Northwest Training and Testing Activities Final ...

Northwest Training and Testing Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS September 2020

i Table of Contents

Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/

Overseas Environmental Impact Statement

Northwest Training and Testing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 PURPOSE AND NEED ................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2 The Navy’s Environmental Compliance and At-Sea Policy ................................................. 1-3

1.3 Proposed Action .................................................................................................................. 1-4

1.4 Purpose and Need ............................................................................................................... 1-4

1.4.1 Why the Navy Trains ................................................................................................ 1-5

1.4.2 Optimized Fleet Response Training ......................................................................... 1-5

1.4.3 Why the Navy Tests ................................................................................................. 1-6

1.5 Overview and Strategic Importance of Existing Range Complexes and Testing Ranges .... 1-6

1.6 The Environmental Planning Process .................................................................................. 1-7

1.6.1 National Environmental Policy Act Requirements .................................................. 1-7

1.6.2 Executive Order 12114 ............................................................................................ 1-8

1.6.3 Other Environmental Requirements Considered .................................................... 1-9

1.7 Scope and Content .............................................................................................................. 1-9

1.8 Organization of This Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas

Environmental Impact Statement ..................................................................................... 1-10

2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES ........................................ 2-1

2.1 Description of the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area ......................................... 2-1

2.2 Primary Mission Areas ........................................................................................................ 2-7

2.2.1 Air Warfare .............................................................................................................. 2-7

2.2.2 Anti-Submarine Warfare .......................................................................................... 2-8

2.2.3 Electronic Warfare ................................................................................................... 2-8

2.2.4 Mine Warfare ........................................................................................................... 2-8

2.2.5 Surface Warfare ....................................................................................................... 2-9

2.2.6 Other Activities ........................................................................................................ 2-9

2.3 Proposed Activities ........................................................................................................... 2-10

2.3.1 Proposed Training Activities .................................................................................. 2-10

2.3.2 Proposed Testing Activities .................................................................................... 2-10

2.3.3 Standard Operating Procedures ............................................................................ 2-17

2.3.3.1 High-Energy Laser Safety ........................................................................ 2-17

2.3.3.2 Sea Space and Airspace Deconfliction .................................................... 2-17


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2.3.3.3 Target Deployment and Retrieval Safety ................................................ 2-20

2.3.3.4 Pierside Testing Safety ............................................................................ 2-20

2.3.3.5 Underwater Detonation Safety .............................................................. 2-20

2.3.3.6 Sonic Booms ............................................................................................ 2-20

2.3.4 Mitigation Measures .............................................................................................. 2-21

2.4 Action Alternatives Development ..................................................................................... 2-22

2.4.1 Alternatives Eliminated from Further Consideration ............................................ 2-23

2.4.1.1 Alternative Training and Testing Locations ............................................ 2-23

2.4.1.2 Alternative EA-18G Growler Training and Testing Locations ................. 2-23

2.4.1.3 Reduced Training and Testing ................................................................ 2-24

2.4.1.4 Alternatives Including Geographic Mitigation Measures Within the Study

Area ................................................................................................................ 2-24

2.4.1.5 Simulated Training and Testing Only ...................................................... 2-24

2.4.1.6 Training and Testing Without the Use of Active Sonar .......................... 2-27

2.4.1.7 “Status Quo” Alternative ........................................................................ 2-27

2.4.2 Alternatives Carried Forward................................................................................. 2-27

2.4.2.1 No Action Alternative ............................................................................. 2-28

2.4.2.2 Alternative 1 (Preferred Alternative) ...................................................... 2-29

2.4.2.3 Alternative 2 ........................................................................................... 2-30

2.5 Comparison of Alternatives .............................................................................................. 2-31

3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ......................... 3-1

3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3-1

3.0.1 Overall Approach to Analysis ................................................................................... 3-1

3.0.1.1 Navy Compiled and Generated Data ........................................................ 3-2

3.0.1.2 Navy’s Quantitative Analysis to Determine Impacts to Sea Turtles and

Marine Mammals ..................................................................................................... 3-3

3.0.2 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................ 3-8

3.0.3 Identification of Stressors for Analysis .................................................................... 3-8

3.0.3.1 Acoustic Stressors ................................................................................... 3-10

3.0.3.2 Explosive Stressors.................................................................................. 3-26

3.0.3.3 Energy Stressors ..................................................................................... 3-30

3.0.3.4 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors .............................................. 3-34

3.0.3.5 Entanglement Stressors .......................................................................... 3-39

3.0.3.6 Ingestion Stressors .................................................................................. 3-43


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3.0.3.7 Conceptual Framework for Assessing Effects from Acoustic and

Explosive Activities ................................................................................................. 3-44

3.1 Sediments and Water Quality .......................................................................................... 3.1-1

3.1.1 Assessment of Sediments ..................................................................................... 3.1-1

3.1.2 Assessment of Water Quality ............................................................................... 3.1-2

3.1.3 Affected Environment ........................................................................................... 3.1-4

3.1.3.1 Sediments in the Study Area ................................................................. 3.1-4

3.1.3.2 Marine Debris, Military Expended Materials, and Marine Sediments 3.1-10

3.1.3.3 Climate Change and Sediments ........................................................... 3.1-11

3.1.3.4 Water Quality in the Study Area .......................................................... 3.1-12

3.1.3.5 Marine Debris and Marine Water Quality ........................................... 3.1-18

3.1.3.6 Climate Change and Marine Water Quality ......................................... 3.1-19

3.1.4 Environmental Consequences ............................................................................ 3.1-20

3.1.4.1 Explosives and Explosives Byproducts ................................................. 3.1-21

3.1.4.2 Metals .................................................................................................. 3.1-28

3.1.4.3 Chemicals Other than Explosives ......................................................... 3.1-35

3.1.4.4 Other Materials ................................................................................... 3.1-39

3.1.4.5 Secondary Stressors ............................................................................. 3.1-42

3.2 Air Quality ........................................................................................................................ 3.2-1

3.2.1 Introduction and Methods ................................................................................... 3.2-1

3.2.1.1 General Conformity Evaluation ............................................................. 3.2-3

3.2.1.2 National Environmental Policy Act Evaluation ...................................... 3.2-3


3.2.2.1 Region of Influence ................................................................................ 3.2-5

3.2.2.2 Climate of the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area .................. 3.2-5

3.2.2.3 Regional Air Pollutant Sources and Emissions ....................................... 3.2-5

3.2.2.4 Existing Air Quality ................................................................................. 3.2-5

3.2.3 Environmental Consequences .............................................................................. 3.2-8

3.2.3.1 Criteria Air Pollutants ............................................................................ 3.2-8

3.2.3.2 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change .............................................. 3.2-25

3.2.3.3 Summary of Potential National Environmental Policy Act Impacts

(Combined Impacts of All Stressors) on Air Quality ............................................ 3.2-27

3.3 Marine Habitats ............................................................................................................... 3.3-1



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3.3.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................. 3.3-1

3.3.1.2 Soft, Hard, or Vegetated Shores, and Aquatic Beds .............................. 3.3-1

3.3.1.3 Soft Bottoms, Hard Bottoms, and Artificial Structures .......................... 3.3-1


3.3.2.1 Explosive Stressors................................................................................. 3.3-2

3.3.2.2 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ............................................. 3.3-4

3.4 Marine Mammals ............................................................................................................. 3.4-1


3.4.1.1 General Background ................................................................................ 3.4-1

3.4.1.2 Species Unlikely to Be Present in Northwest Training and Testing

Study Area .............................................................................................. 3.4-12

3.4.1.3 Group Size .............................................................................................. 3.4-13

3.4.1.4 Habitat Use ............................................................................................ 3.4-14

3.4.1.5 Dive Behavior ......................................................................................... 3.4-15

3.4.1.6 Hearing and Vocalization ....................................................................... 3.4-15

3.4.1.7 General Threats ..................................................................................... 3.4-20

3.4.1.8 North Pacific Right Whale (Eublaena japonica) ..................................... 3.4-33

3.4.1.9 Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) .................................................... 3.4-34

3.4.1.10 Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) ................................................... 3.4-37

