] u;h fnYyh_ lqjsUnz vjksM+k] ofj"B ysDpjj] jlk;u foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] vtesjA
ifj"kn~ Jh lrh'k pUnz lDlsuk] iwoZ mifuns'kd 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx] dh Hkh Hkk"kk;h nf"V ls lg;ksx nsusosQ fy, vkHkkjh gSA Hkk"kk dh nf"V ls ikaMqfyfi esa lq/kj osQ fy, vej flag lpku vkSj vo/ fd'kksj flagdkWih ,fMVj] dk lg;ksx Hkh iz'kaluh; jgk gSA
ifj"kn~ 'kSf{kd rFkk iz'kklfud lg;ksx gsrq] izksI+ksQlj gqoqQe flag] (vè;{k)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-],u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh] dh Hkh vkHkkjh gSA
ifj"kn~ nhid diwj] izHkkjh] oaQI;wVj LVs'ku] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh rFkk mudh lg;ksxh VheosQ fuEufyf[kr lnL;ksa }kjk lg;ksx osQ fy, vkHkkj izdV djrh gSA ujsUnz oqQekj] fot; flag] bUnz oqQekj]lk;ek] ujs'k oqQekj] lhek esgeh rFkk fot; dkS'ky Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj_ Írq >k] oqQUnu fu'kkdj ,oavpZuk mikè;k;] izwI+kQ jhMj dk bl iqLrd dh lTtk esa fo'ks"k lg;ksx izkIr gqvkA
bl iqLrd osQ izFke Vad.k esa lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ Vh-ts- ,aVjizkb”ks”k nfj;kxat] fnYyh] dk HkhvkHkkj izdV djrh gSA
ifj"kn~ lgk;d dk;ZØe leUo;d dk;kZy;] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ iz'kklu vkSj izdk'kufoHkkx osQ lg;ksx gsrq gkfnZd vkHkkj Kkfir djrh gSA
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
Hkkjr dk lafo/kuHkkx 4d
ukxfjdksa osQ ewy drZO;vuqPNsn 51 dewy drZO; & Hkkjr osQ izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g drZO; gksxk fd og &
(d) lafo/ku dk ikyu djs vkSj mlosQ vkn'kks±] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vªèot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknjdjs_
([k) Lora=krk osQ fy, gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kks± dks ân;esa latks, j[ks vkSj mudk ikyu djs_
(x) Hkkjr dh laizHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djs vkSj mls v{kq..k cuk, j[ks_
(?k) ns'k dh j{kk djs vkSj vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djs_
(Ä) Hkkjr osQ lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djs tks/eZ] Hkk"kk vkSj izns'k ;k oxZ ij vkèkkfjr lHkh HksnHkkoksa ls ijs gks] ,slh izFkkvksa dkR;kx djs tks efgykvksa osQ lEeku osQ fo#n~/ gkas_
(p) gekjh lkekfld laLdfr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dk egRRo le>s vkSj mldk ifjj{k.kdjs_
(N) izkdfrd i;kZoj.k dh] ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; tho gSa] j{kk djs vkSjmldk laoèkZu djs rFkk izkf.kek=k osQ izfr n;kHkko j[ks_
(t) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djs_
(>) lkoZtfud laifRr daaks lqjf{kr j[ks vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgs_
(×k) O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/;ksa osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ dh vksj c<+us dk lrr~iz;kl djs] ftlls jk"Vª fujarj c<+rs gq, iz;Ru vkSj miyfC/ dh ubZ m¡Qpkb;ksa dks NwlosQ_ vkSj
(V) ;fn ekrk&firk ;k laj{kd gS] Ng o"kZ ls pkSng o"kZ rd dh vk;q okys vius];FkkfLFkfr] ckyd ;k izfrikY; dks f'k{kk osQ volj iznku djsA
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
fo"k; lwphvkeq[k iii
izLrkouk v
,dd 1 Bksl voLFkk 1
1-1 Bksl voLFkk osQ lkekU; vfHky{k.k 2
1-2 vfØLVyh; ,oa fØLVyh; Bksl 2
1-3 fØLVyh; Bkslksa dk oxhZdj.k 4
1-4 fØLVy tkyd vkSj ,dd dksf"Bdk 6
1-5 ,d ,dd dksf"Bdk esa vo;oh d.kksa dh la[;k 10
1-6 fufoM laoqQfyr lajpuk,a 12
1-7 laoqQyu {kerk 16