3.4.1.11 Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis) .................................................... 3.4-39

3.4.1.12 Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) ..................................... 3.4-40

3.4.1.13 Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) .................................. 3.4-41

3.4.1.14 Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) ................................................... 3.4-50

3.4.1.15 Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) ........................... 3.4-55

3.4.1.16 Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) ................................................................ 3.4-56

3.4.1.17 Northern Right Whale Dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis) ...................... 3.4-61

3.4.1.18 Pacific White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) ............. 3.4-62

3.4.1.19 Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus) .................................................... 3.4-63

3.4.1.20 Short-Beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) ........................ 3.4-64

3.4.1.21 Short-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) ................ 3.4-65

3.4.1.22 Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) ............................................ 3.4-66

3.4.1.23 Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) ...................................................... 3.4-67


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3.4.1.24 Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps) ............................................. 3.4-68

3.4.1.25 Dall’s Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) .................................................. 3.4-68

3.4.1.26 Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) ............................................. 3.4-70

3.4.1.27 Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) ........................................... 3.4-71

3.4.1.28 Baird’s Beaked Whale (Berardius bairdii) .......................................... 3.4-73

3.4.1.29 Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) ...................................... 3.4-74

3.4.1.30 Mesoplodont Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon spp.) ............................. 3.4-75

3.4.1.31 California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) ...................................... 3.4-77

3.4.1.32 Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) ............................................... 3.4-80

3.4.1.33 Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) ................................ 3.4-83

3.4.1.34 Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) ............................................. 3.4-85

3.4.1.35 Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) .............................................................. 3.4-87

3.4.1.36 Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) ........................... 3.4-91

3.4.1.37 Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) ..................................... 3.4-93


3.4.2.1 Acoustic Stressors .................................................................................. 3.4-98

3.4.2.2 Explosive Stressors ............................................................................... 3.4-317

3.4.2.3 Energy Stressors................................................................................... 3.4-422

3.4.2.4 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ........................................... 3.4-425

3.4.2.5 Entanglement Stressors ....................................................................... 3.4-435

3.4.2.6 Ingestion Stressors ............................................................................... 3.4-442

3.4.2.7 Impacts from Secondary Stressors ...................................................... 3.4-447

3.4.3 Summary of Impacts (Combined Impacts of All Stressors) .............................. 3.4-449

3.4.3.1 Combined Impacts of All Stressors Under Alternative 1 ..................... 3.4-450

3.4.3.2 Combined Impacts of All Stressors Under Alternative 2 ..................... 3.4-451

3.4.3.3 Combined Impacts of All Stressors Under the No Action Alternative . 3.4-451

3.4.3.4 Summary of Monitoring and Observations During Navy Activities

Since 2015 ............................................................................................ 3.4-451

3.4.4 Endangered Species Act Determinations ......................................................... 3.4-455

3.4.5 Marine Mammal Protection Act Determinations ............................................. 3.4-455

3.5 Sea Turtles ........................................................................................................................ 3.5-1


3.5.1.1 Diving ..................................................................................................... 3.5-1


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3.5.1.3 General Threats ..................................................................................... 3.5-4

3.5.1.4 Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) ................................... 3.5-5


3.5.2.1 Acoustic Stressors ................................................................................ 3.5-10

3.5.2.2 Explosive Stressors............................................................................... 3.5-25

3.5.2.3 Energy Stressors .................................................................................. 3.5-45





3.6 Birds ................................................................................................................................. 3.6-1


3.6.1.1 Overview of Birds within the Study Area ............................................... 3.6-3

3.6.1.2 Marbled Murrelet ................................................................................ 3.6-15

3.6.1.3 Short-Tailed Albatross ......................................................................... 3.6-20



3.6.2.2 Explosives Stressors ............................................................................. 3.6-53





3.6.2.7 Secondary Stressors (Impacts on Habitat or Prey Availability) ........... 3.6-88

3.6.2.8 Critical Habitat Determinations ........................................................... 3.6-89

3.6.2.9 Migratory Bird Treaty Act Determinations .......................................... 3.6-89

3.7 Marine Vegetation ........................................................................................................... 3.7-1


3.7.1.1 General Threats ..................................................................................... 3.7-1

3.7.1.2 Marine Vegetation Groups and Distribution ......................................... 3.7-1



3.7.2.2 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ............................................. 3.7-4


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3.8 Marine Invertebrates ....................................................................................................... 3.8-1


3.8.1.1 Taxonomic Groups ................................................................................. 3.8-1

3.8.1.2 Sound Sensing and Production .............................................................. 3.8-1

3.8.1.3 General Threats ..................................................................................... 3.8-1

3.8.1.4 Endangered Species Act-Listed Species ................................................. 3.8-3

3.8.1.5 Federally Managed Species ................................................................... 3.8-3


3.8.2.1 Acoustic Stressors .................................................................................. 3.8-5



3.8.2.4 Physical Disturbance and Strike ........................................................... 3.8-14




3.9 Fishes ................................................................................................................................ 3.9-1

3.9.1 Introduction and Methods ................................................................................... 3.9-1



3.9.2.2 General Threats ..................................................................................... 3.9-4

3.9.2.3 Taxonomic Group Descriptions and Distribution .................................. 3.9-5

3.9.2.4 Endangered Species Act-Listed Species ................................................. 3.9-5

3.9.2.5 Federally Managed Fisheries ............................................................... 3.9-21



3.9.3.2 Explosive Stressors............................................................................... 3.9-58





3.9.3.7 Secondary Stressors ........................................................................... 3.9-105


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3.10 Cultural Resources ......................................................................................................... 3.10-1

3.10.1 Affected Environment ......................................................................................... 3.10-2

3.10.1.1 Pre-Contact Archaeological Sites: Pre-Contact Inundated Sites and

Features ............................................................................................................. 3.10-4

3.10.1.2 Shipwrecks and Submerged Aircraft Wreck Sites ................................ 3.10-5

3.10.1.3 Traditional Cultural Properties .......................................................... 3.10-11

3.10.1.4 Current Requirements and Practices ................................................. 3.10-14

3.10.2 Environmental Consequences .......................................................................... 3.10-15

3.10.2.1 Explosive Stressors............................................................................. 3.10-15

3.10.2.2 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ......................................... 3.10-17

3.10.2.3 Acoustic ............................................................................................. 3.10-22

3.10.2.4 Limiting Access/Temporary Change of Use ....................................... 3.10-23

3.10.2.5 Visual and Atmospheric ..................................................................... 3.10-23

3.10.2.6 Impacts on Cultural Resources and Effects on Historic Properties . 3.10-23

3.11 American Indian and Alaska Native Traditional Resources ........................................... 3.11-1


3.11.1.1 Government-to-Government Consultation ......................................... 3.11-1

3.11.1.2 American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes .......................................... 3.11-3

3.11.1.3 Tribal Fishing Areas and Use .............................................................. 3.11-13


3.11.2.1 Impeding Access to Usual and Accustomed Fishing Grounds or Traditional

Fishing Areas ..................................................................................................... 3.11-16

3.11.2.2 Changes in the Availability of Marine Resources or Habitat ............. 3.11-19

3.11.2.3 Loss of Fishing Gear ........................................................................... 3.11-20

3.12 Socioeconomic Resources and Environmental Justice .................................................. 3.12-1

3.12.1 Introduction and Methods ................................................................................. 3.12-1


3.12.2.1 Commercial Transportation and Shipping ........................................... 3.12-2

3.12.2.2 Commercial and Recreational Fishing ............................................... 3.12-14

3.12.2.3 Tourism and Recreation..................................................................... 3.12-21


3.12.3.1 Accessibility (to the Ocean and the Airspace) ................................... 3.12-27

3.12.3.2 Airborne Acoustics ............................................................................. 3.12-34

3.12.3.3 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ......................................... 3.12-44


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3.12.3.4 Secondary Impacts ............................................................................. 3.12-48

3.13 Public Health and Safety ................................................................................................ 3.13-1


3.13.1.1 Overview .............................................................................................. 3.13-1

3.13.1.2 Safety and Inspection Procedures ....................................................... 3.13-1

3.13.1.3 Aviation Safety ..................................................................................... 3.13-2

3.13.1.4 Submarine Navigation Safety .............................................................. 3.13-2

3.13.1.5 Surface Vessel Navigational Safety ...................................................... 3.13-2

3.13.1.6 Sonar Safety ......................................................................................... 3.13-2

3.13.1.7 Explosive Ordnance Detonation Safety ............................................... 3.13-2

3.13.1.8 Weapons Firing and Ordnance Expenditure Safety ............................. 3.13-3

3.13.1.9 Laser Safety .......................................................................................... 3.13-3


3.13.2.1 Underwater Energy .............................................................................. 3.13-4

3.13.2.2 In-Air Energy ........................................................................................ 3.13-6

3.13.2.3 Physical Interactions .......................................................................... 3.13-11

3.13.2.4 Secondary Stressors ........................................................................... 3.13-13

4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 Definition of Cumulative Impacts ....................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Scope of Cumulative Analysis ............................................................................................. 4-1

4.3 Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Actions .......................................................... 4-2

4.4 Resource-Specific Cumulative Impacts ............................................................................. 4-50

4.4.1 Sediments and Water Quality ................................................................................ 4-50

4.4.2 Air Quality .............................................................................................................. 4-51

4.4.3 Marine Habitats ..................................................................................................... 4-51

4.4.4 Marine Mammals................................................................................................... 4-52

4.4.5 Sea Turtles ............................................................................................................. 4-53

4.4.6 Birds ....................................................................................................................... 4-53

4.4.7 Marine Vegetation ................................................................................................. 4-54

4.4.8 Marine Invertebrates ............................................................................................. 4-55

4.4.9 Fishes ..................................................................................................................... 4-55

4.4.9.1 Impacts of the Proposed Action that May Contribute to Cumulative

Impacts .............................................................................................................. 4-55

4.4.9.2 Impacts of Other Actions ...................................................................... 4-56

4.4.9.3 Cumulative Impacts on Fish .................................................................. 4-58


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4.4.10 Cultural Resources ................................................................................................. 4-59

4.4.10.1 Impacts of the Proposed Action That May Contribute to Cumulative

Impacts .............................................................................................................. 4-59


4.4.10.3 Cumulative Impacts on Cultural Resources .......................................... 4-60

4.4.11 Native American and Alaska Native Traditional Resources ................................... 4-61

4.4.11.1 Impacts of the Proposed Action that May Contribute to Cumulative

Impacts .............................................................................................................. 4-61


4.4.11.3 Cumulative Impacts on Native American and Alaska Native Traditional

Resources .............................................................................................................. 4-62

4.4.12 Socioeconomic Resources ..................................................................................... 4-62

4.4.12.1 Resource Trends ................................................................................... 4-63


4.4.12.3 Cumulative Impacts on Socioeconomic Resources .............................. 4-64

4.4.13 Public Health and Safety ........................................................................................ 4-65

4.5 Summary of Cumulative Impacts ...................................................................................... 4-65

5 MITIGATION ................................................................................................................ 5-1

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5-1

5.1.1 Benefits of Mitigation .............................................................................................. 5-2

5.1.2 Compliance Initiatives.............................................................................................. 5-3

5.1.2.1 Protective Measures Assessment Protocol .............................................. 5-3

5.1.2.2 Monitoring, Research, and Reporting Initiatives ...................................... 5-3

5.2 Mitigation Development Process ........................................................................................ 5-8

5.2.1 Procedural Mitigation Development ....................................................................... 5-9

5.2.1.1 Lookouts ................................................................................................. 5-10

5.2.1.2 Mitigation Zones ..................................................................................... 5-11

5.2.1.3 Procedural Mitigation Implementation .................................................. 5-11

5.2.2 Mitigation Area Development ............................................................................... 5-12

5.2.3 Practicality of Implementation .............................................................................. 5-13

5.2.3.1 Assessment Criteria ................................................................................ 5-13

5.2.3.2 Factors Affecting Practicality .................................................................. 5-16

5.3 Procedural Mitigation to be Implemented ....................................................................... 5-18

5.3.1 Environmental Awareness and Education ............................................................. 5-18

5.3.2 Acoustic Stressors .................................................................................................. 5-19


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5.3.2.1 Active Sonar ............................................................................................ 5-19

5.3.2.2 Weapons Firing Noise ............................................................................. 5-24

5.3.3 Explosive Stressors ................................................................................................. 5-26

5.3.3.1 Explosive Sonobuoys .............................................................................. 5-26

5.3.3.2 Explosive Torpedoes ............................................................................... 5-29

5.3.3.3 Explosive Medium-Caliber and Large-Caliber Projectiles ....................... 5-32

5.3.3.4 Explosive Missiles ................................................................................... 5-35

5.3.3.5 Explosive Bombs ..................................................................................... 5-38

5.3.3.6 Explosive Mine Countermeasure and Neutralization Activities ............. 5-41

5.3.3.7 Explosive Mine Neutralization Activities Involving Navy Divers ............. 5-44

5.3.4 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ............................................................. 5-48

5.3.4.1 Vessel Movement ................................................................................... 5-48

5.3.4.2 Towed In-Water Devices ......................................................................... 5-50

5.3.4.3 Small-, Medium-, and Large-Caliber Non-Explosive Practice Munitions 5-51

5.3.4.4 Non-Explosive Missiles ........................................................................... 5-53

5.3.4.5 Non-Explosive Bombs and Mine Shapes ................................................ 5-54

5.4 Mitigation Areas to be Implemented ................................................................................ 5-55

5.4.1 Mitigation Areas for Seafloor Resources ............................................................... 5-55

5.4.2 Mitigation Areas for Marine Species in the Northwest Training and Testing Offshore

Area ............................................................................................................................... 5-58

5.4.3 Mitigation Areas for Marine Species in NWTT Inland Waters ............................... 5-60

5.5 Measures Considered but Eliminated ............................................................................... 5-64

5.5.1 Active Sonar ........................................................................................................... 5-65

5.5.2 Explosives ............................................................................................................... 5-67

5.5.3 Active and Passive Acoustic Monitoring Devices .................................................. 5-68

5.5.4 Thermal Detection Systems and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ................................ 5-70

5.5.5 Third-Party Observers ............................................................................................ 5-72

5.5.6 Foreign Navy Mitigation ........................................................................................ 5-73

5.5.7 Reporting Requirements ........................................................................................ 5-74

5.6 Mitigation Summary ......................................................................................................... 5-74

6 ADDITIONAL REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................. 6-1

6.1 Consistency with Other Applicable Federal, State, and Local Plans, Policies, and

Regulations .......................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1.1 Coastal Zone Management Act Compliance ............................................................ 6-6

6.1.1.1 Washington Coastal Zone Management Program ................................... 6-7


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6.1.1.2 Oregon Coastal Management Program .................................................... 6-8

6.1.1.3 California Coastal Management Program ................................................ 6-8

6.1.1.4 Alaska Coastal Management Program ...................................................... 6-8

6.1.2 Marine Protected Areas ........................................................................................... 6-8

6.1.2.1 Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary ............................................. 6-13

6.1.3 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act .......................... 6-13

6.2 Relationship Between Short-Term Use of the Environment and Maintenance and

Enhancement of Long-Term Productivity ......................................................................... 6-13

6.3 Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitment of Resources ................................................... 6-14

6.4 Energy Requirements and Conservation Potential of Alternatives .................................. 6-14

7 LIST OF PREPARERS .................................................................................................... 7-1

8 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION ................................................................ 8-1

8.1 Project Website ................................................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 Scoping Period .................................................................................................................... 8-1

8.2.1 Public Scoping Notifications .................................................................................... 8-1

8.2.1.1 Notification Letters ................................................................................... 8-2

8.2.1.2 Postcard Mailer ....................................................................................... 8-10

8.2.1.3 Newspaper Advertisements ................................................................... 8-12

8.2.1.4 Press Releases ......................................................................................... 8-14

8.2.1.5 Subscriber Email Notifications ................................................................ 8-19

8.2.2 Summary of Public Scoping Comments ................................................................. 8-19

8.2.2.1 Proposed Action and Alternatives .......................................................... 8-19

8.2.2.2 National Environmental Policy Act and Public Involvement .................. 8-20

8.2.2.3 Location of Activities .............................................................................. 8-20

8.2.2.4 Segmentation .......................................................................................... 8-20

8.2.2.5 Environmental Impact Analysis .............................................................. 8-20

8.2.2.6 Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................ 8-21