1-8 ,dd dksf"Bdk foek laca/h x.kuk,a 19
1-9 Bkslksa esa viw.kZrk,a 22
1-10 fo|qrh; xq.k 24
1-11 pqacdh; xq.k 27
,dd 2 foy;u 32
2-1 foy;uksa osQ izdkj 32
2-2 foy;uksa dh lkanzrk dks O;Dr djuk 33
2-3 foys;rk 37
2-4 nzoh; foy;uksa dk ok"i nkc 40
2-5 vkn'kZ ,oa vukn'kZ foy;u 44
2-6 v.kqla[; xq.k/eZ vkSj vkf.od nzO;eku dh x.kuk 46
2-7 vlkekU; eksyj nzO;eku 54
,dd 3 oS|qrjlk;u 62
3-1 oS|qr jklk;fud lsy 63
3-2 xSYoSuh lsy 64
3-3 usULVZ lehdj.k 69
3-4 oS|qrvi?kVuh foy;uksa dk pkydRo 73
3-5 oS|qrvi?kVuh lsy ,oa oS|qrvi?kVu 83
3-6 cSVfj;k¡ 87
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
xii
3-7 bZa/u lsy 89
3-8 la{kkj.k 90
,dd 4 jklk;fud cyxfrdh 94
4-1 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k osx 95
4-2 vfHkfØ;k osx dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd 100
4-3 lekdfyr osx lehdj.k 105
4-4 Nn~e izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k 111
4-5 vfHkfØ;k osx dh rki ij fuHkZjrk 112
4-6 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk la?kV~V fl¼kar 116
,dd 5 i`"B jlk;u 122
5-1 vf/'kks"k.k 122
5-2 mRizsj.k 128
5-3 dksykWbM 135
5-4 dksykWbMksa dk oxhZdj.k 135
5-5 beY'ku (ik;l) 144
5-6 gekjs pkjksa vksj dksykWbM 145
,dd 6 rRoksa osQ fu"d"kZ.k osQ fl¼kar ,oa izØe 150
6-1 /krq dh izkfIr 151
6-2 v;Ldksa dk lkanz.k 151
6-3 lkafnzr v;Ldksa ls v'kksf/r /krqvksa dk fu"d"kZ.k 154
6-4 /krqdfeZdh osQ m"ekxfrdh fl¼kar 155
6-5 /krqdeZ dk oS|qrjlk;u fl¼kar 161
6-6 vkDlhdj.k vip;u 162
6-7 'kks/u 163
6-8 ,syqfefu;e] dkWij] f”kd rFkk yksgs osQ mi;ksx 166
,dd 7 p-CykWd osQ rRo 168
7-1 oxZ 15 osQ rRo 168
7-2 MkbukbVªkstu 172
7-3 veksfu;k 174
7-4 ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbM 176
7-5 ukbfVªd vEy 176
7-6 I+kQkWlI+kQksjl osQ vij:i 179
7-7 iQkWLiQhu 179
7-8 I+kQkWlI+kQksjl osQ gSykbM 181
7-9 I+kQkWlI+kQksjl osQ vkWDlksvEy 182
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed
xiii
7-10 oxZ 16 osQ rRo 184
7-11 MkbvkWDlhtu 188
7-12 lkekU; vkWDlkbM 190
7-13 vks”kksu 190
7-14 lYiQj osQ vij:i 192
7-15 lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM 193
7-16 lYiQj osQ vkWDlksvEy 194
7-17 lYÝ;wfjd vEy 194
7-18 oxZ 17 osQ rRo 197
7-19 Dyksjhu 203
7-20 gkbMªkstu DyksjkbM 205
7-21 gSykstuksa osQ vkWDlksvEy 206
7-22 varjkgSykstu ;kSfxd 207
7-23 oxZ 18 osQ rRo 209
,dd 8 d- ,oa f- CykWd osQ rRo 217
8-1 vkorZ lkj.kh esa fLFkfr 218
8-2 d- CykWd rRoksa osQ bysDVªkWfud foU;kl 218
8-3 laØe.k rRoksa (d- CykWd) osQ lkekU; xq.k 219
8-4 laØe.k rRoksa osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZ ;kSfxd 232
8-5 ySUFksukW;M 236
8-6 ,fDVukW;M 239
8-7 d- ,oa f- CykWd rRoksa osQ oqQN vuqiz;ksx 241
,dd 9 milgla;kstu ;kSfxd
9-1 milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa dk ouZj dk fl¼kar 246
9-2 milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa ls lacaf/r DqQN izeq[k ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCno mudh ifjHkk"kk,a 248
9-3 milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa dk ukedj.k 251
9-4 milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa esa leko;ork 254
9-5 milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa esa vkca/u 257
9-6 /krq dkcksZfuyks esa vkca/u 265
9-7 milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa dk LFkkf;Ro 266
9-8 milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa dk egRo rFkk vuqiz;ksx 267
ifjf'k"V 272
vH;kl osQ oqQN iz'uksa osQ mÙkj 286
rduhdh 'kCn&lwph 290
© NCERT
not to
be re
publi
shed