8.2.2.7 Sediments and Water Quality Impacts ................................................... 8-21

8.2.2.8 Air Quality ............................................................................................... 8-22

8.2.2.9 Airborne Noise ........................................................................................ 8-22

8.2.2.10 Socioeconomic Resources ...................................................................... 8-23

8.2.2.11 Terrestrial Species and Habitats/Marine Birds ....................................... 8-23

8.2.2.12 Marine Resources ................................................................................... 8-23

8.2.2.13 Marine Mammal Impacts ....................................................................... 8-23


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8.2.2.14 Fish/Marine Habitat ................................................................................ 8-23

8.2.2.15 American Indian and Alaska Native Traditional Resources .................... 8-23

8.2.2.16 Public Health and Safety ......................................................................... 8-24

8.2.2.17 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................... 8-24

8.3 Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact

Statement Public Review and Comment Period ............................................................... 8-25

8.3.1 Notification of the Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas

Environmental Impact Statement Public Review and Comment Period and Public Meetings

............................................................................................................................... 8-25

8.3.1.1 Notification Letters ................................................................................. 8-25

8.3.1.2 Postcard Mailers ..................................................................................... 8-36

8.3.1.3 Newspaper Advertisements ................................................................... 8-39

8.3.1.4 Press Releases and Public Service Announcements ............................... 8-44

8.3.1.5 Subscriber Email Notifications ................................................................ 8-55

8.3.2 Public Meetings ..................................................................................................... 8-55

8.4 Comments on the Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas

Environmental Impact Statement ..................................................................................... 8-55

8.5 Distribution of the Draft and Final Supplemental Environmental Impact

Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement .................................................. 8-56

8.5.1 Federal Agencies .................................................................................................... 8-56

8.5.2 Information Repositories ....................................................................................... 8-56

List of Figures

1 Purpose and Need

Figure 1.1-1: Northwest Training and Testing Study Area ......................................................................... 1-2

Figure 1.4-1: Optimized Fleet Response Plan ............................................................................................ 1-5

Figure 1.6-1: National Environmental Policy Act Process .......................................................................... 1-8

2 Description of Proposed Action and Alternatives

Figure 2.1-1: Northwest Training and Testing Study Area ......................................................................... 2-2

Figure 2.1-2: Offshore Area of the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area ....................................... 2-4

Figure 2.1-3: Range Complexes and Facilities in the Inland Waters of the Northwest Training and Testing

Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 2-5

Figure 2.1-4: Western Behm Canal, Alaska and the Southeast Alaska Acoustic Measurement Facility ... 2-6

Figure 2.3-1: EA-18G Growler Aircraft Transit to and from Olympic Military Operations Area .............. 2-19


xiv Table of Contents

3 Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences

Figure 3.0-1: Gun Blast and Projectile from a MK 45 MOD 2 5 in./54 Caliber Navy Gun on a

Cruiser (top), a MK 45 MOD 2 5-inch/54 Caliber Navy Gun on a Destroyer (bottom left),

and a MK 45 MOD 4 5-inch/62 Caliber Navy Gun on a Destroyer (bottom right) .............. 3-25

Figure 3.0-2: Flow Chart of the Evaluation Process of Sound-Producing Activities ................................. 3-47

Figure 3.0-3: Two Hypothetical Threshold Shifts ..................................................................................... 3-50

3.1 Sediments and Water Quality

Figure 3.1-1: Sediment Quality Adjacent to the Offshore Area .............................................................. 3.1-6

Figure 3.1-2: Sediment Quality in the Inland Waters Area ..................................................................... 3.1-8

Figure 3.1-3: Water Quality Adjacent to the Offshore Area ................................................................. 3.1-13

Figure 3.1-4: Average Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Study Area in Summer .............................. 3.1-15

Figure 3.1-5: Average Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Study Area in Winter ................................ 3.1-16

Figure 3.1-6: Water Quality in the Inland Waters Area ........................................................................ 3.1-17

3.2 Air Quality

There are no figures in this section.

3.3 Marine Habitats


3.4 Marine Mammals

Figure 3.4-1: Composite Audiograms for Hearing Groups Likely Found in the Study Area .................. 3.4-18

Figure 3.4-2: The NMFS Region/Unit 10 Portion of Proposed Humpback Whale Critical Habitat in

and Around Western Behm Canal and the SEAFAC Range ......................................... 3.4-44

Figure 3.4-3: The NMFS Proposed and Numbered Humpback Whale Critical Habitat Regions/Units in

Waters of Washington, Oregon, and California Overlapping the NWTT Study Area . 3.4-45

Figure 3.4-4: Two Hypothetical Threshold Shifts ................................................................................ 3.4-104

Figure 3.4-5: Odontocete Critical Ratios ............................................................................................. 3.4-114

Figure 3.4-6: Critical Ratios for Different Noise Types ........................................................................ 3.4-115

Figure 3.4-7: Navy Auditory Weighting Functions for All Species Groups .......................................... 3.4-163

Figure 3.4-8: TTS and PTS Exposure Functions for Sonar and Other Transducers .............................. 3.4-164

Figure 3.4-9: Behavioral Response Function for Odontocetes ........................................................... 3.4-166

Figure 3.4-10: Behavioral Response Function for Pinnipeds .............................................................. 3.4-167

Figure 3.4-11: Behavioral Response Function for Mysticetes ............................................................ 3.4-167

Figure 3.4-12: Behavioral Response Function for Beaked Whales ..................................................... 3.4-168

Figure 3.4-13: Relative Likelihood of a Response Being Significant Based on the Duration and

Severity of Behavioral Reactions .............................................................................. 3.4-170


xv Table of Contents

Figure 3.4-14: Blue Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used

During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ..................................................... 3.4-188

Figure 3.4-15: Blue Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-16: Fin Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-17: Fin Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-18: Sei Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-19: Sei Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-20: Minke Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-21: Minke Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-22: Humpback Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers

Used During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ............................................ 3.4-207

Figure 3.4-23: Humpback Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-24: Gray Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-25: Gray Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-26: Common Bottlenose Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other

Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ....................... 3.4-220

Figure 3.4-27: Common Bottlenose Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-28: Killer Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-29: Killer Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-30: Northern Right Whale Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-31: Northern Right Whale Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-32: Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-33: Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other



xvi Table of Contents

Figure 3.4-34: Risso’s Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-35: Risso’s Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-36: Short-Beaked Common Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-37: Short-Beaked Common Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-38: Short-Finned Pilot Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-39: Short-Finned Pilot Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-40: Striped Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-41: Striped Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-42: Kogia Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-43: Kogia Whales Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During

Training and Testing Under Alternative 2 ................................................................. 3.4-259

Figure 3.4-44: Dall’s Porpoise Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-45: Dall’s Porpoise Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-46: Harbor Porpoise Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-47: Harbor Porpoise Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-48: Sperm Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-49: Sperm Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-50: Baird’s Beaked Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-51: Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-52: Mesoplodon Spp. (Small Beaked Whale Guild) Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar

and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ...... 3.4-279

Figure 3.4-53: Baird’s Beaked Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other



xvii Table of Contents

Figure 3.4-54: Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-55: Mesoplodon Spp. (Small Beaked Whale Guild) Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar

and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under Alternative 2 ...... 3.4-283

Figure 3.4-56: California Sea Lion Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-57: California Sea Lion Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-58: Steller Sea Lion Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-59: Steller Sea Lion Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-60: Guadalupe Fur Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-61: Guadalupe Fur Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-62: Northern Fur Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-63: Northern Fur Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers


Figure 3.4-64: Harbor Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-65: Harbor Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used


Figure 3.4-66: Northern Elephant Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-67: Northern Elephant Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from Sonar and Other


Figure 3.4-68: Navy Phase III Weighting Functions for All Species Groups ........................................ 3.4-326

Figure 3.4-69: Navy Phase III Behavioral, TTS and PTS Exposure Functions for Explosives ................ 3.4-327

Figure 3.4-70: Blue Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions

During Testing Under Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 ............................................. 3.4-348

Figure 3.4-71: Fin Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions


Figure 3.4-72: Sei Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions


Figure 3.4-73: Minke Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions



xviii Table of Contents

Figure 3.4-74: Humpback Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions


Figure 3.4-75: Gray Whale Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions


Figure 3.4-76: Northern Right Whale Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum

Number of Explosions During Testing Under Alternative 1 ...................................... 3.4-376

Figure 3.4-77: Northern Right Whale Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum

Number of Explosions During Training and Testing Under Alternative 2 ................. 3.4-378

Figure 3.4-78: Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum

Number of Explosions During Testing Under Alternative 1 ...................................... 3.4-380

Figure 3.4-79: Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum

Number of Explosions During Training and Testing Under Alternative 2 ................. 3.4-382

Figure 3.4-80: Risso’s Dolphin Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of

Explosions During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 ...... 3.4-384

Figure 3.4-81: Kogia Whales Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of

Explosions During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ................................... 3.4-389

Figure 3.4-82: Kogia Whales Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of


Figure 3.4-83: Dall’s Porpoise Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of


Figure 3.4-84: Dall’s Porpoise Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of


Figure 3.4-85: Harbor Porpoise Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of

Explosions During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 ...... 3.4-398

Figure 3.4-86: California Sea Lion Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of

Explosions During Testing Under Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 ........................... 3.4-405

Figure 3.4-87: Steller Sea Lion Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of

Explosions During Testing Under Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 ........................... 3.4-407

Figure 3.4-88: Harbor Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions


Figure 3.4-89: Harbor Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions


Figure 3.4-90: Northern Elephant Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of


Figure 3.4-91: Northern Elephant Seal Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of


3.5 Sea Turtles

Figure 3.5-1: Dive Depth and Duration Summaries for Sea Turtle Species ............................................ 3.5-2

Figure 3.5-2: Generalized Dive Profiles and Activities Described for Sea Turtles ................................... 3.5-3


xix Table of Contents

Figure 3.5-3: Composite Underwater Audiogram for Sea Turtles .......................................................... 3.5-4

Figure 3.5-4: Designated Critical Habitat for the Leatherback Sea Turtle Within the Study Area ......... 3.5-7

Figure 3.5-5: Auditory Weighting Function for Sea Turtles .................................................................. 3.5-16

Figure 3.5-6: TTS and PTS Exposure Functions for Sonar and Other Transducers ................................ 3.5-17

Figure 3.5-7: Auditory Weighting Functions for Sea Turtles ................................................................. 3.5-33

Figure 3.5-8: TTS and PTS Exposure Functions for Impulsive Sounds ................................................... 3.5-34

3.6 Birds

Figure 3.6-1: Critical Habitat for the Marbled Murrelet ....................................................................... 3.6-16

Figure 3.6-2: Marbled Murrelet Critical Habitat and Conservation Zones ........................................... 3.6-18

Figure 3.6-3: Occurrences of Marbled Murrelet Within the NWTT Offshore Area During the

Breeding Season (April 1–September 23) ........................................................................ 3.6-21

Figure 3.6-4: Occurrences of Marbled Murrelet Within the NWTT Offshore Area During the

Non-Breeding Season (September 24–March 31) ........................................................... 3.6-22

Figure 3.6-5: Occurrences of Short-Tailed Albatross Within the NWTT Offshore Area ....................... 3.6-24

3.7 Marine Vegetation


3.8 Marine Invertebrates


3.9 Fishes

Figure 3.9-1: Marine Critical Habitat for the Puget Sound Chinook Salmon Evolutionarily

Significant Units .......................................................................................................... 3.9-15

Figure 3.9-2: Marine Critical Habitat for the Hood Canal Summer-Run Chum Salmon Evolutionarily

Significant Units .......................................................................................................... 3.9-16

Figure 3.9-3: Marine Critical Habitat for the Bull Trout Distinct Population Segment ......................... 3.9-18

Figure 3.9-4: Critical Habitat for the Bocaccio and Yelloweye Rockfish Distinct Population

Segments .................................................................................................................... 3.9-20

Figure 3.9-5: Critical Habitat for the Southern Distinct Population Segment of North American

Green Sturgeon ........................................................................................................... 3.9-22

Figure 3.9-6: Fish Hearing Group and Navy Sonar Bin Frequency Ranges............................................ 3.9-44

3.10 Cultural Resources

Figure 3.10-1: Known Shipwrecks and Obstructions in the Offshore Area .......................................... 3.10-7

Figure 3.10-2: Known Shipwrecks and Obstructions in the Northern Part of the Inland Waters ........ 3.10-8

Figure 3.10-3: Known Shipwrecks and Obstructions in the Central Part of the Inland Waters ............ 3.10-9

Figure 3.10-4: Known Shipwrecks and Obstructions in the Southern Part of the Inland Waters ...... 3.10-10


xx Table of Contents

Figure 3.10-5: Known Shipwrecks and Obstructions in the Western Behm Canal, Alaska ................. 3.10-12

3.11 American Indian and Alaska Native Traditional Resources

Figure 3.11-1: Tribal Lands for American Indian Tribes Associated with the Offshore Area ................ 3.11-4

Figure 3.11-2: Tribal Lands for American Indian Tribes Associated with the Inland Waters .............. 3.11-11

Figure 3.11-3: Tribal Lands for Alaska Native Tribes Associated with the Western Behm Canal ....... 3.11-12

3.12 Socioeconomic Resources

Figure 3.12-1: Total Waterborne Trade (Foreign and Domestic) at the Port of Seattle-Tacoma from

2013 to 2017 .................................................................................................................... 3.12-4

Figure 3.12-2: Relative Density of Vessel Traffic Along Shipping Routes in the Offshore Area ............ 3.12-5

Figure 3.12-3: Relative Density of Vessel Traffic Along Shipping Routes in the Inland Waters

Portion of the Study Area ................................................................................................ 3.12-7

Figure 3.12-4: Airspace and Air Traffic Airways in the Northwest United States ............................... 3.12-12

Figure 3.12-5: Airspace and Air Traffic Airways in Inland Waters Area .............................................. 3.12-13

Figure 3.12-6: Volume of Commercial Landings by Species Group in Washington State Waters

in 2017 ............................................................................................................................ 3.12-15

Figure 3.12-7: Value of Commercial Landings by Species Group in Washington State Waters

in 2017 ............................................................................................................................ 3.12-16

Figure 3.12-8: Volume of Commercial Landings by Species Group in Oregon Waters in 2017 .......... 3.12-17

Figure 3.12-9: Value of Commercial Landings by Species Group in Oregon Waters in 2017 ............. 3.12-17

Figure 3.12-10: Recreational Areas in the Inland Waters Portion of the Study Area ......................... 3.12-26

3.13 Public Health and Safety

Figure 3.13-1: A-Weighted Sound Levels from Typical Sources ........................................................... 3.13-9

4 Cumulative Impacts

There are no figures in this chapter.

5 Mitigation

Figure 5.4-1: Seafloor Resource Mitigation Areas in the NWTT Study Area ........................................... 5-57

Figure 5.4-2: Marine Species Mitigation Areas in the NWTT Study Area ................................................ 5-63

6 Additional Regulatory Considerations

Figure 6.1-1: Marine Protected Areas in and Near the Offshore Area Portion of the Study Area ............ 6-9

Figure 6.1-2: Marine Protected Areas in and Near the Inland Waters Area of the Study Area .............. 6-10

7 List of Preparers

There are no figures in this chapter.


xxi Table of Contents

8 Public Involvement and Distribution

Figure 8.2-1: Stakeholder Scoping Notification Letter ............................................................................... 8-7

Figure 8.2-2: Postcard Mailer for Scoping (Front and Back) .................................................................... 8-11

Figure 8.2-3: Newspaper Announcement for Scoping ............................................................................. 8-13

Figure 8.2-4: Scoping Press Release ......................................................................................................... 8-15

Figure 8.2-5: Scoping Comment Extension Press Release ....................................................................... 8-17

Figure 8.3-1: Stakeholder Letter for the Notification of Availability of the Draft Supplemental

Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement ................ 8-31

Figure 8.3-2: Notice of Draft Supplemental Public Meetings Postcard Mailer (Front and Back) ............ 8-37

Figure 8.3-3: Notice of Draft Supplemental Comment Period Extension Postcard Mailer

(Front and Back) .................................................................................................................. 8-38

Figure 8.3-4: Newspaper Announcement of Draft Supplemental Availability and Public Meetings

(Washington State Version) ................................................................................................ 8-42

Figure 8.3-5: Newspaper Announcement for Draft Supplemental Comment Period Extension

(Washington State Version) ................................................................................................ 8-43

Figure 8.3-6: Press Release of Notification of Availability of the Draft Supplemental Environmental

Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement ........................................ 8-45

Figure 8.3-7: Press Release of Public Comment Period Extension for the Draft Supplemental


Figure 8.3-8: Press Release of Notification of Public Meetings for the Draft Supplemental


Figure 8.3-9: Public Service Announcement of Public Meetings (Washington State Version) ................ 8-54

List of Tables

1 Purpose and Need

There are no tables in this chapter.

2 Description of Proposed Action and Alternatives

Table 2.3-1: Training Activities Descriptions ............................................................................................ 2-11

Table 2.3-2: Naval Sea Systems Command Testing Activities Descriptions ............................................. 2-13

Table 2.3-3: Naval Air Systems Command Testing Activities Descriptions .............................................. 2-16

Table 2.3-4: Overview of Mitigation Categories ...................................................................................... 2-21

Table 2.5-1: Current and Proposed Training Activities ............................................................................ 2-32

Table 2.5-2: Current and Proposed Naval Sea Systems Command Testing Activities ............................. 2-37

Table 2.5-3: Current and Proposed Naval Air Systems Command Testing Activities .............................. 2-42

3 Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences

Table 3.0-1: Comparison of Stressors Analyzed ......................................................................................... 3-8


xxii Table of Contents

Table 3.0-2: Sonar and Transducer Sources Quantitatively Analyzed ..................................................... 3-14

Table 3.0-3: Sonar and Transducers Qualitatively Analyzed.................................................................... 3-18

Table 3.0-4: Representative Aircraft Sound Characteristics .................................................................... 3-20

Table 3.0-5: Sonic Boom Underwater Sound Levels Modeled for F/A-18 Hornet Supersonic Flight ...... 3-23

Table 3.0-6: Example Weapon Noise ....................................................................................................... 3-24

Table 3.0-7: Explosive Sources Quantitatively Analyzed that Could Be Used Underwater or at the

Water Surface ..................................................................................................................... 3-28

Table 3.0-8: Typical Air Explosive Munitions During Navy Activities ....................................................... 3-29

Table 3.0-9: Annual Number and Location of Events that Include In-Water Electromagnetic Devices .. 3-31

Table 3.0-10: Annual Number and Location of Events that Include High-Energy Lasers ........................ 3-33

Table 3.0-11: Annual Number and Location of Events that Include Aircraft Movement ........................ 3-34

Table 3.0-12: Annual Number and Location of Events that Include Vessel Movement .......................... 3-34

Table 3.0-13: Annual Number and Location of Events that Include In-Water Devices ........................... 3-35

Table 3.0-14: Annual Number and Location of Expended Non-Explosive Practice Munitions ................ 3-36

Table 3.0-15: Annual Number and Location of Other Expended or Recovered Items ............................ 3-37

Table 3.0-16: Annual Number and Location of Explosive Munitions that May Result in Fragments ...... 3-38

Table 3.0-17: Annual Number and Location of Expended and Recovered1 Targets ................................ 3-39

Table 3.0-18: Annual Number and Location of Events that Include Seafloor Devices ............................ 3-40

Table 3.0-19: Annual Number and Location of Expended Wires and Cables .......................................... 3-42

Table 3.0-20: Annual Number and Location of Expended Decelerators/Parachutes .............................. 3-42

Table 3.0-21: Annual Number and Location of Events that Include Biodegradable Polymer ................. 3-43

Table 3.0-22: Annual Number and Location of Expended Chaff and Flares ............................................ 3-43

3.1 Sediments and Water Quality

Table 3.1-1: Sediment Quality Criteria and Index ................................................................................... 3.1-3

Table 3.1-2: Comparison of Training Materials with Metal Components Under Alternative 1 ............ 3.1-31

Table 3.1-3: Comparison of Testing Materials with Metal Components Under Alternative 1 ............. 3.1-32

Table 3.1-4: Comparison of Training Materials with Metal Components Under Alternative 2 ............ 3.1-33

Table 3.1-5: Comparison of Testing Materials with Metal Components Under Alternative 2 ............. 3.1-34

3.2 Air Quality

Table 3.2-1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................................................. 3.2-2

Table 3.2-2: Attainment Status of Pierside and Inland Water Locations ................................................ 3.2-7

Table 3.2-3: Estimated Annual Baseline Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions ............................................... 3.2-9

Table 3.2-4: Estimated Annual Baseline Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions within 3 Nautical Miles ....... 3.2-10

Table 3.2-5: Estimated Annual Baseline Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Within 12 Nautical Miles .... 3.2-10


xxiii Table of Contents

Table 3.2-6: Estimated Annual Baseline Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Greater than

12 Nautical Miles .............................................................................................................. 3.2-10

Table 3.2-7: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions from Training Under Alternative 1 ... 3.2-12

Table 3.2-8: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions from Testing Under Alternative 1 ..... 3.2-13

Table 3.2-9: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions in the Northwest Training and

Testing Study Area Under Alternative 1 .......................................................................... 3.2-14

Table 3.2-10: Estimated Net Change in Annual Air Pollutant Emissions from Training and Testing

Activities in the Olympic Northwest Washington Intrastate (Within 3 NM) Under

Alternative 1 ..................................................................................................................... 3.2-15


Activities in the Puget Sound Intrastate (Within 3 NM) Under Alternative 1 .................. 3.2-16

Table 3.2-12: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Within 12 NM Under Alternative 1 . 3.2-17

Table 3.2-13: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Greater than 12 NM Under

Alternative 1 ..................................................................................................................... 3.2-17

Table 3.2-14: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions from Training Under Alternative 2 . 3.2-19

Table 3.2-15: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions from Testing Under Alternative 2 ... 3.2-20

Table 3.2-16: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions in the Northwest Training and

Testing Study Area Under Alternative 2 .......................................................................... 3.2-21


Activities in the Olympic Northwest Washington Intrastate (Within 3 NM) Under

Alternative 2 ..................................................................................................................... 3.2-22


Activities in the Puget Sound Intrastate (Within 3 NM) Under Alternative 2 .................. 3.2-23

Table 3.2-19: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Within 12 NM Under Alternative 2 . 3.2-24

Table 3.2-20: Estimated Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions Greater than 12 NM Under

Alternative 2 ..................................................................................................................... 3.2-24

Table 3.2-21: Estimated Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Northwest Training and

Testing Study Area ........................................................................................................... 3.2-26

Table 3.2-22: Comparison of Total Annual Study Area Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Emissions

in the States Within the Study Area ................................................................................. 3.2-26

3.3 Marine Habitats

There are no tables in this section.

3.4 Marine Mammals

Table 3.4-1: Marine Mammals and Their Occurrence Within the NWTT Study Area ............................ 3.4-3

Table 3.4-2: Species Within Marine Mammal Hearing Groups Likely Found in the Study Area .......... 3.4-17


xxiv Table of Contents

Table 3.4-3: Cutoff Distances for Moderate Source Level, Single Platform Training and Testing

Events and for All Other Events with Multiple Platforms or Sonar with Source

Levels at or Exceeding 215 dB re 1 µPa @ 1 m .............................................................. 3.4-169

Table 3.4-4: Ranges to Permanent Threshold Shift for Five Representative Sonar Systems ............. 3.4-173

Table 3.4-5: Ranges to Temporary Threshold Shift for Sonar Bin HF4 over a Representative

Range of Environments Within the Study Area ............................................................. 3.4-173

Table 3.4-6: Ranges to Temporary Threshold Shift for Sonar Bin LF4 over a Representative


Table 3.4-7: Ranges to Temporary Threshold Shift for Sonar Bin MF1 over a Representative






Table 3.4-10: Ranges to a Potentially Significant Behavioral Response for Sonar Bin HF4 over a

Representative Range of Environments Within the Study Area .................................... 3.4-176

Table 3.4-11: Ranges to a Potentially Significant Behavioral Response for Sonar Bin LF4 over a


Table 3.4-12: Ranges to a Potentially Significant Behavioral Response for Sonar Bin MF1 over a






Table 3.4-15: Estimated Impacts on Individual Blue Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year

from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under

Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-189



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-190

Table 3.4-17: Estimated Impacts on Individual Fin Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-193



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-195

Table 3.4-19: Estimated Impacts on Individual Sei Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-197


xxv Table of Contents



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-199

Table 3.4-21: Estimated Impacts on Individual Minke Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-201



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-203

Table 3.4-23: Estimated Impacts on Individual Humpback Whale Stocks Within the Study Area

per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing

Under Alternative 1 ........................................................................................................ 3.4-208

Table 3.4-24: Estimated Impacts on Individual Humpback Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per

Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under Alternative

2 3.4-210

Table 3.4-25: Estimated Impacts on Individual Gray Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-214



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-216

Table 3.4-27: Estimated Impacts on Individual Common Bottlenose Dolphin Stocks Within the

Study Area per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training

and Testing Under Alternative 1 .................................................................................... 3.4-221

Table 3.4-28: Estimated Impacts on Individual Common Bottlenose Dolphin Stocks Within the

Study Area per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training

and Testing Under Alternative 2 .................................................................................... 3.4-223

Table 3.4-29: Estimated Impacts on Individual Killer Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-229

Table 3.4-30: Estimated Impacts on Individual Killer Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-232

Table 3.4-31: Estimated Impacts on Individual Northern Right Whale Dolphin Stocks Within the

Study Area per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing






xxvi Table of Contents

Table 3.4-33: Estimated Impacts on Individual Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-34: Estimated Impacts on Individual Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-35: Estimated Impacts on Individual Risso’s Dolphin Stocks Within the Study Area per

Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under

Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-242

Table 3.4-36: Estimated Impacts on Individual Risso’s Dolphin Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-244

Table 3.4-37: Estimated Impacts on Individual Short-Beaked Common Dolphin Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-38: Estimated Impacts on Individual Short-Beaked Common Dolphin Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-39: Estimated Impacts on Individual Short-Finned Pilot Whale Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-40: Estimated Impacts on Individual Short-Finned Pilot Whale Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-41: Estimated Impacts on Individual Striped Dolphin Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-254

Table 3.4-42: Estimated Impacts on Individual Striped Dolphin Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-256

Table 3.4-43: Estimated Impacts on Kogia Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year from Sonar

and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ........... 3.4-258

Table 3.4-44: Estimated Impacts on Individual Kogia Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-260

Table 3.4-45: Estimated Impacts on Individual Dall’s Porpoise Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-263



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-265


xxvii Table of Contents

Table 3.4-47: Estimated Impacts on Individual Harbor Porpoise Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-268



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-270

Table 3.4-49: Estimated Impacts on Individual Sperm Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-273

Table 3.4-50: Estimated Impacts on Individual Sperm Whale Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-275

Table 3.4-51: Estimated Impacts on Individual Baird’s Beaked Whale Stocks Within the Study Area

per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under

Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-277

Table 3.4-52: Estimated Impacts on Individual Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-53: Estimated Impacts on Individual Mesoplodon Spp. (Small Beaked Whale Guild) Stocks

Within the Study Area per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During

Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ...................................................................... 3.4-279

Table 3.4-54: Estimated Impacts on Individual Baird’s Beaked Whale Stocks Within the Study Area

per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During Training and Testing Under

Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-281

Table 3.4-55: Estimated Impacts on Individual Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-56: Estimated Impacts on Individual Mesoplodon Spp. (Small Beaked Whale Guild) Stocks

Within the Study Area per Year from Sonar and Other Transducers Used During

Training and Testing Under Alternative 2 ...................................................................... 3.4-283

Table 3.4-57: Estimated Impacts on Individual California Sea Lion Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-288

Table 3.4-58: Estimated Impacts on Individual California Sea Lion Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-290

Table 3.4-59: Estimated Impacts on Individual Steller Sea Lion Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-292


xxviii Table of Contents

Table 3.4-60: Estimated Impacts on Individual Steller Sea Lion Stocks Within the Study Area per


Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-294

Table 3.4-61: Estimated Impacts on Individual Guadalupe Fur Seal Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-62: Estimated Impacts on Individual Guadalupe Fur Seal Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-63: Estimated Impacts on Individual Northern Fur Seal Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-64: Estimated Impacts on Individual Northern Fur Seal Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-65: Estimated Impacts on Individual Harbor Seal Stocks Within the Study Area per Year


Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-305



Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 3.4-307

Table 3.4-67: Estimated Impacts on Individual Northern Elephant Seal Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-68: Estimated Impacts on Individual Northern Elephant Seal Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-69: Criteria to Quantitatively Assess Non-Auditory Injury Due to Underwater Explosions 3.4-325

Table 3.4-70: Navy Phase III Weighted Sound Exposure Thresholds for Underwater Explosive

Sounds ............................................................................................................................ 3.4-328

Table 3.4-71: Ranges to Non-Auditory Injury (in meters) for All Marine Mammal Hearing Groups .. 3.4-330

Table 3.4-72: Ranges to Mortality (in meters) for All Marine Mammal Hearing Groups as a

Function of Animal Mass ................................................................................................ 3.4-331

Table 3.4-73: SEL-Based Ranges to Onset PTS, Onset TTS, and Behavioral Reaction (in meters) for

High-Frequency Cetaceans............................................................................................. 3.4-332

Table 3.4-74: Peak Pressure Based Ranges to Onset PTS and Onset TTS (in meters) for

High-Frequency Cetaceans............................................................................................. 3.4-334


Low-Frequency Cetaceans ............................................................................................. 3.4-335


xxix Table of Contents


Low-Frequency Cetaceans ............................................................................................. 3.4-336


Mid-Frequency Cetaceans ............................................................................................. 3.4-337


Mid-Frequency Cetaceans ............................................................................................. 3.4-338

Table 3.4-79: SEL Based Ranges to Onset PTS, Onset TTS, and Behavioral Reaction (in meters) for

Otariids and Mustelids ................................................................................................... 3.4-339

Table 3.4-80: Peak Pressure Based Ranges to Onset PTS and Onset TTS (in meters) for Otariids and

Mustelids ........................................................................................................................ 3.4-340


Phocids ........................................................................................................................... 3.4-341

Table 3.4-82: Peak Pressure Based Ranges to Onset PTS and Onset TTS (in meters) for Phocids ..... 3.4-342


from Training and Testing Explosions Using the Maximum Number of Explosions

Under Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 ........................................................................... 3.4-349










Table 3.4-87: Estimated Impacts on Individual Humpback Whale Stocks Within the Study Area

per Year from Training and Testing Explosions Using the Maximum Number of Explosions






Study Area per Year from Training and Testing Explosions Using the Maximum

Number of Explosions Under Alternative 1 ................................................................... 3.4-377




Table 3.4-91: Estimated Impacts to Individual Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Stocks Within the




xxx Table of Contents

Table 3.4-92: Estimated Impacts to Individual Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-93: Estimated Impacts on Individual Risso Dolphins Stocks Within the Study Area per Year
















Year from Training and Testing Explosions Using the Maximum Number of

Explosions Under Alternative 1 ...................................................................................... 3.4-399


Year from Training and Testing Explosions Using the Maximum Number of

Explosions Under Alternative 2 ...................................................................................... 3.4-400

Table 3.4-100: Estimated Impacts on Individual California Sea Lion Stocks Within the Study Area



Table 3.4-101: Estimated Impacts on Individual Steller Sea Lion Stocks Within the Study Area









Table 3.4-104: Estimated Impacts on Individual Northern Elephant Seal Stocks Within the




xxxi Table of Contents

Table 3.4-105: Estimated Impacts on Individual Northern Elephant Seal Stocks Within the



Table 3.4-106: Poisson Probability of Striking “X” Number of Whales When Expecting 1.36 Total

Strikes over a 7-year Period in the NWTT Study Area ................................................... 3.4-429

3.5 Sea Turtles

Table 3.5-1: Criteria to Quantitatively Assess Non-Auditory Injury due to Underwater Explosions .... 3.5-32

Table 3.5-2: TTS and PTS Peak Pressure Thresholds Derived for Sea Turtles Exposed to

Impulsive Sounds ............................................................................................................. 3.5-35

Table 3.5-3: Ranges to Non-Auditory Injury1 (in meters) for Sea Turtles Exposed to Explosives as a

Function of Animal Mass .................................................................................................. 3.5-37

Table 3.5-4: Ranges to Mortality (in meters) for Sea Turtles Exposed to Explosives as a

Function of Animal Mass1 ................................................................................................ 3.5-38

Table 3.5-5: Peak Pressure Based Ranges to TTS and PTS (in meters) for Sea Turtles Exposed to

Explosives ......................................................................................................................... 3.5-39

Table 3.5-6: SEL Based Ranges (in meters) to TTS and PTS for Sea Turtles Exposed to Explosives ...... 3.5-40

3.6 Birds

Table 3.6-1: Status and Presence of ESA-listed Bird Species and Their Critical Habitat That May

Occur in the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area .................................................. 3.6-2

Table 3.6-2: Representative Birds of the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area .......................... 3.6-4

Table 3.6-3: Projectile Bow Shock Wave Trajectory and Area of Effect Analysis ................................. 3.6-49

Table 3.6-4: Range to the No Injury Threshold for Birds Exposed to In-Air Explosives ........................ 3.6-55

Table 3.6-5: Explosive Effects Thresholds for ESA-listed Bird Species .................................................. 3.6-58

Table 3.6-6: Underwater Explosives Range to Effects (in meters) for the Marbled Murrelet in the

Inland Waters and Offshore Area .................................................................................... 3.6-59

Table 3.6-7: Underwater Explosives Range to Effects (in meters) for the Short-Tailed Albatross in

the Offshore Area ............................................................................................................. 3.6-60

Table 3.6-8: Predicted Range to Effects for In-Air Explosions .............................................................. 3.6-61

3.7 Marine Vegetation


3.8 Marine Invertebrates

Table 3.8-1: Taxonomic Groups of Marine Invertebrates in the Study Area .......................................... 3.8-2

3.9 Fishes

Table 3.9-1: Taxonomic Groups of Fishes Within the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area ....... 3.9-7


xxxii Table of Contents

Table 3.9-2: Status and Presence of Endangered Species Act (ESA)-Listed Fish Species and their

Designated Critical Habitat, Candidate Species, and Species of Concern Found

in the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area ....................................................... 3.9-9

Table 3.9-3: Sound Exposure Criteria for TTS from Sonar .................................................................... 3.9-45

Table 3.9-4: Ranges to Temporary Threshold Shift from Four Representative Sonar Bins .................. 3.9-47

Table 3.9-5: Range to 10% Mortality from In-Water Explosions for Fishes with a Swim Bladder ........ 3.9-62

Table 3.9-6: Sound Exposure Criteria for Mortality and Injury from Explosives .................................. 3.9-65

Table 3.9-7: Sound Exposure Criteria for Hearing Loss from Explosives .............................................. 3.9-67

Table 3.9-8: Range to Mortality and Injury for All Fishes from Explosives ........................................... 3.9-68

Table 3.9-9: Range to TTS for Fishes with a Swim Bladder from Explosives ......................................... 3.9-69

3.10 Cultural Resources


3.11 American Indian and Alaska Native Traditional Resources

Table 3.11-1: Offshore Area – Updates for American Indian Tribes and Traditional Resources .......... 3.11-5

3.12 Socioeconomic Resources

Table 3.12-1: Ports in the Inland Waters Portion of the Study Area Ranked by Cargo Volume

in 2017 .............................................................................................................................. 3.12-6

Table 3.12-2: Commercial Landings at Ports in the Inland Waters Portion of the Study Area

in 2017 ............................................................................................................................ 3.12-20

3.13 Public Health and Safety


4 Cumulative Impacts

Table 4.3-1: Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Actions ............................................................. 4-3

Table 4.3-2: Ocean Pollution and Ecosystem Alteration Trends ............................................................. 4-48

5 Mitigation

Table 5.3-1: Environmental Awareness and Education ........................................................................... 5-18

Table 5.3-2: Procedural Mitigation for Active Sonar ............................................................................... 5-20

Table 5.3-3: Procedural Mitigation for Weapons Firing Noise ................................................................ 5-25

Table 5.3-4: Procedural Mitigation for Explosive Sonobuoys .................................................................. 5-27

Table 5.3-5: Procedural Mitigation for Explosive Torpedoes .................................................................. 5-30

Table 5.3-6: Procedural Mitigation for Explosive Medium-Caliber and Large-Caliber

Projectiles ........................................................................................................................... 5-32

Table 5.3-7: Procedural Mitigation for Explosive Missiles ....................................................................... 5-36

Table 5.3-8: Procedural Mitigation for Explosive Bombs ......................................................................... 5-39


xxxiii Table of Contents

Table 5.3-9: Procedural Mitigation for Explosive Mine Countermeasure and Neutralization

Activities .............................................................................................................................. 5-42

Table 5.3-10: Procedural Mitigation for Explosive Mine Neutralization Activities Involving

Navy Divers ......................................................................................................................... 5-45

Table 5.3-11: Procedural Mitigation for Vessel Movement..................................................................... 5-49

Table 5.3-12: Procedural Mitigation for Towed In-Water Devices .......................................................... 5-51

Table 5.3-13: Procedural Mitigation for Small-, Medium-, and Large-Caliber Non-Explosive

Practice Munitions .............................................................................................................. 5-52

Table 5.3-14: Procedural Mitigation for Non-Explosive Missiles ............................................................. 5-54

Table 5.3-15: Procedural Mitigation for Non-Explosive Bombs and Mine Shapes .................................. 5-55

Table 5.4-1: Seafloor Resource Mitigation Areas in the NWTT Study Area ............................................. 5-56

Table 5.4-2: Marine Species Mitigation Areas in the NWTT Offshore Area ............................................ 5-59

Table 5.4-3: Marine Species Mitigation Areas in NWTT Inland Waters ................................................... 5-61

Table 5.6-1: Summary of Mitigation Requirements ................................................................................ 5-75

6 Additional Regulatory Considerations

Table 6.1-1: Summary of Environmental Compliance for the Proposed Action ........................................ 6-1

Table 6.1-2: Marine Protected Areas Located Within the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area . 6-11

7 List of Preparers

There are no tables in this chapter.

8 Public Involvement and Distribution

Table 8.2-1: Entities that Received the Scoping Notification Letters ........................................................ 8-2

Table 8.2-2: Newspaper Publications for Scoping ................................................................................... 8-12

Table 8.3-1: Entities that Received the Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact

Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement Notification Letters .................... 8-25

Table 8.3-2: Newspaper Publications for Draft Supplemental Public Review and Comment

Period and Extension of Public Comment Period ............................................................... 8-39

Table 8.3-3: Public Meeting Locations ..................................................................................................... 8-55

Table 8.5-1: Information Repositories ..................................................................................................... 8-56


xxxiv Table of Contents

Appendices

Appendix A Navy Activities Descriptions

Appendix B Activity Stressor Matrices

Appendix C Air Quality Example Calculations

Appendix D Acoustic and Explosive Concepts

Appendix E Estimated Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Impacts from Exposure to Acoustic and Explosive Stressors Under Navy Training and Testing Activities

Appendix F Military Expended Material and Direct Strike Impact Analyses

Appendix G Federal Register Notices

Appendix H Public Comment Responses

Appendix I Agency Correspondence

Appendix J Airspace Noise Analysis for the Olympic Military Operations Areas

Appendix K Geographic Mitigation Assessment

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